1- WELSH ALPHABET

2- WORD ORDER

1 Basic S + V Dw i'n cysgu. I am sleeping.

2 Direct object S + V + DO Dw i'n darllen y llyfr. I am reading the book.

3 Indirect object S + V + DO + i + IO Dw i'n rhoi'r llyfr iddo fe. I am giving him the book.

4 Beneficiary S + V + DO + i + person Dw i'n prynu llyfr iddo fe. I am buying a book for him.

5 IO pronoun S + V + DO + i + IO Dw i'n rhoi'r llyfr iddi hi. I am giving her the book.

6 Adjective N + yn + Adj Mae'r llyfr yn fawr. The book is big.

7 Adverb S + V + Adv Mae e'n darllen yn gyflym. He is reading quickly.

8 Direct object + adverb S + V + DO + Adv Dw i'n darllen y llyfr yn gyflym. I am reading the book quickly.

9 Time adverb Time + S + V Heddiw, dw i'n gweithio. I am working today.

10 Place adverb S + V + Place Mae e'n byw yno. He lives there.

11 Prepositional phrase N + yn + Place Mae'r llyfr ar y bwrdd. The book is on the table.

12 DO + place S + V + DO + Place Dw i'n rhoi'r llyfr ar y bwrdd. I am putting the book on the table.

13 Determiner + noun Det + N Mae'r llyfr hwn yn newydd. This book is new.

14 Determiner + adjective + noun Det + N + Adj Mae'r llyfr mawr hwn yn newydd. This big book is new.

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Mae dau lyfr newydd. Two books are new.

16 Conjunction Clause + Conj + Clause Dw i'n darllen ac mae e'n ysgrifennu. I am reading and he is writing.

17 Conjunction + objects S + V + DO + Conj + S + V + DO Dw i'n darllen y llyfr ac mae e'n ysgrifennu llythyr. I am reading the book and he is writing a letter.

18 Present passive DO + yn cael ei/eu + V Mae'r llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen. The book is being read.

19 Passive + agent DO + yn cael ei/eu + V + gan + Agent Mae'r llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen ganddo fe. The book is being read by him.

20 Passive + IO DO + yn cael ei/eu + V + i + IO Mae'r llyfr yn cael ei roi iddo fe. The book is being given to him.

21 Passive + IO + agent DO + yn cael ei/eu + V + i + IO + gan + Agent Mae'r llyfr yn cael ei roi i'r disgybl gan yr athro. The book is being given to the student by the teacher.

22 Passive + time DO + Time + yn cael ei/eu + V Mae'r llyfr heddiw yn cael ei ddarllen. The book is being read today.

23 Passive + place DO + yn cael ei/eu + V + Place Mae'r llyfr yn cael ei roi ar y bwrdd. The book is being put on the table.

24 Passive + agent + time DO + Time + yn cael ei/eu + V + gan + Agent Mae'r llyfr heddiw yn cael ei ddarllen ganddo fe. The book is being read by him today.

25 Passive + agent + IO + time DO + Time + yn cael ei/eu + V + i + IO + gan + Agent Mae'r llyfr heddiw yn cael ei roi i'r disgybl gan yr athro. The book is being given to the student by the teacher today.

26 Perfect passive DO + wedi cael ei/eu + V Mae'r llyfr wedi cael ei ddarllen. The book has been read.

27 Perfect passive + agent DO + wedi cael ei/eu + V + gan + Agent Mae'r llyfr wedi cael ei ddarllen ganddo fe. The book has been read by him.

28 Future passive DO + yn cael ei/eu + V + yn y dyfodol Bydd y llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen. The book will be read.

29 Future passive + agent DO + yn cael ei/eu + V + gan + Agent Bydd y llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen ganddo fe. The book will be read by him.

30 Modal passive DO + rhaid + cael ei/eu + V Rhaid i'r llyfr gael ei ddarllen. The book must be read.

31 Negative S + ddim + V Dw i ddim yn darllen y llyfr. I am not reading the book.

32 Negative passive DO + ddim yn cael ei/eu + V Nid yw'r llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen ganddo fe. The book is not being read by him.

33 Yes/no question Question + S + V + DO? Wyt ti'n darllen y llyfr? Are you reading the book?

34 Passive question A yw + DO + yn cael ei/eu + V? A yw'r llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen? Is the book being read?

35 Agent question DO + sy'n cael ei/eu + V + gan bwy? Gan bwy mae'r llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen? By whom is the book being read?

36 IO question S + V + DO + i bwy? I bwy wyt ti'n rhoi'r llyfr? To whom are you giving the book?

37 Imperative Imperative + DO! Darllen y llyfr! Read the book!

38 Imperative + IO Imperative + DO + i + IO! Rho'r llyfr iddo fe! Give him the book!

39 Passive imperative Gad + DO + gael ei/eu + V! Gad i'r llyfr gael ei ddarllen! Let the book be read!

40 Infinitive V-noun darllen to read / reading

41 Infinitive + DO V-noun + DO darllen y llyfr to read the book

42 Passive infinitive cael ei/eu + V cael ei ddarllen to be read

43 Purpose i + V-noun Dw i'n bwyta i chwarae. I am eating in order to play.

44 Relative clause [S + V] + N Mae'r llyfr dw i'n ei ddarllen yn ddiddorol iawn. The book that I am reading is very interesting.

45 Passive relative [sy'n cael ei/eu + V] + N Mae'r llyfr sy'n cael ei ddarllen ganddo fe yn ddiddorol iawn. The book that is being read by him is very interesting.

46 Conditional Os + clause, clause Os oes gen i amser, bydda i'n darllen. If I have time, I will read.

47 Conditional + passive Os + passive clause, clause Os caiff y llyfr ei ddarllen, bydd e'n deall. If the book is read, he will understand.

48 Reported speech S + dweud + bod-clause Mae e'n dweud ei fod wedi darllen y llyfr. He says that he has read the book.

49 Reported question S + gofyn + question clause Mae e'n gofyn beth dw i wedi'i ddarllen. He asks what I have read.

50 Reported command S + dweud wrth + person + am + V-noun Dywedodd wrtha i am ddarllen. He told me to read.

ADVERBS:

1 Manner Adverb + Verb / after Verb Rwy'n darllen y llyfr yn gyflym. I read the book quickly.

2 Place Place adverb + Clause Rwy'n darllen y llyfr yma. I read the book here.

3 Time Time expression + Clause Ddoe, darllenais i'r llyfr. Yesterday, I read the book.

4 Frequency Frequency adverb + Verb Rwy'n aml yn darllen llyfrau. I often read books.

5 Frequency + be Subject + Frequency + Adjective Mae e bob amser yn hapus. He is always happy.

6 Frequency + auxiliary Frequency adverb + wedi + Verb Dw i byth wedi ei weld. I have never seen him.

7 Degree Degree adverb + Adjective Mae hwn yn dda iawn. This is very good.

8 Degree + verb Verb + Degree adverb Dw i'n hoffi hyn yn fawr iawn. I like this very much.

9 Sentence adverb Sentence adverb + Clause Yn ffodus, enillais i. Fortunately, I won.

10 Comment adverb Comment expression + Clause A dweud y gwir, dydw i ddim yn gwybod. Honestly, I don't know.

11 Linking adverb Linking adverb + Clause Roeddwn i wedi blino. Fodd bynnag, fe wnes i barhau i weithio. I was tired. However, I continued working.

12 Direction Directional adverb + Verb Aeth e allan. He went outside.

13 Definite frequency bob + Time noun Dw i'n darllen llyfrau bob dydd. I read books every day.

14 Duration am + Time expression Astudiais i am ddwy awr. I studied for two hours.

15 Purpose er mwyn + Verb-noun Dw i'n mynd yno er mwyn astudio. I go there to study.

INDIRECT OBJECT:

Indirect object noun V + DO + i + IO rhoi'r llyfr i'r bachgen

To me i mi rhoi'r llyfr i mi

To you i ti rhoi'r llyfr i ti

To him iddo fe rhoi'r llyfr iddo fe

To her iddi hi rhoi'r llyfr iddi hi

To us i ni rhoi'r llyfr i ni

To you plural/formal i chi rhoi'r llyfr i chi

To them iddyn nhw rhoi'r llyfr iddyn nhw

Question i bwy? I bwy wyt ti'n rhoi'r llyfr?

GENITIVE:

Proper-name possession N + name llyfr Siân Siân's book

Definite possessor N + y + N llyfr y dyn the man's book

Plural possessor N + 'r + plural N llyfrau'r myfyrwyr students' books

Possessive pronoun Possessive + N fy llyfr my book

"Of" construction N + o + N rhan o'r tŷ part of the house

Mine fy un i Mae'n fy un i It is mine

Whose? Pwy's? Pwy's yw hwn? Whose is this?

INDEPENDENT:

mine fy un i fy = my + un = one + i = me

yours (singular) dy un di dy = your + un = one + di = you

his ei un e ei = his + un = one + e = him

hers ei un hi ei = her + un = one + hi = her

ours ein un ni ein = our + un = one + ni = us

yours (plural/formal) eich un chi eich = your + un = one + chi = you

theirs eu un nhw eu = their + un = one + nhw = them

Mae'r llyfr yn fy un i. The book is mine.

Mae'r llyfr yn dy un di. The book is yours.

WAS GOING TO:

was going to past bod + yn mynd i + V-noun Roeddwn i'n mynd i ddarllen.

was planning to past bod + yn bwriadu + V-noun Roeddwn i'n bwriadu darllen.

was intending to past bod + yn bwriadu + V-noun Roeddwn i'n bwriadu mynd.

was about to past bod + ar fin + V-noun Roeddwn i ar fin mynd.

wasn't going to past negative bod + yn mynd i + V-noun Doeddwn i ddim yn mynd i fynd.

I was going to go Roeddwn i'n mynd i fynd.

You were going to go Roeddet ti'n mynd i fynd.

He was going to go Roedd e'n mynd i fynd.

She was going to go Roedd hi'n mynd i fynd.

We were going to go Roedden ni'n mynd i fynd.

You were going to go Roeddech chi'n mynd i fynd.

They were going to go Roedden nhw'n mynd i fynd.

I wasn't going to go Doeddwn i ddim yn mynd i fynd.

You weren't going to go Doeddet ti ddim yn mynd i fynd.

He wasn't going to go Doedd e ddim yn mynd i fynd.

She wasn't going to go Doedd hi ddim yn mynd i fynd.

We weren't going to go Doedden ni ddim yn mynd i fynd.

You weren't going to go Doeddech chi ddim yn mynd i fynd.

They weren't going to go Doedden nhw ddim yn mynd i fynd.

2- NOUNS

14. Full Noun Pattern Example: "llyfr" (book)

Function Welsh English

Basic llyfr book

Definite y llyfr the book

Plural llyfrau books

Definite plural y llyfrau the books

Possession llyfr Siôn Siôn's book

Object darllen llyfr read a book

Object definite darllen y llyfr read the book

To i'r llyfr to the book

From o'r llyfr from the book

With gyda'r llyfr with the book

1. Plural with -au (Very Common)

Formation:

noun + -au

Examples:

Singular Plural English

llyfr llyfrau book → books

bwrdd byrddau table → tables

ysgol ysgolion/ysgolion* school → schools

afal afalau apple → apples

cadair cadeiriau chair → chairs

2. Plural with -iau

Often used with nouns ending in certain consonants.

Formation:

noun + -iau

Examples:

Singular Plural English

swydd swyddi job → jobs

teulu teuluoedd family → families

adeilad adeiladau building → buildings

3. Plural with -oedd

Common with people, groups, and some abstract nouns.

Formation:

noun + -oedd

Examples:

Singular Plural English

plentyn plant child → children

athro athrawon teacher → teachers

teulu teuluoedd family → families

blwyddyn blynyddoedd year → years

4. Plural with -on

Often used for people or professions.

Formation:

noun + -on

Examples:

Singular Plural English

athro athrawon teacher → teachers

bardd beirdd poet → poets

gweithiwr gweithwyr worker → workers

5. Plural with -i

Common with some short nouns.

Formation:

noun + -i

Examples:

Singular Plural English

merch merched girl → girls

swydd swyddi job → jobs

nos nosweithiau night → nights

6. Vowel Changes (Internal Plurals)

Some nouns change their internal vowels.

Examples:

Singular Plural English

bachgen bechgyn boy → boys

brawd brodyr brother → brothers

tad tadau father → fathers

mam mamau mother → mothers

gŵr gwŷr man/husband → men

7. Irregular Plurals

Some very common nouns have special forms.

Singular Plural English

dyn dynion man → men

merch merched girl → girls

plentyn plant child → children

ci cŵn dog → dogs

mab meibion son → sons

brawd brodyr brother → brothers

chwaer chwiorydd sister → sisters

gŵr gwŷr man/husband → men

8. Same Form Singular and Plural

Some nouns do not change.

Example:

pysgod

= fish / fishes

defaid

= sheep

9. Definite Plural

Welsh uses:

y + plural noun

Examples:

English Welsh

the books y llyfrau

the dogs y cŵn

the children y plant

the houses y tai

10. Indefinite Plural

Welsh usually has no article.

Examples:

English Welsh

books llyfrau

dogs cŵn

children plant

houses tai

11. Plural with Adjectives

Adjectives usually change after plural nouns.

Formation:

plural noun + plural adjective

Examples:

Singular Plural

tŷ mawr tai mawr

llyfr newydd llyfrau newydd

ci bach cŵn bach

Some adjectives have special plural forms:

Singular adjective Plural adjective

mawr (big) mawr

bach (small) bach

da (good) da

hen (old) hen

12. Plural After Numbers

Welsh often uses a singular noun after numbers, especially 2–4.

Examples:

dau lyfr

= two books

tri chi

= three dogs

pedair cadair

= four chairs

But:

pum llyfr

= five books

13. Plural After "Many / Few"

Welsh uses plural nouns.

English Welsh

many books llawer o lyfrau

many people llawer o bobl

few houses ychydig o dai1. Plural with -au (Very Common)

Formation:

noun + -au

Examples:

Singular Plural English

llyfr llyfrau book → books

bwrdd byrddau table → tables

ysgol ysgolion/ysgolion* school → schools

afal afalau apple → apples

cadair cadeiriau chair → chairs

2. Plural with -iau

Often used with nouns ending in certain consonants.

Formation:

noun + -iau

Examples:

Singular Plural English

swydd swyddi job → jobs

teulu teuluoedd family → families

adeilad adeiladau building → buildings

3. Plural with -oedd

Common with people, groups, and some abstract nouns.

Formation:

noun + -oedd

Examples:

Singular Plural English

plentyn plant child → children

athro athrawon teacher → teachers

teulu teuluoedd family → families

blwyddyn blynyddoedd year → years

4. Plural with -on

Often used for people or professions.

Formation:

noun + -on

Examples:

Singular Plural English

athro athrawon teacher → teachers

bardd beirdd poet → poets

gweithiwr gweithwyr worker → workers

5. Plural with -i

Common with some short nouns.

Formation:

noun + -i

Examples:

Singular Plural English

merch merched girl → girls

swydd swyddi job → jobs

nos nosweithiau night → nights

6. Vowel Changes (Internal Plurals)

Some nouns change their internal vowels.

Examples:

Singular Plural English

bachgen bechgyn boy → boys

brawd brodyr brother → brothers

tad tadau father → fathers

mam mamau mother → mothers

gŵr gwŷr man/husband → men

7. Irregular Plurals

Some very common nouns have special forms.

Singular Plural English

dyn dynion man → men

merch merched girl → girls

plentyn plant child → children

ci cŵn dog → dogs

mab meibion son → sons

brawd brodyr brother → brothers

chwaer chwiorydd sister → sisters

gŵr gwŷr man/husband → men

8. Same Form Singular and Plural

Some nouns do not change.

