1- TURKMEN ALPHABET

A a -> a a in father at (horse)

Ä ä -> ä a in cat älem (world)

B b -> be b in book balyk (fish)

C c -> je j in jam ýolçy (traveler)

Ç ç çe ch in chair çaý (tea)

D d de d in dog dag (mountain)

E e e e in bed (sometimes ye at beginning) el (people)

F f ef f in fish futbol

G g ge g in go gül (flower)

H h he h in house howa (weather)

I i y short i like bit ýyl (year)

J j že s in measure, z in azure jurnal

Ž ž že zh in vision Žirin (mostly foreign words)

K k ke k in kite kitap (book)

L l le l in love ýol

M m me m in man men (I)

N n ne n in no ýurt (country)

Ň ň nge ng in sing soň (after, later)

O o o o in more ýol

Ö ö ö German ö or French eu göz (eye)

P p pe p in pen pul (money)

R r re rolled or tapped r ýol

S s se s in see suw (water)

Ş ş şe sh in ship şäher (city)

T t te t in stop tam (wall)

U u u oo in food ýurt

Ü ü ü German ü or French u üzüm (grape)

W w we w in water (often between English w and v) welaýat (province)

Y y ye y in yes ýaş (young)

Ý ý yot y in yes, often representing historical y/i sounds ýyl (year)

Z z ze z in zoo zaman (time)

2- WORD ORDER

1 Basic S + V Men uklaýaryn. Men uklaýaryn. I am sleeping.

2 Direct object S + DO + V Men kitaby okaýaryn. Men kitaby okaýaryn. I am reading the book.

3 Indirect object S + IO + DO + V Men oňa kitaby berýärin. Men oňa kitaby berýärin. I give him/her the book.

4 Beneficiary S + DO + üçin + V Men onuň üçin kitap satyn alýaryn. Men onuň üçin kitap satyn alýaryn. I am buying a book for him/her.

5 IO pronoun S + IO + DO + V Men oňa kitaby berýärin. Men oňa kitaby berýärin. I give him/her the book.

6 Adjective S + Adj + (to be) Kitap uly. Kitap uly. The book is big.

7 Adverb S + Adv + V Ol çalt okaýar. Ol çalt okaýar. He/she reads quickly.

8 Direct object + adverb S + DO + Adv + V Men kitaby çalt okaýaryn. Men kitaby çalt okaýaryn. I read the book quickly.

9 Time adverb S + Time + V Men şu gün işleýärin. Men şu gün işleýärin. I am working today.

10 Place adverb S + Place + V Ol şol ýerde ýaşaýar. Ol şol ýerde ýaşaýar. He/she lives there.

11 Postpositional phrase S + N + postposition + (to be) Kitap stoluň üstünde. Kitap stoluň üstünde. The book is on the table.

12 DO + place S + DO + Place + V Men kitaby stoluň üstüne goýýaryn. Men kitaby stoluň üstüne goýýaryn. I put the book on the table.

13 Determiner + noun Det + N Bu kitap täze. Bu kitap täze. This book is new.

14 Determiner + adjective + noun Det + Adj + N Bu uly kitap täze. Bu uly kitap täze. This big book is new.

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Iki kitap täze. Iki kitap täze. Two books are new.

16 Conjunction Clause + Conj + Clause Men okaýaryn we ol ýazýar. Men okaýaryn we ol ýazýar. I read and he/she writes.

17 Conjunction + objects S + DO + V + Conj + S + DO + V Men kitaby okaýaryn we ol hat ýazýar. Men kitaby okaýaryn we ol hat ýazýar. I read the book and he/she writes a letter.

18 Present passive DO + passive V Kitap okalýar. Kitap okalýar. The book is being read.

19 Passive + agent DO + Agent + tarapyndan + passive V Kitap onuň tarapyndan okalýar. Kitap onuň tarapyndan okalýar. The book is being read by him/her.

20 Passive + IO DO + IO + passive V Kitap oňa berilýär. Kitap oňa berilýär. The book is being given to him/her.

21 Passive + IO + agent DO + IO + Agent + tarapyndan + passive V Kitap oňa onuň tarapyndan berilýär. Kitap oňa onuň tarapyndan berilýär. The book is being given to him/her by him/her.

22 Passive + adverb DO + Time + passive V Kitap şu gün okalýar. Kitap şu gün okalýar. The book is being read today.

23 Passive + place DO + Place + passive V Kitap stoluň üstüne goýulýar. Kitap stoluň üstüne goýulýar. The book is being put on the table.

24 Passive + agent + adverb DO + Time + Agent + tarapyndan + passive V Kitap şu gün onuň tarapyndan okalýar. Kitap şu gün onuň tarapyndan okalýar. The book is being read by him/her today.

25 Passive + agent + IO + adverb DO + Time + IO + Agent + tarapyndan + passive V Kitap şu gün okuwça mugallym tarapyndan berilýär. Kitap şu gün okuwça mugallym tarapyndan berilýär. The book is being given to the student by the teacher today.

26 Perfect passive DO + passive V + -an/-en Kitap okalan. Kitap okalan. The book has been read.

27 Perfect passive + agent DO + Agent + tarapyndan + passive V + -an/-en Kitap onuň tarapyndan okalan. Kitap onuň tarapyndan okalan. The book has been read by him/her.

28 Future passive DO + passive V + -jak/-jek Kitap okaljak. Kitap okaljak. The book will be read.

29 Future passive + agent DO + Agent + tarapyndan + passive V + -jak/-jek Kitap onuň tarapyndan okaljak. Kitap onuň tarapyndan okaljak. The book will be read by him/her.

30 Modal passive DO + passive V + -maly/-meli Kitap okalmaly. Kitap okalmaly. The book must/should be read.

31 Negative S + DO + negative V Men kitaby okamaýaryn. Men kitaby okamaýaryn. I am not reading the book.

32 Negative passive DO + negative passive V Kitap onuň tarapyndan okalmaýar. Kitap onuň tarapyndan okalmaýar. The book is not being read by him/her.

33 Yes/no question S + DO + V + -my/-mi? Sen kitaby okaýarsyňmy? Sen kitaby okaýarsyňmy? Are you reading the book?

34 Passive question DO + passive V + -my/-mi? Kitap okalýarmy? Kitap okalýarmy? Is the book being read?

35 Agent question DO + kim tarapyndan + passive V? Kitap kim tarapyndan okalýar? Kitap kim tarapyndan okalýar? By whom is the book being read?

36 IO question Kime + DO + V? Kitaby kime berýärsiň? Kitaby kime berýärsiň? To whom do you give the book?

37 Imperative DO + V! Kitaby oka! Kitaby oka! Read the book!

38 Imperative + IO IO + DO + V! Oňa kitaby ber! Oňa kitaby ber! Give him/her the book!

39 Passive imperative DO + passive V + -lsyn/-lsin! Kitap okalsyn! Kitap okalsyn! Let the book be read!

40 Infinitive V-mak/-mek okamak okamak to read

41 Infinitive + DO DO + V-mak/-mek kitaby okamak kitaby okamak to read the book

42 Passive infinitive passive V-mak/-mek okamak → okalmak okalmak to be read

43 Purpose S + V-mak/-mek üçin + V Men oýnamak üçin nahar iýýärin. Men oýnamak üçin nahar iýýärin. I eat in order to play.

