1- UZBEK ALPHABET

2- WORD ORDER

1 Basic S + V Men uxlayapman. I am sleeping.

2 Direct object S + DO + V Men kitobni o‘qiyapman. I am reading the book.

3 Indirect object S + IO + DO + V Men unga kitobni beryapman. I am giving him/her the book.

4 Beneficiary S + DO + uchun + V Men u uchun kitob sotib olyapman. I am buying a book for him/her.

5 IO pronoun S + IO + DO + V Men unga kitobni beryapman. I am giving him/her the book.

6 Adjective S + Adj + (to be) Kitob katta. The book is big.

7 Adverb S + Adv + V U tez o‘qiyapti. He/she is reading quickly.

8 Direct object + adverb S + DO + Adv + V Men kitobni tez o‘qiyapman. I am reading the book quickly.

9 Time adverb S + Time + V Men bugun ishlayapman. I am working today.

10 Place adverb S + Place + V U u yerda yashaydi. He/she lives there.

11 Postpositional phrase N + Genitive + N + Locative Kitob stolning ustida. The book is on the table.

12 DO + place S + DO + Place + V Men kitobni stolning ustiga qo‘yyapman. I am putting the book on the table.

13 Determiner + noun Det + N Bu kitob yangi. This book is new.

14 Determiner + adjective + noun Det + Adj + N Bu katta kitob yangi. This big book is new.

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Ikki kitob yangi. Two books are new.

16 Conjunction Clause + Conj + Clause Men o‘qiyapman va u yozyapti. I am reading and he/she is writing.

17 Conjunction + objects S + DO + V + Conj + S + DO + V Men kitobni o‘qiyapman va u xat yozyapti. I am reading the book and he/she is writing a letter.

18 Present passive DO + passive V-yapti Kitob o‘qilyapti. The book is being read.

19 Passive + agent DO + Agent + tomonidan + passive V Kitob u tomonidan o‘qilyapti. The book is being read by him/her.

20 Passive + IO DO + IO + passive V Kitob unga berilyapti. The book is being given to him/her.

21 Passive + IO + agent DO + IO + Agent + tomonidan + passive V Kitob unga o‘qituvchi tomonidan berilyapti. The book is being given to him/her by the teacher.

22 Passive + adverb DO + Time + passive V Kitob bugun o‘qilyapti. The book is being read today.

23 Passive + place DO + Place + passive V Kitob stolning ustiga qo‘yilyapti. The book is being put on the table.

24 Passive + agent + adverb DO + Time + Agent + tomonidan + passive V Kitob bugun u tomonidan o‘qilyapti. The book is being read by him/her today.

25 Passive + agent + IO + adverb DO + Time + IO + Agent + tomonidan + passive V Kitob bugun o‘quvchiga o‘qituvchi tomonidan berilyapti. The book is being given to the student by the teacher today.

26 Perfect passive DO + passive V-gan Kitob o‘qilgan. The book has been read.

27 Perfect passive + agent DO + Agent + tomonidan + passive V-gan Kitob u tomonidan o‘qilgan. The book has been read by him/her.

28 Future passive DO + passive V-iladi Kitob o‘qiladi. The book will be read.

29 Future passive + agent DO + Agent + tomonidan + passive V-iladi Kitob u tomonidan o‘qiladi. The book will be read by him/her.

30 Modal passive DO + passive V-ilishi kerak / V-ilishi lozim Kitob o‘qilishi kerak. The book must/should be read.

31 Negative S + DO + negative V Men kitobni o‘qimayapman. I am not reading the book.

32 Negative passive DO + negative passive V Kitob u tomonidan o‘qilmayapti. The book is not being read by him/her.

33 Yes/no question S + DO + V + mi? Sen kitobni o‘qiyapsanmi? Are you reading the book?

34 Passive question DO + passive V + mi? Kitob o‘qilyaptimi? Is the book being read?

35 Agent question DO + kim tomonidan + passive V? Kitob kim tomonidan o‘qilyapti? By whom is the book being read?

36 IO question Kime + DO + V? Kitobni kimga beryapsan? To whom are you giving the book?

37 Imperative DO + V! Kitobni o‘qi! Read the book!

38 Imperative + IO IO + DO + V! Unga kitobni ber! Give him/her the book!

39 Passive imperative DO + passive V-ilsin! Kitob o‘qilsin! Let the book be read!

40 Infinitive V-moq o‘qimoq to read

41 Infinitive + DO DO + V-moq kitobni o‘qimoq to read the book

42 Passive infinitive passive V-ilmoq o‘qilmoq to be read

43 Purpose V-moq uchun + V O‘ynash uchun ovqat yeyapman. I am eating in order to play.

44 Relative clause [S + V-gan] + N Men o‘qigan kitob qiziq. The book that I read is interesting.

45 Passive relative [passive V-gan] + N U tomonidan o‘qilgan kitob qiziq. The book that was read by him/her is interesting.

46 Conditional Agar + clause, clause Agar vaqtim bo‘lsa, o‘qiyman. If I have time, I will read.

47 Conditional + passive Agar + passive clause, clause Agar kitob o‘qilsa, u o‘rganadi. If the book is read, he/she learns.

48 Reported speech S + [V-ganini] + aytmoq U o‘qiganini aytyapti. He/she says that he/she read it.

49 Reported question S + [WH + V-ganini] + so‘ramoq U nima o‘qiganimni so‘rayapti. He/she is asking what I read.

50 Reported command S + IO + [V-moq + possessive] + so‘ramoq U mendan o‘qishimni so‘rayapti. He/she is asking me to read.

INDIRECT OBJECT:

1 Basic indirect object S + IO(-ga) + V Men unga yordam berdim. I helped him/her.

2 IO + direct object S + IO(-ga) + DO(-ni) + V Men unga kitobni berdim. I gave him/her the book.

3 Indefinite DO S + IO(-ga) + DO + V Men unga kitob berdim. I gave him/her a book.

4 IO pronoun S + IO pronoun + DO + V Men unga kitob berdim. I gave him/her a book.

5 Recipient question Kimga + DO + V? Kitobni kimga berding? To whom did you give the book?

6 Dative case N + -ga/-ka/-qa Ali-ga → Aliga to Ali

7 Recipient IO + -ga Unga kitob berdim. I gave a book to him/her.

8 Beneficiary N/pronoun + uchun U uchun kitob oldim. I bought a book for him/her.

9 Passive + IO DO + IO(-ga) + passive V Kitob unga berildi. The book was given to him/her.

10 Passive + IO + agent DO + IO + Agent tomonidan + passive V Kitob unga o‘qituvchi tomonidan berildi. The book was given to him/her by the teacher.

bermoq - kimga + narsa bermoq give someone something

aytmoq - kimga + aytmoq tell someone

yozmoq - kimga + yozmoq write to someone

yordam bermoq - kimga + yordam bermoq help someone

qo‘ng‘iroq - qilmoq kimga + qo‘ng‘iroq qilmoq call someone

ko‘rsatmoq - kimga + ko‘rsatmoq show someone

yubormoq - kimga + yubormoq send to someone

o‘rgatmoq - kimga + o‘rgatmoq teach someone

taklif qilmoq - kimga + taklif qilmoq invite someone

GENITIVE:

1 Basic genitive Possessor + -ning + N + possessive Alining kitobi Ali's book

2 My mening + N-im Mening kitobim My book

3 Your (sing.) sening + N-ing Sening kitobing Your book

4 His/Her uning + N-i Uning kitobi His/her book

5 Our bizning + N-imiz Bizning kitobimiz Our book

6 Your (formal/pl.) sizning + N-ingiz Sizning kitobingiz Your book

7 Their ularning + N-i Ularning kitobi Their book

8 Plural possessor N-lar + ning + N + possessive Talabalarning kitoblari The students' books

9 Singular possessor + plural noun N + ning + N-lar-i Alining kitoblari Ali's books

10 Part-whole Whole + ning + Part + possessive Uyning eshigi The house's door

11 Body part Person + ning + body part + possessive Bolaning qo‘li The child's hand

12 "Whose?" Kimning + N + possessive? Kimning kitobi? Whose book?

13 "Of what?" Nimaning + N + possessive? Nimaning rangi? The color of what?

14 Genitive + adjective Possessor + ning + Adj + N + possessive Alining katta uyi Ali's big house

15 Genitive + place Place + ning + N + possessive Toshkentning ko‘chalari Tashkent's streets

16 Genitive + relationship N + ning + N + possessive Kitobning muallifi The author of the book

INDEPENDENT:

Person Genitive form Independent possessive English

1st singular mening meniki mine

2nd singular sening seniki yours

3rd singular uning uniki his/hers

1st plural bizning bizniki ours

2nd plural/formal sizning sizniki yours

3rd plural ularning ularniki theirs

Bu mening kitobim. This is my book.

Bu kitob meniki, u kitob seniki. This book is mine, that book is yours.

1 Mine men + niki meniki mine

2 Yours sen + niki seniki yours

3 His/Hers u + niki uniki his/hers

4 Ours biz + niki bizniki ours

5 Yours (formal/pl.) siz + niki sizniki yours

6 Theirs ular + niki ularniki theirs

7 Person's Name + niki Aliniki Ali's

8 Whose? kimniki? Bu kimniki? Whose is this?

9 Negative X-niki + emas Bu meniki emas. This isn't mine.

10 Yes/no question X-niki + mi? Bu senikimi? Is this yours?

WAS GOING TO:

Was going to / intended to V-moqchi edi Men bormoqchi edim. I was going to go.

Wasn't going to V-moqchi emas edi Men bormoqchi emas edim. I wasn't going to go.

Had planned to V-ishni rejalashtirgan edi Men borishni rejalashtirgan edim. I had planned to go.

Had planned to V-ishni reja qilgan edi Men borishni reja qilgan edim. I had planned to go.

Was about to V-moqchi bo‘lgan edi Men chiqmoqchi bo‘lgan edim. I was about to leave.

Was supposed to V-ishi kerak edi U kelishi kerak edi. He/she was supposed to come.

Men bormoqchi edim. Men bormoqchi edim. I was going to go.

Sen bormoqchi eding. Sen bormoqchi eding. You were going to go.

U bormoqchi edi. U bormoqchi edi. He/she was going to go.

Biz bormoqchi edik. Biz bormoqchi edik. We were going to go.

Siz bormoqchi edingiz. Siz bormoqchi edingiz. You were going to go.

Ular bormoqchi edilar. Ular bormoqchi edilar. They were going to go.

2- NOUNS

DECLENSION PATTERN 1:- NOUNS ENDING IN A CONSONANT:

Nominative kitob kitoblar book / books

Genitive kitobning kitoblarning of the book(s)

Accusative kitobni kitoblarni the book(s) (direct object)

Dative kitobga kitoblarga to the book(s)

Locative kitobda kitoblarda in/on/at the book(s)

Ablative kitobdan kitoblardan from the book(s)

DECLENSION PATTERN 2:- NOUNS ENDING IN A VOWEL:

Nominative ota otalar

Genitive otaning otalarning

Accusative otani otalarni

Dative otaga otalarga

Locative otada otalarda

Ablative otadan otalardan

DECLENSION PATTERN 3:- WORDS ENDING IN -K:

Nominative tilak tilaklar

Genitive tilakning tilaklarning

Accusative tilakni tilaklarni

Dative tilakka (or tilagga in some pronunciations/older orthography) tilaklarga

Locative tilakda tilaklarda

Ablative tilakdan tilaklardan

DECLENSION PATTERN 4:- WORDS ENDING IN -Q:

Nominative qishloq qishloqlar

Genitive qishloqning qishloqlarning

Accusative qishloqni qishloqlarni

Dative qishloqqa qishloqlarga

Locative qishloqda qishloqlarda

Ablative qishloqdan qishloqlardan

Declension Pattern 5: Words Ending in NG

Example: tong (dawn)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative tong tonglar

Genitive tongning tonglarning

Accusative tongni tonglarni

Dative tongga tonglarga

Locative tongda tonglarda

Ablative tongdan tonglardan

Declension Pattern 6: Words Ending in a Voiced Consonant

Example: uy (house)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative uy uylar

Genitive uyning uylarning

Accusative uyni uylarni

Dative uyga uylarga

Locative uyda uylarda

Ablative uydan uylardan

Case Endings Summary

Case Basic Suffix Meaning

Nominative — subject

Genitive -ning of

Accusative -ni direct object

Dative -ga / -ka / -qa to, toward

Locative -da / -ta in, at, on

Ablative -dan / -tan from

The variants depend on the final sound of the noun.

Dative Variants

Ending of the noun Dative suffix Example

Vowel or voiced consonant -ga uy → uyga

Voiceless k -ka tilak → tilakka

Voiceless q -qa qishloq → qishloqqa

Locative Variants

Most nouns use -da:

uyda

kitobda

otada

After some voiceless consonants in careful speech, -ta may occur because of consonant assimilation:

daraxt → daraxtda (most common)

occasionally -ta appears in formal phonological descriptions after certain voiceless sounds, but -da is what you will most often see in standard written Uzbek.

Ablative Variants

Usually -dan:

uydan

kitobdan

otadan

After some voiceless consonants, -tan may occur due to assimilation in pronunciation or certain descriptions, though -dan is the standard written form for most nouns.

Declension Pattern 7: Words Ending in M

Example: odam (person)

Case Singular Plural English

Nominative odam odamlar person / people

Genitive odamning odamlarning of the person/people

Accusative odamni odamlarni the person/people

Dative odamga odamlarga to the person/people

Locative odamda odamlarda at the person/people

Ablative odamdan odamlardan from the person/people

Declension Pattern 8: Words Ending in L

Example: yo‘l (road)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative yo‘l yo‘llar

Genitive yo‘lning yo‘llarning

Accusative yo‘lni yo‘llarni

Dative yo‘lga yo‘llarga

Locative yo‘lda yo‘llarda

Ablative yo‘ldan yo‘llardan

Notice that the plural is yo‘llar, with a doubled l because the stem already ends in l.

Declension Pattern 9: Words Ending in R

Example: shahar (city)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative shahar shaharlar

Genitive shaharning shaharlarning

Accusative shaharni shaharlarni

Dative shaharga shaharlarga

Locative shaharda shaharlarda

Ablative shahardan shaharlardan

Declension Pattern 10: Words Ending in N

Example: osmon (sky)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative osmon osmonlar

Genitive osmonning osmonlarning

Accusative osmonni osmonlarni

Dative osmonga osmonlarga

Locative osmonda osmonlarda

Ablative osmondan osmonlardan

Declension Pattern 11: Words Ending in Y

Example: choy (tea)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative choy choylar

Genitive choyning choylarning

Accusative choyni choylarni

Dative choyga choylarga

Locative choyda choylarda

Ablative choydan choylardan

Declension Pattern 12: Words Ending in H

Example: guloh (for practice; many native Uzbek words instead end in x or h in loanwords)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative guloh gulohlar

Genitive gulohning gulohlarning

Accusative gulohni gulohlarni

Dative gulohga gulohlarga

Locative gulohda gulohlarda

Ablative gulohdan gulohlardan

Declension Pattern 13: Words Ending in P

Example: kitob ends in b, so let's instead use to‘p (ball)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative to‘p to‘plar

Genitive to‘pning to‘plarning

Accusative to‘pni to‘plarni

Dative to‘pga

Locative to‘pda

Ablative to‘pdan

Even though p is voiceless, Uzbek normally still writes -ga after p, giving to‘pga.

Declension Pattern 14: Words Ending in T

Example: go‘sht (meat)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative go‘sht go‘shtlar

Genitive go‘shtning go‘shtlarning

Accusative go‘shtni go‘shtlarni

Dative go‘shtga

Locative go‘shtda

Ablative go‘shtdan

Declension Pattern 15: Words Ending in S

Example: ovoz (voice)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative ovoz ovozlar

Genitive ovozning ovozlarning

Accusative ovozni ovozlarni

Dative ovozga ovozlarga

Locative ovozda ovozlarda

Ablative ovozdan ovozlardan

Declension Pattern 16: Words Ending in X

Example: mix (nail)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative mix mixlar

Genitive mixning mixlarning

Accusative mixni mixlarni

Dative mixga

Locative mixda

Ablative mixdan

INDIRECT OBJECT: Subject + Indirect Object (-ga) + Direct Object + Verb

I write a letter to my friend. Men do‘stimga xat yozaman.

GENITIVE: Owner + -ning + Possessed noun + possessive suffix

Ali's book. Alining kitobi

In Uzbek, when the possessor is general or indefinite, -ning can disappear.

Example:

Universitet talabasi

= university student

Literally:

university's student

INDIRECT OBJECT AND GENITIVE COMBINED: Subject + Genitive owner + Dative receiver + Object + Verb

Men do‘stimning ukasiga kitob berdim. I gave my friend's brother a book.

3- ADJECTIVES

Attribute adjective adjective + noun katta uy big house

Predicate adjective noun + adjective Uy katta The house is big

Past adjective adjective + edi Uy katta edi The house was big

Future adjective adjective + bo‘ladi Uy katta bo‘ladi The house will be big

With noun adjective unchanged + noun katta uylar big houses

TO BE VERB:

1. Present Tense "To Be" (am / is / are)

Formation:

Noun/Adjective + personal ending

or sometimes:

Noun/Adjective alone

Personal endings

Person Ending Example

I -man Men talabaman

You (informal) -san Sen talabasan

He/She Ø / -dir U talaba

We -miz Biz talabamaiz

You (formal/plural) -siz Siz talabasiz

They -lar Ular talabalar

2. "I am..."

English:

I am a student.

Uzbek:

Men talabaman.

Breakdown:

men = I

talaba = student

-man = am

Literally:

I student-am

Examples:

Men o‘qituvchiman.

= I am a teacher.

Men xursandman.

= I am happy.

3. "You are..."

Informal (sen)

Sen talabasan.

= You are a student.

Formal (siz)

Siz talabasisiz.

= You are a student.

4. "He/She is..."

Uzbek usually has no ending.