Example:

pysgod

= fish / fishes

defaid

= sheep

9. Definite Plural

Welsh uses:

y + plural noun

Examples:

English Welsh

the books y llyfrau

the dogs y cŵn

the children y plant

the houses y tai

10. Indefinite Plural

Welsh usually has no article.

Examples:

English Welsh

books llyfrau

dogs cŵn

children plant

houses tai

11. Plural with Adjectives

Adjectives usually change after plural nouns.

Formation:

plural noun + plural adjective

Examples:

Singular Plural

tŷ mawr tai mawr

llyfr newydd llyfrau newydd

ci bach cŵn bach

Some adjectives have special plural forms:

Singular adjective Plural adjective

mawr (big) mawr

bach (small) bach

da (good) da

hen (old) hen

12. Plural After Numbers

Welsh often uses a singular noun after numbers, especially 2–4.

Examples:

dau lyfr

= two books

tri chi

= three dogs

pedair cadair

= four chairs

But:

pum llyfr

= five books

13. Plural After "Many / Few"

Welsh uses plural nouns.

English Welsh

many books llawer o lyfrau

many people llawer o bobl

few houses ychydig o dai

INDIRECT OBJECT: Subject + verb + direct object + i + indirect object

GENITIVE: possession + possessor (Genitive)

3- ADJECTIVES

Attribute adjective noun + adjective tŷ mawr

Predicate adjective noun + yn + adjective Mae'r tŷ yn fawr

Feminine mutation feminine noun + mutated adjective merch fawr

1. Present Tense of Bod (Am / Is / Are)

Positive

Formation:

bod form + subject + (yn) + complement

Pronoun Welsh English

Fi Dw i I am

Ti Rwyt ti You are

Fe Mae e He is

Hi Mae hi She is

Ni Rydyn ni We are

Chi Rydych chi You are

Nhw Maen nhw They are

Examples

I am a student.

Dw i'n fyfyriwr.

Breakdown:

Welsh Meaning

Dw i I am

'n yn (linking particle)

fyfyriwr student

She is happy.

Mae hi'n hapus.

Welsh Meaning

Mae hi She is

'n yn

hapus happy

They are in the house.

Maen nhw yn y tŷ.

Welsh Meaning

Maen nhw They are

yn in

y the

tŷ house

2. Present Negative of Bod

Formation:

negative bod form + ddim + complement

Pronoun Welsh English

Fi Dydw i ddim I am not

Ti Dydy ti ddim You are not

Fe Dydy e ddim He is not

Hi Dydy hi ddim She is not

Ni Dydyn ni ddim We are not

Chi Dydych chi ddim You are not

Nhw Dydyn nhw ddim They are not

Examples:

Dydw i ddim yn hapus.

= I am not happy.

Dydy hi ddim yn y tŷ.

= She is not in the house.

3. Present Questions

Formation:

Ydy / Wyt / Ydych + subject + ...?

Pronoun Welsh English

Fi Ydw i? Am I?

Ti Wyt ti? Are you?

Fe Ydy e? Is he?

Hi Ydy hi? Is she?

Ni Ydyn ni? Are we?

Chi Ydych chi? Are you?

Nhw Ydyn nhw? Are they?

Examples:

Wyt ti'n hapus?

= Are you happy?

Ydy e'n athro?

= Is he a teacher?

4. Past Tense of Bod (Was / Were)

Positive

Pronoun Welsh English

Fi Roeddwn i I was

Ti Roeddet ti You were

Fe Roedd e He was

Hi Roedd hi She was

Ni Roedden ni We were

Chi Roeddech chi You were

Nhw Roedden nhw They were

Examples:

Roeddwn i'n hapus.

= I was happy.

Roedd hi yn y tŷ.

= She was in the house.

5. Past Negative

Formation:

doedd + subject + ddim

English Welsh

I was not Doeddwn i ddim

You were not Doeddet ti ddim

He was not Doedd e ddim

She was not Doedd hi ddim

We were not Doedden ni ddim

They were not Doedden nhw ddim

Example:

Doedd e ddim yn hapus.

= He was not happy.

6. Future Tense of Bod (Will Be)

Positive

Pronoun Welsh English

Fi Bydda i I will be

Ti Byddi di You will be

Fe Bydd e He will be

Hi Bydd hi She will be

Ni Byddwn ni We will be

Chi Byddwch chi You will be

Nhw Byddan nhw They will be

Examples:

Bydda i'n gweithio.

= I will be working.

Bydd hi'n hapus.

= She will be happy.

7. Future Negative

English Welsh

I will not be Fydda i ddim

You will not be Fyddi di ddim

He will not be Fydd e ddim

She will not be Fydd hi ddim

We will not be Fyddwn ni ddim

They will not be Fyddan nhw ddim

Example:

Fydd e ddim yn dod.

= He will not come.

8. Conditional "Would Be"

Positive

Pronoun Welsh English

Fi Byddwn i I would be

Ti Byddet ti You would be

Fe Byddai e He would be

Hi Byddai hi She would be

Ni Bydden ni We would be

Chi Byddech chi You would be

Nhw Bydden nhw They would be

Examples:

Byddwn i'n hapus.

= I would be happy.

Byddai hi'n athrawes.

= She would be a teacher.

9. Conditional Negative

Formation:

fyddai / fyddwn + ddim

Examples:

Fyddwn i ddim yn hapus.

= I would not be happy.

Fyddai e ddim yma.

= He would not be here.

10. Imperative of Bod

English Welsh

Be! (singular) Bydd!

Be! (plural/formal) Byddwch!

Examples:

Bydd yn ofalus!

= Be careful!

Byddwch yn dawel!

= Be quiet!

11. Progressive "Be + -ing"

Welsh uses:

bod + yn + verb-noun

Example:

I am working.

Dw i'n gweithio.

Formation:

Dw i + yn + gweithio

She was reading.

Roedd hi'n darllen.

They will be sleeping.

Byddan nhw'n cysgu.

12. Perfect "Have Been"

Formation:

bod + wedi bod + yn + verb-noun

Example:

Dw i wedi bod yn gweithio.

= I have been working.

SOFT MUTATION:

1. Soft Mutation Table

Original Soft Mutation Example

p b pen → ben

b f bach → fach

m f mam → fam

t d tŷ → dŷ

d dd da → dda

c g car → gar

g (disappears) gardd → ardd

ll l llong → long

rh r rhif → rif

The consonants that mutate:

p, b, m, t, d, c, g, ll, rh

2. Soft Mutation After Feminine Singular Nouns

A feminine noun followed by an adjective often causes soft mutation.

Formation:

feminine noun + mutated adjective

Examples:

Big girl

Normal:

mawr = big

After feminine noun:

merch fawr

Breakdown:

Word Meaning

merch girl

fawr big (mawr → fawr)

Small cat

Normal:

bach = small

Mutation:

cath fach

Word Meaning

cath cat

fach small

Good woman

Normal:

da = good

Mutation:

menyw dda

Word Meaning

menyw woman

dda good

3. Soft Mutation After Possessive Adjectives

Possessives cause mutations.

My = fy

Formation:

fy + soft mutation

Examples:

Normal After fy Meaning

tŷ fy nhŷ my house

pen fy mhen my head

car fy nghar my car

mam fy mam my mother

Your = dy

Formation:

dy + soft mutation

Examples:

Normal After dy Meaning

tŷ dy dŷ your house

car dy gar your car

bachgen dy fachgen your boy

His = ei (masculine)

Formation:

ei + soft mutation

Examples:

Normal After ei Meaning

car ei gar his car

pen ei ben his head

tŷ ei dŷ his house

4. Soft Mutation After "a" (and)

When a means "and" before a word, it causes soft mutation.

Example:

Cymru a Lloegr

= Wales and England

(Lloegr does not mutate because ll → l)

5. Soft Mutation After Certain Prepositions

i = to

Formation:

i + soft mutation

Examples:

Normal After i Meaning

Cymru i Gymru to Wales

Bangor i Fangor to Bangor

pen i ben to an end

o = from

Usually causes soft mutation in some contexts.

Example:

o Gymru

= from Wales

6. Soft Mutation After Numbers

Some numbers cause soft mutation.

Two (dau/dwy)

Formation:

dau/dwy + soft mutation

Examples:

Normal After two Meaning

tŷ dau dŷ two houses

bachgen dau fachgen two boys

merch dwy ferch two girls

7. Soft Mutation After "yn" Before Adjectives

After yn (linking "to be"), adjectives often mutate.

Formation:

yn + soft mutation

Examples:

Normal Mutated Meaning

mawr fawr big

da dda good

bach fach small

Examples:

Mae'r tŷ yn fawr.

= The house is big.

Mae'r car yn dda.

= The car is good.

8. Soft Mutation After "na" (Negative)

After na (that not / not):

Examples:

na fydd

= will not be

(from bydd)

na ddaw

= will not come

(from daw)

9. Soft Mutation in Questions

Some question particles cause mutation.

Example:

Aeth e?

= Did he go?

Nes i weld.

= I did see.

10. Soft Mutation of Common Words

Normal Mutated Meaning

car gar car

tŷ dŷ house

pen ben head

bach fach small

mawr fawr big

da dda good

cath gath cat

ci gi dog

bwrdd fwrdd table

11. Mutation in Sentences

Normal:

Mae'r bachgen da yma.

= The good boy is here.

After feminine noun:

Mae'r ferch dda yma.

Breakdown:

ferch = girl (mutation of merch)

dda = good (mutation of da)

With possession:

Fy nhŷ i yw hwn.

= This is my house.

tŷ → nhŷ

With "to":

Dw i'n mynd i Fangor.

= I am going to Bangor.

Bangor → Fangor

4- PRONOUNS

1. Subject Pronouns (Nominative)

Used as the subject of a sentence.

Formation:

pronoun + verb

English Welsh

I fi / i

you (singular) ti

he e / fe

she hi

we ni

you (plural/formal) chi

they nhw

Examples:

Fi sy'n siarad.

= I am speaking.

Mae hi'n darllen.

= She is reading.

Maen nhw'n gweithio.

= They are working.

2. Object Pronouns (Accusative)

Used as the direct object.

Formation:

verb + object pronoun

English Welsh

me fi

you ti

him e / fe

her hi

us ni

you chi

them nhw

Examples:

I see him.

Dw i'n ei weld e.

Breakdown:

Dw i'n gweld = I see

e = him

She helps me.

Mae hi'n fy helpu i.

3. Object Pronoun with Possessive Prefixes

Welsh often uses possessive forms before verbs.

Formation:

possessive particle + verb-noun

Examples:

He sees me.

Mae e'n fy ngweld i.

fy = my (object marker)

ngweld = seeing me

I see him.

Dw i'n ei weld e.

ei = him/her object marker

4. Possessive Pronouns (Genitive)

Meaning:

my

your

his

her

our

their

Formation:

possessive + noun

English Welsh

my fy

your (singular) dy

his ei

her ei

our ein

your (plural/formal) eich

their eu

Examples:

My book

fy llyfr

(llyfr → soft mutation: lyfr)

Your house

dy dŷ

His car

ei gar

Her car

ei char

Our book

ein llyfr

Their house

eu tŷ

5. Possessive Pronouns Alone ("Mine, Yours")

Welsh often uses:

fy un i / dy un di / ei un e

Literally:

my one, your one

Examples:

English Welsh

mine fy un i

yours dy un di

his ei un e

hers ei hun hi

ours ein un ni

theirs eu un nhw

Example:

Mae'r llyfr yn fy un i.

= The book is mine.

6. Prepositional Pronouns (With Me, To Him, From Them)

Welsh combines prepositions with pronouns.

With = gyda

English Welsh

with me gyda fi

with you gyda ti

with him gyda fe

with her gyda hi

with us gyda ni

with them gyda nhw

Example:

Dw i gyda ti.

= I am with you.

7. "To" Pronouns (Indirect Object)

Preposition:

i = to

English Welsh

to me i mi

to you i ti

to him iddo fe

to her iddi hi

to us i ni

to you i chi

to them iddyn nhw

Examples:

Rho'r llyfr i mi.

= Give the book to me.

Dw i'n dweud wrtho fe.

= I tell him.

8. "From" Pronouns

Using:

oddi wrth = from

English Welsh

from me oddi wrthyf i

from you oddi wrthyt ti

from him oddi wrtho fe

from her oddi wrthi hi

from us oddi wrthym ni

from them oddi wrthyn nhw

Example:

Anrheg oddi wrth fy mam.

= A gift from my mother.

9. Reflexive Pronouns (Myself, Yourself)

Welsh uses:

hun

with possessives.

English Welsh

myself fy hun

yourself dy hun

himself ei hun

herself ei hun

ourselves ein hunain

yourselves eich hunain

themselves eu hunain

Examples:

I hurt myself.

Fe wnes i frifo fy hun.

He did it himself.

Fe wnaeth e ei wneud ei hun.

10. Demonstrative Pronouns (This / That)

Singular

English Welsh

this (masculine) hwn

this (feminine) hon

that (masculine) hwnnw

that (feminine) honno

Examples:

Y llyfr hwn

= this book

Y ferch hon

= this girl

Plural

English Welsh

these hyn

those hynny

Dyma lyfr. This is a book

11. Relative Pronouns (Who / Which / That)

Welsh commonly uses:

English Welsh

who/that sy / a

which/that sy / a

Examples:

Y dyn sy'n gweithio

= The man who is working.

Y llyfr a ddarllenais

= The book that I read.

12. Interrogative Pronouns (Question Pronouns)

English Welsh

who? pwy?

what? beth?

which? pa?

Examples:

Pwy wyt ti?

= Who are you?

Beth yw hwn?

= What is this?

5- VERB TENSES

Fi Bydda i'n darllen. I usually read.

Ti Byddi di'n darllen. You usually read.

Fe / E Bydd e'n darllen. He usually reads.

Hi Bydd hi'n darllen. She usually reads.

Ni Byddwn ni'n darllen. We usually read.

Chi Byddwch chi'n darllen. You usually read.

Nhw Byddan nhw'n darllen. They usually read.

Bydd y bachgen yn darllen bob dydd. The boy usually reads every day.

Bydd y ferch yn darllen bob nos. The girl usually reads every night.

Bydd yr athro yn darllen yn aml. The teacher usually reads often.

Bydd y plant yn darllen bob wythnos. The children usually read every week.

Dw i'n darllen I am reading

Rwyt ti'n darllen You are reading

Mae e'n darllen He is reading

Mae hi'n darllen She is reading

Dyn ni'n darllen We are reading

Dych chi'n darllen You are reading

Maen nhw'n darllen They are reading

Mae'r bachgen yn darllen. The boy is reading.

Mae'r ferch yn darllen. The girl is reading.

Mae'r athro yn darllen. The teacher is reading.

Mae'r plant yn darllen. The children are reading.

PAST:

Darllenais i I read

Darllenaist ti You read

Darllenodd e He read

Darllenodd hi She read

Darllenon ni We read

Darllenoch chi You read

Darllenon nhw They read

Darllenodd y bachgen. The boy read.

Darllenodd y ferch. The girl read.

Darllenodd yr athro. The teacher read.

Darllenon y plant. (formal/literary) The children read.

Bydda i'n darllen I will read

Byddi di'n darllen You will read

Bydd e'n darllen He will read

Bydd hi'n darllen She will read

Byddwn ni'n darllen We will read

Byddwch chi'n darllen You will read

Byddan nhw'n darllen They will read

Bydd y bachgen yn darllen. The boy will read.

Bydd y ferch yn darllen. The girl will read.

Bydd yr athro yn darllen. The teacher will read.

Bydd y plant yn darllen. The children will read.