44 Relative clause [V-en/-an + possessive] + N Meniň okan kitabym gyzykly. Meniň okan kitabym gyzykly. The book that I read is interesting.

45 Passive relative [passive V-an/-en] + N Onuň tarapyndan okalan kitap gyzykly. Onuň tarapyndan okalan kitap gyzykly. The book that was read by him/her is interesting.

46 Conditional Eger + clause, clause Eger wagtym bolsa, okaýaryn. Eger wagtym bolsa, okaýaryn. If I have time, I read.

47 Conditional + passive Eger + passive clause, clause Eger kitap okalsa, ol öwrenýär. Eger kitap okalsa, ol öwrenýär. If the book is read, he/she learns.

48 Reported speech S + V + -ýandygyny/-endigini/-jekdigini + aýtmak Ol okaýandygyny aýdýar. Ol okaýandygyny aýdýar. He/she says that he/she is reading.

49 Reported question WH + clause + possessive + -y/-i + soramak Ol meniň okaýandygymy soraýar. Ol meniň okaýandygymy soraýar. He/she asks whether I am reading.

50 Reported command/request S + IO + V-magy/-megi + possessive + haýyş etmek Ol menden okamagymy haýyş edýär. Ol menden okamagymy haýyş edýär. He/she asks me to read.

ADVERBS:

1 Manner Adverb + Verb Men kitaby çalt okaýaryn. I read the book quickly.

2 Place Place adverb + Verb Men kitaby şu ýerde okaýaryn. I read the book here.

3 Time Time adverb + Clause Düýn, men kitaby okadym. Yesterday, I read the book.

4 Frequency Frequency adverb + Verb Men köplenç kitap okaýaryn. I often read books.

5 Frequency + be Subject + Frequency + Predicate Ol hemişe bagtly. He is always happy.

6 Frequency + auxiliary Frequency + negative/past verbal construction Men ony hiç haçan görmedim. I have never seen him.

7 Degree Degree adverb + Adjective Bu örän gowy. This is very good.

8 Degree + verb Verb + Degree adverb Men muny örän halaýaryn. I like this very much.

9 Sentence adverb Sentence adverb + Clause Bagtymyza, men ýeňdim. Fortunately, I won.

10 Comment adverb Comment expression + Clause Dogrusyny aýtsam, bilemok. Honestly, I don't know.

11 Linking adverb Linking adverb + Clause Men ýadadym. Şeýle-de bolsa, işlemegi dowam etdim. I was tired. However, I continued working.

12 Direction Directional adverb + Verb Ol daşary çykdy. He went outside.

13 Definite frequency her + Time noun Men her gün kitap okaýaryn. I read books every day.

14 Duration Number + Time noun Men iki sagat okadym. I studied for two hours.

15 Purpose üçin + verbal noun / clause Men ol ýere okamak üçin barýaryn. I go there to study.

INDIRECT OBJECT:

Basic IO S + IO + V Men oňa kömek edýärin. I help him/her.

IO + DO S + IO + DO + V Men oňa kitap berýärin. I give him/her a book.

IO question Kime + DO + V? Kitaby kime berýärsiň? To whom do you give the book?

Passive + IO DO + IO + passive V Kitap oňa berilýär. The book is given to him/her.

Beneficiary S + onun üçin + DO + V Men onuň üçin kitap alýaryn. I buy a book for him/her.

Direction S + destination-DAT + V Men şähere barýaryn. I am going to the city.

For the indirect object/recipient, remember:

Kime? → -a/-e

GENITIVE:

Genitive noun N + -yň/-iň/-uň/-üň mugallymyň teacher's

Genitive + possessed noun GEN + N-POSS mugallymyň kitaby teacher's book

Whose? kimiň + N-POSS Kimiň kitaby? Whose book?

My meniň + N-POSS meniň kitabym my book

Your seniň + N-POSS seniň kitabyň your book

His/her onuň + N-POSS onuň kitaby his/her book

Our biziň + N-POSS biziň kitabymyz our book

Your siziň + N-POSS siziň kitabyňyz your book

Their olaryň + N-POSS olaryň kitaplary their books

INDEPENDENT:

mine meniňki meniňki

yours seniňki seniňki

his/hers onuňky onuňky

ours biziňki biziňki

yours siziňki siziňki

theirs olaryňky olaryňky

Bu kitap meniňki. This book is mine.

Bu kitap kimiňki? Bu kitap kimiňki? Whose book is this?

Bu kitap meniňki, seniňki däl. This book is mine, not yours.

WAS GOING TO:

1. “Was going to / intended to” — -jak/-jek + -dy

A very useful pattern is:

V-jak/-jek + -dy + personal ending

This expresses something that was going to happen / was expected or intended to happen.

Example: gitmek = to go

Men gitjekdim.

Men gitjekdim.

I was going to go.

Person Turkmen English

I Men gitjekdim. I was going to go.

you Sen gitjekdiň. You were going to go.

he/she Ol gitjekdi. He/she was going to go.

we Biz gitjekdik. We were going to go.

you Siz gitjekdiňiz. You were going to go.

they Olar gitjekdiler. They were going to go.

2. “Was going to” with a specific intention

Another very natural way is:

V-mak/-mek isleýärdi

was wanting to V / wanted to V

For example:

Men gitmek isleýärdim.

Men gitmek isleýärdim.

I wanted to go / I was going to go.

This emphasizes intention or desire rather than a future event that was expected.

English Turkmen

I was going to go Men gitmek isleýärdim.

You were going to go Sen gitmek isleýärdiň.

He/she was going to go Ol gitmek isleýärdi.

We were going to go Biz gitmek isleýärdik.

You were going to go Siz gitmek isleýärdiňiz.

They were going to go Olar gitmek isleýärdiler.

3. “Was planning to”

For a definite plan, use meýilleşdirmek = to plan.

V-mak/-mek meýilleşdirýärdi

Men gitmegi meýilleşdirýärdim.

Men gitmegi meýilleşdirýärdim.

I was planning to go.

English Turkmen

I was planning to go Men gitmegi meýilleşdirýärdim.

You were planning to go Sen gitmegi meýilleşdirýärdiň.

He/she was planning to go Ol gitmegi meýilleşdirýärdi.

We were planning to go Biz gitmegi meýilleşdirýärdik.

You were planning to go Siz gitmegi meýilleşdirýärdiňiz.

They were planning to go Olar gitmegi meýilleşdirýärdiler.

4. “Was about to”

If was going to means was just about to do something, use a construction with -jak/-jekdy or an expression such as ýazjak bolmak.

For example:

Men gitjek boldum.

Men gitjek boldum.

I was about to go.

This is closer to:

I was just about to leave.

5. Negative “wasn't going to”

For -jak/-jek + -dy, negate the verb:

V-me-jek-di

Men gitmejekdim.

Men gitmejekdim.

I wasn't going to go.

English Turkmen

I wasn't going to go Men gitmejekdim.

You weren't going to go Sen gitmejekdiň.

He/she wasn't going to go Ol gitmejekdi.

We weren't going to go Biz gitmejekdik.

You weren't going to go Siz gitmejekdiňiz.

They weren't going to go Olar gitmejekdiler.