English:

He is a doctor.

Uzbek:

U shifokor.

More formal:

U shifokordir.

= He is a doctor.

The suffix -dir gives certainty/formality.

Examples:

U yaxshi.

= He is good.

U aqlli.

= He is intelligent.

5. "We are..."

Formation:

adjective/noun + -miz

Examples:

Biz do‘stmiz.

= We are friends.

Biz tayyormiz.

= We are ready.

6. "They are..."

Formation:

noun + -lar

Examples:

Ular talabalar.

= They are students.

Ular xursandlar.

= They are happy.

7. Negative "To Be" (am not / is not / are not)

Uzbek uses:

emas = not be

Formation:

Noun/adjective + emas + personal ending

Present Negative Table

English Uzbek

I am not a student Men talaba emasman

You are not a student Sen talaba emassan

He is not a student U talaba emas

We are not students Biz talabalar emasmiz

You are not students Siz talabalar emassiz

They are not students Ular talabalar emas

Examples:

Men kasal emasman.

= I am not sick.

U boy emas.

= He is not rich.

8. Past Tense "Was / Were"

Uzbek uses:

edi = was/were

Formation:

noun/adjective + edi + personal ending

Examples:

Men talaba edim.

= I was a student.

Breakdown:

talaba = student

edi = was

-m = I

Past "To Be" Table

English Uzbek

I was Men edim

You were Sen eding

He/she was U edi

We were Biz edik

You were Siz edingiz

They were Ular edilar

Examples:

U shifokor edi.

= He was a doctor.

Biz baxtli edik.

= We were happy.

9. Past Negative

Formation:

noun/adjective + emas edi

Examples:

Men tayyor emas edim.

= I was not ready.

U uyda emas edi.

= He was not at home.

10. Future "Will Be"

Uzbek uses:

bo‘ladi

Formation:

noun/adjective + bo‘ladi

Examples:

Men shifokor bo‘laman.

= I will be a doctor.

U mashhur bo‘ladi.

= He will be famous.

Future Conjugation of bo‘lmoq

English Uzbek

I will be Men bo‘laman

You will be Sen bo‘lasan

He will be U bo‘ladi

We will be Biz bo‘lamiz

You will be Siz bo‘lasiz

They will be Ular bo‘ladilar

11. "To Become" vs "To Be"

Uzbek bo‘lmoq can mean both:

To be:

U shifokor.

= He is a doctor.

To become:

U shifokor bo‘ldi.

= He became a doctor.

Examples:

Men katta bo‘ldim.

= I grew up / became big.

U mashhur bo‘ldi.

= He became famous.

12. Present Continuous "Being"

For temporary states:

Formation:

bo‘l- + -yapti

Examples:

U xursand bo‘lyapti.

= He is becoming happy.

Men band bo‘lyapman.

= I am becoming busy.

13. "There is / Have" with bo‘lmoq

bor is used for existence:

Uyda odam bor.

= There is a person at home.

But bo‘ladi means:

Ertaga yig‘ilish bo‘ladi.

= There will be a meeting tomorrow.

14. Questions with "To Be"

Uzbek uses -mi?

English:

Are you a student?

Uzbek:

Sen talabamisan?

Breakdown:

talaba = student

-mi = question

-san = you are

English:

Is he a doctor?

Uzbek:

U shifokormi?

English:

Were you tired?

Uzbek:

Siz charchagan edingizmi?

4- PRONOUNS

1. Personal Pronouns (Kishilik olmoshlari)

Nominative Case (Subject)

English Uzbek

I men

you (informal) sen

he/she u

we biz

you (formal/plural) siz

they ular

Examples:

Men ishlayman.

= I work.

U kitob o‘qiydi.

= He/she reads a book.

2. Genitive Case (-ning)

(Whose? Of whom?)

Formation:

Pronoun + -ning

English Uzbek

my mening

your (informal) sening

his/her uning

our bizning

your (formal) sizning

their ularning

Examples:

Mening kitobim.

= My book.

Uning mashinasi.

= His/her car.

Bizning uyimiz.

= Our house.

3. Accusative Case (-ni)

(Whom? What? Direct object)

Formation:

Pronoun + -ni

Some pronouns change:

English Uzbek

me meni

you seni

him/her uni

us bizni

you sizni

them ularni

Examples:

U meni ko‘rdi.

= He saw me.

Men uni bilaman.

= I know him/her.

U bizni chaqirdi.

= He called us.

4. Dative Case (-ga/-ka/-qa)

(To whom? For whom?)

Some pronouns are irregular:

English Uzbek

to me menga

to you senga

to him/her unga

to us bizga

to you sizga

to them ularga

Examples:

U menga yordam berdi.

= He helped me.

Men unga kitob berdim.

= I gave him/her a book.

5. Locative Case (-da)

(At/in/on whom?)

Formation:

Pronoun + -da

English Uzbek

in me / with me menda

in you senda

in him/her unda

in us bizda

in you sizda

in them ularda

Examples:

Menda kitob bor.

= I have a book.

(Literally: A book exists with me.)

Unda pul bor.

= He/she has money.

6. Ablative Case (-dan)

(From whom? From what?)

Formation:

Pronoun + -dan

English Uzbek

from me mendan

from you sendan

from him/her undan

from us bizdan

from you sizdan

from them ulardan

Examples:

U mendan so‘radi.

= He asked me.

Men undan xat oldim.

= I received a letter from him/her.

7. Reflexive Pronoun (O‘z)

(myself, yourself, himself)

Uzbek uses:

o‘z = self

It takes possessive endings.

Declension of o‘z

Case Uzbek English

Nominative o‘z self

Genitive o‘zining one's own

Accusative o‘zini oneself

Dative o‘ziga to oneself

Locative o‘zida in oneself

Ablative o‘zidan from oneself

Examples:

Men o‘zimni ko‘rdim.

= I saw myself.

U o‘ziga ishondi.

= He trusted himself.

U o‘zining kitobini oldi.

= He took his own book.

8. Demonstrative Pronouns (Ko‘rsatish olmoshlari)

"This / That"

English Uzbek

this bu

that u

these bular

those ular

Cases of "bu" (this)

Case Uzbek Translation

Nominative bu this

Genitive buning of this

Accusative buni this (object)

Dative bunga to this

Locative bunda in this

Ablative bundan from this

Examples:

Bu kitob.

= This is a book.

Buni ko‘rdim.

= I saw this.

Bunga qarang.

= Look at this.

Cases of "u" (that/he/she)

Case Uzbek Translation

Nominative u that/he/she

Genitive uning of that/his/her

Accusative uni that/him/her

Dative unga to that/him/her

Locative unda in that/him/her

Ablative undan from that/him/her

9. Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words)

Who? = kim

Case Uzbek English

Nominative kim who

Genitive kimning whose

Accusative kimni whom

Dative kimga to whom

Locative kimda at whom

Ablative kimdan from whom

What? = nima

Case Uzbek English

Nominative nima what

Genitive nimaning of what

Accusative nimani what

Dative nimaga to what

Locative nimada in what

Ablative nimadan from what

10. Indefinite Pronouns

Examples:

kimdir = someone

nimadir = something

birov = someone

biror narsa = something

Examples:

Kimdir keldi.

= Someone came.

Men nimanidir ko‘rdim.

= I saw something.

5- VERB TENSES

Men o‘qiyman I read / I will read

Sen o‘qiysan You read

U o‘qiydi He/She reads

Biz o‘qiymiz We read

Siz o‘qiysiz You read (Plural)

Ular o‘qiydilar They read

Men o‘qiyapman I am reading

Sen o‘qiyapsan You are reading

U o‘qiyapti He/She is reading

Biz o‘qiyapmiz We are reading

Siz o‘qiyapsiz You are reading (Plural)

Ular o‘qiyaptilar They are reading

Men o‘qidim I read

Sen o‘qiding You read

U o‘qidi He/She read

Biz o‘qidik We read

Siz o‘qidingiz You read (Plural)

Ular o‘qidilar They read

Men o‘qiyotgan edim I was reading

Sen o‘qiyotgan eding You were reading

U o‘qiyotgan edi He/She was reading

Biz o‘qiyotgan edik We were reading

Siz o‘qiyotgan edingiz You were reading (Plural)

Ular o‘qiyotgan edilar They were reading

Men o‘qiyman I will read

Sen o‘qiysan You will read

U o‘qiydi He/She will read

Biz o‘qiymiz We will read

Siz o‘qiysiz You will read (Plural)

Ular o‘qiydilar They will read

Men Ertaga o‘qiyman I will be reading tomorrow

Sen Ertaga o‘qiysan You will be reading

U Ertaga o‘qiydi He/She will be reading

Biz Ertaga o‘qiymiz We will be reading

Siz Ertaga o‘qiysiz You will be reading (Plural)

Ular Ertaga o‘qiydilar They will be reading

Men o‘qiganman I have read

Sen o‘qigansan You have read

U o‘qigan He/She has read

Biz o‘qiganmiz We have read

Siz o‘qigansiz You have read (Plural)

Ular o‘qiganlar They have read

Men o‘qigan edim I had read

Sen o‘qigan eding You had read

U o‘qigan edi He/She had read

Biz o‘qigan edik We had read

Siz o‘qigan edingiz You had read (Plural)

Ular o‘qigan edilar They had read

Men o‘qiyapman I have been reading

Sen o‘qiyapsan You have been reading

U o‘qiyapti He/She have been reading

Biz o‘qiyapmiz We have been reading

Siz o‘qiyapsiz You have been reading (Plural)

Ular o‘qiyaptilar They have been reading

Men o‘qiyotgan edim I had been reading

Sen o‘qiyotgan eding You had been reading

U o‘qiyotgan edi He/She had been reading

Biz o‘qiyotgan edik We had been reading

Siz o‘qiyotgan edingiz You had been reading (Plural)

Ular o‘qiyotgan edilar They had been reading

future time + duration + ordinary future

6- PASSIVE TENSES

Men o‘qilaman I am read*

Sen o‘qilasan You are read*

U o‘qiladi It is read

Biz o‘qilamiz We are read*

Siz o‘qilasiz You are read*

Ular o‘qiladilar They are read

Men o‘qilayapman I am being read*

Sen o‘qilayapsan You are being read*

U o‘qilayapti He/She/It is being read

Biz o‘qilayapmiz We are being read*

Siz o‘qilayapsiz You are being read*

Ular o‘qilayaptilar They are being read

Men o‘qilandim I was read*

Sen o‘qilanding You were read*

U o‘qilandi He/She/It was read

Biz o‘qilandik We were read*

Siz o‘qilandingiz You were read*

Ular o‘qilandilar They were read

Men o‘qilayotgan edim I was being read*

Sen o‘qilayotgan eding You were being read*

U o‘qilayotgan edi He/She/It was being read

Biz o‘qilayotgan edik We were being read*

Siz o‘qilayotgan edingiz You were being read*

Ular o‘qilayotgan edilar They were being read

Men o‘qilaman I will be read*

Sen o‘qilasan You will be read*

U o‘qiladi He/She/It will be read

Biz o‘qilamiz We will be read*

Siz o‘qilasiz You will be read*

Ular o‘qiladilar They will be read

Men o‘qilganman I have been read*

Sen o‘qilangansan You have been read*

U o‘qilgan He/She/It has been read

Biz o‘qilganmiz We have been read*

Siz o‘qilangansiz You have been read*

Ular o‘qilganlar They have been read

Men o‘qilgan edim I had been read*

Sen o‘qilgan eding You had been read*

U o‘qilgan edi He/She/It had been read

Biz o‘qilgan edik We had been read*

Siz o‘qilgan edingiz You had been read*

Ular o‘qilgan edilar They had been read

Men o‘qilgan bo‘laman I will have been read*

Sen o‘qilgan bo‘lasan You will have been read*

U o‘qilgan bo‘ladi He/She/It will have been read

Biz o‘qilgan bo‘lamiz We will have been read*

Siz o‘qilgan bo‘lasiz You will have been read*

Ular o‘qilgan bo‘ladilar They will have been read

7- NEGATION:

Men o‘qimayman I do not read

Sen o‘qimaysan You do not read

U o‘qimaydi He/She does not read

Biz o‘qimaymiz We do not read

Siz o‘qimaysiz You do not read

Ular o‘qimaydilar They do not read

Men o‘qimayapman I am not reading

Sen o‘qimayapsan You are not reading

U o‘qimayapti He/She is not reading

Biz o‘qimayapmiz We are not reading

Siz o‘qimayapsiz You are not reading

Ular o‘qimayaptilar They are not reading

Men o‘qimadim I did not read

Sen o‘qimading You did not read

U o‘qimadi He/She did not read

Biz o‘qimadik We did not read

Siz o‘qimadingiz You did not read

Ular o‘qimadilar They did not read

Men o‘qimayotgan edim I was not reading

Sen o‘qimayotgan eding You were not reading

U o‘qimayotgan edi He/She was not reading

Biz o‘qimayotgan edik We were not reading

Siz o‘qimayotgan edingiz You were not reading

Ular o‘qimayotgan edilar They were not reading

Men o‘qimaganman I have not read

Sen o‘qimagansan You have not read

U o‘qimagan He/She has not read

Biz o‘qimaganmiz We have not read

Siz o‘qimagansiz You have not read

Ular o‘qimaganlar They have not read

Men o‘qimagan edim I had not read

Sen o‘qimagan eding You had not read

U o‘qimagan edi He/She had not read

Biz o‘qimagan edik We had not read

Siz o‘qimagan edingiz You had not read

Ular o‘qimagan edilar They had not read

Men o‘qimayman I will not read

Sen o‘qimaysan You will not read

U o‘qimaydi He/She will not read

Biz o‘qimaymiz We will not read

Siz o‘qimaysiz You will not read

Ular o‘qimaydilar They will not read

Men o‘qilmayman I am not read* / I will not be read*

Sen o‘qilmaysan You are not read*

U o‘qilmaydi He/She/It is not read

Biz o‘qilmaymiz We are not read*

Siz o‘qilmaysiz You are not read*

Ular o‘qilmaydilar They are not read

Men o‘qilmayapman I am not being read*

Sen o‘qilmayapsan You are not being read*

U o‘qilmayapti He/She/It is not being read

Biz o‘qilmayapmiz We are not being read*

Siz o‘qilmayapsiz You are not being read*

Ular o‘qilmayaptilar They are not being read

8- QUESTIONS:

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

Statement + mi?

Men o‘qiyman. -> Men o‘qiymanmi? Do I read? / Will I read?

Sen o‘qiysan. -> Sen o‘qiysanmi? Do you read?

U o‘qiydi. -> U o‘qiydimi? Does he/she read?

Biz o‘qiymiz. -> Biz o‘qiymizmi? Do we read?

Siz o‘qiysiz. -> Siz o‘qiysizmi? Do you read?

Ular o‘qiydilar. -> Ular o‘qiydilarmi? Do they read?

Men o‘qiyapmanmi? Am I reading?

Sen o‘qiyapsanmi? Are you reading?

U o‘qiyaptimi? Is he/she reading?

Biz o‘qiyapmizmi? Are we reading?

Siz o‘qiyapsizmi? Are you reading?

Ular o‘qiyaptilarmi? Are they reading?

QUESTION WORDS:

kim who

nima what

qaysi which

qanaqa / qanday what kind of / how

qachon when

qayer where

qayerga where to

qayerdan where from

nima uchun why

nega why

qanday how

qancha how much

nechta how many

nechanchi which number / what date

kimning whose

9- ADVERBS:

Uzbek Transliteration English

yaxshi yaxshi well

yomon yomon badly

tez tez quickly / fast

sekin sekin slowly

asta asta slowly / gently

asta-sekin asta-sekin gradually

tezda tezda quickly

darhol darhol immediately

birdan birdan suddenly

to‘satdan to‘satdan suddenly

sekinlik bilan sekinlik bilan slowly

ehtiyotkorlik bilan ehtiyotkorlik bilan carefully

ehtiyot bilan ehtiyot bilan carefully

diqqat bilan diqqat bilan attentively

e’tibor bilan e’tibor bilan attentively

jimgina jimgina silently

indamay indamay silently / without speaking

baland ovozda baland ovozda loudly

past ovozda past ovozda quietly

qattiq qattiq hard / strongly

yumshoq yumshoq softly

oson oson easily

qiyin qiyin with difficulty

to‘g‘ri to‘g‘ri correctly

noto‘g‘ri noto‘g‘ri incorrectly

aniq aniq clearly / precisely

ravshan ravshan clearly

ochiqchasiga ochiqchasiga openly

yashirincha yashirincha secretly

ataylab ataylab deliberately

qasddan qasddan intentionally

tasodifan tasodifan accidentally

beixtiyor beixtiyor involuntarily

majburan majburan forcibly

ixtiyoriy ravishda ixtiyoriy ravishda voluntarily

birga birga together

birgalikda birgalikda jointly / together

alohida alohida separately

yolg‘iz yolg‘iz alone

o‘zi o‘zi oneself / personally

birgalashib birgalashib together

umumiy umumiy generally

ayniqsa ayniqsa especially

xususan xususan particularly

asosan asosan mainly / basically

odatda odatda usually

umuman umuman generally / altogether

haqiqatan haqiqatan really / truly

aslida aslida actually

rostdan rostdan really

albatta albatta certainly

bevosita bevosita directly

bilvosita bilvosita indirectly

2. Place — Where?

Uzbek Transliteration English

bu yerda bu yerda here

shu yerda shu yerda right here

u yerda u yerda there

o‘sha yerda o‘sha yerda there / at that place

bu yerga bu yerga here / to here

u yerga u yerga there / to there

bu yerdan bu yerdan from here

u yerdan u yerdan from there

qayerda qayerda where

qayerga qayerga where / to where

qayerdan qayerdan from where

hamma joyda hamma joyda everywhere

har yerda har yerda everywhere

hech qayerda hech qayerda nowhere

bir joyda bir joyda somewhere / in one place

qayerdadir qayerdadir somewhere

ichkarida ichkarida inside

tashqarida tashqarida outside

yuqorida yuqorida above / upstairs

pastda pastda below / downstairs

oldinda oldinda ahead / in front

orqada orqada behind

yonida yonida beside / next to

yaqinida yaqinida nearby

uzoqda uzoqda far away

atrofida atrofida around

o‘rtada o‘rtada in the middle

orasida orasida among / between

qarshisida qarshisida opposite

ro‘parasida ro‘parasida opposite / facing

chapda chapda on the left

o‘ngda o‘ngda on the right

to‘g‘rida to‘g‘rida straight ahead

narida narida over there / farther away

berida berida on this side

nariroqda nariroqda farther away

yuqoriga yuqoriga upward

pastga pastga downward

oldinga oldinga forward

orqaga orqaga backward

ichkariga ichkariga inside / inward

tashqariga tashqariga outside / outward

nariga nariga farther / over there

beriga beriga to this side

3. Time — When?

Uzbek Transliteration English

bugun bugun today

kecha kecha yesterday

ertaga ertaga tomorrow

avval avval before / previously

ilgari ilgari formerly / previously

oldin oldin before / earlier

hozir hozir now

hozircha hozircha for now

hozirgina hozirgina just now

endi endi now / from now

keyin keyin later / afterward

keyinchalik keyinchalik later

so‘ng so‘ng afterward / then

so‘ngra so‘ngra afterward

darhol darhol immediately

tez orada tez orada soon

yaqinda yaqinda recently / soon

allaqachon allaqachon already

hali hali still / yet

hanuz hanuz still

hozirgacha hozirgacha until now

bugungacha bugungacha until today

bundan keyin bundan keyin after this / from now on

o‘sha paytda o‘sha paytda at that time

ayni paytda ayni paytda currently

shu paytda shu paytda at this time

o‘sha vaqtda o‘sha vaqtda at that time

ertalab ertalab in the morning

tushda tushda at noon

kechqurun kechqurun in the evening

tunda tunda at night

kechasi kechasi at night

kunduz kunduz during the day

tongda tongda at dawn

har kuni har kuni every day

har hafta har hafta every week

har oy har oy every month

har yili har yili every year

kuniga kuniga per day

haftasiga haftasiga per week

oyiga oyiga per month

yiliga yiliga per year

4. Frequency — How often?

Uzbek Transliteration English

doimo doimo always

hamisha hamisha always

har doim har doim always

odatda odatda usually

ko‘pincha ko‘pincha often

tez-tez tez-tez frequently

ba’zan ba’zan sometimes

gohida gohida sometimes

ba’zida ba’zida sometimes

vaqti-vaqti bilan vaqti-vaqti bilan from time to time

onda-sonda onda-sonda occasionally

kamdan-kam kamdan-kam rarely

arang arang barely / hardly

hech qachon hech qachon never

bir necha marta bir necha marta several times

bir marta bir marta once

ikki marta ikki marta twice

qayta-qayta qayta-qayta repeatedly

takroran takroran repeatedly

yana yana again

yana bir bor yana bir bor once again

muntazam muntazam regularly

muntazam ravishda muntazam ravishda regularly

doimiy ravishda doimiy ravishda continuously / regularly

uzluksiz uzluksiz continuously

tinmay tinmay continuously / without stopping

5. Degree — To what extent?

Uzbek Transliteration English

juda juda very

nihoyatda nihoyatda extremely

g‘oyat g‘oyat extremely

o‘ta o‘ta extremely

benihoya benihoya immensely

nihoyatda ko‘p nihoyatda ko‘p extremely much

juda ham juda ham very / extremely

ancha ancha considerably / quite

anchagina anchagina considerably

biroz biroz a little

ozgina ozgina a little

sal sal slightly

xiyla xiyla rather / considerably

deyarli deyarli almost

qariyb qariyb approximately / nearly

salkam salkam almost

butunlay butunlay completely

tamoman tamoman completely

mutlaqo mutlaqo absolutely / completely

to‘liq to‘liq fully

batamom batamom completely

nihoyatda nihoyatda exceedingly

yetarlicha yetarlicha sufficiently

yetarli darajada yetarli darajada sufficiently

haddan tashqari haddan tashqari excessively

ortiqcha ortiqcha excessively / unnecessarily

ko‘proq ko‘proq more

kamroq kamroq less

eng ko‘p eng ko‘p most

eng kam eng kam least

kamida kamida at least

ko‘pi bilan ko‘pi bilan at most

6. Affirmation / certainty

Uzbek Transliteration English

ha ha yes

albatta albatta certainly

shubhasiz shubhasiz undoubtedly

so‘zsiz so‘zsiz unquestionably

muqarrar muqarrar inevitably

haqiqatan haqiqatan truly

rostdan rostdan really

chindan chindan truly

darhaqiqat darhaqiqat indeed / in fact

haqiqiydan haqiqiydan really — less standard

aynan aynan exactly

aniq aniq definitely / clearly

qat’iyan qat’iyan categorically

so‘zsiz so‘zsiz without doubt

tabiiyki tabiiyki naturally

tabiiy ravishda tabiiy ravishda naturally

7. Negation

Uzbek negation is usually expressed by emas, yo‘q, -ma/-may, rather than a large adverb class, but these adverbial/negative expressions are important.

Uzbek Transliteration English

yo‘q yo‘q no / there is not

emas emas not

hech qachon hech qachon never

hech qayerda hech qayerda nowhere

hech qayerga hech qayerga nowhere / to nowhere

hech qayerdan hech qayerdan from nowhere

hech qanday hech qanday no / no kind of

hech kim hech kim nobody

hech narsa hech narsa nothing

aslo aslo never / by no means

zinhor zinhor never / by no means

sira sira never / at all

mutlaqo emas mutlaqo emas absolutely not

umuman emas umuman emas not at all

hali emas hali emas not yet

endi emas endi emas no longer

8. Probability / possibility

Uzbek Transliteration English

balki balki perhaps / maybe

ehtimol ehtimol perhaps / probably

ehtimolki ehtimolki perhaps

mumkin mumkin possibly

chamasi chamasi apparently / approximately

shekilli shekilli apparently / it seems

aftidan aftidan apparently

ko‘rinishicha ko‘rinishicha apparently / judging by appearances

ehtimol bilan ehtimol bilan probably

katta ehtimol bilan katta ehtimol bilan very probably

taxminan taxminan approximately

chamasi chamasi approximately / apparently

balkim balkim perhaps — colloquial/variant

9. Evidentiality / appearance

Uzbek Transliteration English

aftidan aftidan apparently

shekilli shekilli apparently / it seems

ko‘rinishicha ko‘rinishicha apparently

qaraganda qaraganda judging by / apparently

o‘xshashicha o‘xshashicha apparently / seemingly

go‘yo go‘yo as if / supposedly

emish emish reportedly / supposedly

deyishlaricha deyishlaricha reportedly

eshitishimcha eshitishimcha as I hear / reportedly

ma’lum bo‘lishicha ma’lum bo‘lishicha apparently / as it turns out

10. Interrogative adverbs

Uzbek Transliteration English

qachon qachon when

qayerda qayerda where

qayerga qayerga where / to where

qayerdan qayerdan from where

qanday qanday how / what kind

nega nega why

nima uchun nima uchun why / for what

nima sababdan nima sababdan why / for what reason

qancha qancha how much

nechta nechta how many

qanchalik qanchalik how much / to what extent

qanchaga qanchaga by how much

qachongacha qachongacha until when

qachondan qachondan since when

qanchalik tez qanchalik tez how quickly

necha marta necha marta how many times

11. Relative adverbs

Uzbek Transliteration English

qayerda qayerda where

qayerga qayerga where / wherever

qayerdan qayerdan from where

qachon qachon when

qanday qanday how / as

qanchalik qanchalik as much as / to what extent

qancha qancha as much/many as

qaysi yerda qaysi yerda where

qaysi joyda qaysi joyda where

12. Indefinite adverbs

Uzbek Transliteration English

qayerdadir qayerdadir somewhere

qachondir qachondir sometime

qandaydir qandaydir somehow / some kind of

negadir negadir for some reason

qanchadir qanchadir somewhat / some amount

biror joyda biror joyda somewhere

biror joyga biror joyga somewhere / to somewhere

biror joydan biror joydan from somewhere

biror vaqtda biror vaqtda sometime

biror qachon biror qachon sometime — uncommon

allaqayerda allaqayerda somewhere

allaqayerga allaqayerga somewhere / to somewhere

allaqayerdan allaqayerdan from somewhere

allaqachon allaqachon already

qandaydir tarzda qandaydir tarzda somehow

13. Demonstrative adverbs

Uzbek Transliteration English

bu yerda bu yerda here

u yerda u yerda there

shu yerda shu yerda right here

o‘sha yerda o‘sha yerda right there

shunday shunday thus / like this

bunday bunday like this

unday unday like that

o‘shanday o‘shanday like that

shunaqa shunaqa like this — colloquial

bunaqa bunaqa like this — colloquial

unaqa unaqa like that — colloquial

shu tarzda shu tarzda in this way

o‘sha tarzda o‘sha tarzda in that way

shunday qilib shunday qilib thus / thereby

bunday qilib bunday qilib by doing this

unday qilib unday qilib by doing that

14. Directional adverbs

Uzbek Transliteration English

oldinga oldinga forward

orqaga orqaga backward

yuqoriga yuqoriga upward

pastga pastga downward

ichkariga ichkariga inward

tashqariga tashqariga outward

chapga chapga to the left

o‘ngga o‘ngga to the right

nariga nariga farther away

beriga beriga this way

yuqoridan yuqoridan from above

pastdan pastdan from below

ichkaridan ichkaridan from inside

tashqaridan tashqaridan from outside

oldindan oldindan from ahead / beforehand

orqadan orqadan from behind

yonidan yonidan past/beside

atrofidan atrofidan around/from around

15. Sequence / order

Uzbek Transliteration English

avval avval first / before

dastlab dastlab initially

boshida boshida at first

birinchi navbatda birinchi navbatda first of all

avvalo avvalo first of all

keyin keyin then / afterward

so‘ng so‘ng then / afterward

so‘ngra so‘ngra afterward

undan keyin undan keyin after that

shundan so‘ng shundan so‘ng after that

nihoyat nihoyat finally

oxir-oqibat oxir-oqibat ultimately

oxirida oxirida finally / at the end

navbatma-navbat navbatma-navbat alternately / in turn

ketma-ket ketma-ket consecutively

birin-ketin birin-ketin one after another

bosqichma-bosqich bosqichma-bosqich step by step

asta-sekin asta-sekin gradually

16. Addition

Uzbek Transliteration English

ham ham also / too

yana yana again / also

yana bir bor yana bir bor once again

shuningdek shuningdek also / likewise

bundan tashqari bundan tashqari besides / moreover

bundan boshqa bundan boshqa besides this

qo‘shimcha ravishda qo‘shimcha ravishda additionally

yana ham yana ham even more

ustiga-ustak ustiga-ustak moreover / on top of that

birga birga additionally / together

17. Restriction / limitation

Uzbek Transliteration English

faqat faqat only

faqatgina faqatgina only

xolos xolos only / that's all

bor-yo‘g‘i bor-yo‘g‘i merely / only

atigi atigi only / merely

aynan aynan exactly

naq naq exactly / precisely

deyarli deyarli almost

hech bo‘lmaganda hech bo‘lmaganda at least

kamida kamida at least

ko‘pi bilan ko‘pi bilan at most

18. Comparison

Uzbek Transliteration English

ko‘proq ko‘proq more

kamroq kamroq less

eng ko‘p eng ko‘p most

eng kam eng kam least

yaxshiroq yaxshiroq better

yomonroq yomonroq worse

yaxshisi yaxshisi preferably / better

aksincha aksincha conversely / instead

nisbatan nisbatan relatively / compared with

qaraganda qaraganda compared with / judging by

nisbatan ko‘proq nisbatan ko‘proq relatively more

nisbatan kamroq nisbatan kamroq relatively less

19. Cause / Result

Uzbek Transliteration English

shuning uchun shuning uchun therefore / because of that

shu sababli shu sababli for this reason

shu sababdan shu sababdan for this reason

shundan shundan from that / therefore

natijada natijada as a result

demak demak therefore / so

binobarin binobarin consequently

shu bois shu bois therefore

shu tufayli shu tufayli because of this

oqibatda oqibatda as a consequence

nihoyat nihoyat ultimately

20. Contrast

Uzbek Transliteration English

ammo ammo however / but

lekin lekin but

biroq biroq however

shunga qaramay shunga qaramay nevertheless

baribir baribir nevertheless / anyway

aksincha aksincha on the contrary

aks holda aks holda otherwise

biroq ham biroq ham however — less common

qaramay qaramay despite

aslida esa aslida esa actually / in contrast

21. Approximation

Uzbek Transliteration English

taxminan taxminan approximately

qariyb qariyb nearly

deyarli deyarli almost

salkam salkam almost

chamasi chamasi approximately

qadar qadar approximately/as much as

atrofida atrofida around/about

qariyb shuncha qariyb shuncha approximately that much

taxminan shuncha taxminan shuncha approximately this much

22. Repetition

Uzbek Transliteration English

yana yana again

yana bir bor yana bir bor once again

qayta qayta again

qaytadan qaytadan again / anew

qayta-qayta qayta-qayta repeatedly

takroran takroran repeatedly

bir necha bor bir necha bor several times

ko‘p marta ko‘p marta many times

tez-tez tez-tez frequently

bora-bora bora-bora gradually / eventually

kundan-kunga kundan-kunga day by day

yildan-yilga yildan-yilga year by year

23. Gradual change

Uzbek Transliteration English

asta-sekin asta-sekin gradually

bora-bora bora-bora gradually / eventually

sekin-asta sekin-asta gradually

bosqichma-bosqich bosqichma-bosqich step by step

qadam-baqadam qadam-baqadam step by step

kundan-kunga kundan-kunga day by day

yildan-yilga yildan-yilga year by year

tobora tobora increasingly

borgan sari borgan sari increasingly

asta asta slowly

oz-ozdan oz-ozdan little by little

24. Suddenness

Uzbek Transliteration English

birdan birdan suddenly

to‘satdan to‘satdan suddenly

kutilmaganda kutilmaganda unexpectedly

bir zumda bir zumda instantly

birvarakayiga birvarakayiga all at once

darhol darhol immediately

bir yo‘la bir yo‘la all at once

nogahon nogahon suddenly / unexpectedly

25. Simultaneous action

Uzbek Transliteration English

birga birga together

birgalikda birgalikda jointly

bir vaqtda bir vaqtda at the same time

ayni paytda ayni paytda at the same time

bir paytda bir paytda at one time

shu bilan birga shu bilan birga at the same time / in addition

bir vaqtning o‘zida bir vaqtning o‘zida simultaneously

parallel ravishda parallel ravishda in parallel

26. Focus / emphasis

Uzbek Transliteration English

aynan aynan exactly

ayniqsa ayniqsa especially

xususan xususan particularly

faqat faqat only

ham ham also / even

hatto hatto even

o‘zi o‘zi itself / personally

juda juda very

aynan shu aynan shu exactly this

aynan o‘sha aynan o‘sha exactly that

mutlaqo mutlaqo absolutely

butunlay butunlay completely

27. Formal / academic adverbs

Uzbek Transliteration English

asosan asosan mainly

umuman umuman generally

xususan xususan particularly

ayniqsa ayniqsa especially

nazariy jihatdan nazariy jihatdan theoretically

amaliy jihatdan amaliy jihatdan practically

amalda amalda in practice

rasmiy ravishda rasmiy ravishda officially

norasmiy ravishda norasmiy ravishda informally

bevosita bevosita directly

bilvosita bilvosita indirectly

taxminan taxminan approximately

nisbatan nisbatan relatively

mutlaqo mutlaqo absolutely

qisman qisman partially

to‘liq to‘liq fully

umumiy holda umumiy holda generally

qisqacha qisqacha briefly

batafsil batafsil in detail

mufassal mufassal in detail

ochiqchasiga ochiqchasiga openly

rasman rasman officially

amalda amalda actually / in practice

28. Productive -cha adverbs

The suffix -cha is highly productive in Uzbek and can create manner/degree adverbs.

Uzbek Transliteration English

o‘zbekcha o‘zbekcha in Uzbek / Uzbek-style

yangicha yangicha in a new way

eskicha eskicha in the old way

boshqacha boshqacha differently

shaxsiycha shaxsiycha personally

qisqacha qisqacha briefly

ochiqcha ochiqcha openly

yashirincha yashirincha secretly

erkakcha erkakcha like a man

bolalarcha bolalarcha childishly / like a child

do‘stona do‘stona friendly

insoniycha insoniycha humanely

Note: Not every -cha form is equally lexicalized as an adverb; the suffix is productive.

29. Reduplicated adverbs

Uzbek frequently uses reduplication for manner, repetition, distribution, or gradualness.

Uzbek Transliteration English

tez-tez tez-tez frequently

asta-sekin asta-sekin gradually

sekin-asta sekin-asta gradually

qayta-qayta qayta-qayta repeatedly

bora-bora bora-bora gradually / eventually

oz-ozdan oz-ozdan little by little

birin-ketin birin-ketin one after another

navbatma-navbat navbatma-navbat alternately

ketma-ket ketma-ket consecutively

yonma-yon yonma-yon side by side

yuzma-yuz yuzma-yuz face to face

qo‘lma-qo‘l qo‘lma-qo‘l hand to hand

kundan-kunga kundan-kunga day by day

yildan-yilga yildan-yilga year by year

asta-asta asta-asta gradually

tez-tez tez-tez often

kamdan-kam kamdan-kam rarely

onda-sonda onda-sonda occasionally

30. Important -lab adverbial forms

-lab can express quantity/distribution or manner.