Roeddwn i'n darllen I was reading

Roeddet ti'n darllen You were reading

Roedd e'n darllen He was reading

Roedd hi'n darllen She was reading

Roedden ni'n darllen We were reading

Roeddech chi'n darllen You were reading

Roedden nhw'n darllen They were reading

Roedd y bachgen yn darllen. The boy was reading.

Roedd y ferch yn darllen. The girl was reading.

Roedd yr athro yn darllen. The teacher was reading.

Roedden y plant yn darllen. The children were reading.

Dw i wedi darllen I have read

Rwyt ti wedi darllen You have read

Mae e wedi darllen He has read

Mae hi wedi darllen She has read

Dyn ni wedi darllen We have read

Dych chi wedi darllen You have read

Maen nhw wedi darllen They have read

Mae'r bachgen wedi darllen. The boy has read.

Mae'r ferch wedi darllen. The girl has read.

Mae'r athro wedi darllen. The teacher has read.

Mae'r plant wedi darllen. The children have read.

Roeddwn i wedi darllen I had read

Roeddet ti wedi darllen You had read

Roedd e wedi darllen He had read

Roedd hi wedi darllen She had read

Roedden ni wedi darllen We had read

Roeddech chi wedi darllen You had read

Roedden nhw wedi darllen They had read

Roedd y bachgen wedi darllen. The boy had read.

Roedd y ferch wedi darllen. The girl had read.

Roedd yr athro wedi darllen. The teacher had read.

Roedd y plant wedi darllen. The children had read.

Bydda i wedi darllen. I will have read.

Byddi di wedi darllen. You will have read.

E Bydd e wedi darllen. He will have read.

Bydd hi wedi darllen. She will have read.

Byddwn ni wedi darllen. We will have read.

Byddwch chi wedi darllen. You will have read.

Byddan nhw wedi darllen. They will have read.

Bydd y bachgen wedi darllen. The boy will have read.

Bydd y ferch wedi darllen. The girl will have read.

Bydd yr athro wedi darllen. The teacher will have read.

Bydd y plant wedi darllen. The children will have read.

(ti) Darllen!

(chi) Darllenwch!

Let's Darllenwn! (formal/literary); colloquially Gad i ni ddarllen! ("Let's read!")

6- PASSIVE TENSES

Fi Dw i'n cael fy narllen. I am being read. (rare)

Ti Rwyt ti'n cael dy ddarllen. You are being read.

Fe / E Mae e'n cael ei ddarllen. He is being read.

Hi Mae hi'n cael ei darllen. She is being read.

Ni Dyn ni'n cael ein darllen. We are being read.

Chi Dych chi'n cael eich darllen. You are being read.

Nhw Maen nhw'n cael eu darllen. They are being read.

Mae'r llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen bob dydd. The book is usually read every day.

Mae'r llythyrau yn cael eu darllen yn aml. The letters are usually read often.

Fi Ces i fy narllen. I was read. (rare)

Ti Cest ti dy ddarllen. You were read.

Fe Cafodd e ei ddarllen. He was read.

Hi Cafodd hi ei darllen. She was read.

Ni Cawson ni ein darllen. We were read.

Chi Cawsoch chi eich darllen. You were read.

Nhw Cawson nhw eu darllen. They were read.

Roeddwn i'n cael fy narllen. I was being read.

Roeddet ti'n cael dy ddarllen. You were being read.

Roedd e'n cael ei ddarllen. He was being read.

Roedd hi'n cael ei darllen. She was being read.

Roedden ni'n cael ein darllen. We were being read.

Roeddech chi'n cael eich darllen. You were being read.

Roedden nhw'n cael eu darllen. They were being read.

Bydda i'n cael fy narllen. I will be read.

Byddi di'n cael dy ddarllen. You will be read.

Bydd e'n cael ei ddarllen. He will be read.

Bydd hi'n cael ei darllen. She will be read.

Byddwn ni'n cael ein darllen. We will be read.

Byddwch chi'n cael eich darllen. You will be read.

Byddan nhw'n cael eu darllen. They will be read.

Dw i wedi cael fy narllen. I have been read.

Rwyt ti wedi cael dy ddarllen. You have been read.

Mae e wedi cael ei ddarllen. He has been read.

Mae hi wedi cael ei darllen. She has been read.

Dyn ni wedi cael ein darllen. We have been read.

Dych chi wedi cael eich darllen. You have been read.

Maen nhw wedi cael eu darllen. They have been read.

Roeddwn i wedi cael fy narllen. I had been read.

Roeddet ti wedi cael dy ddarllen. You had been read.

Roedd e wedi cael ei ddarllen. He had been read.

Roedd hi wedi cael ei darllen. She had been read.

Roedden ni wedi cael ein darllen. We had been read.

Roeddech chi wedi cael eich darllen. You had been read.

Roedden nhw wedi cael eu darllen. They had been read.

Bydda i wedi cael fy narllen. I will have been read.

Byddi di wedi cael dy ddarllen. You will have been read.

Bydd e wedi cael ei ddarllen. He will have been read.

Bydd hi wedi cael ei darllen. She will have been read.

Byddwn ni wedi cael ein darllen. We will have been read.

Byddwch chi wedi cael eich darllen. You will have been read.

Byddan nhw wedi cael eu darllen. They will have been read.

7- NEGATION:

Fi Dw i ddim yn darllen I am not reading

Ti Dydy ti ddim yn darllen You are not reading

Fe Dydy e ddim yn darllen He is not reading

Hi Dydy hi ddim yn darllen She is not reading

Ni Dyn ni ddim yn darllen We are not reading

Chi Dych chi ddim yn darllen You are not reading

Nhw Dydyn nhw ddim yn darllen They are not reading

Dydy'r bachgen ddim yn darllen bob dydd. The boy does not usually read every day.

Dydy'r plant ddim yn darllen yn aml. The children do not often read.

Fi Wnes i ddim ddarllen I did not read

Ti Wnest ti ddim ddarllen You did not read

Fe Wnaeth e ddim ddarllen He did not read

Hi Wnaeth hi ddim ddarllen She did not read

Ni Wnaethon ni ddim ddarllen We did not read

Chi Wnaethoch chi ddim ddarllen You did not read

Nhw Wnaethon nhw ddim ddarllen They did not read

Fi Doeddwn i ddim yn darllen I was not reading

Ti Doeddet ti ddim yn darllen You were not reading

Fe Doedd e ddim yn darllen He was not reading

Hi Doedd hi ddim yn darllen She was not reading

Ni Doedden ni ddim yn darllen We were not reading

Chi Doeddech chi ddim yn darllen You were not reading

Nhw Doedden nhw ddim yn darllen They were not reading

Doedd y bachgen ddim yn darllen bob nos. The boy did not used to read every night.

Doedd y plant ddim yn chwarae yn yr haf. The children did not play in the summer.

Fi Fydda i ddim yn darllen I will not read

Ti Fyddi di ddim yn darllen You will not read

Fe Fydd e ddim yn darllen He will not read

Hi Fydd hi ddim yn darllen She will not read

Ni Fyddwn ni ddim yn darllen We will not read

Chi Fyddwch chi ddim yn darllen You will not read

Nhw Fyddan nhw ddim yn darllen They will not read

Fi Dw i ddim wedi darllen I have not read

Ti Dydy ti ddim wedi darllen You have not read

Fe Dydy e ddim wedi darllen He has not read

Hi Dydy hi ddim wedi darllen She has not read

Ni Dyn ni ddim wedi darllen We have not read

Chi Dych chi ddim wedi darllen You have not read

Nhw Dydyn nhw ddim wedi darllen They have not read

Fi Doeddwn i ddim wedi darllen I had not read

Ti Doeddet ti ddim wedi darllen You had not read

Fe Doedd e ddim wedi darllen He had not read

Hi Doedd hi ddim wedi darllen She had not read

Ni Doedden ni ddim wedi darllen We had not read

Chi Doeddech chi ddim wedi darllen You had not read

Nhw Doedden nhw ddim wedi darllen They had not read

Fi Fydda i ddim wedi darllen I will not have read

Ti Fyddi di ddim wedi darllen You will not have read

Fe Fydd e ddim wedi darllen He will not have read

Hi Fydd hi ddim wedi darllen She will not have read

Ni Fyddwn ni ddim wedi darllen We will not have read

Chi Fyddwch chi ddim wedi darllen You will not have read

Nhw Fyddan nhw ddim wedi darllen They will not have read

Paid â darllen! Don't read!

Paid â siarad! Don't speak!

Paid â bwyta! Don't eat!

Paid â mynd! Don't go!

Paid â rhedeg! Don't run!

Fi Dw i ddim yn cael fy narllen I am not being read

Ti Dydy ti ddim yn cael dy ddarllen You are not being read

Fe Dydy e ddim yn cael ei ddarllen He is not being read

Hi Dydy hi ddim yn cael ei darllen She is not being read

Ni Dyn ni ddim yn cael ein darllen We are not being read

Chi Dych chi ddim yn cael eich darllen You are not being read

Nhw Dydyn nhw ddim yn cael eu darllen They are not being read

Dydy'r llyfr ddim yn cael ei ddarllen bob dydd. The book is not usually read every day.

Dydy'r llyfrau ddim yn cael eu darllen yn aml. The books are not often read.

Fi Ni chefais i fy narllen I was not read

Ti Ni chefais di dy ddarllen You were not read

Fe Ni chafodd e ei ddarllen He was not read

Hi Ni chafodd hi ei darllen She was not read

Ni Ni chawsom ni ein darllen We were not read

Chi Ni chawsoch chi eich darllen You were not read

Nhw Ni chawsant nhw eu darllen They were not read

The book was not read Ni chafodd y llyfr ei ddarllen Wnaeth y llyfr ddim cael ei ddarllen

The books were not read Ni chafodd y llyfrau eu darllen Wnaeth y llyfrau ddim cael eu darllen

Fi Doeddwn i ddim yn cael fy narllen I was not being read

Ti Doeddet ti ddim yn cael dy ddarllen You were not being read

Fe Doedd e ddim yn cael ei ddarllen He was not being read

Hi Doedd hi ddim yn cael ei darllen She was not being read

Ni Doedden ni ddim yn cael ein darllen We were not being read

Chi Doeddech chi ddim yn cael eich darllen You were not being read

Nhw Doedden nhw ddim yn cael eu darllen They were not being read

Fi Fydda i ddim yn cael fy narllen I will not be read

Ti Fyddi di ddim yn cael dy ddarllen You will not be read

Fe Fydd e ddim yn cael ei ddarllen He will not be read

Hi Fydd hi ddim yn cael ei darllen She will not be read

Ni Fyddwn ni ddim yn cael ein darllen We will not be read

Chi Fyddwch chi ddim yn cael eich darllen You will not be read

Nhw Fyddan nhw ddim yn cael eu darllen They will not be read

Fi Dw i ddim wedi cael fy narllen I have not been read

Ti Dydy ti ddim wedi cael dy ddarllen You have not been read

Fe Dydy e ddim wedi cael ei ddarllen He has not been read

Hi Dydy hi ddim wedi cael ei darllen She has not been read

Ni Dyn ni ddim wedi cael ein darllen We have not been read

Chi Dych chi ddim wedi cael eich darllen You have not been read

Nhw Dydyn nhw ddim wedi cael eu darllen They have not been read

Fi Doeddwn i ddim wedi cael fy narllen I had not been read

Ti Doeddet ti ddim wedi cael dy ddarllen You had not been read

Fe Doedd e ddim wedi cael ei ddarllen He had not been read

Hi Doedd hi ddim wedi cael ei darllen She had not been read

Ni Doedden ni ddim wedi cael ein darllen We had not been read

Chi Doeddech chi ddim wedi cael eich darllen You had not been read

Nhw Doedden nhw ddim wedi cael eu darllen They had not been read

Fi Fydda i ddim wedi cael fy narllen I will not have been read

Ti Fyddi di ddim wedi cael dy ddarllen You will not have been read

Fe Fydd e ddim wedi cael ei ddarllen He will not have been read

Hi Fydd hi ddim wedi cael ei darllen She will not have been read

Ni Fyddwn ni ddim wedi cael ein darllen We will not have been read

Chi Fyddwch chi ddim wedi cael eich darllen You will not have been read

Nhw Fyddan nhw ddim wedi cael eu darllen They will not have been read

Paid â chael dy ddarllen. Do not be read.

Mae e'n athro. He is a teacher. -> Dydy e ddim yn athro. He is not a teacher.

Mae hi'n hapus. She is happy. -> Dydy hi ddim yn hapus. She is not happy.

Dydy'r tŷ ddim yn fawr. The house is not big.

Dydy'r bwyd ddim yn boeth. The food is not hot.

8- QUESTIONS:

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

Fi Dw i'n darllen -> Ydw i'n darllen? Am I reading?

Ti Wyt ti'n darllen -> Wyt ti'n darllen? Are you reading?

Fe Mae e'n darllen -> Ydy e'n darllen? Is he reading?

Hi Mae hi'n darllen -> Ydy hi'n darllen? Is she reading?

Ni Dyn ni'n darllen -> Ydyn ni'n darllen? Are we reading?

Chi Dych chi'n darllen -> Ydych chi'n darllen? Are you reading?

Nhw Maen nhw'n darllen -> Ydyn nhw'n darllen? Are they reading?

Fi Wnes i ddarllen? Did I read?

Ti Wnest ti ddarllen? Did you read?

Fe Wnaeth e ddarllen? Did he read?

Hi Wnaeth hi ddarllen? Did she read?

Ni Wnaethon ni ddarllen? Did we read?

Chi Wnaethoch chi ddarllen? Did you read?

Nhw Wnaethon nhw ddarllen? Did they read?

Fi Oeddwn i'n darllen? Was I reading?

Ti Oeddet ti'n darllen? Were you reading?

Fe Oedd e'n darllen? Was he reading?

Hi Oedd hi'n darllen? Was she reading?

Ni Oedden ni'n darllen? Were we reading?

Chi Oeddech chi'n darllen? Were you reading?

Nhw Oedden nhw'n darllen? Were they reading?

Fi Fydda i'n darllen? Will I read?

Ti Fyddi di'n darllen? Will you read?

Fe Fydd e'n darllen? Will he read?

Hi Fydd hi'n darllen? Will she read?

Ni Fyddwn ni'n darllen? Will we read?

Chi Fyddwch chi'n darllen? Will you read?

Nhw Fyddan nhw'n darllen? Will they read?

Fi Ydw i wedi darllen? Have I read?

Ti Wyt ti wedi darllen? Have you read?

Fe Ydy e wedi darllen? Has he read?

Hi Ydy hi wedi darllen? Has she read?

Ni Ydyn ni wedi darllen? Have we read?

Chi Ydych chi wedi darllen? Have you read?

Nhw Ydyn nhw wedi darllen? Have they read?

Fi Oeddwn i wedi darllen? Had I read?

Ti Oeddet ti wedi darllen? Had you read?

Fe Oedd e wedi darllen? Had he read?

Hi Oedd hi wedi darllen? Had she read?

Ni Oedden ni wedi darllen? Had we read?

Chi Oeddech chi wedi darllen? Had you read?

Nhw Oedden nhw wedi darllen? Had they read?

Fi Fydda i wedi darllen? Will I have read?

Ti Fyddi di wedi darllen? Will you have read?

Fe Fydd e wedi darllen? Will he have read?

Hi Fydd hi wedi darllen? Will she have read?

Ni Fyddwn ni wedi darllen? Will we have read?

Chi Fyddwch chi wedi darllen? Will you have read?

Nhw Fyddan nhw wedi darllen? Will they have read?

Fi Ydw i'n cael fy narllen? Am I being read?

Ti Wyt ti'n cael dy ddarllen? Are you being read?

Fe Ydy e'n cael ei ddarllen? Is he being read?

Hi Ydy hi'n cael ei darllen? Is she being read?