2- NOUNS

Pattern 1 – Back-vowel nouns ending in a consonant

Examples:

kitap (book)

at (horse)

ýol (road)

Using kitap:

Case Singular Plural

Nominative kitap kitaplar

Genitive kitabyň kitaplaryň

Dative kitaba kitaplara

Accusative kitaby kitaplary

Locative kitapda kitaplarda

Ablative kitapdan kitaplardan

Pattern 2 – Front-vowel nouns ending in a consonant

Examples:

öý (house)

göz (eye)

it (dog)

Using öý:

Case Singular Plural

Nominative öý öýler

Genitive öýüň öýleriň

Dative öýe öýlere

Accusative öýi öýleri

Locative öýde öýlerde

Ablative öýden öýlerden

Pattern 3 – Back-vowel nouns ending in a vowel

Examples:

dünýä (world)

kaka (father)

Using kaka:

Case Singular Plural

Nominative kaka kakalar

Genitive kakanyň kakalaryň

Dative kakaa* kakalara

Accusative kakany kakalary

Locative kakada kakalarda

Ablative kakadan kakalardan

*In practice, vowel-final nouns may show spelling or pronunciation adjustments to avoid awkward vowel sequences. The exact written form depends on the word.

Pattern 4 – Front-vowel nouns ending in a vowel

Examples:

ene (mother)

köçe (street)

Using ene:

Case Singular Plural

Nominative ene eneler

Genitive enäniň eneleriň

Dative enä* enelere

Accusative enäni eneleri

Locative enede enelerde

Ablative eneden enelerden

*Some vowel-final nouns undergo minor stem changes before suffixes.

Pattern 5 – Consonant Alternation

These nouns undergo a stem change before vowel-initial suffixes (especially the genitive, dative, and accusative). The exact alternation depends on the word.

Example 1: kitap ("book")

The final p becomes b before vowel-initial endings.

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative kitap kitaplar book / books

Genitive kitabyň kitaplaryň of the book(s)

Dative kitaba kitaplara to the book(s)

Accusative kitaby kitaplary the book(s) (object)

Locative kitapda kitaplarda in/on the book(s)

Ablative kitapdan kitaplardan from the book(s)

Example 2: ýürek ("heart")

The final k becomes g before vowel-initial endings.

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative ýürek ýürekler heart / hearts

Genitive ýüregiň ýürekleriň of the heart(s)

Dative ýürege ýüreklere to the heart(s)

Accusative ýüregi ýürekleri the heart(s) (object)

Locative ýürekde ýüreklerde in the heart(s)

Ablative ýürekden ýüreklerden from the heart(s)

Pattern 6 – Common Irregular Nouns

These nouns mostly use the normal endings but may have lexical or historical stem changes. Each irregular noun should be learned individually.

Example: adam ("person")

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative adam adamlar person / people

Genitive adamyň adamlaryň of the person/people

Dative adama adamlara to the person/people

Accusative adamy adamlary the person/people (object)

Locative adamda adamlarda in/at the person/people

Ablative adamdan adamlardan from the person/people

Example: ogul ("son")

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative ogul ogullar son / sons

Genitive ogluň ogullaryň of the son(s)

Dative ogla ogullara to the son(s)

Accusative ogly ogullary the son(s) (object)

Locative ogulda ogullarda at the son(s)

Ablative oguldan ogullardan from the son(s)

Note: ogul is a good example of a noun whose stem changes before some vowel-initial endings (ogul → ogl-).

Pattern 7 – Personal Names

Personal names take the same case endings as regular nouns.

Example: Anna

Case Singular Plural* Meaning

Nominative Anna Annalar Anna / Annas

Genitive Annanyň Annalaryň of Anna(s)

Dative Annaa Annalara to Anna(s)

Accusative Annany Annalary Anna(s) (object)

Locative Annada Annalarda at Anna(s)

Ablative Annadan Annalardan from Anna(s)

*Plural personal names are uncommon and usually mean "the Annas" or "members of the Anna family."

Pattern 8 – Loanwords

Loanwords are declined just like native Turkmen nouns according to their pronunciation.

Example: telefon ("telephone")

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative telefon telefonlar telephone / telephones

Genitive telefonyň telefonlaryň of the telephone(s)

Dative telefona telefonlara to the telephone(s)

Accusative telefony telefonlary the telephone(s) (object)

Locative telefonda telefonlarda on/in the telephone(s)

Ablative telefondan telefonlardan from the telephone(s)

Example: bank

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative bank banklar bank / banks

Genitive bankyň banklaryň of the bank(s)

Dative banka banklara to the bank(s)

Accusative banky banklary the bank(s) (object)

Locative bankda banklarda at the bank(s)

Ablative bankdan banklardan from the bank(s)

Pattern 9 – Nouns ending in -l

These usually decline regularly.

Example: el (hand)

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative el eller hand / hands

Genitive eliň elleriň of the hand(s)

Dative ele ellere to the hand(s)

Accusative eli elleri the hand(s)

Locative elde ellerde in/on the hand(s)

Ablative elden ellerden from the hand(s)

Pattern 10 – Nouns ending in -n

These generally take suffixes directly.

Example: gün (day)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative gün günler

Genitive günüň günleriň

Dative güne günlere

Accusative güni günleri

Locative günde günlerde

Ablative günden günlerden

Pattern 11 – Nouns ending in -r

Example: şäher (city)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative şäher şäherler

Genitive şäheriň şäherleriň

Dative şähere şäherlere

Accusative şäheri şäherleri

Locative şäherde şäherlerde

Ablative şäherden şäherlerden

Pattern 12 – Nouns ending in -ş

Example: güneş (sun)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative güneş güneşler

Genitive güneşiň güneşleriň

Dative güneşe güneşlere

Accusative güneşi güneşleri

Locative güneşde güneşlerde

Ablative güneşden güneşlerden

Pattern 13 – Nouns ending in -z

Example: gyz (girl)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative gyz gyzlar

Genitive gyzyň gyzlaryň

Dative gyza gyzlara

Accusative gyzy gyzlary

Locative gyzda gyzlarda

Ablative gyzdan gyzlardan

Pattern 14 – Nouns ending in -m

Example: älem (world, universe)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative älem älemler

Genitive älemiň älemleriň

Dative äleme älemlere

Accusative älemi älemleri

Locative älemde älemlerde

Ablative älemden älemlerden

Pattern 15 – Nouns ending in -g

Example: dag (mountain)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative dag daglar

Genitive dagyň daglaryň

Dative daga daglara

Accusative dagy daglary

Locative dagda daglarda

Ablative dagdan daglardan

Pattern 16 – Nouns ending in -ç

Some nouns in -ç undergo a consonant alternation (ç → j) before vowel-initial suffixes, while others do not. This varies by word.

Example: agaç (tree)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative agaç agaçlar

Genitive agajyň

Dative agaja

Accusative agajy

Locative agaçda

Ablative agaçdan

Genitive Plural agaçlaryň

Dative Plural agaçlara

Accusative Plural agaçlary

Locative Plural agaçlarda

Ablative Plural agaçlardan

Notice that the stem changes only before vowel-initial endings (genitive, dative, accusative), while the locative and ablative keep ç because their suffixes begin with d.

Pattern 17 – Nouns ending in -y

Example: gapy (door)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative gapy gapylar

Genitive gapynyň gapylaryň

Dative gapa gapylara

Accusative gapyny gapylary

Locative gapyda gapylarda

Ablative gapydan gapylardan

Notes

The final -y is retained in most forms.