Uzbek Transliteration English

minglab minglab by the thousands

yuzlab yuzlab by the hundreds

o‘nlab o‘nlab by the tens

ko‘plab ko‘plab in large numbers

tonnalab tonnalab by the tons

haftalab haftalab for weeks

oylab oylab for months

yillab yillab for years

kunlab kunlab for days

soatlab soatlab for hours

31. Important -larcha / -ona manner forms

Uzbek Transliteration English

bolalarcha bolalarcha childishly

qahramonlarcha qahramonlarcha heroically

do‘stona do‘stona in a friendly manner

samimiyona samimiyona sincerely / warmly

insoniyona insoniyona humanely

erkakchasiga erkakchasiga manfully

ayollarcha ayollarcha woman-like

birodarlarcha birodarlarcha brotherly

32. Common adverbial case forms

Many Uzbek adverbs are historically or synchronically related to case-marked nouns/pronouns.

Uzbek Transliteration English

ertalab ertalab in the morning

kechqurun kechqurun in the evening

kechasi kechasi at night

kunduz kunduz during the day

tunda tunda at night

ichkarida ichkarida inside

tashqarida tashqarida outside

yuqorida yuqorida above

pastda pastda below

oldinda oldinda ahead

orqada orqada behind

yonida yonida beside

orasida orasida among/between

atrofida atrofida around

qarshisida qarshisida opposite

ustida ustida on top of

tagida tagida underneath

oldiga oldiga to/in front of

orqasiga orqasiga to behind

ichiga ichiga into

tashqariga tashqariga outside/to outside

yuqoriga yuqoriga upward

pastga pastga downward

adjective → adverb

tez — tez — fast/quickly

yaxshi — yaxshi — good/well

reduplication → adverb

tez-tez — tez-tez — frequently

asta-sekin — asta-sekin — gradually

case form → adverbial expression

ichkarida — ichkarida — inside

yuqoriga — yuqoriga — upward

suffix → adverb

qisqa → qisqacha — qisqacha — briefly

boshqacha — boshqacha — differently

10- CONJUNCTIONS:

Uzbek Transliteration English

va va and

ham ham also / and

hamda hamda and / as well as

bilan bilan and / with

yoki yoki or

yo yo or

yoxud yoxud or / alternatively

yoinki yoinki or else / or rather

ammo ammo but / however

lekin lekin but

biroq biroq but / however

balki balki but rather / rather

vaholanki vaholanki whereas / although

holbuki holbuki whereas / while

esa esa whereas / but / as for

na na neither / nor

na...na na...na neither...nor

aks holda aks holda otherwise

bo‘lmasa bo‘lmasa otherwise / if not

demak demak so / therefore

binobarin binobarin consequently / therefore

shunday qilib shunday qilib thus / so

Example

Men kitob o‘qidim va musiqa tingladim.

Men kitob o‘qidim va musiqa tingladim.

“I read a book and listened to music.”

2. “And” conjunctions

Uzbek Transliteration English

va va and

ham ham also / and

hamda hamda and / as well as

bilan bilan and / with

shuningdek shuningdek also / as well

bundan tashqari bundan tashqari besides / in addition

bundan boshqa bundan boshqa besides / apart from this

qo‘shimcha ravishda qo‘shimcha ravishda additionally

yana yana and also / again

ustiga-ustak ustiga-ustak moreover / on top of that

shu bilan birga shu bilan birga at the same time / in addition

bir qatorda bir qatorda alongside / as well as

birgalikda birgalikda together

Correlative “both…and”

Formation Transliteration English

ham...ham ham...ham both...and

nafaqat...balki...ham nafaqat...balki...ham not only...but also

ham...hamda ham...hamda both...and

bir tomondan...ikkinchi tomondan bir tomondan...ikkinchi tomondan on the one hand...on the other hand

Ham Ali, ham Vali keldi.

Ham Ali, ham Vali keldi.

“Both Ali and Vali came.”

3. “Or” conjunctions

Uzbek Transliteration English

yoki yoki or

yo yo or

yoxud yoxud or / alternatively

yoinki yoinki or else

yo...yo yo...yo either...or

yoki...yoki yoki...yoki either...or

yo bo‘lmasa yo bo‘lmasa or otherwise

aks holda aks holda otherwise

bo‘lmasa bo‘lmasa otherwise / if not

xoh...xoh xoh...xoh whether...or / either...or

istasangiz...istasangiz istasangiz...istasangiz whether you want...or

Choy yoki qahva ichasizmi?

Choy yoki qahva ichasizmi?

“Will you drink tea or coffee?”

4. “But / however” conjunctions

Uzbek Transliteration English

ammo ammo but

lekin lekin but

biroq biroq but / however

balki balki but rather

vaholanki vaholanki whereas / although

holbuki holbuki whereas

esa esa whereas / but

shunga qaramay shunga qaramay nevertheless / despite that

bunga qaramay bunga qaramay despite this

baribir baribir nevertheless / anyway

aksincha aksincha on the contrary / conversely

aks holda aks holda otherwise

U charchagan edi, lekin ishlashda davom etdi.

U charchagan edi, lekin ishlashda davom etdi.

“He was tired, but he continued working.”

5. “Rather / instead”

Uzbek Transliteration English

balki balki rather / but rather

balki...balki balki...balki rather...rather

o‘rniga o‘rniga instead of

buning o‘rniga buning o‘rniga instead of this

uning o‘rniga uning o‘rniga instead of him/her/it

aksincha aksincha rather / on the contrary

...dan ko‘ra ...dan ko‘ra rather than

U choy emas, balki qahva ichdi.

U choy emas, balki qahva ichdi.

“He drank coffee rather than tea.”

6. “Because / since”

Uzbek normally uses subordinating conjunctions and connective phrases for causal clauses.

Uzbek Transliteration English

chunki chunki because

negaki negaki because

zero zero because / for

sababki sababki because

shu sababli shu sababli for this reason / therefore

shu sababdan shu sababdan for this reason

shuning uchun shuning uchun therefore / so

shu bois shu bois therefore / for this reason

shu tufayli shu tufayli because of this / therefore

...gani uchun ...gani uchun because / since

...ligi sababli ...ligi sababli because of / since

...ligi uchun ...ligi uchun because / since

... sababli ... sababli because of

... tufayli ... tufayli because of / due to

Men uyda qoldim, chunki yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan edi.

Men uyda qoldim, chunki yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan edi.

“I stayed at home because it was raining.”

7. “So / therefore”

Uzbek Transliteration English

shuning uchun shuning uchun therefore / so

shu sababli shu sababli therefore

shu sababdan shu sababdan therefore

shu bois shu bois therefore

shu tufayli shu tufayli because of this / therefore

demak demak therefore / so

binobarin binobarin consequently / therefore

natijada natijada as a result

shunday qilib shunday qilib thus

oqibatda oqibatda consequently / as a consequence

xullas xullas in short / so, in conclusion

8. “That” — complementizer

Uzbek Transliteration English

deb deb that / saying that

-ki -ki that

shuni aytish kerakki shuni aytish kerakki it must be said that

shuni ta’kidlash kerakki shuni ta’kidlash kerakki it should be emphasized that

ma’lumki ma’lumki it is known that

ayonki ayonki it is obvious that

Men uning kelishini bilaman.

Men uning kelishini bilaman.

“I know that he/she will come.”

U keladi deb o‘ylayman.

U keladi deb o‘ylayman.

“I think that he/she will come.”

9. Purpose — “so that / in order that”

Uzbek Transliteration English

uchun uchun in order to / for

toki toki so that

deb deb so that / in order that

shuning uchun shuning uchun for that reason / so

... uchun ... uchun in order to

...masligi uchun ...masligi uchun so that...not

toki... toki... so that...

Yaxshi o‘qish uchun ko‘p mashq qildim.

Yaxshi o‘qish uchun ko‘p mashq qildim.

“I practiced a lot in order to study/read well.”

10. Conditional — “if”

Uzbek Transliteration English

agar agar if

agarda agarda if

mabodo mabodo if / supposing

basharti basharti provided that / if

bordi-yu bordi-yu if it happens that

sharti bilan sharti bilan on condition that

...sa ...sa if

...adigan bo‘lsa ...adigan bo‘lsa if it is the case that

...gan taqdirda ...gan taqdirda if / in the event that

... bo‘lmasa ... bo‘lmasa if not / unless

“If...then”

Formation English

agar...-sa, ... if..., ...

agar... bo‘lsa, ... if..., ...

agar... bo‘lsa, unda... if..., then...

agar...-sa, unda... if..., then...

Agar vaqtim bo‘lsa, sizga yordam beraman.

Аgar vaqtim bo‘lsa, sizga yordam beraman.

“If I have time, I will help you.”

11. “Unless”

Uzbek Transliteration English

...masa ...masa unless / if not

agar...masa agar...masa unless / if...not

...maguncha ...maguncha until / unless

...mas ekan ...mas ekan unless it turns out that...

aks holda aks holda otherwise

bo‘lmasa bo‘lmasa otherwise / if not

Agar yomg‘ir yog‘masa, tashqariga chiqamiz.

Аgar yomg‘ir yog‘masa, tashqariga chiqamiz.

“Unless it rains, we will go outside.”

12. “Although / even though”

Uzbek Transliteration English

garchi garchi although

garchand garchand although

garchi...bo‘lsa ham garchi...bo‘lsa ham although...

...sa ham ...sa ham although / even if

...gan bo‘lsa ham ...gan bo‘lsa ham although

shunga qaramay shunga qaramay nevertheless

...ga qaramay ...ga qaramay despite

...ishiga qaramay ...ishiga qaramay despite the fact that

vaholanki vaholanki although / whereas

holbuki holbuki whereas / although

Garchi u charchagan bo‘lsa ham, ishladi.

Garchi u charchagan bo‘lsa ham, ishladi.

“Although he/she was tired, he/she worked.”

13. “Even if”

Uzbek Transliteration English

hatto...-sa ham hatto...-sa ham even if

...sa ham ...sa ham even if / even though

agar...ham agar...ham even if

garchi...bo‘lsa ham garchi...bo‘lsa ham even if / although

nima bo‘lsa ham nima bo‘lsa ham whatever happens

qanday bo‘lmasin qanday bo‘lmasin however it may be

kim bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar kim bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar whoever it may be

14. “When”

Uzbek Transliteration English

qachon qachon when

qachonki qachonki when

-ganda -ganda when

...ganida ...ganida when

... paytda ... paytda when / at the time

...vaqtda ...vaqtda when / at the time

shu paytda shu paytda at this time

o‘sha paytda o‘sha paytda at that time

har safar har safar every time

har gal har gal every time

qachonki... qachonki... whenever/when

Uyga kelganimda, u uxlayotgan edi.

Uyga kelganimda, u uxlayotgan edi.

“When I came home, he/she was sleeping.”

15. “While”

Uzbek Transliteration English

-ayotgan paytda -ayotgan paytda while

-ayotganida -ayotganida while

shu paytda shu paytda meanwhile / while

bir paytda bir paytda at the same time

bir vaqtda bir vaqtda at the same time

... davomida ... davomida during

... vaqtida ... vaqtida during / while

... chog‘ida ... chog‘ida during / while

16. “Before”

Uzbek Transliteration English

oldin oldin before

avval avval before

ilgari ilgari previously / before

...dan oldin ...dan oldin before

...ishdan oldin ...ishdan oldin before doing

...guncha ...guncha until / before

hali...masdan hali...masdan before... / without yet...

U kelishidan oldin men ketdim.

U kelishidan oldin men ketdim.

“I left before he/she came.”

17. “After”

Uzbek Transliteration English

keyin keyin after / then

so‘ng so‘ng after / afterwards

so‘ngra so‘ngra afterwards

...dan keyin ...dan keyin after

...gandan keyin ...gandan keyin after doing

...ganidan so‘ng ...ganidan so‘ng after

shundan keyin shundan keyin after that

undan keyin undan keyin after that

18. “Until”

Uzbek Transliteration English

gacha gacha until / up to

...gacha ...gacha until

...guncha ...guncha until

...maguncha ...maguncha until / unless

toki... toki... until / so that

shu vaqtgacha shu vaqtgacha until this time

o‘sha vaqtgacha o‘sha vaqtgacha until that time

Sen kelguncha kutaman.

Sen kelguncha kutaman.

“I will wait until you come.”

19. “Since”

Uzbek Transliteration English

beri beri since / for

...dan beri ...dan beri since

...gandan beri ...gandan beri since doing

...ganidan beri ...ganidan beri since

shundan beri shundan beri since then

o‘shandan beri o‘shandan beri since then

qachondan beri qachondan beri since when

20. “As soon as”

Uzbek Transliteration English

bilanoq bilanoq as soon as

zahoti zahoti as soon as / immediately after

...ishi bilan ...ishi bilan as soon as

...gach ...gach after / as soon as

...gan zahoti ...gan zahoti as soon as

...ishi bilanoq ...ishi bilanoq as soon as

U kelishi bilan ketdik.

U kelishi bilan ketdik.

“As soon as he/she came, we left.”

21. “As if / as though”

Uzbek Transliteration English

go‘yo go‘yo as if / as though

go‘yo...dek go‘yo...dek as if

go‘yoki go‘yoki as if / as though

xuddi...dek xuddi...dek just as if

...gandek ...gandek as if / as though

...ayotgandek ...ayotgandek as if...ing

U hech narsa bo‘lmagandek gapirdi.

U hech narsa bo‘lmagandek gapirdi.

“He spoke as if nothing had happened.”

22. “So that / such that”

Uzbek Transliteration English

shundayki shundayki such that

shunday...ki shunday...ki so...that

shunaqa...ki shunaqa...ki so...that

shu qadar...ki shu qadar...ki so...that

shunchalik...ki shunchalik...ki so...that

toki toki so that

deb deb so that

U shunchalik tez yugurdiki, hech kim uni quvib yetolmadi.

U shunchalik tez yugurdiki, hech kim uni quvib yetolmadi.

“He ran so fast that nobody could catch him.”

23. “Whether”

Uzbek Transliteration English

-mi -mi whether

...mi yoki... ...mi yoki... whether...or

yoki yo‘qmi yoki yo‘qmi whether or not

...-adimi yoki yo‘qmi ...-adimi yoki yo‘qmi whether...or not

...yoki yo‘qligi ...yoki yo‘qligi whether or not

...-sa yoki... ...-sa yoki... whether...or

U keladimi yoki kelmaydimi, bilmayman.

U keladimi yoki kelmaydimi, bilmayman.

“I don't know whether he/she will come or not.”

24. “No matter / regardless of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

nima bo‘lsa ham nima bo‘lsa ham no matter what

kim bo‘lsa ham kim bo‘lsa ham no matter who

qayerda bo‘lsa ham qayerda bo‘lsa ham no matter where

qachon bo‘lsa ham qachon bo‘lsa ham no matter when

qanday bo‘lsa ham qanday bo‘lsa ham no matter how

qancha bo‘lsa ham qancha bo‘lsa ham no matter how much

qanchalik...bo‘lmasin qanchalik...bo‘lmasin no matter how

kim bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar kim bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar regardless of who

nima bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar nima bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar regardless of what

qanday bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar qanday bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar regardless of how

...dan qat’i nazar ...dan qat’i nazar regardless of

25. “As long as / provided that”

Uzbek Transliteration English

agar agar if

sharti bilan sharti bilan provided that

shart bilan shart bilan on condition that

basharti basharti provided that

...sa bo‘ldi ...sa bo‘ldi as long as / provided that

...sa bas ...sa bas as long as / provided that

...sharti bilan ...sharti bilan provided that

faqat...-sa faqat...-sa provided that / as long as

26. “Without”

These are usually constructions rather than strict conjunctions.

Uzbek Transliteration English

-masdan -masdan without doing

-may -may without doing

...masdan turib ...masdan turib without doing

...masdan ...masdan without

...siz ...siz without

...ning ...isiz ...ning ...isiz without

U menga aytmasdan ketdi.

U menga aytmasdan ketdi.

“He left without telling me.”

27. “Instead of / rather than”

Uzbek Transliteration English

o‘rniga o‘rniga instead of

...ning o‘rniga ...ning o‘rniga instead of

...ish o‘rniga ...ish o‘rniga instead of doing

...dan ko‘ra ...dan ko‘ra rather than

...gandan ko‘ra ...gandan ko‘ra rather than doing

o‘rniga... o‘rniga... instead

28. “Comparison” connectives

Uzbek Transliteration English

kabi kabi like / as

singari singari like / as

go‘yo go‘yo as if

xuddi xuddi just as

qanday...shunday qanday...shunday as...so

qanchalik...shunchalik qanchalik...shunchalik the more...the more

qancha...shuncha qancha...shuncha the more...the more

qanchalik...bo‘lsa, shunchalik qanchalik...bo‘lsa, shunchalik the more..., the more...

...dan ko‘ra ...dan ko‘ra rather than / compared with

qaraganda qaraganda compared with / judging by

29. “Although / despite / in spite of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

garchi garchi although

garchand garchand although

...ga qaramay ...ga qaramay despite

...ishiga qaramay ...ishiga qaramay despite the fact that

shunga qaramay shunga qaramay nevertheless

bunga qaramay bunga qaramay despite this

baribir baribir nevertheless

vaholanki vaholanki whereas / although

holbuki holbuki whereas

30. “Lest / for fear that”

Uzbek Transliteration English

toki...masin toki...masin lest

...masin deb ...masin deb for fear that

...bo‘lmasin deb ...bo‘lmasin deb lest / so that...not

mabodo... mabodo... lest / supposing

tag‘in... tag‘in... lest / otherwise

U yiqilib ketmasin deb, uni ushladim.

U yiqilib ketmasin deb, uni ushladim.

“I held him/her so that he/she would not fall.”

31. “For example / namely” connective expressions

These are not always conjunctions in the strict grammatical sense, but are important discourse connectors.