Ni Ydyn ni'n cael ein darllen? Are we being read?

Chi Ydych chi'n cael eich darllen? Are you being read?

Nhw Ydyn nhw'n cael eu darllen? Are they being read?

Ydy'r llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen bob dydd? Is the book usually read every day?

Ydyn nhw'n cael eu darllen yn aml? Are they often read?

Fi Oeddwn i'n cael fy narllen? Was I being read?

Ti Oeddet ti'n cael dy ddarllen? Were you being read?

Fe Oedd e'n cael ei ddarllen? Was he being read?

Hi Oedd hi'n cael ei darllen? Was she being read?

Ni Oedden ni'n cael ein darllen? Were we being read?

Chi Oeddech chi'n cael eich darllen? Were you being read?

Nhw Oedden nhw'n cael eu darllen? Were they being read?

Fi A gefais i fy narllen? Was I read?

Ti A gefaist ti dy ddarllen? Were you read?

Fe A gafodd e ei ddarllen? Was he read?

Hi A gafodd hi ei darllen? Was she read?

Ni A gawsom ni ein darllen? Were we read?

Chi A gawsoch chi eich darllen? Were you read?

Nhw A gawsant nhw eu darllen? Were they read?

A gafodd y llyfr ei ddarllen? Was the book read?

Fi Fydda i'n cael fy narllen? Will I be read?

Ti Fyddi di'n cael dy ddarllen? Will you be read?

Fe Fydd e'n cael ei ddarllen? Will he be read?

Hi Fydd hi'n cael ei darllen? Will she be read?

Ni Fyddwn ni'n cael ein darllen? Will we be read?

Chi Fyddwch chi'n cael eich darllen? Will you be read?

Nhw Fyddan nhw'n cael eu darllen? Will they be read?

Fi Ydw i wedi cael fy narllen? Have I been read?

Ti Wyt ti wedi cael dy ddarllen? Have you been read?

Fe Ydy e wedi cael ei ddarllen? Has he been read?

Hi Ydy hi wedi cael ei darllen? Has she been read?

Ni Ydyn ni wedi cael ein darllen? Have we been read?

Chi Ydych chi wedi cael eich darllen? Have you been read?

Nhw Ydyn nhw wedi cael eu darllen? Have they been read?

Fi Oeddwn i wedi cael fy narllen? Had I been read?

Ti Oeddet ti wedi cael dy ddarllen? Had you been read?

Fe Oedd e wedi cael ei ddarllen? Had he been read?

Hi Oedd hi wedi cael ei darllen? Had she been read?

Ni Oedden ni wedi cael ein darllen? Had we been read?

Chi Oeddech chi wedi cael eich darllen? Had you been read?

Nhw Oedden nhw wedi cael eu darllen? Had they been read?

Fi Fydda i wedi cael fy narllen? Will I have been read?

Ti Fyddi di wedi cael dy ddarllen? Will you have been read?

Fe Fydd e wedi cael ei ddarllen? Will he have been read?

Hi Fydd hi wedi cael ei darllen? Will she have been read?

Ni Fyddwn ni wedi cael ein darllen? Will we have been read?

Chi Fyddwch chi wedi cael eich darllen? Will you have been read?

Nhw Fyddan nhw wedi cael eu darllen? Will they have been read?

QUESTION WORDS:

pwy who

beth / be what

ble / lle where

pryd when

pam why

sut how

faint how much/how many

pa which

sawl how many (countable)

pa mor hir how long

pa mor aml how often

pa mor bell how far

pa mor fawr how big

Present

Beth wyt ti'n wneud?

What are you doing?

Past

Beth wnaeth ti wneud?

What did you do?

Future

Beth fyddi di'n wneud?

What will you do?

Perfect

Beth wyt ti wedi wneud?

What have you done?

Pa mor hir wyt ti wedi byw yma? How long have you lived here?

Pa mor hir fydd e'n aros? How long will he stay?

Faint o lyfrau? How many books?

Pam aeth e? Why did he leave?

Faint o lyfrau sydd gyda ti? How many books do you have?

FORMATION:

Faint how many / how much

o of

lyfrau books

sydd are / exist

gyda with

ti you

9- ADVERBS:

Welsh Transliteration English

yn dda un dha well

yn wael un wah-el badly

yn gyflym un guh-vlum quickly

yn araf un ah-rav slowly

yn ofalus un ov-ah-lis carefully

yn hapus un hap-is happily

yn drist un drist sadly

yn glir un gleer clearly

yn rhwydd un hroowidh easily

yn galed un gal-ed hard

yn gryf un griv strongly

yn dawel un dow-el quietly

yn uchel un hi-el loudly

yn agored un ag-or-ed openly

yn gyfrinachol un guh-vrin-ah-khol secretly

yn sydyn un sud-in suddenly

yn ofnadwy un ov-nad-oo-ee terribly

yn berffaith un ber-vighth perfectly

yn union un in-ee-on exactly

yn arbennig un ar-ben-ig especially

yn fwriadol un voo-ree-ad-ol deliberately

yn ddamweiniol un tham-wayn-yol accidentally

yn llwyr un hlooir completely

yn rhannol un hran-ol partly

yn bennaf un ben-av mainly

yn unig un in-ig only; solely

yn naturiol un nat-ur-yol naturally

yn gyffredinol un guh-vredh-en-ol generally

yn arbennig o un ar-ben-ig oh especially

yn uniongyrchol un in-ee-on-gur-khol directly

yn anuniongyrchol un an-in-ee-on-gur-khol indirectly

Important: Welsh very commonly forms manner adverbs with yn + adjective.

Mae hi'n siarad yn araf.

Mai hin shahr-ad un a-rav.

She speaks slowly.

2. Place adverbs — Lle? / Where?

Welsh Transliteration English

yma uh-ma here

fan hyn van hun here

fan'na van-na there

yno uh-no there

draw dhrow over there; away

yma draw uh-ma dhrow over here

fan draw van dhrow over there

i fyny ee vun-ee up

i lawr ee lowr down

i mewn ee main in; inside

allan ah-lan out

tu mewn tee main inside

tu allan tee ah-lan outside

uwchben ooch-ben above

oddi uchod od-ee ikh-od from above

isod iss-od below

oddi isod od-ee iss-od from below

gerllaw ger-hlow nearby

ymhell um-hell far away

ymhellach um-hel-akh farther

o gwmpas oh goom-pas around

ym mhobman um hov-man everywhere

unrhyw le en-ur-hlee anywhere

unman in-man nowhere

rhywle hree-oo-hlee somewhere

gartref gar-trev at home

adref ad-rev homeward; home

dramor dra-mor abroad

adref ad-rev home

i ffwrdd ee foor-dh away

ymlaen um-laine forward; ahead

yn ôl un ohl back

ar y blaen ar uh blaine ahead; at the front

y tu ôl uh tee ohl behind

3. Time adverbs — Pryd? / When?

Welsh Transliteration English

heddiw heth-ee-oo today

ddoe dho-ee yesterday

yfory uh-vor-ee tomorrow

rŵan roo-an now

nawr nowr now

ar hyn o bryd ar hun oh brid at the moment

cyn bo hir kin boh heer soon

yn fuan un vee-an soon

yn ddiweddarach un dee-weth-ah-rakh later

wedyn wed-in then; afterwards

yna un-ah then

cyn hynny kin hun-ee before that

ar ôl hynny ar ohl hun-ee after that

eisoes eye-shoy-es already

eto et-oh again; yet

o'r blaen or blain before; previously

yn ddiweddar un dee-weth-ar recently

erioed er-ee-oyd ever

byth booth ever; never

ar unwaith ar in-waith immediately

ar unwaith ar in-waith at once

ar hyn o bryd ar hun oh brid currently

ar hyn o bryd ar hun oh brid presently

yn ddiweddarach un dee-weth-ah-rakh later

yn fuan un vee-an shortly

ar unwaith ar in-waith immediately

yn sydyn un sud-in suddenly

unwaith in-waith once

ddwywaith dhooy-waith twice

sawl gwaith saul gwaith several times

dro ar ôl tro dro ar ohl tro again and again

bob amser bob am-sair always

weithiau way-th-yow sometimes

yn aml un am often

yn aml iawn un am yown very often

yn achlysurol un akh-luh-sur-ol occasionally

yn anaml un an-am rarely

anaml iawn an-am yown very rarely

byth booth never

bron byth bron booth hardly ever

bob dydd bob deedh every day

bob wythnos bob oyth-nos every week

bob mis bob mees every month

bob blwyddyn bob bluh-weth-in every year

4. Frequency adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

bob amser bob am-sair always

wastad was-tad always; continually

yn gyson un guh-son consistently

yn aml un am often

yn aml iawn un am yown very often

weithiau way-th-yow sometimes

ambell waith am-bel gwaith occasionally

yn achlysurol un akh-luh-sur-ol occasionally

o bryd i'w gilydd oh brid ee oo gil-ith from time to time

yn achlysurol un akh-luh-sur-ol occasionally

yn anaml un an-am rarely

yn brin un breen seldom

prin preen hardly; scarcely

bron byth bron booth hardly ever

byth booth never

erioed er-ee-oyd ever

dro ar ôl tro dro ar ohl tro repeatedly

yn rheolaidd un hrey-ol-idh regularly

yn barhaus un bar-hais continuously

yn barhaus un bar-hais continually

yn gyson un guh-son constantly

5. Degree adverbs — Pa mor...? / To what degree?

Welsh Transliteration English

iawn yown very; really

iawn iawn yown yown very very

yn fawr un vowr greatly

yn fawr iawn un vowr yown very greatly

gormod gor-mod too much

rhy hree too

digon dee-gon enough

braidd braid rather; somewhat

eithaf ay-thav quite; fairly

tipyn tip-in quite a bit

llawer lah-wair much; a lot

llawer iawn lah-wair yown very much

mwy mooy more

llai hlai less

mwyaf mov-eye most

lleiaf hlai-av least

bron bron almost

prin preen hardly; scarcely

prin iawn preen yown barely

hollol holl-ol completely

yn llwyr un hlooir completely

yn rhannol un hran-ol partly

bron iawn bron yown almost entirely

yn arbennig un ar-ben-ig particularly

yn enwedig un en-wed-ig especially

yn hynod un hun-od extremely; remarkably

hynod o hun-od oh extremely

dros ben dros ben excessively; extremely

eithriadol ay-three-ad-ol exceptionally

bron yn bron un almost

prin yn preen un hardly

6. Comparative adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

mwy mooy more

llai hlai less

yn fwy un vooy more

yn llai un hlai less

yn fwy ... na un vooy ... na more ... than

yn llai ... na un hlai ... na less ... than

gymaint guh-mynt as much

cymaint â kuh-mynt ah as much as

cystal kus-tal as well as

gystal â gus-tal ah as well as

gwell gwel better

waeth wah-ith worse

orau or-eye best

waethaf way-thav worst

7. Question adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

sut? seet how?

ble? bleh where?

lle? hleh where?

pryd? preed when?

pam? pam why?

faint? vaint how much?

pa mor? pa mor how ...?

pa bryd? pa breed when?

i ble? ee bleh where to?

o ble? oh bleh where from?

ers pryd? ers preed since when?

pa mor aml? pa mor am how often?

pa mor hir? pa mor heer how long?

pa mor bell? pa mor bell how far?

8. Interrogative adverbial expressions

Welsh Transliteration English

sut seet how

ble bleh where

lle hleh where

pryd preed when

pam pam why

faint vaint how much

pa mor pa mor how

pa mor hir pa mor heer how long

pa mor bell pa mor bell how far

pa mor aml pa mor am how often

ers pryd ers preed since when

tan pryd tan preed until when

o ble oh bleh from where

i ble ee bleh to where

9. Affirmation adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

ie yee yes

yn wir un weer indeed; truly

wir weer truly; indeed

yn sicr un seer certainly

yn bendant un ben-dant definitely

yn sicr iawn un seer yown certainly

wrth gwrs oorth goors of course

wrth gwrs oorth goors naturally; of course

yn sicr un seer surely

yn hollol un holl-ol absolutely

yn union un in-ee-on exactly

yn wirioneddol un weer-ee-on-ed-ol really; truly

mewn gwirionedd main goor-ee-on-ed in fact; actually

10. Negation adverbs

Welsh has several important negative adverbial forms.

Welsh Transliteration English

ddim theem not

nid need not

na na not / no

byth booth never

erioed er-ee-oyd ever

dim deem nothing; not any

unman in-man nowhere

neb neyb nobody; anyone

mo moh not any; no

ddim o gwbl theem oh gool not at all

nid o gwbl need oh gool not at all

o gwbl oh gool at all

prin preen hardly

prin byth preen booth hardly ever

Example

Dydw i ddim yn gwybod.

Duh-doo ee theem un goo-bod.

I don't know.

11. Focus and restriction adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

dim ond deem ond only

yn unig un in-ig only; solely

ond ond only; but

hyd yn oed heed un oyd even

hyd yn oed heed un oyd even

yn enwedig un en-wed-ig especially

yn arbennig un ar-ben-ig particularly

yn bennaf un ben-av mainly

yn benodol un ben-od-ol specifically

yn union un in-ee-on exactly

bron bron almost

yn unig un in-ig exclusively

dim ond deem ond merely; only

prin preen barely

12. Addition adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

hefyd hev-id also

hefyd hev-id too

eto et-oh again; additionally

yn ogystal un gus-tal also; additionally

yn ogystal â hynny un gus-tal ah hun-ee in addition to that

ar ben hynny ar ben hun-ee besides; furthermore

hefyd hev-id as well

hyd yn oed heed un oyd even

hefyd hefyd hev-id hev-id also as well (emphatic)

13. Concession / contrast adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

fodd bynnag voth bun-ag however

serch hynny serkh hun-ee nevertheless

er hynny er hun-ee nevertheless

er hynny er hun-ee even so

beth bynnag beth bun-ag anyway; whatever

beth bynnag beth bun-ag regardless

waeth beth waith beth no matter what

waeth ble waith bleh no matter where

waeth sut waith seet no matter how

beth bynnag beth bun-ag in any case

14. Cause / reason / result adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

felly vel-ee therefore; so

felly vel-ee thus

felly hefyd vel-ee hev-id likewise; so too

o ganlyniad oh gan-lun-yad consequently

am hynny am hun-ee because of that

oherwydd hynny oh-wer-th hun-ee because of that

felly vel-ee therefore

o ganlyniad oh gan-lun-yad as a result

am hynny am hun-ee for that reason

15. Sequence / ordering adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

yn gyntaf un guh-vav first; firstly

yn ail un aile secondly

wedyn wed-in then

yna un-ah then

ar ôl hynny ar ohl hun-ee afterwards

cyn hynny kin hun-ee before that

nesaf nes-av next

yn olaf un ol-av finally

o'r diwedd or dee-weth finally; eventually

yn y pen draw un uh pen dhrow ultimately; in the end

yn gyntaf oll un guh-vav oll first of all

yn y cyfamser un uh kuh-vam-ser meanwhile

yn y cyfamser un uh kuh-vam-ser in the meantime

ar unwaith ar in-waith immediately

wedyn wed-in afterwards

16. Simultaneous / temporal adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

tra tra while

ar yr un pryd ar ur in preed at the same time

yr un pryd ur in preed at the same time

ar yr un pryd ar ur in preed simultaneously

yn y cyfamser un uh kuh-vam-ser meanwhile

ar yr un pryd ar ur in preed simultaneously

17. Approximation adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

tua tee-ah approximately; about

oddeutu oth-eye-tee approximately

tua tee-ah around

bron bron almost

fwy neu lai vooy nay lie more or less

rhyw hree-oo about; approximately

rywle hree-oo-hleh somewhere; approximately

tua ... tee-ah about ...