The dative may show contraction (gapa rather than gapya) in standard Turkmen.

Pattern 18 – Nouns ending in -e

Example: köçe (street)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative köçe köçeler

Genitive köçäniň köçeleriň

Dative köçä köçelere

Accusative köçäni köçeleri

Locative köçede köçelerde

Ablative köçeden köçelerden

Pattern 19 – Nouns ending in -a

Example: kaka (father, uncle)

Case Singular Plural

Nominative kaka kakalar

Genitive kakanyň kakalaryň

Dative kakaa*

Accusative kakany kakalary

Locative kakada kakalarda

Ablative kakadan kakalardan

*Two adjacent vowels may be pronounced as one long vowel in natural speech.

Pattern 20 – Nouns ending in -o

These are mostly loanwords.

Example: radio

Case Singular Plural

Nominative radio radiolar

Genitive radionyň radiolaryň

Dative radioa

Accusative radiony radiolary

Locative radioda radiolarda

Ablative radiodan radiolardan

Pattern 21 – Nouns ending in -ö

These are uncommon and mostly borrowed words.

Example (representative): kino is actually more common and ends in -o, so native -ö nouns are quite rare. When they occur, they generally follow the same pattern as other vowel-final nouns, with front-vowel suffixes where appropriate.

Pattern 22 – Abbreviations and Initialisms

Examples:

BMG (United Nations)

TDU (Turkmen State University)

These generally take suffixes based on how the abbreviation is pronounced, not just how it is spelled.

Example (illustrative):

Case Form

Nominative BMG

Genitive BMG-niň

Dative BMG-ä

Accusative BMG-ni

Locative BMG-de

Ablative BMG-den

A hyphen is commonly used before the suffix.

Pattern 23 – Acronyms Read as Words

If an acronym is pronounced as a normal word, it usually declines exactly like an ordinary noun.

Example (hypothetical):

Case Form

Nominative NATO

Genitive NATO-nyň

Dative NATO-a

Accusative NATO-ny

Locative NATO-da

Ablative NATO-dan

Pattern 24 – Compound Nouns

Example:

demir ýol ("railway", literally "iron road")

Usually, only the final noun receives the case ending.

Case Form

Nominative demir ýol

Genitive demir ýoluň

Dative demir ýola

Accusative demir ýoly

Locative demir ýolda

Ablative demir ýoldan

Plural:

Case Form

Nominative demir ýollar

Genitive demir ýollaryň

Dative demir ýollara

Accusative demir ýollary

Locative demir ýollarda

Ablative demir ýollardan

Pattern 25 – Proper Geographic Names

Place names decline like ordinary nouns.

Example: Aşgabat (Ashgabat)

Case Singular

Nominative Aşgabat

Genitive Aşgabadyň

Dative Aşgabada

Accusative Aşgabady

Locative Aşgabatda

Ablative Aşgabatdan

Pattern 16 – Nouns ending in -ç

Example: agaç ("tree")

The final ç changes to j before vowel-initial suffixes.

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative agaç agaçlar tree / trees

Genitive agajyň agaçlaryň of the tree(s)

Dative agaja agaçlara to the tree(s)

Accusative agajy agaçlary the tree(s) (object)

Locative agaçda agaçlarda in/on the tree(s)

Ablative agaçdan agaçlardan from the tree(s)

Pattern 17 – Nouns ending in -y

Example: gapy ("door")

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative gapy gapylar door / doors

Genitive gapynyň gapylaryň of the door(s)

Dative gapa gapylara to the door(s)

Accusative gapyny gapylary the door(s) (object)

Locative gapyda gapylarda at the door(s)

Ablative gapydan gapylardan from the door(s)

Pattern 18 – Nouns ending in -e

Example: köçe ("street")

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative köçe köçeler street / streets

Genitive köçäniň köçeleriň of the street(s)

Dative köçä köçelere to the street(s)

Accusative köçäni köçeleri the street(s) (object)

Locative köçede köçelerde in/on the street(s)

Ablative köçeden köçelerden from the street(s)

Pattern 19 – Nouns ending in -a

Example: kaka ("father", "uncle")

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative kaka kakalar father(s)

Genitive kakanyň kakalaryň of the father(s)

Dative kakaa* kakalara to the father(s)

Accusative kakany kakalary the father(s) (object)

Locative kakada kakalarda at the father(s)

Ablative kakadan kakalardan from the father(s)

*In speech, the two a vowels are usually pronounced together as a long vowel.

Pattern 20 – Loanwords ending in -o

Example: radio

Case Singular Plural Meaning

Nominative radio radiolar radio(s)

Genitive radionyň radiolaryň of the radio(s)

Dative radioa radiolara to the radio(s)

Accusative radiony radiolary the radio(s) (object)

Locative radioda radiolarda on/in the radio(s)

Ablative radiodan radiolardan from the radio(s)

Pattern 21 – Rare nouns ending in -ö

Native nouns ending in -ö are extremely rare. When such words occur (mostly borrowed words or names), they decline like other front-vowel vowel-final nouns.

Example (representative): Xö

Case Singular Plural

Nominative Xö Xöler

Genitive Xöniň Xöleriň

Dative Xöä Xölere

Accusative Xöni Xöleri

Locative Xöde Xölerde

Ablative Xöden Xölerden

Note: This is an illustrative pattern. There are essentially no common native Turkmen nouns ending in -ö, so you'll almost never encounter this in real texts.

Pattern 22 – Abbreviations

Example: BMG (United Nations)

Case Singular Plural*

Nominative BMG BMG-ler

Genitive BMG-niň BMG-leriň

Dative BMG-ä BMG-lere

Accusative BMG-ni BMG-leri

Locative BMG-de BMG-lerde

Ablative BMG-den BMG-lerden

*Plural abbreviations are uncommon.

Pattern 23 – Acronyms Pronounced as Words

Example: NATO

Case Singular Plural*

Nominative NATO NATO-lar

Genitive NATO-nyň NATO-laryň

Dative NATO-a NATO-lara

Accusative NATO-ny NATO-lary

Locative NATO-da NATO-larda

Ablative NATO-dan NATO-lardan

*Plural forms are rare.

Pattern 24 – Compound Nouns

Example: demir ýol ("railway")

Only the last noun takes the case ending.

Case Singular Plural

Nominative demir ýol demir ýollar

Genitive demir ýoluň demir ýollaryň

Dative demir ýola demir ýollara

Accusative demir ýoly demir ýollary

Locative demir ýolda demir ýollarda

Ablative demir ýoldan demir ýollardan

Pattern 25 – Geographic Names

Example: Aşgabat (Ashgabat)

Case Singular Plural*

Nominative Aşgabat Aşgabatlar

Genitive Aşgabadyň Aşgabatlaryň

Dative Aşgabada Aşgabatlara

Accusative Aşgabady Aşgabatlary

Locative Aşgabatda Aşgabatlarda

Ablative Aşgabatdan Aşgabatlardan

*Plural place names are uncommon and generally only used when referring to multiple places with the same name or in special contexts.

Indirect Object:

Subject (Or without for no emphasis) + Indirect Object + Direct Object + Verb+pronoun suffix

Men saňa kitap berýärin.

I give you a book.

Genitive:

Owner → Genitive + Possessed noun

Meniň kitabym.

My book.

Both together:

Owner + Genitive + Receiver + Dative

Men dostumyň kitabyny saňa berdim.