Uzbek Transliteration English

masalan masalan for example

jumladan jumladan including / among them

xususan xususan particularly / specifically

ya’ni ya’ni that is / namely

boshqacha aytganda boshqacha aytganda in other words

aniqrog‘i aniqrog‘i more precisely

qisqasi qisqasi in short

xullas xullas in short / to sum up

32. “In addition / moreover”

Uzbek Transliteration English

shuningdek shuningdek also / furthermore

bundan tashqari bundan tashqari besides / furthermore

bundan tashqari yana bundan tashqari yana furthermore

bundan boshqa bundan boshqa besides

bundan tashqari, yana bundan tashqari, yana in addition

ustiga-ustak ustiga-ustak moreover

bundan tashqari ham bundan tashqari ham additionally

shu bilan birga shu bilan birga in addition

qolaversa qolaversa moreover / besides

yana yana also / furthermore

ham ham also

33. “For example, therefore, however” — discourse connectors

These are often conjunctive adverbs / discourse markers, rather than strict conjunctions.

Uzbek Transliteration English

demak demak therefore / so

binobarin binobarin consequently

shunday qilib shunday qilib thus

natijada natijada as a result

xullas xullas in short

qisqasi qisqasi in short

aksincha aksincha conversely

biroq biroq however

ammo ammo however / but

lekin lekin but

shunga qaramay shunga qaramay nevertheless

baribir baribir nevertheless

bundan tashqari bundan tashqari furthermore

shuningdek shuningdek furthermore

nihoyat nihoyat finally

birinchidan birinchidan firstly

ikkinchidan ikkinchidan secondly

oxir-oqibat oxir-oqibat ultimately

34. Paired / correlative conjunctions

These are especially important in Uzbek.

Uzbek formation Transliteration English

ham...ham ham...ham both...and

yoki...yoki yoki...yoki either...or

yo...yo yo...yo either...or

na...na na...na neither...nor

nafaqat...balki...ham nafaqat...balki...ham not only...but also

na...balki na...balki not...but rather

goh...goh goh...goh sometimes...sometimes

dam...dam dam...dam sometimes...sometimes

bir...bir bir...bir sometimes...sometimes

xoh...xoh xoh...xoh whether...or

istasa...istamasa istasa...istamasa whether he/she wants or not

ba’zan...ba’zan ba’zan...ba’zan sometimes...sometimes

bir tomondan...ikkinchi tomondan bir tomondan...ikkinchi tomondan on the one hand...on the other

birinchidan...ikkinchidan birinchidan...ikkinchidan firstly...secondly

qancha...shuncha qancha...shuncha the more...the more

qanchalik...shunchalik qanchalik...shunchalik the more...the more

qanday...shunday qanday...shunday as...so

qayerda...o‘sha yerda qayerda...o‘sha yerda where...there

qachon...o‘shanda qachon...o‘shanda when...then

11- POSTPOSITIONS:

Uzbek Transliteration English

uchun uchun for

bilan bilan with

haqida haqida about / concerning

to‘g‘risida to‘g‘risida about / concerning

xususida xususida concerning / about

borasida borasida regarding / concerning

bo‘yicha bo‘yicha according to / regarding / by

orqali orqali through / via

tufayli tufayli because of / due to

sababli sababli because of / due to

sababdan sababdan because of

qarshi qarshi against

tomon tomon toward / in the direction of

sari sari toward / in the direction of

qarab qarab toward / according to

ko‘ra ko‘ra according to / compared with

qadar qadar until / up to

qadarli qadarli up to / as much as

boshqa boshqa other than / besides

tashqari tashqari besides / outside

bo‘lak bo‘lak besides / apart from

o‘zga o‘zga other than

keyin keyin after

so‘ng so‘ng after

oldin oldin before

avval avval before / previously

beri beri since / for

buyon buyon since

boshlab boshlab starting from

davomida davomida during / throughout

mobaynida mobaynida during / throughout

paytida paytida during / at the time of

vaqtida vaqtida during / at the time of

chog‘ida chog‘ida during / while

oralig‘ida oralig‘ida during / within the interval of

ichida ichida inside / within

orasida orasida among / between

o‘rtasida o‘rtasida between / in the middle of

yonida yonida beside / next to

qarshisida qarshisida opposite / in front of

atrofida atrofida around

tevaragida tevaragida around

ustida ustida on / above

tagida tagida under / beneath

ostida ostida under / beneath

oldida oldida in front of

orqasida orqasida behind

ichkarisida ichkarisida inside

tashqarisida tashqarisida outside

2. “For”

Uzbek Transliteration English

uchun uchun for

evaziga evaziga in exchange for

yo‘lida yo‘lida for the sake of / in pursuit of

maqsadida maqsadida for the purpose of

maqsadida maqsadida with the aim of

yo‘lida yo‘lida for the sake of

Example

Men siz uchun keldim.

Men siz uchun keldim.

“I came for you.”

3. “With”

Uzbek Transliteration English

bilan bilan with

birga birga together with

hamrohligida hamrohligida accompanied by

yordamida yordamida with the help of / using

vositasida vositasida by means of

orqali orqali through / via

Men do‘stim bilan bordim.

Men do‘stim bilan bordim.

“I went with my friend.”

4. “About / concerning”

Uzbek Transliteration English

haqida haqida about

to‘g‘risida to‘g‘risida about / concerning

borasida borasida concerning

xususida xususida concerning

yuzasidan yuzasidan regarding / concerning

bo‘yicha bo‘yicha regarding / concerning

ustida ustida about / working on

borasida borasida regarding

U tarix haqida kitob yozdi.

U tarix haqida kitob yozdi.

“He wrote a book about history.”

5. “According to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ko‘ra ko‘ra according to

bo‘yicha bo‘yicha according to

asosan asosan based mainly on

fikriga ko‘ra fikriga ko‘ra according to someone's opinion

ma’lumotiga ko‘ra ma’lumotiga ko‘ra according to the information

qonunga ko‘ra qonunga ko‘ra according to the law

reja bo‘yicha reja bo‘yicha according to the plan

tartib bo‘yicha tartib bo‘yicha according to the order/procedure

Qonunga ko‘ra, bu taqiqlangan.

Qonunga ko‘ra, bu taqiqlangan.

“According to the law, this is prohibited.”

6. “Through / via / by means of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

orqali orqali through / via

yordamida yordamida with the help of

vositasida vositasida by means of

yo‘li bilan yo‘li bilan by means of / through

orqali orqali via

yordamida yordamida using

Internet orqali bog‘landik.

Internet orqali bog‘landik.

“We communicated via the Internet.”

7. “Because of / due to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

tufayli tufayli because of / due to

sababli sababli because of / due to

sababdan sababdan because of

bois bois because of / due to

tufayli tufayli due to

oqibatida oqibatida as a result of

natijasida natijasida as a result of

... sababli ... sababli because of

... tufayli ... tufayli due to

Yomg‘ir tufayli o‘yin bekor qilindi.

Yomg‘ir tufayli o‘yin bekor qilindi.

“The game was cancelled because of the rain.”

8. “Against”

Uzbek Transliteration English

qarshi qarshi against

zid zid contrary to / against

qarshisida qarshisida opposite / against

qarshi ravishda qarshi ravishda in opposition to

...ga qarshi ...ga qarshi against

U bu qarorga qarshi chiqdi.

U bu qarorga qarshi chiqdi.

“He opposed this decision.”

9. “Toward / towards”

Uzbek Transliteration English

tomon tomon toward

sari sari toward

qarab qarab toward

tomoniga tomoniga toward

yo‘nalishida yo‘nalishida in the direction of

yo‘nalishi bo‘yicha yo‘nalishi bo‘yicha in the direction of

U uy tomon yurdi.

U uy tomon yurdi.

“He walked toward the house.”

Quyosh sari qaradi.

Quyosh sari qaradi.

“He/she looked toward the sun.”

10. “According to / compared with”

ko‘ra

This is extremely important because ko‘ra has several meanings.

Formation English

mening fikrimga ko‘ra according to my opinion

unga ko‘ra according to him/her

kechagiga ko‘ra compared with yesterday

boshqalarga ko‘ra according to others

undan ko‘ra rather than him/her / compared with him/her

11. “Until / up to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

qadar qadar until / up to

gacha gacha until / up to

...gacha ...gacha until / up to

...ga qadar ...ga qadar until / up to

...gacha bo‘lgan ...gacha bo‘lgan up to / until

oxirigacha oxirigacha until the end

Kechgacha ishladim.

Kechgacha ishladim.

“I worked until evening.”

12. “After”

Uzbek Transliteration English

keyin keyin after

so‘ng so‘ng after

so‘ngra so‘ngra afterwards

...dan keyin ...dan keyin after

...dan so‘ng ...dan so‘ng after

...dan so‘ngra ...dan so‘ngra after

Darsdan keyin uyga bordim.

Darsdan keyin uyga bordim.

“I went home after class.”

13. “Before”

Uzbek Transliteration English

oldin oldin before

avval avval before

ilgari ilgari previously / before

...dan oldin ...dan oldin before

...dan avval ...dan avval before

...dan ilgari ...dan ilgari before

Darsdan oldin kofe ichdim.

Darsdan oldin kofe ichdim.

“I drank coffee before class.”

14. “Since”

Uzbek Transliteration English

beri beri since / for

buyon buyon since

...dan beri ...dan beri since

...dan buyon ...dan buyon since

shundan beri shundan beri since then

o‘shandan beri o‘shandan beri since then

...dan boshlab ...dan boshlab starting from

O‘tgan yildan beri shu yerda yashayman.

O‘tgan yildan beri shu yerda yashayman.

“I have lived here since last year.”

15. “During”

Uzbek Transliteration English

davomida davomida during / throughout

mobaynida mobaynida during / throughout

paytida paytida during

vaqtida vaqtida during

chog‘ida chog‘ida during

davrida davrida during the period of

oralig‘ida oralig‘ida during / within the interval

Ta’til davomida ko‘p kitob o‘qidim.

Ta’til davomida ko‘p kitob o‘qidim.

“I read many books during the vacation.”

16. “Inside / within”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ichida ichida inside / within

ichkarisida ichkarisida inside

orasida orasida among / between

o‘rtasida o‘rtasida in the middle of

doirasida doirasida within the framework of

chegarasida chegarasida within the limits of

davomida davomida within / during

Xona ichida hech kim yo‘q.

Xona ichida hech kim yo‘q.

“There is nobody inside the room.”

17. “Between / among”

Uzbek Transliteration English

orasida orasida among / between

o‘rtasida o‘rtasida between / in the middle of

oralig‘ida oralig‘ida between / in the interval

ichida ichida among / within

o‘rtasida o‘rtasida among / between

Ikki shahar orasida katta yo‘l bor.

Ikki shahar orasida katta yo‘l bor.

“There is a major road between the two cities.”

18. “Beside / next to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

yonida yonida beside / next to

yonida yonida next to

oldida oldida in front of

qarshisida qarshisida opposite

yaqinida yaqinida near

huzurida huzurida in the presence of / at

Men uning yonida o‘tirdim.

Men uning yonida o‘tirdim.

“I sat beside him/her.”

19. “Around”

Uzbek Transliteration English

atrofida atrofida around

tevaragida tevaragida around

yon-atrofida yon-atrofida around / in the vicinity of

doirasida doirasida within the sphere of

bo‘ylab bo‘ylab along / throughout

Uy atrofida daraxtlar bor.

Uy atrofida daraxtlar bor.

“There are trees around the house.”

20. “Above / over / on”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ustida ustida on / above

ustiga ustiga onto / on top of

ustidan ustidan over / across

tepasida tepasida above / on top of

yuqorisida yuqorisida above

bo‘yida bo‘yida along the edge/bank of

Kitob stol ustida turibdi.

Kitob stol ustida turibdi.

“The book is on the table.”

21. “Under / beneath”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ostida ostida under / beneath

tagida tagida under

tubida tubida at the bottom of

pastida pastida below

ostiga ostiga under / underneath

tagiga tagiga under

Mushuk stol tagida yotibdi.

Mushuk stol tagida yotibdi.

“The cat is lying under the table.”

22. “In front of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

oldida oldida in front of

qarshisida qarshisida opposite / in front of

ro‘parasida ro‘parasida opposite / directly in front of

yuzasida yuzasida on the surface of

Mashina uyning oldida turibdi.

Mashina uyning oldida turibdi.

“The car is in front of the house.”

23. “Behind”

Uzbek Transliteration English

orqasida orqasida behind

ortida ortida behind

ketida ketida behind / after

orqasiga orqasiga behind / to the back of

ortidan ortidan after / behind

Uy maktabning orqasida joylashgan.

Uy maktabning orqasida joylashgan.

“The house is located behind the school.”

24. “Outside”

Uzbek Transliteration English

tashqarisida tashqarisida outside

tashqarida tashqarida outside

tashqari tashqari outside / besides

...dan tashqari ...dan tashqari besides / apart from

...dan bo‘lak ...dan bo‘lak apart from

Uydan tashqarida kutdim.

Uydan tashqarida kutdim.

“I waited outside the house.”

25. “Besides / except / apart from”

Uzbek Transliteration English

tashqari tashqari besides / except

...dan tashqari ...dan tashqari besides / except for

boshqa boshqa other than

...dan boshqa ...dan boshqa other than

bo‘lak bo‘lak besides / apart from

...dan bo‘lak ...dan bo‘lak apart from

o‘zga o‘zga other than

...dan o‘zga ...dan o‘zga other than

mustasno mustasno except

...dan mustasno ...dan mustasno except for

Sizdan boshqa hamma keldi.

Sizdan boshqa hamma keldi.

“Everyone except you came.”

26. “Along”

Uzbek Transliteration English

bo‘ylab bo‘ylab along

yoqalab yoqalab along

qirg‘og‘i bo‘ylab qirg‘og‘i bo‘ylab along the shore

ko‘chasi bo‘ylab ko‘chasi bo‘ylab along the street

yo‘l bo‘ylab yo‘l bo‘ylab along the road

Daryo bo‘ylab sayr qildik.

Daryo bo‘ylab sayr qildik.

“We walked along the river.”

27. “Via / by way of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

orqali orqali via / through

yo‘li bilan yo‘li bilan by way of

yo‘nalishi orqali yo‘nalishi orqali via the route of

yordamida yordamida by means of

vositasida vositasida by means of

28. “Instead of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

o‘rniga o‘rniga instead of

...ning o‘rniga ...ning o‘rniga instead of

...ish o‘rniga ...ish o‘rniga instead of doing

...dan ko‘ra ...dan ko‘ra rather than

o‘rniga o‘rniga in place of

29. “Despite / in spite of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

...ga qaramay ...ga qaramay despite

shunga qaramay shunga qaramay nevertheless

bunga qaramay bunga qaramay despite this

...ishiga qaramay ...ishiga qaramay despite the fact that

...ga qaramasdan ...ga qaramasdan despite / regardless of

30. “By / according to / in terms of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

bo‘yicha bo‘yicha according to / by

ko‘ra ko‘ra according to / compared with

asosida asosida based on

asosida asosida on the basis of

nuqtai nazaridan nuqtai nazaridan from the point of view of

jihatidan jihatidan in terms of

tomonidan tomonidan by / on the part of

vositasida vositasida by means of

Qonun bo‘yicha bu mumkin emas.

Qonun bo‘yicha bu mumkin emas.

“According to the law, this is not possible.”

31. “By” — agent of a passive

Uzbek commonly uses tomonidan.

Uzbek Transliteration English

tomonidan tomonidan by

...tomonidan ...tomonidan by

tarafidan tarafidan by / on the part of

jihatidan jihatidan from the standpoint of

Kitob muallif tomonidan yozilgan.

Kitob muallif tomonidan yozilgan.

“The book was written by the author.”

32. “On behalf of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

nomidan nomidan on behalf of

tomonidan tomonidan by / on behalf of

tarafidan tarafidan on the part of

Men tashkilot nomidan gapirdim.

Men tashkilot nomidan gapirdim.

“I spoke on behalf of the organization.”

33. “For the sake of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

yo‘lida yo‘lida for the sake of

uchun uchun for

deb deb for the sake of / in order to

maqsadida maqsadida for the purpose of

manfaatlari yo‘lida manfaatlari yo‘lida for the benefit of

34. “Regarding / in relation to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

haqida haqida about

borasida borasida regarding

yuzasidan yuzasidan concerning

bo‘yicha bo‘yicha regarding

xususida xususida concerning

to‘g‘risida to‘g‘risida concerning

jihatidan jihatidan in terms of

munosabati bilan munosabati bilan in connection with

munosabat bilan munosabat bilan in connection with

35. “Within the framework/scope of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

doirasida doirasida within the framework/scope of

chegarasida chegarasida within the limits of

asosida asosida on the basis of

negizida negizida on the basis/foundation of

tarkibida tarkibida within / as part of

safida safida among / within the ranks of

36. Case suffixes that perform prepositional functions

Because Uzbek is agglutinative, several meanings that English expresses with prepositions are expressed directly by case suffixes.