tua'r tee-ar approximately the

18. Repetition adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

eto et-oh again

unwaith eto in-waith et-oh again; once again

unwaith eto in-waith et-oh once again

dro ar ôl tro dro ar ohl tro again and again

dro ar ôl tro dro ar ohl tro repeatedly

eilwaith aile-waith again; a second time

dro ar ôl tro dro ar ohl tro repeatedly

yn barhaus un bar-hais continuously

19. Directional adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

i fyny ee vun-ee upwards

i lawr ee lowr downwards

ymlaen um-laine forward

yn ôl un ohl backwards; back

i ffwrdd ee foor-dh away

draw dhrow over there; away

adref ad-rev homeward

allan ah-lan outward

i mewn ee main inward

tuag ymlaen tee-ag um-laine forward

tuag yn ôl tee-ag un ohl backward

20. Adverbs of certainty, evidence and appearance

Welsh Transliteration English

mae'n debyg main dye-big probably

yn ôl pob tebyg un ohl pob tey-big probably; presumably

yn ôl pob tebyg un ohl pob tey-big according to all indications

yn amlwg un am-loog obviously

yn amlwg iawn un am-loog yown clearly

yn ôl pob golwg un ohl pob gol-oog apparently

yn ôl pob tebyg un ohl pob tey-big presumably

mae'n debyg main dye-big it is likely

efallai ev-al-eye perhaps; maybe

o bosibl oh boss-bil possibly

o bosib oh boss-ib possibly

yn sicr un seer certainly

yn bendant un ben-dant definitely

21. Possibility adverbs

Welsh Transliteration English

efallai ev-al-eye perhaps; maybe

o bosibl oh boss-bil possibly

o bosib oh boss-ib possibly

mae'n bosibl main boss-il it is possible

mae'n debyg main dye-big probably

yn debygol un deb-ol likely

yn annhebygol un an-theb-ol unlikely

efallai y ev-al-eye uh perhaps

efallai bod ev-al-eye bod perhaps that

pwy a ŵyr pooy ah weer who knows

22. Conditional / hypothetical adverbial expressions

Welsh Transliteration English

fel arall vel ar-al otherwise

fel petai vel pet-eye as if

pe bai peh bye if it were

petai pet-eye if

pe na bai peh na bye if it were not

beth bynnag beth bun-ag whatever

beth bynnag sy'n digwydd beth bun-ag sun dig-ith whatever happens

fel arall vel ar-al otherwise

mewn unrhyw achos main en-ur akh-os in any case

23. Relative / indefinite adverbial forms

Welsh Transliteration English

lle hleh where

ble bleh where

lle bynnag hleh bun-ag wherever

ble bynnag bleh bun-ag wherever

pryd bynnag preed bun-ag whenever

sut bynnag seet bun-ag however

pa bryd bynnag pa breed bun-ag whenever

pa le bynnag pa hleh bun-ag wherever

ble bynnag y bo bleh bun-ag uh boh wherever it may be

beth bynnag beth bun-ag however/whatever

24. Negative indefinite adverbial forms

Welsh Transliteration English

unman in-man nowhere

unlle in-hleh nowhere

byth booth never

erioed er-ee-oyd ever

dim deem nothing/not any

ddim o gwbl theem oh gool not at all

o gwbl oh gool at all

25. “Everywhere / somewhere / anywhere / nowhere”

Welsh Transliteration English

ym mhobman um hov-man everywhere

ym mhob lle um hov hleh everywhere

rhywle hree-oo-hleh somewhere

rywle hree-oo-hleh somewhere

unrhyw le en-ur hleh anywhere

unman in-man nowhere

unlle in-hleh nowhere

ym mhobman arall um hov-man ar-al everywhere else

rhywle arall hree-oo-hleh ar-al somewhere else

unrhyw le arall en-ur hleh ar-al anywhere else

26. “Always / never / sometimes” master set

Welsh Transliteration English

bob amser bob am-sair always

wastad was-tad always

yn gyson un guh-son constantly

yn aml un am often

weithiau way-th-yow sometimes

ambell waith am-bel gwaith occasionally

o bryd i'w gilydd oh brid ee oo gil-ith from time to time

yn anaml un an-am rarely

prin preen seldom

bron byth bron booth hardly ever

byth booth never

erioed er-ee-oyd ever

27. “Here / there / where” master set

Welsh Transliteration English

yma uh-ma here

fan hyn van hun here

yno uh-no there

fan'na van-na there

draw dhrow over there

rhywle hree-oo-hleh somewhere

unrhyw le en-ur hleh anywhere

unman in-man nowhere

ym mhobman um hov-man everywhere

ble? bleh where?

lle? hleh where?

i ble? ee bleh where to?

o ble? oh bleh where from?

lle bynnag hleh bun-ag wherever

28. “Now / then / soon / already / still / yet”

Welsh Transliteration English

nawr nowr now

rŵan roo-an now

yna un-ah then

wedyn wed-in then; afterwards

cyn hynny kin hun-ee before then

ar ôl hynny ar ohl hun-ee after that

yn fuan un vee-an soon

cyn bo hir kin boh heer soon

eisoes eye-shoy-es already

eto et-oh again; yet

o hyd oh heed still

hyd yn hyn heed un hun so far; until now

hyd yma heed uh-ma up to now

erbyn hyn er-bin hun by now

yn ddiweddar un dee-weth-ar recently

yn ddiweddarach un dee-weth-ah-rakh later

29. Important Welsh adverbial particles / small words

These are especially important because they often have grammatical rather than lexical functions.

Welsh Transliteration English/function

yn un adverbial marker before adjectives

ddim theem not

nid need not

na na no/not

mwy mooy more/anymore

eto et-oh again/yet

byth booth ever/never

iawn yown very/really

rhy hree too

braidd braid rather/somewhat

ond ond only/but

hefyd hev-id also

hyd yn oed heed un oyd even

felly vel-ee therefore/so

efallai ev-al-eye perhaps

yn unig un in-ig only

dim ond deem ond only

o gwbl oh gool at all

bron bron almost

prin preen hardly

tua tee-ah about/approximately

30. Main productive Welsh adverb formation

A very important feature of Welsh is:

yn + adjective → manner adverb

Adjective Adverbial form English

da yn dda well

cyflym yn gyflym quickly

araf yn araf slowly

gofalus yn ofalus carefully

clir yn glir clearly

hawdd yn hawdd easily

trist yn drist sadly

hapus yn hapus happily

uchel yn uchel loudly

tawel yn dawel quietly

sydyn yn sydyn suddenly

llwyr yn llwyr completely

arbennig yn arbennig especially

gyffredinol yn gyffredinol generally

uniongyrchol yn uniongyrchol directly

Notice that yn can trigger soft mutation:

da → yn dda

cyflym → yn gyflym

gofalus → yn ofalus

10- CONJUNCTIONS:

Welsh Transliteration English

nes nes until

hyd nes heed nes until

nes bod nes bod until

hyd nes bod heed nes bod until

tan tan until

tan i tan ee until ...

17. Purpose — “so that / in order that”

Welsh Transliteration English

er mwyn er moo-in in order to

er mwyn i er moo-in ee in order for

fel bod vel bod so that

fel y vel uh so that

er mwyn i ... er moo-in ee in order that

er mwyn gwneud er moo-in grayd in order to do

Example:

Astudiodd hi'n galed er mwyn iddi basio.

She studied hard in order to pass.

18. “So / therefore”

These are often conjunction-like linking words.

Welsh Transliteration English

felly vel-ee so; therefore

felly hefyd vel-ee hev-id so too

o ganlyniad oh gan-lun-yad consequently

am hynny am hun-ee therefore; for that reason

felly y vel-ee uh thus

ac felly ak vel-ee and so

ac o ganlyniad ak oh gan-lun-yad and consequently

19. “As / like”

Welsh Transliteration English

fel vel as; like

fel y vel uh as; as ...

fel pe vel peh as if

fel petai vel pet-eye as if

fel pe bai vel peh bye as if

yn union fel un in-ee-on vel just as

yr un fath â ur in vath ah the same as

20. “As if”

Welsh Transliteration English

fel petai vel pet-eye as if

fel pe bai vel peh bye as if

fel pe vel peh as if

fel petai ... vel pet-eye as though

fel pe bai ... vel peh bye as though

Example:

Mae'n edrych fel petai hi'n flinedig.

She looks as if she is tired.

21. “Whether”

Welsh Transliteration English

p'un a poon ah whether

pa un ai pa in eye whether

ai eye whether/or

p'un ai ... neu poon eye ... nay whether ... or

pa un a ... pa in ah whether ...

Example:

Nid wyf yn gwybod p'un a fydd e'n dod.

I don't know whether he will come.

22. “Even if”

Welsh Transliteration English

hyd yn oed os heed un oyd os even if

hyd yn oed pe heed un oyd peh even if

er er even though

hyd yn oed petai heed un oyd pet-eye even if it were

23. “Even though”

Welsh Transliteration English

er bod er bod even though

er mai er my even though

er er although/even though

hyd yn oed er heed un oyd er even though

24. Correlative conjunctions

Welsh uses several paired constructions.

Welsh Transliteration English

naill ai ... neu nyle eye ... nay either ... or

na ... na nah ... nah neither ... nor

nid yn unig ... ond hefyd need un in-ig ... ond hev-id not only ... but also

p'un ai ... neu poon eye ... nay whether ... or

boed ... boed boid ... boid whether ... or

pa un ai ... neu pa in eye ... nay whether ... or

cymaint ... â kuh-mynt ... ah as much ... as

cyn ... ag kin ... ag as ... as

mwy ... na mooy ... na more ... than

llai ... na hlai ... na less ... than

25. “Either ... or”

naill ai ... neu

Naill ai teithio neu aros.

Either travel or stay.

Part Welsh English

first naill ai either

second neu or

26. “Neither ... nor”

na ... na

Na Siân na Dafydd ddaeth.

Neither Siân nor Dafydd came.

Another construction:

Nid yw e'n hapus nac yn drist.

He is neither happy nor sad.

27. “Not only ... but also”

nid yn unig ... ond hefyd

Nid yn unig mae hi'n siarad Cymraeg, ond hefyd mae hi'n ysgrifennu Cymraeg.

She not only speaks Welsh, but also writes Welsh.

28. “Whether ... or”

Welsh Transliteration English

p'un ai ... neu poon eye ... nay whether ... or

pa un ai ... neu pa in eye ... nay whether ... or

ai ... ai eye ... eye whether ... or

boed ... boed boid ... boid whether ... or

29. “No matter / -ever” conjunctions

These are very important Welsh conjunction-like constructions.

Welsh Transliteration English

beth bynnag beth bun-ag whatever

pwy bynnag pooy bun-ag whoever

ble bynnag bleh bun-ag wherever

lle bynnag hleh bun-ag wherever

pryd bynnag preed bun-ag whenever

sut bynnag seet bun-ag however

pa un bynnag pa in bun-ag whichever

beth bynnag sy'n beth bun-ag sun whatever is

waeth beth waith beth no matter what

waeth pwy waith pooy no matter who

waeth ble waith bleh no matter where

waeth sut waith seet no matter how

30. Negative conjunctions

Welsh Transliteration English

na nah nor/not

nac nak nor

na ... na nah ... nah neither ... nor

os na os nah if not

oni bai on-ee bye unless

er nad er nad although not

er na er nah although not

heb i heb ee without ...

31. “Without”

Welsh often uses heb rather than a pure conjunction.

Welsh Transliteration English

heb heb without

heb i heb ee without ...

heb fod heb vod without being

heb i mi heb ee mee without me

heb i chi heb ee khi without you

Example:

Aeth e allan heb ddweud dim.

He went out without saying anything.

32. Important conjunction-like linking words

These are not all strict conjunctions in every grammatical analysis, but they are essential for connecting clauses.

Welsh Transliteration English

felly vel-ee therefore; so

fodd bynnag voth bun-ag however

serch hynny serkh hun-ee nevertheless

er hynny er hun-ee nevertheless

yn ogystal un gus-tal furthermore; also

yn ogystal â un gus-tal ah as well as

ar ben hynny ar ben hun-ee furthermore

o ganlyniad oh gan-lun-yad consequently

yn y cyfamser un uh kuh-vam-ser meanwhile

fel arall vel ar-al otherwise

er enghraifft er eng-hryeift for example

hynny yw hun-ee yo that is

mewn geiriau eraill main gayr-yow ay-ryol in other words

mewn gwirionedd main goor-ee-on-ed in fact

wrth gwrs oorth goors of course

beth bynnag beth bun-ag anyway

33. Conjunctions of addition

Welsh Transliteration English

a ah and

ac ak and

ag ag and

hefyd hev-id also

yn ogystal un gus-tal also

yn ogystal â un gus-tal ah as well as

nid yn unig ... ond hefyd need un in-ig ... ond hev-id not only ... but also

ar ben hynny ar ben hun-ee besides; furthermore

34. Conjunctions of contrast

Welsh Transliteration English

ond ond but

eithr ay-thr but; except

fodd bynnag voth bun-ag however

er er although

er bod er bod although

er hynny er hun-ee nevertheless

serch hynny serkh hun-ee nevertheless

er mai er my although

tra tra whereas; while

tra bod tra bod whereas; while

35. Conjunctions of cause

Welsh Transliteration English

oherwydd oh-wer-th because

oherwydd bod oh-wer-th bod because

am fod am vod because

gan fod gan vod since/because

am mai am my because

gan mai gan my since/because

am hynny am hun-ee for that reason

36. Conjunctions of result

Welsh Transliteration English

felly vel-ee so; therefore

fel bod vel bod so that

o ganlyniad oh gan-lun-yad consequently

am hynny am hun-ee therefore

ac felly ak vel-ee and so

felly y vel-ee uh thus

37. Conjunctions of purpose

Welsh Transliteration English

er mwyn er moo-in in order to

er mwyn i er moo-in ee in order for

fel y vel uh so that

fel bod vel bod so that

rhag hrag lest

rhag i hrag ee lest ...

38. Conjunctions of time

Welsh Transliteration English

pan pan when

pryd preed when

tra tra while

cyn kin before

cyn i kin ee before

ar ôl ar ohl after

ar ôl i ar ohl ee after

nes nes until

hyd nes heed nes until

tan tan until

ers ers since

ers i ers ee since

wedi wed-ee after/having

39. Conjunctions of condition

Welsh Transliteration English

os os if

pe peh if

petai pet-eye if

pe bai peh bye if

os na os nah if not

oni bai on-ee bye unless

oni bai bod on-ee bye bod unless

hyd yn oed os heed un oyd os even if

hyd yn oed pe heed un oyd peh even if

rhag ofn hrag ovn in case

rhag ofn i hrag ovn ee in case

11- PREPOSITIONS:

Welsh Transliteration English meaning Example

ar ar on, upon, at Mae'r llyfr ar y bwrdd.

at at to, toward, at Dw i'n mynd at y meddyg.

am am about, around, for, during Rydyn ni'n siarad am y llyfr.

â â with, by means of Dw i'n mynd â hi.

gan gan by, from, with Ysgrifennwyd y llyfr gan yr awdur.

heb heb without Mae hi'n mynd heb arian.

i i to, into, for Dw i'n mynd i Gaerdydd.

mewn mewn in, inside Mae e mewn tŷ.

yn yn in, at Mae hi yn yr ysgol.

o o from, of Dw i'n dod o Gymru.

dan dan under, beneath Mae'r gath dan y bwrdd.

dros dros over, across, for, during Mae'r bont dros yr afon.

drwy / trwy drwy / trwy through, by means of Cerddon ni drwy y goedwig.

rhwng rhwng between, among Mae'r tŷ rhwng y ddwy goeden.

cyn cyn before Cyn cinio, dw i'n gweithio.

ers ers since, for Dw i wedi byw yma ers 2020.

erbyn erbyn by, before, against Byddaf yn ôl erbyn nos.

wrth wrth by, at, while, against Dysgais wrth ddarllen.

hyd hyd until, as far as Arhoswch hyd yfory.

wedi wedi after, having Wedi cinio, aethon ni allan.

ar ôl ar ôl after Ar ôl gwaith, es i adref.

ynglŷn â ynglŷn â concerning, regarding Rydyn ni'n siarad ynglŷn â hynny.

ynghyd â ynghyd â together with Daeth hi ynghyd â'i ffrind.