I gave my friend's book to you.

3- ADJECTIVES

Attribute adjective + noun uly jaý big house

Predicate noun + adjective Jaý uly house is big

Formal predicate noun + adjective + -dyr Jaý uludyr house is big

Negative predicate noun + adjective + däl Jaý uly däl house is not big

TO BE VERB:

1. Present Tense "To Be" (am/is/are)

In the present tense, Turkmen usually does not use a separate word for "am/is/are."

Structure:

Subject + noun/adjective

With Nouns

I am a teacher.

Men mugallym.

Breakdown:

Word Meaning

men I

mugallym teacher

Literally:

I teacher.

You are a student.

Sen okuwçy.

You are a student.

He is a doctor.

Ol lukman.

He is a doctor.

Full Table (Present)

English Turkmen

I am a teacher Men mugallym

You are a student Sen okuwçy

He/She is a doctor Ol lukman

We are friends Biz dost

You are students Siz okuwçy

They are teachers Olar mugallym

2. Present "To Be" with Adjectives

Structure:

Subject + adjective

Examples:

Men bagtly.

I am happy.

Sen gowy.

You are good.

Ol akylly.

He/She is intelligent.

Biz taýýar.

We are ready.

3. Formal Present "To Be" — -dyr/-dir

Turkmen can add:

-dyr

-dir

-dur

-dür

This makes the statement more formal or definite.

Structure:

noun/adjective + copula suffix

Examples:

Ol mugallymdyr.

He is a teacher.

Bu kitapdyr.

This is a book.

Ol güýçlüdir.

He is strong.

4. Negative Present "To Be"

Use:

däl = not

Structure:

Subject + noun/adjective + däl

Examples:

Men mugallym däl.

I am not a teacher.

Ol lukman däl.

He is not a doctor.

Bu gowy däl.

This is not good.

5. Present Questions

Add:

-my/-mi/-mu/-mü

Examples:

Sen okuwçymy?

Are you a student?

Ol mugallymmy?

Is he a teacher?

Bu dogrumy?

Is this correct?

With adjectives:

Sen bagtlymy?

Are you happy?

6. Past Tense "Was/Were"

Turkmen uses:

idi

= was/were

Structure:

Subject + noun/adjective + idi

Examples:

Men okuwçy idim.

I was a student.

Breakdown:

men = I

okuwçy = student

idim = was I

Past "To Be" Conjugation

English Turkmen

I was idim

You were idiň

He/She was idi

We were idik

You were idiňiz

They were idiler

Examples:

Ol lukmandy.

He was a doctor.

Biz bagtlydyk.

We were happy.

7. Negative Past "Was Not"

Use:

däldi

Examples:

Men okuwçy däldim.

I was not a student.

Ol öýde däldi.

He was not at home.

8. Past Questions

Examples:

Sen okuwçy idiňmi?

Were you a student?

Ol lukmandymy?

Was he a doctor?

9. Future "Will Be"

Turkmen uses:

bolmak = to be/become

Future:

bolar

= will be

Examples:

Men mugallym bolaryn.

I will be a teacher.

Ol baý bolar.

He will be rich.

Howa gowy bolar.

The weather will be good.

10. Future Conjugation of Bolmak

English Turkmen

I will be bolaryn

You will be bolarsyň

He/She will be bolar

We will be bolarys

You will be bolarsyňyz

They will be bolarlar

11. Negative Future

Use:

bolmaz

Examples:

Ol mugallym bolmaz.

He will not be a teacher.

Bu aňsat bolmaz.

This will not be easy.

12. Continuous "Being"

Turkmen uses:

bolmak + ýan

Examples:

Ol mugallym bolup işleýär.

He is working as a teacher.

Breakdown:

bolup = being/as

işleýär = works

4- PRONOUNS

1. Personal Pronouns (Şahsy çalyşmalar)

English Turkmen

I men

you (singular) sen

he/she/it ol

we biz

you (plural/formal) siz

they olar

2. Nominative Case (Subject)

Who? What?

Used when the pronoun is the subject.

English Turkmen

I men

you sen

he/she ol

we biz

you siz

they olar

Examples:

Men okaýaryn.

I am reading.

Ol işleýär.

He/she works.

Biz gelýäris.

We are coming.

3. Genitive Case (Possession)

Meaning:

my

your

his/her

our

their

Structure:

pronoun + genitive ending

English Turkmen Meaning

my meniň my/of me

your seniň your

his/her onuň his/her

our biziň our

your (formal) siziň your

their olaryň their

Examples:

Meniň kitabym.

My book.

Breakdown:

meniň = my

kitabym = my book

Onuň maşyny bar.

He/she has a car.

4. Accusative Case (Direct Object)

Meaning:

me

you

him/her

us

them

Used after verbs:

"see, love, help, know..."

English Turkmen

me meni

you seni

him/her ony

us bizi

you sizi

them olary

Examples:

Ol meni görýär.

He sees me.

Breakdown:

ol = he

meni = me

görýär = sees

Men seni tanaýaryn.

I know you.

Biz olary çagyrdyk.

We invited them.

5. Dative Case (Indirect Object)

Meaning:

to me

to you

to him/her

for us

English Turkmen

to me maňa

to you saňa

to him/her oňa

to us bize

to you (formal) size

to them olara

Examples:

Ol maňa kitap berdi.

He gave me a book.

Breakdown:

ol = he

maňa = to me

kitap = book

berdi = gave

Men saňa kömek edýärin.

I help you.

Biz olara habar berdik.

We gave them news.

6. Locative Case (Place)

Meaning:

in me? (rare)

with/in someone

at someone's place

Turkmen uses:

-da/-de

English Turkmen

in me mende

in you sende

in him/her onda

in us bizde

in you sizde

in them olarda

Examples:

Mende kitap bar.

I have a book.

(Literally: A book exists in me.)

Onda pul bar.

He/she has money.

7. Ablative Case (From)

Meaning:

from me

from you

from him/her

Ending:

-dan/-den

English Turkmen

from me menden

from you senden

from him/her ondan

from us bizden

from you sizden

from them olardan

Examples:

Ol menden sorady.

He asked me.

Literally:

"He asked from me."

Men senden habar aldym.

I got news from you.

Biz olardan geldik.

We came from them.

8. Reflexive Pronoun (Öz)

Turkmen uses:

öz = self

It changes by case.

Nominative

öz

myself/yourself

Example:

Öz geldim.

I myself came.

Genitive

özümiň

my own

Example:

Özümiň kitabym.

My own book.

Accusative

özümi

myself

Example:

Men özümi gördüm.

I saw myself.

Dative

özüme

to myself

Example:

Men özüme ynanýaryn.

I believe in myself.

Locative

özümde

in myself

Ablative

özümden

from myself

9. Possessive Pronouns Table

English Turkmen

my meniň

your seniň

his/her onuň

our biziň

your siziň

their olaryň

Examples:

Meniň öýüm.

My house.

Seniň dostuň.

Your friend.

Olaryň çagalary.

Their children.

1. Basic Demonstratives

English Turkmen Usage

this bu near the speaker

this şu this particular one

that ol far from speaker

that şol that specific one

2. Demonstrative + Noun (Attribute Use)

Demonstratives usually come before the noun.

Structure:

Demonstrative + noun

Bu = this

Bu kitap.

This book.