Uzbek suffix Transliteration Main meaning English equivalent

-da -da location in, at, on

-ga / -ka / -qa -ga / -ka / -qa direction to, toward

-dan -dan source/separation from, out of

-ning -ning possession/relation of

-ni -ni direct object the object / no English preposition

bilan bilan accompaniment with

uchun uchun purpose/beneficiary for

tomon tomon direction toward

sari sari direction toward

qadar qadar limit until/up to

Examples

Uzbek Transliteration English

uyda uyda in the house

uyga uyga to the house

uydan uydan from the house

uyning uyning of the house

do‘stim bilan do‘stim bilan with my friend

siz uchun siz uchun for you

shahar tomon shahar tomon toward the city

tongga qadar tongga qadar until dawn

37. Important compound relational expressions

Uzbek Transliteration English

...ga nisbatan ...ga nisbatan toward / relative to

...ga qaraganda ...ga qaraganda compared with

...ga qarab ...ga qarab depending on / according to

...ga muvofiq ...ga muvofiq according to / in accordance with

...ga binoan ...ga binoan according to / pursuant to

...ga asosan ...ga asosan according to / based on

...ga asoslanib ...ga asoslanib based on

...dan qat’i nazar ...dan qat’i nazar regardless of

...dan farqli ravishda ...dan farqli ravishda unlike / differently from

...ga zid ravishda ...ga zid ravishda contrary to

...bilan birga ...bilan birga together with

...bilan birgalikda ...bilan birgalikda together with

...bilan bir qatorda ...bilan bir qatorda alongside / as well as

...bilan bog‘liq holda ...bilan bog‘liq holda in connection with

...bilan bog‘liq ravishda ...bilan bog‘liq ravishda in relation to

...munosabati bilan ...munosabati bilan in connection with / on the occasion of

...munosabati yuzasidan ...munosabati yuzasidan concerning

...nuqtai nazaridan ...nuqtai nazaridan from the point of view of

...jihatidan ...jihatidan in terms of

...tomonidan ...tomonidan by

...nomidan ...nomidan on behalf of

...evaziga ...evaziga in exchange for

...o‘rniga ...o‘rniga instead of

...yo‘lida ...yo‘lida for the sake of

...maqsadida ...maqsadida for the purpose of

12- DETERMINERS

Uzbek Transliteration English

bu bu this

shu shu this / this particular

u u that

o‘sha o‘sha that / that particular

mana bu mana bu this here

mana shu mana shu this particular one

ana u ana u that over there

ana shu ana shu that particular one

mana mana here is / this

ana ana there is / that

Examples

Uzbek Transliteration English

bu kitob bu kitob this book

shu kitob shu kitob this book / this particular book

u kitob u kitob that book

o‘sha kitob o‘sha kitob that particular book

mana bu uy mana bu uy this house here

ana u mashina ana u mashina that car over there

Important distinction

bu = relatively neutral “this”

shu = “this particular / this one”

u = “that”

o‘sha = “that particular / that one”

2. Interrogative determiners

These occur before nouns when asking about identity, quantity, choice, etc.

Uzbek Transliteration English

qaysi qaysi which

qanday qanday what kind of / what sort of

qancha qancha how much

nechta nechta how many

necha necha how many / how much

qanaqa qanaqa what kind of

qaysi bir qaysi bir which one

qaysi biri qaysi biri which one

nechanchi nechanchi which number / what-th

qancha miqdordagi qancha miqdordagi how much / of what quantity

Examples

Qaysi kitobni oldingiz?

Qaysi kitobni oldingiz?

“Which book did you buy?”

Nechta kitobingiz bor?

Nechta kitobingiz bor?

“How many books do you have?”

3. Indefinite determiners

Uzbek normally creates indefinite meanings with bir, indefinite pronouns, and particles such as -dir.

Uzbek Transliteration English

bir bir a / one / some

biror biror some / any / a certain

biron biron some / any / a certain

birorta birorta any / some one

qandaydir qandaydir some kind of / some

qaysidir qaysidir some particular / a certain

nimadir nimadir something / some

kimdir kimdir someone / somebody

qayerdir qayerdir somewhere

allaqanday allaqanday some kind of / some strange

allaqaysi allaqaysi some particular

allaqancha allaqancha quite a lot / some considerable amount

allaqachon allaqachon already

qanday bo‘lmasin qanday bo‘lmasin some kind of / whatever kind

bir + noun

bir kitob

bir kitob

“a book / one book”

The exact meaning depends on context.

4. Definite reference

Uzbek has no separate word for “the.”

Definiteness can be indicated through:

Demonstratives

Uzbek Transliteration English

bu kitob bu kitob this book

shu kitob shu kitob this particular book

u kitob u kitob that book

o‘sha kitob o‘sha kitob that particular book

Possessive constructions

Uzbek Transliteration English

mening kitobim mening kitobim my book

uning kitobi uning kitobi his/her book

Alining kitobi Alining kitobi Ali's book

Definite object marking

The accusative -ni can help mark a specific/definite direct object:

Men kitobni o‘qidim.

Men kitobni o‘qidim.

“I read the book.”

Compare:

Men kitob o‘qidim.

Men kitob o‘qidim.

“I read a book / I did some reading.”

Thus -ni is not a determiner, but it participates in Uzbek definiteness/reference.

5. Quantifying determiners

Basic quantity

Uzbek Transliteration English

ko‘p ko‘p many / much

oz oz few / little

kam kam few / little

bir qancha bir qancha several / a number of

bir nechta bir nechta several

bir talay bir talay quite a lot of

talay talay many / a lot of

anchagina anchagina quite a lot of

ancha ancha quite a few / considerable

son-sanoqsiz son-sanoqsiz countless

behisob behisob countless

mo‘l mo‘l abundant / plentiful

yetarli yetarli enough / sufficient

yetarlicha yetarlicha enough / sufficiently

Examples

Ko‘p odamlar keldi.

Ko‘p odamlar keldi.

“Many people came.”

Bir nechta kitob sotib oldim.

Bir nechta kitob sotib oldim.

“I bought several books.”

6. Universal / distributive determiners

Uzbek Transliteration English

har har every / each

har bir har bir every / each

barcha barcha all

hamma hamma all / everyone

har qanday har qanday any / any kind of

har qaysi har qaysi every / each

har birining har birining each one's

har ikkala har ikkala both

har ikki har ikki both / every two

har galgi har galgi every time's

har kungi har kungi daily / every day's

har safar har safar every time

Examples

Har bir talaba imtihon topshirdi.

Har bir talaba imtihon topshirdi.

“Every student took the exam.”

Barcha kitoblar stol ustida.

Barcha kitoblar stol ustida.

“All the books are on the table.”

7. “All”

Uzbek Transliteration English

barcha barcha all

hamma hamma all

butun butun whole / entire

jami jami total / all

yalpi yalpi total / entire

barchasi barchasi all of them

hammasi hammasi all of them

to‘liq to‘liq entire / complete

Distinction

barcha talabalar

barcha talabalar

“all students”

hamma talabalar

hamma talabalar

“all the students”

butun shahar

butun shahar

“the whole city”

8. “Each / every”

Uzbek Transliteration English

har har every

har bir har bir each / every

har qaysi har qaysi each / every

har kim har kim everyone / everyone who

har narsa har narsa everything

har qanday har qanday any / every kind of

har ikkala har ikkala both

har ikki har ikki both

Har bir talaba o‘z kitobini oldi.

Har bir talaba o‘z kitobini oldi.

“Each student took his/her book.”

9. Negative determiners

Uzbek Transliteration English

hech hech no / any

hech qanday hech qanday no / no kind of

hech qaysi hech qaysi none / no

hech bir hech bir not a single / no

hech qanday bir hech qanday bir no particular

hech qaysi bir hech qaysi bir none of

These normally occur with negation.

Hech qanday muammo yo‘q.

Hech qanday muammo yo‘q.

“There is no problem.”

Hech bir talaba kelmadi.

Hech bir talaba kelmadi.

“Not a single student came.”

10. Negative quantity

Uzbek Transliteration English

hech qanday hech qanday no / none

hech bir hech bir not any / not a single

birorta ham birorta ham not a single / any

hech qaysi hech qaysi none / no

na bir na bir not even one

bir dona ham bir dona ham not even one

Birorta ham kitob topilmadi.

Birorta ham kitob topilmadi.

“Not a single book was found.”

11. “Any”

Uzbek Transliteration English

biror biror any / some

biron biron any / some

birorta birorta any one

har qanday har qanday any / any kind of

istalgan istalgan any / whichever

xohlagan xohlagan any / whatever one wants

qaysi bo‘lsa ham qaysi bo‘lsa ham whichever

qanday bo‘lsa ham qanday bo‘lsa ham whatever kind

hech qanday hech qanday any, in negative contexts

Example

Istalgan kitobni tanlang.

Istalgan kitobni tanlang.

“Choose any book.”

12. “Either / either one”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ikkisidan biri ikkisidan biri either one of the two

har ikkala har ikkala both

istalgan biri istalgan biri either/any one

ikkalasidan birortasi ikkalasidan birortasi either one

biri yoki ikkinchisi biri yoki ikkinchisi one or the other

13. “Neither”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ikkalasi ham emas ikkalasi ham emas neither

hech qaysisi hech qaysisi neither / none

hech biri hech biri neither / none

na biri, na ikkinchisi na biri, na ikkinchisi neither one nor the other

ikkisidan hech biri ikkisidan hech biri neither of the two

14. “Both”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ikkala ikkala both

har ikkala har ikkala both

har ikki har ikki both

ikkalasi ham ikkalasi ham both of them

ikkovi ham ikkovi ham both of them

Ikkala kitob ham qiziq.

Ikkala kitob ham qiziq.

“Both books are interesting.”

15. Numeral determiners

Uzbek cardinal numbers can directly determine nouns.

Uzbek Transliteration English

bir bir one

ikki ikki two

uch uch three

to‘rt to‘rt four

besh besh five

olti olti six

yetti yetti seven

sakkiz sakkiz eight

to‘qqiz to‘qqiz nine

o‘n o‘n ten

yigirma yigirma twenty

o‘ttiz o‘ttiz thirty

qirq qirq forty

ellik ellik fifty

yuz yuz hundred

ming ming thousand

million million million

milliard milliard billion

Uch kitob

uch kitob

“three books”

Unlike English, Uzbek generally does not put a plural suffix after a numeral:

uch kitob = “three books”

not uch kitoblar in the ordinary neutral construction.

16. Ordinal determiners

Ordinal numbers can determine nouns.

Uzbek Transliteration English

birinchi birinchi first

ikkinchi ikkinchi second

uchinchi uchinchi third

to‘rtinchi to‘rtinchi fourth

beshinchi beshinchi fifth

oxirgi oxirgi last

navbatdagi navbatdagi next / following

keyingi keyingi next / subsequent

oldingi oldingi previous / preceding

Birinchi kun

birinchi kun

“the first day”

17. Fractional / partitive determiners

Uzbek Transliteration English

yarim yarim half

chorak chorak quarter

uchdan bir uchdan bir one third

ikkidan bir ikkidan bir one half

beshdan bir beshdan bir one fifth

bir qism bir qism a part

bir bo‘lak bir bo‘lak a piece

bir parcha bir parcha a piece

bir dona bir dona one piece/item

bir juft bir juft a pair

bir guruh bir guruh a group

bir to‘da bir to‘da a group / bunch

bir nechta bir nechta several

18. Collective determiners

Uzbek Transliteration English

ikkala ikkala both

uchala uchala all three

to‘rtala to‘rtala all four

beshala beshala all five

ikkovi ikkovi the two of them

uchovi uchovi the three of them

barchasi barchasi all of them

hammasi hammasi all of them

The -ala formation is particularly useful:

ikki → ikkala

ikki → ikkala

two → both

uch → uchala

uch → uchala

three → all three

19. Possessive determiners

Uzbek has possessive pronouns and possessive constructions.

Uzbek Transliteration English

mening mening my

sening sening your

uning uning his / her / its

bizning bizning our

sizning sizning your

ularning ularning their

These normally occur with a noun that carries a possessive suffix.

Uzbek Transliteration English

mening kitobim mening kitobim my book

sening kitobing sening kitobing your book

uning kitobi uning kitobi his/her book

bizning kitobimiz bizning kitobimiz our book

sizning kitobingiz sizning kitobingiz your book

ularning kitobi ularning kitobi their book

20. Possessive forms without an explicit determiner

Uzbek can omit the possessive pronoun when the possessive suffix makes the possessor clear from context.

Uzbek Transliteration English

kitobim kitobim my book

kitobing kitobing your book

kitobi kitobi his/her book

kitobimiz kitobimiz our book

kitobingiz kitobingiz your book

kitoblari kitoblari their book(s)

21. “Own”

The reflexive o‘z is used for “one's own.”

Uzbek Transliteration English

o‘z o‘z one's own

o‘zining o‘zining one's own

o‘z kitobi o‘z kitobi one's own book

o‘z uyimiz o‘z uyimiz our own house

o‘z fikri o‘z fikri his/her own opinion

U o‘z kitobini oldi.

U o‘z kitobini oldi.

“He/she took his/her own book.”

22. “Certain / particular”

Uzbek Transliteration English

biror biror a certain / some

biron biron a certain / some

muayyan muayyan a certain / specific

ma’lum ma’lum certain / particular / known

muayyan bir muayyan bir a certain

ayrim ayrim certain / some / particular

qandaydir qandaydir some kind of

qaysidir qaysidir a certain / some particular

o‘ziga xos o‘ziga xos distinctive / particular

Muayyan bir sabab bor.

Muayyan bir sabab bor.

“There is a certain reason.”

23. “Some”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ba’zi ba’zi some

ayrim ayrim some / certain

bir qancha bir qancha several / some

bir nechta bir nechta several

bir talay bir talay quite a few

biror biror some / a certain

biron biron some / a certain

qandaydir qandaydir some kind of

qaysidir qaysidir some particular

Ba’zi odamlar buni yoqtirmaydi.

Ba’zi odamlar buni yoqtirmaydi.

“Some people don't like this.”

24. “Few / several”

Uzbek Transliteration English

bir nechta bir nechta several

bir qancha bir qancha several / a number of

ozgina ozgina a little / a few

oz oz few / little

sanoqli sanoqli few / limited in number

kam sonli kam sonli few in number

ayrim ayrim some / certain

25. “Many / much”

Uzbek Transliteration English

ko‘p ko‘p many / much

juda ko‘p juda ko‘p very many / much

ko‘plab ko‘plab numerous / many

talay talay many / plenty

bir talay bir talay quite a lot of

anchagina anchagina quite a lot of

son-sanoqsiz son-sanoqsiz countless

behisob behisob countless

26. “Whole / entire”

Uzbek Transliteration English

butun butun whole / entire

jami jami total / whole

yalpi yalpi entire / total

to‘liq to‘liq complete / entire

barcha barcha all

hamma hamma all

Butun shahar uxlayotgan edi.

Butun shahar uxlayotgan edi.

“The whole city was sleeping.”

27. “Half / part of”

Uzbek Transliteration English

yarim yarim half

yarimta yarimta half of one

chorak chorak quarter

bir qism bir qism a part of

bir bo‘lak bir bo‘lak a piece of

bir parcha bir parcha a piece of

bir tomchi bir tomchi a drop of

bir chimdim bir chimdim a pinch of

bir qultum bir qultum a sip of

28. Measure/classifier-like determiners

Uzbek frequently uses measure words with nouns.

Uzbek Transliteration English

bir dona bir dona one item/piece

birta birta one / a single one

bir juft bir juft a pair

bir dasta bir dasta a bunch

bir to‘da bir to‘da a group/bunch

bir guruh bir guruh a group

bir uyum bir uyum a pile

bir qop bir qop a sack of

bir shisha bir shisha a bottle of

bir piyola bir piyola a cup/bowl of

bir stakan bir stakan a glass of

bir bo‘lak bir bo‘lak a piece/slice

bir parcha bir parcha a piece

bir tomchi bir tomchi a drop

bir qoshiq bir qoshiq a spoonful

bir hovuch bir hovuch a handful

bir chimdim bir chimdim a pinch

29. Focus/limiting determiner-like words

These aren't all strict determiners, but they can modify or limit noun phrases.

Uzbek Transliteration English

faqat faqat only

faqatgina faqatgina only

aynan aynan exactly / precisely

ayniqsa ayniqsa especially

hatto hatto even

o‘zi o‘zi itself / himself / herself

bor-yo‘g‘i bor-yo‘g‘i only / merely

atigi atigi only / merely

xolos xolos only / that's all

naq naq exactly / precisely

hech bo‘lmaganda hech bo‘lmaganda at least

kamida kamida at least

ko‘pi bilan ko‘pi bilan at most

Faqat bu kitoblar kerak.

Faqat bu kitoblar kerak.

“Only these books are needed.”

30. Emphatic determiners / particles

Uzbek Transliteration English

o‘sha o‘sha that very / that particular

shu shu this very / this particular

aynan shu aynan shu exactly this

aynan o‘sha aynan o‘sha exactly that

xuddi shu xuddi shu exactly this

xuddi o‘sha xuddi o‘sha exactly that

hatto shu hatto shu even this

hatto o‘sha hatto o‘sha even that

31. Distributive expressions

Uzbek Transliteration English

har bir har bir each / every

birma-bir birma-bir one by one

bittadan bittadan one each

ikkitadan ikkitadan two each

uchtadan uchtadan three each

har biridan har biridan from each

har biriga har biriga to each

har birining har birining each one's

har kuni har kuni every day

har hafta har hafta every week

har oy har oy every month

har yili har yili every year

32. Indefinite forms with -dir

The suffix -dir creates indefinite/unknown reference.

Uzbek Transliteration English

kimdir kimdir someone

nimadir nimadir something

qayerdir qayerdir somewhere

qachondir qachondir sometime

qaysidir qaysidir some particular

qandaydir qandaydir some kind of

qancha-dir qancha-dir some amount

Examples:

Qandaydir muammo bor.

Qandaydir muammo bor.

“There is some kind of problem.”

Qaysidir odam buni aytdi.

Qaysidir odam buni aytdi.

“Some particular person said this.”