2. Prepositions of place

Welsh Transliteration Meaning

ar ar on, on top of

dan dan under

o dan o dan underneath

uwchben uwchben above

o uwchben o uwchben from above

islaw islaw below

o islaw o islaw from below

ger ger near, by

wrth wrth beside, by, against

yn ymyl yn ymyl beside, next to

wrth ochr wrth ochr beside, alongside

o flaen o flaen in front of

y tu ôl i y tu ôl i behind

o gwmpas o gwmpas around

o amgylch o amgylch around

o fewn o fewn within, inside

y tu mewn i y tu mewn i inside

y tu allan i y tu allan i outside

rhwng rhwng between

ymhlith ymhlith among

ar draws ar draws across

ar hyd ar hyd along

ar hyd a lled ar hyd a lled throughout

i lawr i lawr down

i fyny i fyny up

tuag at tuag at toward

Examples

Welsh Transliteration English

Mae'r ci dan y bwrdd. Mae'r ki dan y boord. The dog is under the table.

Mae'r ysgol ger y parc. Mae'r ysgol ger y park. The school is near the park.

Mae'r car o flaen y tŷ. Mae'r car o vlaen y too. The car is in front of the house.

Mae'r siop y tu ôl i'r banc. Mae'r shop y tu ôl i'r bank. The shop is behind the bank.

Cerddais ar draws y stryd. Cerddais ar draws y stryd. I walked across the street.

3. Direction and movement

Welsh Transliteration Meaning

i i to, into

at at to, toward

tuag at tuag at toward

o o from

allan o allan o out of

i mewn i i mewn i into

i fyny i fyny up

i lawr i lawr down

dros dros over, across

drwy / trwy drwy / trwy through

ar draws ar draws across

ar hyd ar hyd along

heibio heibio past, by

tuag tuag toward

hyd at hyd at up to, as far as

nes at nes at up to, near

4. Time prepositions

Welsh Transliteration Meaning

cyn cyn before

ar ôl ar ôl after

ers ers since, for

erbyn erbyn by, before

hyd hyd until

hyd at hyd at until, up to

yn ystod yn ystod during

yn ystod y yn ystod y during the

drwy gydol drwy gydol throughout

ar ôl ar ôl after

o o from

tan tan until, up to

trwy gydol trwy gydol throughout

Examples

Welsh English

cyn cinio before lunch

ar ôl cinio after lunch

ers ddoe since yesterday

erbyn yfory by tomorrow

hyd nos until night

yn ystod y dydd during the day

drwy gydol y flwyddyn throughout the year

5. Purpose, reason and cause

Welsh Transliteration Meaning

er mwyn er mwyn for the purpose of, in order to

er mwyn i er mwyn i in order for

oherwydd oherwydd because of

o achos o achos because of

diolch i diolch i thanks to, because of

oherwydd oherwydd because of

yn sgil yn sgil as a result of, following

ar sail ar sail on the basis of

o ganlyniad i o ganlyniad i as a result of

Examples

Welsh English

Gwnaf hyn er mwyn dysgu. I will do this in order to learn.

Aeth adref oherwydd y tywydd. He went home because of the weather.

Llwyddodd diolch i'w waith caled. He succeeded thanks to his hard work.

Gwnaeth y penderfyniad ar sail y dystiolaeth. He made the decision on the basis of the evidence.

6. Instrument, means and accompaniment

Welsh Transliteration Meaning

â â with

drwy / trwy drwy / trwy through, by means of

gan gan by, with

gyda gyda with

ynghyd â ynghyd â together with

ar y cyd â ar y cyd â jointly with

trwy gyfrwng trwy gyfrwng by means of

gyda chymorth gyda chymorth with the help of

7. Comparison, relation and reference

Welsh Transliteration Meaning

am am about, concerning

ynglŷn â ynglŷn â concerning

ynghylch ynghylch concerning, about

ynglŷn â ynglŷn â regarding

o ran o ran regarding, in terms of

yn ôl yn ôl according to

yn unol â yn unol â in accordance with

yn erbyn yn erbyn against

yn wahanol i yn wahanol i different from

yn debyg i yn debyg i similar to

yn agos at yn agos at close to

8. Opposition / contrast

Welsh Transliteration Meaning

yn erbyn yn erbyn against

yn wyneb yn wyneb in the face of

er gwaethaf er gwaethaf despite, in spite of

er gwaetha'r er gwaetha'r despite the

yn groes i yn groes i contrary to

yn erbyn yn erbyn against

yn hytrach na yn hytrach na rather than

yn lle yn lle instead of

yn lle yn lle in place of

Example

Er gwaethaf y glaw, aethon ni allan.

Despite the rain, we went outside.

9. Possession, source and origin

Welsh Transliteration Meaning

o o of, from

gan gan by, from

oddi wrth oddi wrth from

o blith o blith from among

allan o allan o out of

yn perthyn i yn perthyn i belonging to

o ran o ran in terms of

Mae'r llyfr yn perthyn i Siân.

The book belongs to Siân.

10. Complex / compound prepositions

These are extremely useful in modern Welsh.

Welsh Transliteration English

o dan o dan under

o flaen o flaen in front of

o ôl o ôl after, from behind

o gwmpas o gwmpas around

o amgylch o amgylch around

o fewn o fewn within

o blith o blith from among

oddi ar oddi ar from off

oddi wrth oddi wrth from

i mewn i i mewn i into

i'r tu mewn i i'r tu mewn i into the inside of

i'r tu allan i i'r tu allan i outside of

y tu mewn i y tu mewn i inside

y tu allan i y tu allan i outside

y tu ôl i y tu ôl i behind

yng nghanol yng nghanol in the middle of

wrth ochr wrth ochr beside

yn ymyl yn ymyl next to

yn agos at yn agos at near

yn bell o yn bell o far from

ar ben ar ben on top of

ar waelod ar waelod at the bottom of

ar draws ar draws across

ar hyd ar hyd along

ar ôl ar ôl after

ar gyfer ar gyfer for

er mwyn er mwyn for the purpose of

er gwaethaf er gwaethaf despite

yn ystod yn ystod during

drwy gydol drwy gydol throughout

yn sgil yn sgil following, as a result of

o ganlyniad i o ganlyniad i as a result of

yn unol â yn unol â in accordance with

yn groes i yn groes i contrary to

yn hytrach na yn hytrach na rather than

yn lle yn lle instead of

oherwydd oherwydd because of

o achos o achos because of

diolch i diolch i thanks to

trwy gyfrwng trwy gyfrwng by means of

ynghyd â ynghyd â together with

o ran o ran regarding / in terms of

yn ôl yn ôl according to

ynghylch ynghylch concerning

11. Inflected / conjugated prepositions

One of the most important features of Welsh prepositions is that several change form according to the person of the object.

For example, i = “to,” but its forms with pronouns are:

Person Welsh Transliteration English

1sg ataf ataf to me

2sg atat atat to you

3sg masculine ato ato to him

3sg feminine ati ati to her

1pl atom atom to us

2pl atoch atoch to you

3pl atyn nhw atyn nhw to them

These forms belong to the preposition at.

Important inflected prepositions

Base preposition Meaning Common inflected forms

at to, at ataf, atat, ato, ati, atom, atoch, atyn nhw

gan by, with gennyf, gennyt, ganddo, ganddi, gennym, gennych, ganddyn nhw

â with â mi, â ti, ag ef, â hi, â ni, â chi, â nhw

i to imi, iti, iddo, iddi, inni, ichi, iddyn nhw

o from, of ohonof, ohonot, ohono, ohoni, ohonom, ohonoch, ohonyn nhw

ar on, upon arnaf, arnat, arno, arni, arnom, arnoch, arnyn nhw

am about, for amdanaf, amdanat, amdano, amdani, amdanom, amdanoch, amdanyn nhw

heb without hebof, hebot, hebddo, hebddi, hebom, heboch, hebddyn nhw

wrth by, at wrthyf, wrthyt, wrtho, wrthi, wrthym, wrthych, wrthyn nhw

dros over, across, for drosof, drostat, drosto, drosti, droson, drosoch, drostyn nhw

12- DETERMINERS

Welsh Transliteration English Example

y y the y car — the car

yr yr the yr afon — the river

’r 'r the y car mawr — the big car

When do you use y / yr / ’r?

Form General environment Example English

y before most consonants y bachgen the boy

yr before a vowel yr afon the river

’r after certain preceding words, especially prepositions/constructions i’r tŷ to the house

So:

y tŷ → the house

yr ysgol → the school

i'r ysgol → to the school

2. Demonstrative determiners

Welsh demonstratives distinguish near/far and also have masculine, feminine and plural forms.

Welsh Transliteration English

hwn hwn this (masculine)

hon hon this (feminine)

hyn hyn these / this (neuter/plural)

hwnnw hwnnw that (masculine)

honno honno that (feminine)

hynny hynny that / those

yma yma here

yna yna there

draw draw over there

Examples:

Welsh Transliteration English

y dyn hwn y dyn hwn this man

y ferch hon y ferch hon this girl

y llyfrau hyn y llyfrau hyn these books

y dyn hwnnw y dyn hwnnw that man

y ferch honno y ferch honno that girl

y llyfrau hynny y llyfrau hynny those books

Demonstrative pattern

noun + demonstrative

y llyfr hwn

the book this → this book

y tŷ hwnnw

the house that → that house

3. Possessive determiners

Welsh possessives occur directly with nouns.

Welsh Transliteration English

fy fy my

dy dy your (singular)

ei ei his

ei ei her

ein ein our

eich eich your (plural/formal)

eu eu their

Examples:

Welsh Transliteration English

fy llyfr fy llyfr my book

dy gar dy gar your car

ei dŷ ei dŷ his house

ei char ei char her car

ein tŷ ein tŷ our house

eich llyfr eich llyfr your book

eu plant eu plant their children

Important

The possessive ei can mean either his or her. The grammatical mutation of the following noun helps distinguish them in many cases.

4. Quantifier determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

pob pob every, each

holl holl all, whole

oll oll all

llawer o llawer o many, much, a lot of

llai o llai o less, fewer

ychydig o ychydig o a little, a few

digon o digon o enough

gormod o gormod o too much, too many

cymaint o cymaint o as much/many

cymaint â cymaint â as much/many as

cymaint cymaint so much/many

cymaint â hynny cymaint â hynny that much/many

cyfan cyfan whole, entire

hanner hanner half

rhan o rhan o part of

Examples:

pob dydd — every day

pob plentyn — every child

llawer o bobl — many people

ychydig o arian — a little money

digon o amser — enough time

gormod o waith — too much work

holl blant y dosbarth — all the children of the class

5. Indefinite determiners

Welsh does not have a direct equivalent of English a/an, but un and related expressions can introduce an indefinite noun.

Welsh Transliteration English

un un one / a certain

un o un o one of

rhyw rhyw some / a certain

rhywun rhywun someone

rhywbeth rhywbeth something

rhyw fath o rhyw fath o some kind of

rhyw fath rhyw fath some kind

rhywfaint o rhywfaint o some amount of

ambell ambell an occasional / some

ambell un ambell un an occasional one

Examples

un dyn

one man / a man

rhyw ddyn

some man / a certain man

rhyw fath o broblem

some kind of problem

ambell ddiwrnod

an occasional day

6. Interrogative determiners

These are used to ask questions about nouns.

Welsh Transliteration English

pa pa which / what

pa un pa un which one

pa rai pa rai which ones

pwy pwy who

beth beth what

faint o faint o how much / how many

pa faint o pa faint o how many/how much

sawl sawl how many / several

Examples:

Welsh English

Pa lyfr? Which book?

Pa gar? Which car?

Pa bobl? Which people?

Faint o lyfrau? How many books?

Sawl plentyn? How many children?

pa is particularly important because it is normally followed directly by the noun:

pa dŷ? — which house?

pa lyfr? — which book?

7. Universal determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

pob pob every

pob un pob un everyone / each one

pawb pawb everyone, everybody

oll oll all

holl holl all, whole

bob bob every (variant form of pob)

bob un bob un each one

Examples:

pob tŷ — every house

pob diwrnod — every day

holl bobl Cymru — all the people of Wales

pob un ohonynt — every one of them

8. Negative determiners

Welsh uses several negative/negative-indefinite forms.

Welsh Transliteration English

dim dim no, any

dim o dim o no / none of

neb neb no one / anyone

dim un dim un not one / no one

unrhyw unrhyw any

unrhyw un unrhyw un anyone / any one

unrhyw beth unrhyw beth anything

unrhyw rai unrhyw rai any / any ones

Examples:

dim arian

no money

dim llyfrau

no books

unrhyw lyfr

any book

dim un llyfr

not a single book

9. “Any” determiners

The most important Welsh equivalent of any is unrhyw.

Welsh Transliteration English

unrhyw unrhyw any

unrhyw un unrhyw un anyone / any one

unrhyw beth unrhyw beth anything

unrhyw lyfr unrhyw lyfr any book

unrhyw berson unrhyw berson any person

unrhyw rai unrhyw rai any ones / any people

Example:

Gallwch ddewis unrhyw lyfr.

You can choose any book.

10. “Both” / dual determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

y ddau y ddau both (masculine/mixed)

y ddwy y ddwy both (feminine)

y ddau ohonynt y ddau ohonynt both of them

y ddwy ohonynt y ddwy ohonynt both of them

Examples:

y ddau ddyn — both men

y ddwy ferch — both girls

11. Numerical determiners

Numbers can function as noun determiners.

Welsh Transliteration English

un un one

dau dau two (masculine)

dwy dwy two (feminine)

tri tri three (masculine)

tair tair three (feminine)

pedwar pedwar four (masculine)

pedair pedair four (feminine)

pump pump five

chwech chwech six

saith saith seven

wyth wyth eight

naw naw nine

deg deg ten

ugain ugain twenty

cant cant hundred

mil mil thousand

Examples:

tri dyn — three men

tair merch — three girls

pedwar llyfr — four books

12. Ordinal determiners

Ordinal numbers can also determine nouns.