Bu jaý uly.

This house is big.

Şu = this (specific)

Şu adam meniň dostum.

This person is my friend.

Şu kitap gyzykly.

This book is interesting.

Ol = that

Ol jaý köne.

That house is old.

Ol adam mugallym.

That person is a teacher.

Şol = that particular

Şol maşyn meniňki.

That car is mine.

3. Demonstratives Used Alone (Pronouns)

They can replace the noun.

English:

This is good.

Turkmen:

Bu gowy.

Examples:

Bu meniň kitabym.

This is my book.

Ol seniň dostuň.

That is your friend.

Şol dogry.

That one is correct.

4. Plural Demonstratives

Turkmen demonstratives usually do not change for plural.

The noun shows plurality.

Examples:

Bu kitaplar.

These books.

Ol adamlar.

Those people.

Şol jaýlar.

Those houses.

5. Demonstratives With Cases

Demonstratives decline like pronouns.

"Bu" Case Forms

Case Turkmen English

Nominative bu this

Genitive munuň of this

Accusative muny this (object)

Dative muňa to this

Locative munda in this

Ablative mundan from this

Examples:

Bu gowy.

This is good.

Men muny gördüm.

I saw this.

Muňa seret.

Look at this.

Mundan köp zat öwrendim.

I learned much from this.

"Şol/Ol" Case Forms

Case ol şol

Nominative ol şol

Genitive onuň şonuň

Accusative ony şony

Dative oňa şoňa

Locative onda şonda

Ablative ondan şondan

Examples:

Accusative

Men ony gördüm.

I saw him/that.

Men şony aldym.

I took that one.

Dative

Oňa kitap berdim.

I gave him/her a book.

Şoňa ynanýaryn.

I believe that one.

Ablative

Ondan soradym.

I asked him/about that.

Şondan başladym.

I started from that.

6. "This is / That is"

This is...

Bu ...

Examples:

Bu kitap.

This is a book.

Bu meniň öýüm.

This is my house.

That is...

Ol ...

Examples:

Ol maşyn.

That is a car.

Ol meniň dostum.

That is my friend.

7. Demonstratives With Adjectives

Structure:

demonstrative + adjective + noun

Examples:

Bu uly jaý.

This big house.

Şol owadan gyz.

That beautiful girl.

Ol täze kitap.

That new book.

8. "Such / Such a"

Turkmen uses:

şeýle = such, like this

beýle = such, like this/that

Examples:

Şeýle adam ýok.

There is no such person.

Beýle zat görmedim.

I have not seen such a thing.

9. "This One / That One"

Use demonstrative alone:

Bu = this one

Ol = that one

Şol = that particular one

Examples:

Haýsysy gowy? — Bu gowy.

Which one is good? — This one is good.

Ol has gowy.

That one is better.

5- VERB TENSES

men men okaýaryn I am reading

sen sen okaýarsyň you are reading

ol ol okaýar he/she is reading

biz biz okaýarys we are reading

siz siz okaýarsyňyz you are reading

olar olar okaýarlar they are reading

men men okadym I read / I did read

sen sen okadyň you read

ol ol okady he/she read

biz biz okadyk we read

siz siz okadyňyz you read

olar olar okadylar they read

men men okapdyryn apparently I read

sen sen okapdyrsyň apparently you read

ol ol okapdyr apparently he/she read

biz biz okapdyrys apparently we read

siz siz okapdyrsyňyz apparently you read

olar olar okapdyrlar apparently they read

men men okaýardym I was reading

sen sen okaýardyň you were reading

ol ol okaýardy he/she was reading

biz biz okaýardyk we were reading

siz siz okaýardyňyz you were reading

olar olar okaýardylar they were reading

men men okapdym I had read

sen sen okapdyň you had read

ol ol okapdy he/she had read

biz biz okapdyk we had read

siz siz okapdyňyz you had read

olar olar okapdylar they had read

men men okajak I will read

sen sen okajaksyň you will read

ol ol okajak he/she will read

biz biz okajaksyk we will read

siz siz okajaksyňyz you will read

olar olar okajaklar they will read

men men okajak bolaryn I will be reading

sen sen okajak bolarsyň you will be reading

ol ol okajak bolar he/she will be reading

biz biz okajak bolarys we will be reading

siz siz okajak bolarsyňyz you will be reading

olar olar okajak bolarlar they will be reading

men men okamakçy I am going to read

sen sen okamakçy you are going to read

ol ol okamakçy he/she is going to read

biz biz okamakçy we are going to read

siz siz okamakçy you are going to read

olar olar okamakçy they are going to read

oka! read!

okaň! read! (formal/plural)

okaýalyň! let's read!

men okaýyn let me read

sen okaýsyň may you read

ol okasyn let him/her read

biz okaýalyň let us read

siz okaňyz may you read

olar okasynlar let them read

men men okamaly I must read

sen sen okamaly you must read

ol ol okamaly he/she must read

biz biz okamaly we must read

siz siz okamaly you must read

olar olar okamaly they must read

men men okap bilýärin I can read

sen sen okap bilýärsiň you can read

ol ol okap bilýär he/she can read

biz biz okap bilýäris we can read

siz siz okap bilýärsiňiz you can read

olar olar okap bilýärler they can read

6- PASSIVE TENSES

men men ýazylýaryn I am being written

sen sen ýazylýarsyň you are being written

ol ol ýazylýar it is written / is being written

biz biz ýazylýarys we are written

siz siz ýazylýarsyňyz you are written

olar olar ýazylýarlar they are written

men men ýazylyp durun I am being written

sen sen ýazylyp durarsyň you are being written

ol ol ýazylyp dur it is being written

biz biz ýazylyp durus we are being written

siz siz ýazylyp dursuňyz you are being written

olar olar ýazylyp durýarlar they are being written

men men ýazyldym I was written

sen sen ýazyldyň you were written

ol ol ýazyldy it was written

biz biz ýazyldyk we were written

siz siz ýazyldyňyz you were written

olar olar ýazyldylar they were written

men men ýazylýardym I was being written

sen sen ýazylýardyň you were being written

ol ol ýazylýardy it was being written

biz biz ýazylýardyk we were being written

siz siz ýazylýardyňyz you were being written

olar olar ýazylýardylar they were being written

men men ýazylypdyrin apparently I was written

sen sen ýazylypdyrsyň apparently you were written

ol ol ýazylypdyr apparently it was written

biz biz ýazylypdyris apparently we were written

siz siz ýazylypdyrsyňyz apparently you were written

olar olar ýazylypdyrlar apparently they were written

men men ýazylarin / ýazyljak I will be written

sen sen ýazyljaksyn you will be written

ol ol ýazyljak it will be written

biz biz ýazyljagyk we will be written

siz siz ýazyljaksynyz you will be written

olar olar ýazyljaklar they will be written

men men ýazyljak bolaryn I will be being written

sen sen ýazyljak bolarsyň you will be being written

ol ol ýazyljak bolar it will be being written

biz biz ýazyljak bolarys we will be being written

siz siz ýazyljak bolarsyňyz you will be being written

olar olar ýazyljak bolarlar they will be being written

men men ýazylmakçy I am going to be written

sen sen ýazylmakçy you are going to be written

ol ol ýazylmakçy it is going to be written

biz biz ýazylmakçy we are going to be written

siz siz ýazylmakçy you are going to be written

olar olar ýazylmakçy they are going to be written

men men ýazylypdym I had been written

sen sen ýazylypdyň you had been written

ol ol ýazylypdy it had been written

biz biz ýazylypdik we had been written

siz siz ýazylypdyňyz you had been written

olar olar ýazylypdilar they had been written

sen ýazyl! be written!