33. Allaq- indefinite forms

Uzbek Transliteration English

allaqanday allaqanday some kind of / some strange

allaqaysi allaqaysi some particular

allaqancha allaqancha quite a lot / some considerable amount

allakim allakim someone or other

allanima allanima something or other

allaqayer allaqayer somewhere or other

allaqachon allaqachon already

34. Istalgan- “any”

Uzbek Transliteration English

istalgan istalgan any / whichever

istalgan bir istalgan bir any one

istalgan odam istalgan odam anyone / any person

istalgan narsa istalgan narsa anything

istalgan vaqt istalgan vaqt any time

istalgan joy istalgan joy any place

35. Xohlagan- “whatever/any”

Uzbek Transliteration English

xohlagan xohlagan any / whatever

xohlagan odam xohlagan odam anyone / whoever

xohlagan narsa xohlagan narsa anything / whatever

xohlagan joy xohlagan joy anywhere

xohlagan vaqt xohlagan vaqt anytime

13- IF CONDITIONAL

Zero conditional -sa + present Suv qaynasa, bug‘ chiqadi

First conditional -sa + future Kelsa, kutaman

Second conditional -sa edi + -ardi Boy bo‘lsam edi, sayohat qilardim

Third conditional -gan bo‘lsa edi + bo‘lardi O‘qigan bo‘lsam edi, o‘tgan bo‘lardim

Mixed conditional -ganimda edi + bo‘lardim O‘qiganimda edi, shifokor bo‘lardim

Negative -masa Kelmasa, ketaman

Even if -sa ham Kelsa ham, boraman

Unless -masa Ishlamasang, topolmaysan

Men o‘qirdim I would read

Sen o‘qirding You would read

U o‘qirdi He/She would read

Biz o‘qirdik We would read

Siz o‘qirdingiz You would read

Ular o‘qirdilar They would read

Men bo‘lardim I would be

Sen bo‘larding You would be

U bo‘lardi He/She would be

Biz bo‘lardik We would be

Siz bo‘lardingiz You would be

Ular bo‘lardilar They would be

I would read o‘qirdim verb + ar + edim

I would be bo‘lardim bo‘l + ar + dim

I would have read o‘qigan bo‘lardim -gan + bo‘lardim (use -gan for every pronoun)

I would be reading o‘qiyotgan bo‘lardim -ayotgan + bo‘lardim

I would have been reading o‘qib turgan bo‘lardim -ib turgan + bo‘lardim

I would not read o‘qimasdim -mas + dim

I would not have read o‘qimagan bo‘lardim -magan + bo‘lardim

I would not read Men o‘qimasdim

I would not be Men bo‘lmasdim

I would not have read Men o‘qimagan bo‘lardim

I would not have been Men bo‘lmagan bo‘lardim

I would not be reading Men o‘qimayotgan bo‘lardim

I would not have been reading Men o‘qimayotgan bo‘lgan bo‘lardim

I would never read Men hech qachon o‘qimasdim

He said he would not read U o‘qimasligini aytdi

would be read o‘qilardi

would not be read o‘qilmasdi

would have been read o‘qilgan bo‘lardi

would not have been read o‘qilmagan bo‘lardi

would be being read o‘qilayotgan bo‘lardi

would not be being read o‘qilmayotgan bo‘lardi

would have been being read o‘qilib turgan bo‘lardi

would not have been being read o‘qilmay turgan bo‘lardi

would always be read doim o‘qilardi

he said it would be read o‘qilishini aytdi

would not be written yozilmasdi

would not be read o‘qilmasdi

would not be done qilinmasdi

would not be being written yozilmayotgan bo‘lardi

would not be being read o‘qilmayotgan bo‘lardi

would not have been written yozilmagan bo‘lardi

would not have been read o‘qilmagan bo‘lardi

would never be written hech qachon yozilmasdi

would not always be written har doim yozilmasdi

he said it would not be written yozilmasligini aytdi

if agar, agarda

when -ganda, qachon

whenever har safar, har qachon

unless agar ...-masa

even if -sa ham

although garchi, -sa ham

as long as bo‘lsa, sharti bilan

provided that sharti bilan

in case agar, bo‘lsa

only if faqat ... bo‘lsa, -sagina

if only qaniydi, koshki

whether -mi yoki

otherwise aks holda, bo‘lmasa

before oldin, -masdan oldin

after keyin, -gandan keyin

until -guncha, gacha

since -dan beri

as soon as bilanoq, zahoti

14- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

big katta katta uy

bigger katta + roq kattaroq uy

bigger than -dan ko‘ra + roq undan ko‘ra kattaroq

as big as kabi/dek u kabi katta

not as big as kabi emas u kabi katta emas

the biggest eng + adjective eng katta

very big juda + adjective juda katta

much bigger ancha + roq ancha kattaroq

more and more tobora + roq tobora kattaroq

more books ko‘proq kitob

fewer books kamroq kitob

more than him undan ko‘ra ko‘proq

the most books eng ko‘p kitob

the fewest books eng kam kitob

work more ko‘proq ishlamoq (More + Verb)

work less kamroq ishlamoq

run faster tezroq yugurmoq

speak better yaxshiroq gapirmoq

work the most eng ko‘p ishlamoq

work the least eng kam ishlamoq

Ali Valydan ko‘ra ko‘proq kitob o‘qiydi. Ali reads more books than Vali.

FORMATION:

Ali = subject

Valydan ko‘ra = than Vali

ko‘proq kitob = more books

o‘qiydi = reads

Ali Valydan ko‘ra balandroq. Ali is taller than Vali.

Breakdown:

Ali = Ali

Valydan ko‘ra = than Vali

balandroq = taller

U ko‘proq ishlaydi. He works more.

as big as katta kabi / katta dek U otasidek katta

as beautiful as chiroyli kabi Bu u kabi chiroyli

exactly as xuddi ... kabi xuddi onasidek

like/as -dek / -day gulday chiroyli

as much as shuncha / kabi men kabi ishlaydi

not as...as kabi emas u kabi katta emas

as many as shuncha shuncha kitob

Ali Vali kabi baland. Ali is as tall as Vali.

FORMATION:

Ali = Ali

Vali kabi = as Vali / like Vali

baland = tall

U otasi singari aqlli. He is as intelligent as his father. (use singari for more literary/formal)

U xuddi otasidek kuchli. He is exactly as strong as his father. (Use xuddi ... kabi when emphasizing that two things are exactly similar.)

Bu rasm xuddi haqiqiy kabi chiroyli. This picture is as beautiful as the real thing.

haqiqy = the real thing

chiroyli = beautiful

Positive ADJ katta big

Comparative ADJ + -roq kattaroq bigger

Comparative than X + Y-dan + ADJ-roq Ali Akmaldan balandroq Ali is taller than Akmal

Compared with Y-ga qaraganda + ADJ-roq Unga qaraganda yaxshiroq better than him

Formal comparison Y-ga nisbatan + ADJ-roq avvalgisiga nisbatan kattaroq bigger than the previous one

Equality Y kabi + ADJ u kabi baland as tall as him

Equality Y-dek + ADJ udek baland as tall as him

Negative equality Y kabi + ADJ + emas u kabi baland emas not as tall as him

More ko‘proq + noun/verb ko‘proq kitob more books

Less kamroq + noun/verb kamroq kitob fewer books

Superlative eng + ADJ eng katta biggest

Superlative in group group + ichida + eng + ADJ sinf ichida eng baland tallest in the class

Superlative of all hammasidan + ADJ-roq hammasidan balandroq tallest of all

One of the most eng + ADJ + -lardan biri eng yaxshi...lardan biri one of the best

Much more ancha + ADJ-roq ancha kattaroq much bigger

Slightly more biroz/sal + ADJ-roq biroz kattaroq slightly bigger

Even more yanada + ADJ-roq yanada yaxshiroq even better

Increasingly tobora + ADJ-roq tobora yaxshiroq increasingly better

Very juda + ADJ juda katta very big

Extremely nihoyatda/o‘ta + ADJ nihoyatda katta extremely big

15- RELATIVE CLAUSES

-ki clause main clause + -ki + clause Shunday odam borki, u yordam beradi There is a person who helps

Whoever kim + V-sa Kim ishlasa, pul topadi Whoever works earns money

Whatever nima + V-sa Nima xohlasang, shuni ol Take whatever you want

Whichever qaysi + ...-sa Qaysi kitobni tanlasang, shuni ol Take whichever book you choose

Wherever qayerda ... o‘sha yerda Qayerda yashasang, o‘sha yerda ishlaysan Wherever you live, you work there

Wherever → to qayerga ... o‘sha yerga Qayerga borsang, o‘sha yerga boraman Wherever you go, I'll go there

Wherever → from qayerdan ... o‘sha yerdan Qayerdan olsang, o‘sha yerdan olib kel Bring it from wherever you get it

Whenever qachon ... o‘sha paytda Qachon kelsang, o‘sha paytda gaplashamiz Whenever you come, we'll talk

However qanday ... shunday Qanday qilsang, shunday bo‘ladi It will be however you do it

REDUCED:

who came Verb + -gan + noun kelgan odam

who works Verb + -adigan + noun ishlaydigan odam

who is working Verb + -ayotgan + noun ishlayotgan odam

that I wrote Verb + -gan + noun yozgan xat

where I live Verb + -adigan + place yashaydigan joy

when we met Verb + -gan + time uchrashgan kun

whose -ning / possessive uning kitobi

The man who reads books Kitob o‘qiydigan odam

The book that I read Men o‘qigan kitob

who/that did S + V-gan + N men ko‘rgan odam the person I saw

who/that is doing S + V-yotgan + N men ko‘rayotgan odam the person I am seeing

who/that does S + V-adigan + N bu yerda ishlaydigan odam the person who works here

who/that will do S + V-adigan + N ertaga keladigan odam the person who will come tomorrow

who/that didn't S + V-ma-gan + N men ko‘rmagan odam the person I didn't see

who/that doesn't S + V-ma-ydigan + N go‘sht yemaydigan odam a person who doesn't eat meat

that was done V-il-gan + N yozilgan xat letter that was written

that is being done V-il-yotgan + N yozilayotgan xat letter being written

that will be done V-il-adigan + N yoziladigan xat letter that will be written

whoever kim + V-sa kim kelsa whoever comes

whatever nima + V-sa + shuni nima xohlasang, shuni whatever you want

whichever qaysi + ...-sa + o‘sha/shuni qaysi birini tanlasang, shuni whichever you choose

wherever qayerda + V-sa qayerda yashasang wherever you live

whenever qachon + V-sa qachon kelsang whenever you come

explicit relative clause + -ki + clause shunday odam borki... there is a person who...

16- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech: Speaker + verb of saying + "exact words"

Reported Speech:

He is tired adjective + -ligini U charchaganligini aytdi He said that he was tired

He is a doctor noun + ekanligini U shifokor ekanligini aytdi He said that he was a doctor

He read it -ganini U o‘qiganini aytdi He said that he had read it

He is reading -ayotganini U o‘qiyotganini aytdi He said that he was reading

He will read -ishini U o‘qishini aytdi He said that he would read

He wants to read -moqchi ekanini U o‘qimoqchi ekanini aytdi He said that he wanted to read

He didn't read -maganini U o‘qimaganini aytdi He said that he hadn't read

He won't read -masligini U o‘qimasligini aytdi He said that he wouldn't read

He is not reading -mayotganini U o‘qimayotganini aytdi He said that he wasn't reading

"Come!" -ishini U kelishimni aytdi He told me to come

"Don't come!" -masligimni U kelmasligimni aytdi He told me not to come

"Where are you going?" question word + -ishini U qayerga borishimni so‘radi He asked where I was going

"Will you come?" -ish/-maslik + ... U kelish-kelmasligimni so‘radi He asked whether I would come

completed action V-gan + poss. + -ni kelganini

negative completed V-ma-gan + poss. + -ni kelmaganini

ongoing V-yotgan + poss. + -ni kelayotganini

negative ongoing V-ma-yotgan + poss. + -ni kelmayotganini

future/intention V-ish + poss. + -ni kelishini

negative future V-ma-slik + poss. + -ni kelmasligini

intention V-moqchi ekan + poss. + -ni kelmoqchi ekanini

identity/state N/Adj + ekan + poss. + -ni shifokor ekanini

negative identity N/Adj + emas + lig + poss. + -ni shifokor emasligini

formal completed V-gan + lig + poss. + -ni kelganligini

direct quotation Clause + deb + V keladi deb aytdi

reported command V-ish + poss. + -ni kelishimni aytdi

negative command V-ma-slik + poss. + -ni kelmasligimni aytdi

reported request V-ish + poss. + -ni kelishimni so‘radi

yes/no question V-ish / V-ma-slik + poss. + -ni kelish-kelmasligimni so‘radi

WH-question WH + V + poss. + -ni qayerga borishimni so‘radi

suggestion V-ish + taklif qilmoq borishni taklif qildi

hope V-ish + poss. + -ga kelishiga umid qildi

conditional V-sa + reported clause bo‘lsa, kelishini aytdi

17- INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS

to read -moq o‘qimoq

reading -ish o‘qish

I like reading -ishni o‘qishni yaxshi ko‘raman

to do in order to -ish uchun qilish uchun

before doing -ishdan oldin kelishdan oldin

after doing -gandan keyin kelgandan keyin

without doing -masdan aytmasdan

while doing -ib kulib

seeing you -ib ko‘rib

having done -gan qilgan

I am happy seeing you Sizni ko‘rib xursandman Verb + -ib

I am happy to see you Sizni ko‘rganimdan xursandman Verb + -ganimdan

I plan to eat Men ovqat yemoqchiman Verb + -moqchi

I plan eating Men ovqat yeyishni rejalashtiryapman Verb + -ishni + verb

I see him run Men uning yugurganini ko‘raman Verb + -ganini

I see him running Men uning yugurayotganini ko‘raman Verb + -ayotganini

I eat to play Men o‘ynash uchun ovqat yeyman Verb + -ish uchun

18- SUBJUNCTIVE

if I do qilsam verb + -sa

if I did qilgan bo‘lsam -gan bo‘lsam

I would do qilardim -ardi

I would not do qilmasdim -masdim

I would have done qilgan bo‘lardim -gan bo‘lardim

I would not have done qilmagan bo‘lardim -magan bo‘lardim

if only qaniydi/koshki + edi

let him do qilsin -sin

let's do qilaylik -aylik

should do qilishi kerak -ishi kerak

19- TAG QUESTIONS

..., isn't it? ..., shundaymi?

..., right? ..., to‘g‘rimi?

..., don't you? ..., shundaymi?

..., didn't he? ..., to‘g‘rimi?

Isn't it? emasmi?

You know, right? bilasiz-ku?

You have it, don't you? sizda bor, to‘g‘rimi?

Positive Negative English

Kelasanmi? Kelmaysanmi? Will you come? / Won't you come?

Kelyapsanmi? Kelmayapsanmi? Are you coming? / Aren't you coming?

Keldingmi? Kelmadingmi? Did you come? / Didn't you come?

U keladimi? U kelmaydimi? Will he come? / Won't he come?

U kelyaptimi? U kelmayaptimi? Is he coming? / Isn't he coming?

U keldimi? U kelmadimi? Did he come? / Didn't he come?

U shifokormi? U shifokor emasmi? Is he a doctor? / Isn't he a doctor?

Sizda pul bormi? Sizda pul yo‘qmi? Do you have money? / Don't you have money?

20- MODAL WORDS

Uzbek Transliteration English

mumkin mumkin possible / may / can

mumkin bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lishi it may be / it is possible

mumkin emas mumkin emas impossible / cannot

ehtimol ehtimol perhaps / probably

ehtimolki ehtimolki perhaps / possibly

balki balki perhaps / maybe

chamasi chamasi presumably / probably

shekilli shekilli apparently / seemingly

aftidan aftidan apparently / seemingly

ko‘rinishicha ko‘rinishicha apparently / judging by appearances

ehtimol bilan ehtimol bilan possibly

katta ehtimol bilan katta ehtimol bilan most probably

bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lishi mumkin may / might / can be

mumkin edi mumkin edi could have / was possible

ehtimol ... ehtimol ... perhaps ...

Example

U kelishi mumkin.

U kelishi mumkin.

He may/can come.

Ehtimol, u bugun keladi.

Ehtimol, u bugun keladi.

Perhaps he will come today.

2. Necessity — “must / have to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

kerak kerak necessary / need to

kerak bo‘lmoq kerak bo‘lmoq to be necessary

kerak edi kerak edi was/were necessary / should have

kerak bo‘ladi kerak bo‘ladi will be necessary / will need to

zarur zarur necessary / essential

zarur bo‘lmoq zarur bo‘lmoq to be necessary

shart shart must / required

shart bo‘lmoq shart bo‘lmoq to be required

majbur majbur obliged / forced

majbur bo‘lmoq majbur bo‘lmoq have to / be obliged

majburiy majburiy obligatory / mandatory

lozim lozim necessary / must / ought to

lozim bo‘lmoq lozim bo‘lmoq to be necessary

darkor darkor necessary / needed

muqarrar muqarrar inevitable / unavoidable

zarracha shart emas zarracha shart emas not necessary at all

Examples

Men borishim kerak.

Men borishim kerak.

I must / need to go.

Siz bu ishni qilishingiz shart.

Siz bu ishni qilishingiz shart.

You must do this work.

U ertaga kelishi lozim.

U ertaga kelishi lozim.

He should/must come tomorrow.

3. Obligation / compulsion

Uzbek Transliteration English

majbur majbur obliged / forced

majburan majburan forcibly / under compulsion

majbur bo‘lib majbur bo‘lib being obliged

majbur bo‘lmoq majbur bo‘lmoq to have to / be forced to

shart shart must / obligatory

shart shart required

majburiy majburiy compulsory / mandatory

iloj yo‘q iloj yo‘q there is no choice

iloji yo‘q iloji yo‘q there is no way

boshqa iloj yo‘q boshqa iloj yo‘q there is no other choice

majbur bo‘laman majbur bo‘laman I will have to

Men ketishga majbur bo‘ldim.

Men ketishga majbur bo‘ldim.

I had to leave / I was forced to leave.

4. Permission — “may / be allowed to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

mumkin mumkin may / can

mumkinmi? mumkinmi? may I? / is it possible?

ruxsat ruxsat permission

ruxsat etilgan ruxsat etilgan permitted / allowed

ruxsat berilgan ruxsat berilgan permitted

ruxsat bermoq ruxsat bermoq to permit

ijozat ijozat permission

ijozat etmoq ijozat etmoq to permit

ijozat bermoq ijozat bermoq to allow

bo‘ladi bo‘ladi may / that's allowed

bo‘lmaydi bo‘lmaydi may not / not allowed

Example

Bu yerda o‘tirish mumkinmi?

Bu yerda o‘tirish mumkinmi?

May I sit here?

Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas.

Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas.

Smoking is not allowed here.

5. Ability — “can / be able to”

Uzbek normally expresses ability with -a/-y olmoq rather than a separate modal verb.