Welsh Transliteration English

cyntaf cyntaf first

ail ail second

trydydd trydydd third

pedwerydd pedwerydd fourth

pumed pumed fifth

chweched chweched sixth

seithfed seithfed seventh

wythfed wythfed eighth

nawfed nawfed ninth

degfed degfed tenth

ugeinfed ugeinfed twentieth

canfed canfed hundredth

Examples:

y dyn cyntaf — the first man

yr ail lyfr — the second book

y trydydd diwrnod — the third day

13. Fractional / partitive determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

hanner hanner half

chwarter chwarter quarter

traean traean third

dau draean dau draean two thirds

rhan o rhan o part of

rhywfaint o rhywfaint o some amount of

tipyn o tipyn o a bit of

ychydig o ychydig o a little/a few

llawer o llawer o much/many

Examples:

hanner awr — half an hour

chwarter awr — a quarter of an hour

rhan o'r broblem — part of the problem

14. “Whole / entire” determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

holl holl all, whole

cyfan cyfan whole, entire

y cyfan y cyfan the whole

oll oll all

gyd gyd all, whole

yn gyfan yn gyfan entirely, whole

Examples:

yr holl ddiwrnod — the whole day

y tŷ cyfan — the entire house

yr holl bobl — all the people

15. Approximate / vague determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

rhyw rhyw some, a certain

ambell ambell an occasional

tua tua about, approximately

oddeutu oddeutu approximately

tua deg tua deg about ten

rhywfaint o rhywfaint o some amount of

llond llond a full amount/container of

tipyn o tipyn o a bit of

16. Distributive determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

pob pob every

pob un pob un each one

bob bob every

bob un bob un each one

yr un yr un the same

un ac un un ac un one by one

fesul fesul per, each

Examples:

pob person — every person

fesul diwrnod — per day / each day

fesul un — one at a time

17. “Same” determiner

Welsh Transliteration English

yr un yr un the same

yr un fath o yr un fath o the same kind of

yr un yr un the same one

Examples:

yr un llyfr — the same book

yr un person — the same person

yr un fath o broblem — the same kind of problem

18. “Other / another” determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

arall arall other

eraill eraill other / others

un arall un arall another

rhywun arall rhywun arall someone else

rhywbeth arall rhywbeth arall something else

y llall y llall the other

y lleill y lleill the others

un arall un arall another one

Examples:

llyfr arall — another/other book

y llyfr arall — the other book

y llyfrau eraill — the other books

un arall — another one

19. “More / less / enough / too much” determiners

Welsh Transliteration English

mwy o mwy o more

llai o llai o less/fewer

digon o digon o enough

gormod o gormod o too much/many

cymaint o cymaint o as much/many

cymaint â cymaint â as much/many as

cymaint cymaint so much/many

ychydig o ychydig o a little/few

llawer o llawer o much/many

Examples:

mwy o amser — more time

llai o bobl — fewer people

digon o arian — enough money

gormod o waith — too much work

20. Focus / limiting determiners

These aren't always classified as strict determiners, but they are important in noun phrases.

Welsh Transliteration English

dim ond dim ond only

yr unig yr unig the only

unig unig only, sole

yn unig yn unig only

yn bennaf yn bennaf mainly

yn arbennig yn arbennig especially

Examples:

yr unig ateb — the only answer

dim ond un llyfr — only one book

21. Negative / indefinite pronoun-determiner combinations

Some words are technically pronouns rather than determiners, but they are essential for the complete system.

Welsh Transliteration English

rhywun rhywun someone

unrhyw un unrhyw un anyone

neb neb nobody / anyone

pawb pawb everyone

rhywbeth rhywbeth something

unrhyw beth unrhyw beth anything

dim dim nothing / no

popeth popeth everything

rhai rhai some / some people

eraill eraill others

13- IF CONDITIONAL

Zero Conditional os + present tense, present tense Os wyt ti'n rhedeg, rwyt ti'n blino. If you run, you get tired.

First Conditional os + future tense, future tense Os bydda i'n gweithio, bydda i'n ennill. If I work, I will earn / If I work, I will win.

Second Conditional pe + imperfect/subjunctive, conditional tense Pe bawn i'n gyfoethog, byddwn i'n teithio. If I were rich, I would travel.

Third Conditional pe + past perfect (wedi + verb), conditional perfect (byddai + wedi + verb) Pe bawn i wedi astudio, byddwn i wedi pasio. If I had studied, I would have passed.

Mixed Conditional pe + past perfect (wedi + verb), conditional present (byddai + verb) Pe bawn i wedi dysgu, byddwn i'n gwybod. If I had learned, I would know.

Fi Byddwn i'n gweithio I would work

Ti Byddet ti'n gweithio You would work

Fe Byddai e'n gweithio He would work

Hi Byddai hi'n gweithio She would work

Ni Bydden ni'n gweithio We would work

Chi Byddech chi'n gweithio You would work

Nhw Bydden nhw'n gweithio They would work

Fi Byddwn i wedi gweithio I would have worked

Ti Byddet ti wedi gweithio You would have worked

Fe Byddai e wedi gweithio He would have worked

Hi Byddai hi wedi gweithio She would have worked

Ni Bydden ni wedi gweithio We would have worked

Chi Byddech chi wedi gweithio You would have worked

Nhw Bydden nhw wedi gweithio They would have worked

Fi Byddwn i wedi bod yn gweithio I would have been working

Ti Byddet ti wedi bod yn gweithio You would have been working

Fe Byddai e wedi bod yn gweithio He would have been working

Hi Byddai hi wedi bod yn gweithio She would have been working

Ni Bydden ni wedi bod yn gweithio We would have been working

Chi Byddech chi wedi bod yn gweithio You would have been working

Nhw Bydden nhw wedi bod yn gweithio They would have been working

Fi Fyddwn i ddim yn gweithio I would not work

Ti Fyddet ti ddim yn gweithio You would not work

Fe Fyddai e ddim yn gweithio He would not work

Hi Fyddai hi ddim yn gweithio She would not work

Ni Fydden ni ddim yn gweithio We would not work

Chi Fyddech chi ddim yn gweithio You would not work

Nhw Fydden nhw ddim yn gweithio They would not work

Fi Fyddwn i ddim wedi gweithio I would not have worked

Ti Fyddet ti ddim wedi gweithio You would not have worked

Fe Fyddai e ddim wedi gweithio He would not have worked

Hi Fyddai hi ddim wedi gweithio She would not have worked

Ni Fydden ni ddim wedi gweithio We would not have worked

Chi Fyddech chi ddim wedi gweithio You would not have worked

Nhw Fydden nhw ddim wedi gweithio They would not have worked

Fi Fyddwn i ddim wedi bod yn gweithio I would not have been working

Ti Fyddet ti ddim wedi bod yn gweithio You would not have been working

Fe Fyddai e ddim wedi bod yn gweithio He would not have been working

Hi Fyddai hi ddim wedi bod yn gweithio She would not have been working

Ni Fydden ni ddim wedi bod yn gweithio We would not have been working

Chi Fyddech chi ddim wedi bod yn gweithio You would not have been working

Nhw Fydden nhw ddim wedi bod yn gweithio They would not have been working

Fi Byddwn i'n cael fy narllen I would be read

Ti Byddet ti'n cael dy ddarllen You would be read

Fe Byddai e'n cael ei ddarllen He would be read

Hi Byddai hi'n cael ei darllen She would be read

Ni Bydden ni'n cael ein darllen We would be read

Chi Byddech chi'n cael eich darllen You would be read

Nhw Bydden nhw'n cael eu darllen They would be read

The book Byddai'r llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen The book would be read

The books Byddai'r llyfrau yn cael eu darllen The books would be read

Fi Byddwn i wedi cael fy narllen I would have been read

Ti Byddet ti wedi cael dy ddarllen You would have been read

Fe Byddai e wedi cael ei ddarllen He would have been read

Hi Byddai hi wedi cael ei darllen She would have been read

Ni Bydden ni wedi cael ein darllen We would have been read

Chi Byddech chi wedi cael eich darllen You would have been read

Nhw Bydden nhw wedi cael eu darllen They would have been read

Byddai'r llyfr wedi bod yn cael ei ddarllen. The book would have been being read.

Fi Fyddwn i ddim yn cael fy narllen I would not be read

Ti Fyddet ti ddim yn cael dy ddarllen You would not be read

Fe Fyddai e ddim yn cael ei ddarllen He would not be read

Hi Fyddai hi ddim yn cael ei darllen She would not be read

Ni Fydden ni ddim yn cael ein darllen We would not be read

Chi Fyddech chi ddim yn cael eich darllen You would not be read

Nhw Fydden nhw ddim yn cael eu darllen They would not be read

Fi Fyddwn i ddim wedi cael fy narllen I would not have been read

Ti Fyddet ti ddim wedi cael dy ddarllen You would not have been read

Fe Fyddai e ddim wedi cael ei ddarllen He would not have been read

Hi Fyddai hi ddim wedi cael ei darllen She would not have been read

Ni Fydden ni ddim wedi cael ein darllen We would not have been read

Chi Fyddech chi ddim wedi cael eich darllen You would not have been read

Nhw Fydden nhw ddim wedi cael eu darllen They would not have been read

Fi Fyddwn i ddim wedi bod yn cael fy narllen

Ti Fyddet ti ddim wedi bod yn cael dy ddarllen

Fe Fyddai e ddim wedi bod yn cael ei ddarllen

Hi Fyddai hi ddim wedi bod yn cael ei darllen

Ni Fydden ni ddim wedi bod yn cael ein darllen

Chi Fyddech chi ddim wedi bod yn cael eich darllen

Nhw Fydden nhw ddim wedi bod yn cael eu darllen

Fyddai'r llyfr ddim yn cael ei ddarllen. The book would not be read.

Fyddai'r llyfrau ddim yn cael eu darllen. The books would not be read.

os if real possibility

pe if unreal/hypothetical

pan when definite time

pryd when? question

tra / tra bod while simultaneous actions

cyn before earlier event

ar ôl after later event

nes until ending point

hyd nes until formal

oni bai unless negative condition

os nad if not real negative

pe na if not unreal negative

hyd yn oed os even if strong condition

cyn gynted ag as soon as immediate time

cyn belled â as long as condition

ar yr amod bod provided that formal condition

fel pe bai as if imaginary comparison

14- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

more adjective + ach tal → talach

most y + adjective + af y talaf

less llai + adjective llai tal

least y lleiaf + adjective y lleiaf tal

as...as mor + adjective + â mor dal â

more noun mwy o + noun mwy o lyfrau

fewer noun llai o + noun llai o lyfrau

more often yn amlach darllen yn amlach

Mae John yn dalach na Tom. John is taller than Tom.

Mae'r llyfr hwn yn fwy diddorol na'r un arall. This book is more interesting than the other one.

Mae'r car mor gyflym â'r trên. The car is as fast as the train.

Mae e mor dal â fi. He is as tall as me.

Mae hi'n rhedeg yn gyflymach na fi. She runs faster than me.

Mae e'n gweithio'n well na fi. He works better than me.

Positive adjective mawr big

Comparative adjective + -ach talach taller

Comparative mwy + adjective mwy diddorol more interesting

Irregular comparative special form gwell better

Inferiority llai + adjective llai pwysig less important

Equality mor + adjective + â mor dal â as tall as

Negative equality ddim mor + adjective + â ddim mor dal â not as tall as

Superlative adjective + -af talaf tallest

Superlative mwyaf + adjective mwyaf diddorol most interesting

Irregular superlative special form gorau best

Least lleiaf + adjective lleiaf pwysig least important

More + noun mwy o + noun mwy o lyfrau more books

Fewer + noun llai o + noun llai o lyfrau fewer books

Most + noun mwyaf o + noun y mwyaf o lyfrau most books

Fewest + noun lleiaf o + noun y lleiaf o lyfrau fewest books

15- RELATIVE CLAUSES

who/that (subject) noun + sy/sydd + verb Y dyn sy'n rhedeg

who/that (object) noun + verb + subject Y dyn welais i

that (formal object) noun + a + verb Y dyn a welais

whose noun + y mae ei/eu Y dyn y mae ei gar...

with whom noun + preposition + pronoun Y dyn siaradais ag ef

Y bachgen sy'n rhedeg The boy who is running.

Y bachgen welais i The boy that I saw.

Relative clauses can be shortened:

Present active noun + yn + verb-noun y dyn yn gweithio

Past active noun + past verb y dyn ddaeth

Future noun + fydd + verb y dyn fydd yn dod

Passive completed noun + wedi + ei/eu + verb y llyfr wedi'i ysgrifennu

Passive ongoing noun + yn cael + ei/eu + verb y llyfr yn cael ei ddarllen

Adjective noun + adjective y tŷ mawr

Possession noun + â + noun y dyn â char

16- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech: Subject + past reporting verb + bod clause

Reported Speech:

Statement dweud + bod Dywedodd ei fod yn gweithio. He said that he was working.

Negative statement dweud + nad Dywedodd nad oedd yn gweithio. He said that he was not working.

Past action dweud + iddo/iddi + verb Dywedodd iddo fynd. He said that he had gone.

Future dweud + y byddai Dywedodd y byddai'n mynd. He said that he would go.

Conditional dweud + y byddai Dywedodd y byddai'n helpu. He said that he would help.

Yes/No question gofyn + a Gofynnodd a oeddwn i'n barod. He asked if I was ready.

Wh-question gofyn + question word Gofynnodd ble roeddwn i. He asked where I was.

Command dweud wrth + person + am Dywedodd wrtha i am fynd. He told me to go.

Negative command dweud wrth + person + am beidio â + verb Dywedodd wrtha i am beidio â mynd. He told me not to go.

17- INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS

to eat bwyta verb-noun

eating bwyta verb-noun

to work gweithio verb-noun

working gweithio verb-noun

I want to go Dw i eisiau mynd verb + verb-noun

I went to buy Es i i brynu i + verb-noun

without doing heb wneud heb + verb-noun

after doing ar ôl gwneud ar ôl + verb-noun

I am happy seeing you Dw i'n hapus yn dy weld di adjective + yn + possessive + verb-noun

FORMATION:

Dw i'n I am

hapus happy

yn in/by (introduces action)

dy your (referring to you)

weld seeing

di you

I am happy to see you Dw i'n hapus i dy weld di adjective + i + possessive + verb-noun

FORMATION:

Dw i'n hapus I am happy

i to

dy weld to see you

di you

I plan to eat Dw i'n bwriadu bwyta plan verb + verb-noun

FORMATION:

Dw i'n bwriadu I plan

bwyta eat

I plan eating Dw i'n bwriadu bwyta same structure

FORMATION:

Dw i'n bwriadu I plan

bwyta eat

I see him run Dw i'n ei weld e'n rhedeg gweld + person + yn + verb-noun

FORMATION:

Dw i'n I

ei weld see him

e'n him being

rhedeg run

I see him running Dw i'n ei weld e'n rhedeg same structure

FORMATION:

Dw i'n I

ei weld see him

e'n him being

rhedeg run

I eat to play Dw i'n bwyta i chwarae verb + i + verb-noun

FORMATION:

Dw i'n bwyta I eat

i in order to

chwarae play

I eat in order to play Dw i'n bwyta er mwyn chwarae verb + er mwyn + verb-noun

Dw i'n bwyta I eat

er mwyn in order to

chwarae play

18- SUBJUNCTIVE

Wish boed + clause Boed i chi lwyddo

May/let boed + noun Boed heddwch

Before cyn i + person + verb Cyn i mi fynd

Purpose er mwyn i + person + verb Er mwyn i mi ddysgu

Hypothetical pe + imperfect + conditional Pe bawn i... byddwn i...

Unreal past pe + wedi + conditional perfect Pe bawn i wedi... byddwn i wedi...

19- TAG QUESTIONS

Mae e'n dda onid ydy? He is good, isn't he?

Dydy e ddim yn dda ydy e? He isn't good, is he?

Mae hi'n dod onid ydy? She is coming, isn't she?

Dydy hi ddim yn dod ydy hi? She isn't coming, is she?

Roedd e yma onid oedd? He was here, wasn't he?

Doedd e ddim yma oedd e? He wasn't here, was he?

Bydd e'n mynd onid bydd? He will go, won't he?

Fydd e ddim yn mynd bydd e? He won't go, will he?

Aren't you working? dydy + subject + ddim yn + verb Dydy ti ddim yn gweithio?

Didn't you work? doedd + subject + ddim yn + verb Doedd ti ddim yn gweithio?

Didn't you go? wnaeth + subject + ddim + verb Wnest ti ddim fynd?

Won't you go? fydd + subject + ddim yn + verb Fyddi di ddim yn mynd?

Haven't you eaten? wyt/dydy + ddim wedi + verb Wyt ti ddim wedi bwyta?

Isn't it? onid + verb Onid yw?