siz ýazylyň! be written!

biz ýazylaýyn! let it be written!

men men ýazylmaly I must be written

sen sen ýazylmaly you must be written

ol ol ýazylmaly it must be written

biz biz ýazylmaly we must be written

siz siz ýazylmaly you must be written

olar olar ýazylmaly they must be written

7- NEGATION:

men okaýaryn -> okamaýaryn

sen okaýarsyň -> okamaýarsyň

ol okaýar -> okamaýar

biz okaýarys -> okamaýarys

siz okaýarsyňyz -> okamaýarsyňyz

olar okaýarlar -> okamaýarlar

men okamadyk? → okamady I did not read

sen okamadyň you did not read

ol okamady he/she did not read

biz okamadyk we did not read

siz okamadyňyz you did not read

olar okamadylar they did not read

men okamajak I will not read

sen okamajaksyň you will not read

ol okamajak he/she will not read

biz okamajaksyk we will not read

siz okamajaksyňyz you will not read

olar okamajaklar they will not read

Men okap bilemok. men okap bilemok I cannot read.

Sen okap bilmersiň. sen okap bilmersiň You cannot read.

Ol okap bilmeýär. ol okap bilmeýär He/She cannot read.

Biz okap bilmeris. biz okap bilmeris We cannot read.

Siz okap bilmersiňiz. siz okap bilmersiňiz You cannot read.

Olar okap bilmeýärler. olar okap bilmeýärler They cannot read.

Men mugallym. -> Men mugallym däl. I am not a teacher.

Sen okuwçy. -> Sen okuwçy däl. You are not a student.

Ol lukman. -> Ol lukman däl. He/She is not a doctor.

Biz dost. -> Biz dost däl. We are not friends.

Siz taýýar. -> Siz taýýar däl. You are not ready.

Olar öýde. -> Olar öýde däl. They are not at home.

Men bagtly däl. men bagtly däl I am not happy.

8- QUESTIONS:

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

to make a yes/no queston, We add the suffix -my/-mi/-mu/-mü to the verb or adjective or noun that describes the subject:

a, y, o, u -my

ä, e, i, ö, ü -mi

o, u (rounded) -mu

ö, ü (rounded front) -mü

Sen okaýarsyňmy? Are you reading?

QUESTION WORDS:

kim who

kimiň whose

kimi whom

kime to whom

näme what

nämäniň of what

nämäni what (object)

haýsy which

nire where

nirede where (in/at)

nirä where to

nireden where from

haçan when

nädip how

nähili what kind / how

näçe how much/how many

näçe wagt how long

näçe gezek how often

näme üçin why

kim bilen with whom

näme hakda about what

What do you eat? Sen näme iýýärsiň? sen näme iýýärsiň?

What are you eating? Sen näme iýýärsiň? sen näme iýýärsiň?

What did you eat? Sen näme iýdiň? sen näme iýdiň?

What will you eat? Sen näme iýersiň? sen näme iýersiň?

Where do you live? Sen nirede ýaşaýarsyň? sen nirede ýaşaýarsyň?

Where are you going? Sen nirä barýarsyň? sen nirä barýarsyň?

Where did you go? Sen nirä gitdiň? sen nirä gitdiň?

Where will you go? Sen nirä gidersiň? sen nirä gidersiň?

Who is coming? Kim gelýär? kim gelýär?

Who came? Kim geldi? kim geldi?

Who will come? Kim geler? kim geler?

Why are you going? Näme üçin barýarsyň? näme üçin barýarsyň?

Why did you leave? Näme üçin gitdiň? näme üçin gitdiň?

When will you come? Haçan gelersiň? haçan gelersiň?

How do you know? Nädip bilýärsiň? nädip bilýärsiň?

How many books do you have? Sende näçe kitap bar? sende näçe kitap bar?

9- ADVERBS:

Türkmençe Transliteration English

gowy gowy well

erbet erbet badly

çalt çalt quickly; fast

haýal haýal slowly

ýuwaş ýuwaş quietly; gently

dogry dogry correctly

ýalňyş ýalňyş incorrectly

aňsat aňsat easily

kyn kyn with difficulty

üns bilen üns bilen carefully; attentively

seresaply seresaply carefully

seresaplylyk bilen seresaplylyk bilen carefully

tötänden tötänden accidentally

bilkastlaýyn bilkastlaýyn deliberately

bilgeşleýin bilgeşleýin intentionally

bilkastlaýyn däl bilkastlaýyn däl unintentionally

ýuwaşlyk bilen ýuwaşlyk bilen quietly; gently

batly batly forcefully; vigorously

berk berk firmly

açyk açyk openly; clearly

gizlin gizlin secretly

ýekelikde ýekelikde alone; individually

bilelikde bilelikde together

aýratyn aýratyn separately; specially

gönüden-göni gönüden-göni directly

umuman umuman generally; altogether

esasan esasan mainly; basically

ýörite ýörite specially; deliberately

esasanam esasanam especially; mainly

hakykatdan hakykatdan truly; actually

hakykatdanam hakykatdanam really; indeed

hakykatdan hem hakykatdan hem really; indeed

doly doly fully; completely

bölekleýin bölekleýin partially

bile bile together

ýeke ýeke alone

2. Place — “where?”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

bu ýerde bu ýerde here

şu ýerde şu ýerde here

ol ýerde ol ýerde there

şol ýerde şol ýerde there

ana şol ýerde ana şol ýerde right there

hemme ýerde hemme ýerde everywhere

ähli ýerde ähli ýerde everywhere

hiç ýerde hiç ýerde nowhere

bir ýerde bir ýerde somewhere

bir ýerlerde bir ýerlerde somewhere

islendik ýerde islendik ýerde anywhere

ýokarda ýokarda above; upstairs

aşakda aşakda below; downstairs

içerde içerde inside

daşarda daşarda outside

öňde öňde ahead; in front

yzda yzda behind

ýakynda ýakynda nearby

uzakda uzakda far away

daş-töwerekde daş-töwerekde around

ortada ortada in the middle

gapdalynda gapdalynda beside

ýanynda ýanynda beside; nearby

garşysynda garşysynda opposite

aňyrsynda aňyrsynda beyond

aşak aşak downward/below

ýokary ýokary upward/above

içeri içeri inward/inside

daşary daşary outward/outside

öňe öňe forward

yza yza backward

ýana ýana to the side/near

nirä nirä where to?

nirede nirede where?

nirden nirden from where?