Uzbek Transliteration English

olmoq olmoq to be able to

qila olmoq qila olmoq to be able to do

bora olmoq bora olmoq to be able to go

ko‘ra olmoq ko‘ra olmoq to be able to see

ayta olmoq ayta olmoq to be able to say

bilmoq bilmoq know how to / be able to

uddalamoq uddalamoq manage / be able to

qo‘lidan kelmoq qo‘lidan kelmoq be capable of

imkoniyati bor imkoniyati bor have the ability/opportunity

qodir qodir capable / able

Example

Men buni qila olaman.

Men buni qila olaman.

I can do this.

U suza oladi.

U suza oladi.

He can swim.

6. Inability — “cannot”

Uzbek Transliteration English

qila olmaydi qila olmaydi cannot do

bora olmaydi bora olmaydi cannot go

mumkin emas mumkin emas impossible / cannot

iloji yo‘q iloji yo‘q impossible / there is no way

qo‘lidan kelmaydi qo‘lidan kelmaydi cannot / is incapable

qodir emas qodir emas is unable / incapable

imkoniyati yo‘q imkoniyati yo‘q has no possibility

uddalay olmaydi uddalay olmaydi cannot manage

7. Advice / recommendation — “should / ought to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

kerak kerak should / ought to

lozim lozim should / ought to

zarur zarur should / necessary

ma’qul ma’qul advisable / preferable

yaxshi yaxshi it is good / advisable

yaxshiroq yaxshiroq better / it would be better

afzal afzal preferable

tavsiya etiladi tavsiya etiladi it is recommended

maslahat maslahat advice

maslahat bermoq maslahat bermoq to advise

ma’qul bo‘ladi ma’qul bo‘ladi it would be advisable

yaxshi bo‘lardi yaxshi bo‘lardi it would be better

Examples

Siz ko‘proq dam olishingiz kerak.

Siz ko‘proq dam olishingiz kerak.

You should rest more.

Ertaroq kelganingiz ma’qul.

Ertaroq kelganingiz ma’qul.

You had better come earlier.

Bu haqda o‘ylab ko‘rganingiz yaxshi bo‘lardi.

Bu haqda o‘ylab ko‘rganingiz yaxshi bo‘lardi.

It would be better if you thought about this.

8. Desire / wish — “want / would like”

These are not always classified as modal words in the strictest grammatical sense, but they express modality.

Uzbek Transliteration English

xohlamoq xohlamoq to want

istamoq istamoq to wish / want

xohish xohish desire / wish

istak istak wish / desire

niyat niyat intention

niyat qilmoq niyat qilmoq intend / plan

orzu qilmoq orzu qilmoq dream / wish

umid qilmoq umid qilmoq hope

umid qilamanki umid qilamanki I hope that

xohlardim xohlardim I would like

istardim istardim I would like / I would wish

Men siz bilan gaplashishni xohlardim.

Men siz bilan gaplashishni xohlardim.

I would like to talk with you.

9. Probability / likelihood

Uzbek Transliteration English

ehtimol ehtimol perhaps / probably

ehtimolki ehtimolki perhaps

balki balki maybe / perhaps

chamasi chamasi probably / approximately

shekilli shekilli apparently / seemingly

aftidan aftidan apparently

ko‘rinishicha ko‘rinishicha apparently

taxminan taxminan approximately

katta ehtimol bilan katta ehtimol bilan most probably

ehtimoli bor ehtimoli bor there is a possibility

ehtimoli yuqori ehtimoli yuqori highly likely

ehtimoli past ehtimoli past unlikely

bo‘lsa kerak bo‘lsa kerak probably / must be

kerak kerak probably / must be

balkim balkim perhaps / maybe

Important construction: -sa kerak

U hozir uyda bo‘lsa kerak.

U hozir uyda bo‘lsa kerak.

He is probably at home now.

Here kerak does not mean “must” in the obligation sense. It expresses a strong inference/probability.

10. Certainty — “certainly / definitely”

Uzbek Transliteration English

albatta albatta certainly / definitely

shubhasiz shubhasiz undoubtedly

so‘zsiz so‘zsiz certainly / unquestionably

muqarrar muqarrar inevitable / certain

aniq aniq certain / definitely

ravshan ravshan clear / evidently

haqiqatan haqiqatan truly / really

rostdan rostdan really / truly

chindan chindan genuinely / truly

darhaqiqat darhaqiqat indeed

qat’iy qat’iy definitely / firmly

qat’iyan qat’iyan categorically / definitely

tabiiyki tabiiyki naturally / of course

shak-shubhasiz shak-shubhasiz unquestionably

U albatta keladi.

U albatta keladi.

He will definitely come.

11. Uncertainty / doubt

Uzbek Transliteration English

balki balki maybe / perhaps

ehtimol ehtimol perhaps

shubhasiz emas shubhasiz emas not certain

shubhali shubhali doubtful

gumon gumon suspicion / doubt

gumon qilmoq gumon qilmoq to suspect

gumonimcha gumonimcha in my suspicion / I suspect

bilmadim bilmadim I don't know / perhaps

shekilli shekilli apparently / seemingly

chamasi chamasi apparently / probably

aftidan aftidan apparently

ko‘rinadi ko‘rinadi it seems

ko‘rinishicha ko‘rinishicha apparently

12. Evidential / inferential modality

These indicate that the speaker is inferring something from evidence or reporting something indirectly.

Uzbek Transliteration English

shekilli shekilli apparently / it seems

aftidan aftidan apparently

ko‘rinishicha ko‘rinishicha apparently / judging by appearances

qaraganda qaraganda judging by / apparently

o‘xshashicha o‘xshashicha apparently / seemingly

go‘yo go‘yo as if / supposedly

go‘yoki go‘yoki supposedly / as if

emish emish reportedly / supposedly

deyishlaricha deyishlaricha reportedly / they say

eshitishimcha eshitishimcha as I hear / reportedly

ma’lum bo‘lishicha ma’lum bo‘lishicha apparently / as it turns out

aytishlaricha aytishlaricha reportedly / they say

xabar berishlaricha xabar berishlaricha according to reports

Example

U kasal ekan, shekilli.

U kasal ekan, shekilli.

Apparently, he is sick.

U ertaga kelar emish.

U ertaga kelar emish.

They say he will come tomorrow.

13. Necessity vs probability: kerak

This is especially important in Uzbek.

Construction Meaning

V + -ish kerak must / need to / should

V + -sa kerak probably / must be / I suppose

N + kerak need for N / necessary N

kerak emas need not / should not

kerak bo‘ladi will be necessary

kerak edi was necessary / should have

Compare

Men borishim kerak.

Men borishim kerak.

I must/need to go.

U kelgan bo‘lsa kerak.

U kelgan bo‘lsa kerak.

He must have come / He probably came.

14. Prohibition — “must not / may not”

Uzbek Transliteration English

mumkin emas mumkin emas cannot / may not

mumkin emas mumkin emas not allowed

bo‘lmaydi bo‘lmaydi must not / not allowed

taqiqlangan taqiqlangan prohibited

taqiqlanadi taqiqlanadi is prohibited

man etilgan man etilgan forbidden

man qilinadi man qilinadi is forbidden

shart emas shart emas need not

zinhor zinhor by no means

aslo aslo absolutely not

sira sira not at all / never

Bu yerda mashina qo‘yish mumkin emas.

Bu yerda mashina qo‘yish mumkin emas.

You may not park a car here.

15. Lack of necessity — “need not / don't have to”

Uzbek Transliteration English

kerak emas kerak emas don't need to

shart emas shart emas don't have to

zarur emas zarur emas not necessary

lozim emas lozim emas not necessary

hojati yo‘q hojati yo‘q no need

ehtiyoj yo‘q ehtiyoj yo‘q no need

shart bo‘lmaydi shart bo‘lmaydi it will not be necessary

Siz borishingiz shart emas.

Siz borishingiz shart emas.

You don't have to go.

16. Intention / future-oriented modality

Uzbek Transliteration English

niyat qilmoq niyat qilmoq intend

rejalashtirmoq rejalashtirmoq plan

mo‘ljallamoq mo‘ljallamoq intend / plan

ko‘zlamoq ko‘zlamoq intend / aim

umid qilmoq umid qilmoq hope

xohlamoq xohlamoq want

istamoq istamoq wish / want

qaror qilmoq qaror qilmoq decide

ahd qilmoq ahd qilmoq resolve / vow

va’da bermoq va’da bermoq promise

va’da qilmoq va’da qilmoq promise

17. Volitional / willingness

Uzbek Transliteration English

xohlamoq xohlamoq want

istamoq istamoq wish

rozi bo‘lmoq rozi bo‘lmoq agree / consent

rozi rozi willing / agreeable

tayyor tayyor ready / willing

tayyor bo‘lmoq tayyor bo‘lmoq be ready/willing

ko‘nmoq ko‘nmoq agree / consent

ixtiyoriy ixtiyoriy voluntary / optional

ixtiyoriy ravishda ixtiyoriy ravishda voluntarily

18. Evaluation — “it is good/bad/advisable”

Uzbek Transliteration English

yaxshi yaxshi good / advisable

yomon yomon bad / inadvisable

ma’qul ma’qul advisable / suitable

noma’qul noma’qul inadvisable / unsuitable

afzal afzal preferable

yaxshiroq yaxshiroq better

foydali foydali useful / beneficial

zararli zararli harmful

zarur zarur necessary

muhim muhim important

lozim lozim necessary / proper

darkor darkor needed / necessary

19. “Fortunately / unfortunately” modal evaluation

These often express the speaker's attitude toward a situation.

Uzbek Transliteration English

baxtga qarshi baxtga qarshi unfortunately

afsuski afsuski unfortunately

attang attang unfortunately / what a pity

xayriyat xayriyat fortunately / thank goodness

baxtimizga baxtimizga fortunately

afsuski afsuski sadly / unfortunately

ajabki ajabki surprisingly

hayriyatki hayriyatki fortunately

20. “Of course / naturally”

Uzbek Transliteration English

albatta albatta of course / certainly

tabiiyki tabiiyki naturally / of course

tabiiy ravishda tabiiy ravishda naturally

o‘z-o‘zidan o‘z-o‘zidan naturally / automatically

shubhasiz shubhasiz undoubtedly

so‘zsiz so‘zsiz unquestionably

hech shubhasiz hech shubhasiz without any doubt

albatta-da albatta-da of course!

21. “Apparently / seemingly”

Uzbek Transliteration English

shekilli shekilli apparently

aftidan aftidan apparently

ko‘rinishicha ko‘rinishicha apparently

qaraganda qaraganda judging by

ko‘rinadi ko‘rinadi it seems

o‘xshaydi o‘xshaydi it seems / appears

chamasi chamasi apparently / probably

go‘yo go‘yo as if

go‘yoki go‘yoki supposedly / as if

22. “Supposedly / reportedly”

Uzbek Transliteration English

emish emish reportedly / supposedly

go‘yoki go‘yoki supposedly

go‘yo go‘yo as if / supposedly

deyishlaricha deyishlaricha reportedly

aytishlaricha aytishlaricha they say / reportedly

eshitishimcha eshitishimcha as I hear

ma’lum bo‘lishicha ma’lum bo‘lishicha as it turns out

xabar berishlaricha xabar berishlaricha according to reports

23. “Almost / nearly”

These can express approximation or degree of modality.

Uzbek Transliteration English

deyarli deyarli almost / nearly

qariyb qariyb almost / approximately

salkam salkam nearly

oz qoldi oz qoldi almost

sal qolsa sal qolsa almost

arang arang barely / only just

U deyarli yiqilib tushdi.

U deyarli yiqilib tushdi.

He almost fell.

24. “At least / at most / only”

These are often classified as focus/limiting particles or adverbials rather than pure modal words.

Uzbek Transliteration English

faqat faqat only

faqatgina faqatgina only

xolos xolos only / that's all

atigi atigi only / merely

bor-yo‘g‘i bor-yo‘g‘i only / merely

hech bo‘lmaganda hech bo‘lmaganda at least

kamida kamida at least

ko‘pi bilan ko‘pi bilan at most

naq naq exactly / precisely

aynan aynan exactly / precisely

25. “Even / surely / definitely” emphasis

Uzbek Transliteration English

hatto hatto even

hatto ham hatto ham even

aynan aynan exactly

ayniqsa ayniqsa especially

mutlaqo mutlaqo absolutely

butunlay butunlay completely

aslo aslo absolutely not

zinhor zinhor by no means

sira sira not at all

26. “Maybe” expressions

Uzbek Transliteration English

balki balki maybe

balkim balkim maybe

ehtimol ehtimol perhaps

ehtimolki ehtimolki perhaps

chamasi chamasi probably

shekilli shekilli apparently

aftidan aftidan apparently

mumkin mumkin possibly

bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lishi mumkin it may be

bo‘lsa kerak bo‘lsa kerak probably

27. “Must be / probably” inference

Uzbek does not have a direct equivalent of English must in the inferential sense. It commonly uses:

Formation Transliteration Meaning

V + -sa kerak V + -sa kerak must/probably V

V + -gan bo‘lsa kerak V + -gan bo‘lsa kerak must have V-ed

N + bo‘lsa kerak N + bo‘lsa kerak must be N

kerak kerak presumably / probably

shekilli shekilli apparently

aftidan aftidan apparently

U uyda bo‘lsa kerak.

U uyda bo‘lsa kerak.

He must be at home / He is probably at home.

U kelgan bo‘lsa kerak.

U kelgan bo‘lsa kerak.

He must have come / He probably came.

28. “Should have / ought to have”

Uzbek Transliteration English

kerak edi kerak edi should have / was supposed to

lozim edi lozim edi ought to have

zarur edi zarur edi it was necessary to

qilishi kerak edi qilishi kerak edi he/she should have done

qilishi lozim edi qilishi lozim edi he/she ought to have done

qilgani ma’qul edi qilgani ma’qul edi it would have been better to do

Men buni oldinroq qilishim kerak edi.

Men buni oldinroq qilishim kerak edi.

I should have done this earlier.

29. “Would / hypothetical”

Uzbek does not have one word corresponding exactly to English would. Conditional and hypothetical meaning is usually expressed with -sa, edi, bo‘lardi, etc.

Uzbek Transliteration English

bo‘lardi bo‘lardi would be

qilardi qilardi would do / used to do

borardi borardi would go / used to go

bo‘lgan bo‘lardi bo‘lgan bo‘lardi would have been

qilgan bo‘lardi qilgan bo‘lardi would have done

bo‘lsa bo‘lsa if it were/is

agar ... bo‘lsa agar ... bo‘lsa if ...

...gan bo‘lardi ...gan bo‘lardi would have ...

30. “Need / necessity”

Uzbek Transliteration English

kerak kerak need

zarur zarur necessary

lozim lozim necessary

darkor darkor needed

shart shart required

ehtiyoj ehtiyoj need

ehtiyoj bor ehtiyoj bor there is a need

ehtiyoj yo‘q ehtiyoj yo‘q there is no need

hojati bor hojati bor there is a need

hojati yo‘q hojati yo‘q there is no need

The most important Uzbek modal constructions

If your goal is to learn the core modal system, these are the constructions to memorize first:

Formation Transliteration Meaning

V + -(a)y olmoq V + -(a)y olmoq can / be able to

V + -ish kerak V + -ish kerak must / need to / should

V + -ish shart V + -ish shart must / be required to

V + -ish lozim V + -ish lozim ought to / must

V + -ish zarur V + -ish zarur need to / it is necessary to

V + -sa kerak V + -sa kerak probably / must be

V + -gan bo‘lsa kerak V + -gan bo‘lsa kerak must have / probably did

V + -ish mumkin V + -ish mumkin may / can / it is possible to

V + -ish mumkin emas V + -ish mumkin emas cannot / may not

V + -ish shart emas V + -ish shart emas don't have to

V + -ish kerak emas V + -ish kerak emas need not

V + -ishga majbur bo‘lmoq V + -ishga majbur bo‘lmoq have to / be forced to

V + -gan bo‘lardi V + -gan bo‘lardi would have done

V + -ar edi / -ardi V + -ar edi / -ardi would / used to

agar ... -sa agar ... -sa if ...

V + -sa ham V + -sa ham even if / although

V + -masa V + -masa unless / if not

V + -ishi ma’qul V + -ishi ma’qul it is advisable to

V + -gani yaxshi V + -gani yaxshi it is good/better to

V + -ishni xohlamoq V + -ishni xohlamoq want to

V + -ishni istamoq V + -ishni istamoq wish to

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

There is a book Kitob bor noun + bor

There are books Kitoblar bor plural noun + bor

There is no book Kitob yo‘q noun + yo‘q

Is there a book? Kitob bormi? noun + bor + mi

Was there a book? Kitob bor edi noun + bor edi

There was no book Kitob yo‘q edi noun + yo‘q edi

There will be a book Kitob bo‘ladi noun + bo‘ladi

There has been a problem Muammo bo‘lgan noun + bo‘lgan

I have a book Menda kitob bor person + -da + noun + bor

I don't have a book Menda kitob yo‘q person + -da + noun + yo‘q

Do you have a book? Senda kitob bormi? + bor-mi

I had a book Menda kitob bor edi + bor edi

I didn't have a book Menda kitob yo‘q edi + yo‘q edi

I will have a book Menda kitob bo‘ladi + bo‘ladi

IMPERATIVES:

Do! (informal) verb stem Kel!

Do! (polite) verb + -ing Keling!

Do! (plural) verb + -inglar Kelinglar!

Let's do verb + -aylik Boraylik!

Let me do verb + -ay Boray

Let him do verb + -sin Borsin

Don't do verb + -ma Borma

Don't do (polite) verb + -mang Bormang

Be done passive + -sin Qilinsin

Be written passive + -sin Yozilsin

Be opened passive + -sin Ochilsin

Must be done passive + -ilishi kerak Qilinishi kerak

Must not be done passive + -ilmasligi kerak Qilinmasligi kerak

Do not be done passive + -ilmasin Qilinmasin