20- MODAL WORDS

Welsh Transliteration English

gallu gallu to be able to, can

medru medru to be able to, can

gallaf gallaf I can

gelli / gallet gelli / gallet you can

gall gall he/she can

gallwn gallwn we can

gallwch gallwch you can

gallant gallant they can

medraf medraf I can

medri medri you can

medr medr he/she can

medrwn medrwn we can

medrwch medrwch you can

medrant medrant they can

Examples

Gallaf ddarllen Cymraeg.

I can read Welsh.

Medraf siarad Cymraeg.

I can speak Welsh.

2. Could — possibility / ability

Welsh Transliteration English

gallai gallai could

gallasai gallasai could have

gellid gellid one could / it could be

gallai fod gallai fod could be

gallai fod wedi gallai fod wedi could have

medrai medrai could / was able to

medrwn medrwn could / we could

gellwn gellwn we could

Example:

Gallai fod yn wir.

It could be true.

3. Permission — “may / can / be allowed to”

Welsh Transliteration English

cael cael to be allowed to / get to

cael caniatâd i cael caniatâd i to be given permission to

cael hawl i cael hawl i to have the right to

caniatáu caniatáu to allow

caniateir caniateir it is permitted

gall gall can / may

gellir gellir one may / it is possible

mae hawl i mae hawl i one is allowed to

mae modd i mae modd i it is possible/possible for

Example:

Cei fynd adref.

You may/are allowed to go home.

Mae hawl i chi fynd.

You are allowed to go.

4. Possibility — “may / might / could”

Welsh Transliteration English

gall gall may/can

gallai gallai might/could

gall fod gall fod may be

gallai fod gallai fod might/could be

efallai efallai perhaps, maybe

efallai y efallai y perhaps

efallai mai efallai mai perhaps it is

mae'n bosibl mae'n bosibl it is possible

mae'n bosibl y mae'n bosibl y it is possible that

mae'n bosibl fod mae'n bosibl fod it is possible that

o bosibl o bosibl possibly

gellid gellid it could / one could

gellir gellir it can / it is possible

efallai y bydd efallai y bydd perhaps there will be

efallai y gall efallai y gall perhaps he/she can

Example:

Efallai y bydd hi'n bwrw glaw.

It might rain.

5. Necessity — “must / have to / need to”

Welsh Transliteration English

rhaid rhaid must

rhaid i rhaid i must / have to

gorfod gorfod to have to

gorfod bod gorfod bod have to be

angen angen need

angenrheidiol angenrheidiol necessary

mae'n rhaid mae'n rhaid it is necessary / must

mae'n rhaid i mae'n rhaid i must / have to

mae angen mae angen there is a need

mae angen i mae angen i need to

angenrheidrwydd angenrheidrwydd necessity

Very important construction

rhaid i + person + verb

Rhaid i mi fynd.

I must go.

Rhaid i ti weithio.

You must work.

Rhaid iddo fe fynd.

He must go.

6. Obligation / duty

Welsh Transliteration English

rhaid i rhaid i must

mae'n rhaid i mae'n rhaid i have to

gorfod gorfod have to

dyletswydd dyletswydd duty

dyletswydd i dyletswydd i duty to

rhwymedigaeth rhwymedigaeth obligation

rhwymedig i rhwymedig i obliged to

yn ofynnol yn ofynnol required

mae'n ofynnol i mae'n ofynnol i it is required that

7. Should / ought to

Welsh Transliteration English

dylai dylai should

dylwn dylwn I should

dylech dylech you should

dylai fod dylai fod should be

dylai wneud dylai wneud should do

dylid dylid one should / it should be

dylai rhywun dylai rhywun someone should

dylai fod wedi dylai fod wedi should have

Examples:

Dylech fynd.

You should go.

Dylai hi astudio mwy.

She should study more.

Dylai fod yma.

He/she should be here.

8. “Should have”

Welsh Transliteration English

dylai fod wedi dylai fod wedi should have

dylwn i fod wedi dylwn i fod wedi I should have

dylai fod wedi gwneud dylai fod wedi gwneud should have done

dylai fod wedi mynd dylai fod wedi mynd should have gone

Example:

Dylwn i fod wedi mynd.

I should have gone.

9. Prohibition — “must not / may not”

Welsh Transliteration English

rhaid i ... beidio â rhaid i ... beidio â must not

peidio â peidio â not to

ni chaniateir ni chaniateir it is not permitted

ni cheir ni cheir one may not

dim hawl i dim hawl i no right to

gwaherddir gwaherddir it is forbidden

gwrthodir gwrthodir it is refused/prohibited

Example:

Rhaid i chi beidio â mynd.

You must not go.

Ni chaniateir ysmygu.

Smoking is not permitted.

10. Need not / don't have to

Welsh Transliteration English

does dim rhaid i does dim rhaid i do not have to

nid oes rhaid i nid oes rhaid i do not have to

does dim angen i does dim angen i do not need to

nid oes angen i nid oes angen i there is no need to

dim rhaid dim rhaid no need

dim angen dim angen no need

Example:

Does dim rhaid i ti ddod.

You don't have to come.

11. Advice

Welsh Transliteration English

dylai dylai should

dylid dylid one should

mae'n well i mae'n well i it is better to

gwell i gwell i better to

byddai'n well i byddai'n well i it would be better to

gwell fyddai gwell fyddai it would be better

cynghorir cynghorir it is advised

argymhellir argymhellir it is recommended

Example:

Byddai'n well i ti aros.

It would be better for you to stay.

12. “Had better”

There is no single Welsh modal verb equivalent to English had better. Common constructions include:

Welsh Transliteration English

gwell i ti gwell i ti you'd better

mae'n well i ti mae'n well i ti you'd better

byddai'n well i ti byddai'n well i ti you'd better / it would be better for you

Example:

Gwell i ti fynd.

You'd better go.

13. Will / future intention

Welsh uses the future tense rather than a separate English-style modal will.

Welsh Transliteration English

byddaf byddaf I will / I shall be

byddi byddi you will be

bydd bydd he/she will be

byddwn byddwn we will be

byddwch byddwch you will be

byddant byddant they will be

Example:

Byddaf yn mynd.

I will go / I am going to go.

14. Would / conditional

Welsh expresses English would mainly through the conditional.

Welsh Transliteration English

byddwn byddwn I/we would be

byddech byddech you would be

byddai byddai he/she would be

byddent byddent they would be

gallwn gallwn we could

gallai gallai could/might

dylai dylai should/would be expected to

Example:

Byddwn i'n mynd pe bai gen i amser.

I would go if I had time.

15. “Would have”

Welsh Transliteration English

byddwn i wedi byddwn i wedi I would have

byddai wedi byddai wedi he/she would have

byddem wedi byddem wedi we would have

byddech wedi byddech wedi you would have

byddent wedi byddent wedi they would have

Example:

Byddwn i wedi mynd.

I would have gone.

16. Willingness

Welsh Transliteration English

bod yn fodlon bod yn fodlon to be willing

yn fodlon i yn fodlon i willing to

cytuno i cytuno i agree to

barod i barod i ready/willing to

bod yn barod i bod yn barod i be willing/ready to

derbyn derbyn accept

caniatáu caniatáu allow

Example:

Mae hi'n fodlon helpu.

She is willing to help.

17. Refusal

Welsh Transliteration English

gwrthod gwrthod refuse

gwrthod gwneud gwrthod gwneud refuse to do

ddim yn fodlon ddim yn fodlon not willing

gwrthod â gwrthod â refuse to

Example:

Gwrthododd fynd.

He refused to go.

18. Intention — “intend / be going to”

Welsh Transliteration English

bwriadu bwriadu intend

bwriadu gwneud bwriadu gwneud intend to do

mynd i mynd i be going to

yn mynd i yn mynd i going to

cynllunio i cynllunio i plan to

bwriad bwriad intention

â'r bwriad o â'r bwriad o with the intention of

Example:

Dw i'n mynd i fynd adref.

I'm going to go home.

Rwy'n bwriadu astudio.

I intend to study.

19. Probability / likelihood

Welsh Transliteration English

efallai efallai perhaps, maybe

mae'n debyg mae'n debyg probably / it is likely

yn debyg o yn debyg o likely to

mae'n debygol mae'n debygol it is probable/likely

yn debygol o yn debygol o likely to

mae'n annhebygol mae'n annhebygol it is unlikely

yn annhebygol o yn annhebygol o unlikely to

o bosibl o bosibl possibly

yn ôl pob tebyg yn ôl pob tebyg in all likelihood

yn ôl pob tebyg yn ôl pob tebyg probably

yn ôl pob golwg yn ôl pob golwg apparently / seemingly

Examples:

Mae'n debyg y bydd hi'n dod.

She will probably come.

Mae'n annhebygol o lwyddo.

He/she is unlikely to succeed.

20. Certainty

Welsh Transliteration English

yn sicr yn sicr certainly

yn bendant yn bendant definitely

yn sicr o yn sicr o certain to

yn sicr iawn yn sicr iawn certainly/very certainly

mae'n sicr mae'n sicr it is certain

yn ddi-os yn ddi-os undoubtedly

heb os heb os without doubt

yn sicr ddigon yn sicr ddigon certainly enough / certainly

21. Logical deduction — “must be”

Welsh commonly uses rhaid for logical necessity as well.

Welsh Transliteration English

rhaid ei fod rhaid ei fod he/she/it must be

rhaid bod rhaid bod must be

mae'n rhaid ei fod mae'n rhaid ei fod he/she must be

mae'n rhaid bod mae'n rhaid bod it must be

Example:

Rhaid ei fod yn flinedig.

He must be tired.

22. “May well / very likely”

Welsh Transliteration English

mae'n ddigon posibl mae'n ddigon posibl it is quite possible

mae'n ddigon tebygol mae'n ddigon tebygol it is quite likely

yn debygol iawn yn debygol iawn very likely

yn sicr o yn sicr o sure to

mae'n debyg iawn mae'n debyg iawn very likely

23. “Seem / appear”

Welsh Transliteration English

ymddangos ymddangos seem, appear

ymddangos yn ymddangos yn seem to be

ymddangos fel pe bai ymddangos fel pe bai seem as if

mae'n ymddangos mae'n ymddangos it seems

mae'n ymddangos bod mae'n ymddangos bod it seems that

yn ôl pob golwg yn ôl pob golwg apparently

Example:

Mae'n ymddangos ei fod yn hapus.

He seems to be happy.

24. “Apparently”

Welsh Transliteration English

yn ôl pob golwg yn ôl pob golwg apparently

mae'n ymddangos mae'n ymddangos apparently / it seems

fe ymddengys fe ymddengys it appears

ymddengys fod ymddengys fod it appears that

25. “Perhaps / maybe”

Welsh Transliteration English

efallai efallai perhaps

efallai y efallai y perhaps

efallai mai efallai mai perhaps it is

o bosibl o bosibl possibly

pwy a ŵyr pwy a ŵyr who knows

efallai y gall efallai y gall perhaps can

efallai y bydd efallai y bydd perhaps will

26. “Definitely / certainly”

Welsh Transliteration English

yn sicr yn sicr certainly

yn bendant yn bendant definitely

yn ddi-os yn ddi-os undoubtedly

heb os heb os without doubt

yn sicr o yn sicr o certain to

yn sicr iawn yn sicr iawn certainly

27. “Almost / nearly”

These are not strict modal verbs, but they express aspectual modality / imminence.

Welsh Transliteration English

bron bron almost

bron â bron â almost

bron iawn â bron iawn â very nearly

ar fin ar fin about to

ar fin gwneud ar fin gwneud about to do

Example:

Mae hi ar fin gadael.

She is about to leave.

28. “About to”

Welsh Transliteration English

ar fin ar fin about to

ar fin gwneud ar fin gwneud about to do

ar fin mynd ar fin mynd about to go

bron â bron â almost

29. “Continue to”

Again, this is aspect rather than strict modality, but it is commonly included in functional modal-word inventories.

Welsh Transliteration English

parhau i parhau i continue to

dal i dal i continue to, keep

parhau parhau continue

dal ati i dal ati i keep on doing

Example:

Parhaodd i weithio.

He continued to work.

30. “Manage to”

Welsh Transliteration English

llwyddo i llwyddo i manage/succeed in

llwyddo i wneud llwyddo i wneud manage to do

gallu gallu be able to

Example:

Llwyddodd i orffen y gwaith.

He managed to finish the work.

31. “Try to”

Welsh Transliteration English

ceisio ceisio try

ceisio gwneud ceisio gwneud try to do

ceisio peidio â ceisio peidio â try not to

Example:

Ceisia beidio â phoeni.

Try not to worry.

32. “Dare”

Welsh Transliteration English

meiddio meiddio dare

meiddio gwneud meiddio gwneud dare to do

meiddio peidio â meiddio peidio â dare not

Example:

Dydw i ddim yn meiddio dweud.

I don't dare say.

33. “Want / wish / desire”

These are volitional modal expressions.

Welsh Transliteration English

eisiau eisiau want

dymuno dymuno wish

gobeithio gobeithio hope

dyheu am dyheu am long for

dyheu i dyheu i long to

awydd awydd desire

bod eisiau bod eisiau want/need

hoffwn hoffwn I would like

hoffai hoffai would like

hoffi hoffi like

Examples:

Dw i eisiau mynd.

I want to go.

Hoffwn i fynd.

I would like to go.

34. “Would like”

Welsh Transliteration English

hoffwn i hoffwn i I would like

hoffet ti hoffet ti you would like

hoffai hoffai he/she would like

hoffem ni hoffem ni we would like

hoffech chi hoffech chi you would like

hoffent nhw hoffent nhw they would like

Example:

Hoffwn i gael coffi.

I would like to have coffee.

35. Permission vs ability

This distinction is useful:

Welsh Meaning

gallu can / be able to

cael be allowed to

cael caniatâd i have permission to

cael hawl i have the right to

caniateir it is permitted

ni chaniateir it is not permitted

For example:

Gallaf fynd.

= I can go → ability/possibility.

Caf fynd.

= I may/am allowed to go → permission.

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

There is a book Mae llyfr mae + singular noun

There are books Mae llyfrau mae + plural noun

There is a book (emphasis) Mae yna lyfr mae yna + noun

There isn't a book Does dim llyfr does dim + noun

There aren't books Does dim llyfrau does dim + noun

There was a book Roedd llyfr roedd + noun

There were books Roedd llyfrau roedd + noun

There wasn't a book Doedd dim llyfr doedd dim + noun

There will be a book Bydd llyfr bydd + noun

There will not be a book Fydd dim llyfr fydd dim + noun

Is there a book? Oes llyfr? oes + noun

Are there books? Oes llyfrau? oes + noun

I have a book Mae gen i lyfr mae gen + person

I don't have a book Does gen i ddim llyfr does + gen + ddim

I had a book Roedd gen i lyfr roedd gen + person

I didn't have Doedd gen i ddim doedd + gen + ddim

I will have Bydd gen i bydd gen + person

I would have Byddai gen i byddai gen + person

Ti command verb form Tyrd!

Chi command verb + plural ending Dewch!

With object verb + object Agor y drws!

Please command + os gwelwch yn dda Ewch, os gwelwch yn dda

Let's Gadewch i ni + verb Gadewch i ni fynd

Negative ti Paid â + verb Paid â rhedeg

Negative chi Peidiwch â + verb Peidiwch â rhedeg

Be Bydd / Byddwch Bydd yn ofalus

Be done cael + ei + verb Cael ei wneud

Be done (plural) cael + eu + verb Cael eu gwneud

Let it be done gadewch iddo gael ei + verb Gadewch iddo gael ei wneud

Let them be done gadewch iddynt gael eu + verb Gadewch iddynt gael eu gwneud

Must be done rhaid i + noun + gael ei/eu + verb Rhaid i'r gwaith gael ei wneud

Formal "may it be done" boed + passive Boed iddo gael ei wneud