hemme ýere hemme ýere everywhere/to everywhere

hiç ýere hiç ýere nowhere/to nowhere

bir ýere bir ýere somewhere/to somewhere

islendik ýere islendik ýere anywhere/to anywhere

3. Time — “when?”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

häzir häzir now

häzirlikçe häzirlikçe for now

häzirki wagtda häzirki wagtda currently

indi indi now; from now on

bu gün bu gün today

düýn düýn yesterday

ertir ertir tomorrow

öňňin öňňin the day before yesterday

birigün birigün the day after tomorrow

häzirler häzirler nowadays/currently

öň öň before; previously

öňräk öňräk earlier

öňler öňler formerly

ozal ozal previously

öňünden öňünden beforehand

soň soň afterward; later

soňrak soňrak later

soňra soňra afterward

soňundan soňundan afterward

indiki indiki next

geljekde geljekde in the future

gelejekde gelejekde in the future

ahyrsoňy ahyrsoňy finally; at last

ahyrynda ahyrynda finally; in the end

netijede netijede eventually; as a result

derrew derrew immediately

dessine dessine immediately

birden birden suddenly

duýdansyz duýdansyz suddenly; unexpectedly

wagtynda wagtynda on time; at the time

wagtynda däl wagtynda däl not on time

ir ir early

irden irden in the morning

giç giç late

giçlik giçlik late

gündiz gündiz during the day

gije gije at night

hemişe hemişe always

elmydama elmydama always

käwagt käwagt sometimes

käbir wagtlarda käbir wagtlarda sometimes

wagtal-wagtal wagtal-wagtal from time to time

häli-şindi häli-şindi occasionally

indi indi now; anymore

mundan beýläk mundan beýläk from now on

mundan soň mundan soň after this

şondan soň şondan soň after that

şondan öň şondan öň before that

şu wagta çenli şu wagta çenli until now

häzire çenli häzire çenli until now

şu wagtdan başlap şu wagtdan başlap starting from now

4. Frequency — “how often?”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

hemişe hemişe always

elmydama elmydama always

köplenç köplenç often; usually

adatça adatça usually

köp wagt köp wagt often; much of the time

ýygy-ýygydan ýygy-ýygydan frequently

ýygy ýygy frequently

seýrek seýrek rarely

käwagt käwagt sometimes

käbir wagtlarda käbir wagtlarda sometimes

wagtal-wagtal wagtal-wagtal occasionally

wagtal wagtal occasionally

arasynda arasynda occasionally; among

her gün her gün every day

her hepde her hepde every week

her aý her aý every month

her ýyl her ýyl every year

her gezek her gezek every time

her wagt her wagt always/at any time

hiç wagt hiç wagt never

hiç haçan hiç haçan never

bir gezek bir gezek once

iki gezek iki gezek twice

köp gezek köp gezek many times

gaýta-gaýta gaýta-gaýta repeatedly

wagtal-wagtal wagtal-wagtal from time to time

hemişelik hemişelik permanently

dowamly dowamly continuously

5. Degree — “to what extent?”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

örän örän very

gaty gaty very; extremely

has has more; rather

iň iň most; -est

köp köp much; a lot

az az little

biraz biraz a little

sähelçe sähelçe slightly

ujypsyz ujypsyz slightly; negligibly

birneme birneme somewhat

ep-esli ep-esli considerably

ep-esli derejede ep-esli derejede considerably

ýeterlik ýeterlik sufficiently; enough

ýeterlik derejede ýeterlik derejede sufficiently

gaty köp gaty köp too much/a lot

gaty az gaty az too little

örän köp örän köp very much

örän az örän az very little

çendenaşa çendenaşa excessively

artykmaç artykmaç excessively; unnecessarily

artykmaç derejede artykmaç derejede excessively

düýbünden düýbünden completely

düýbünden diýen ýaly düýbünden diýen ýaly almost completely

doly doly completely

tutuşlygyna tutuşlygyna completely; entirely

bütinleý bütinleý completely

asla asla at all

hiç hiç at all; ever

tas tas almost

diýen ýaly diýen ýaly almost; practically

6. Approximation — “approximately / almost”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

takmynan takmynan approximately

çemesi çemesi approximately

çen bilen çen bilen approximately

ýakynça ýakynça approximately

töweregi töweregi around/about

töwerek töwerek around/about

bir çemesi bir çemesi about one

birneme birneme somewhat

tas tas almost

tasdan tasdan almost

diýen ýaly diýen ýaly almost

diňe diýen ýaly diňe diýen ýaly almost only

az-kem az-kem somewhat/a little

az-owlak az-owlak somewhat/a little

biraz biraz somewhat/a little

7. Affirmation — “yes / indeed / certainly”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

hawa hawa yes

hawa-da hawa-da yes, indeed

elbetde elbetde certainly; of course

hökmany suratda hökmany suratda definitely; necessarily

hökmany hökmany certainly; necessarily

elbetde-de elbetde-de certainly

hakykatdan hakykatdan really; truly

hakykatdanam hakykatdanam indeed

dogrudanam dogrudanam really; indeed

hakykatdan hem hakykatdan hem indeed

şübhesiz şübhesiz undoubtedly

şeksiz şeksiz undoubtedly

anyk anyk clearly; definitely

elbetde elbetde naturally; certainly

dogrudyr dogrudyr it is true

8. Negation — “not / never / no longer”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

däl däl not

ýok ýok not there; there is no

hiç hiç not at all; any

hiç haçan hiç haçan never

hiç wagt hiç wagt never

hiç ýerde hiç ýerde nowhere

hiç ýere hiç ýere nowhere

asla asla never; not at all

asla-da asla-da not at all

hiç hili hiç hili no kind of

indi däl indi däl no longer

mundan beýläk däl mundan beýläk däl no longer

heniz däl heniz däl not yet

entek däl entek däl not yet

ýok ýok there isn't/isn't available

9. Probability / possibility

Türkmençe Transliteration English

belki belki maybe

ähtimal ähtimal probably; perhaps

ähtimaldyr ähtimaldyr it is probable

ähtimal däl ähtimal däl unlikely

mümkin mümkin possible; may

mümkin bolup biler mümkin bolup biler may/might be possible

mümkin mümkin may; perhaps

bolmagy mümkin bolmagy mümkin may be

bolup biler bolup biler may/might be

megerem megerem perhaps; presumably

belki-de belki-de perhaps

göräýmäge göräýmäge apparently; seemingly

görnüşine görä görnüşine görä apparently; according to appearance

megerem şeýle megerem şeýle perhaps so

ýalňyşmasam ýalňyşmasam if I'm not mistaken

çemeli çemeli apparently; supposedly

10. Certainty / evidentiality

Türkmençe Transliteration English

elbetde elbetde certainly

hökmany hökmany definitely

şübhesiz şübhesiz undoubtedly

şeksiz şeksiz undoubtedly

hakykatdan hakykatdan actually; truly

hakykatdanam hakykatdanam really

dogrudanam dogrudanam really

anyk anyk clearly

görnetin görnetin clearly; visibly

aýdyň aýdyň clearly

görnüşinden görnüşinden apparently

görnüşine görä görnüşine görä apparently

diýmek diýmek so; that means

diýmekçi diýmekçi that is to say

hakykatda hakykatda in reality

aslynda aslynda actually; in fact

11. Focus and emphasis

Türkmençe Transliteration English

diňe diňe only

diňe bir diňe bir only one; merely

diňe ... däl diňe ... däl not only

hut hut precisely; exactly

hut şu hut şu exactly this

hut şol hut şol exactly that

hatda hatda even

esasanam esasanam especially

aýratyn-da aýratyn-da especially

ýörite ýörite specially

diňe şonuň üçin diňe şonuň üçin only for that reason

iň bolmanda iň bolmanda at least

iň köp iň köp at most

iň azyndan iň azyndan at least

azyndan azyndan at least

takyk takyk exactly

hut şu wagt hut şu wagt exactly now

12. Addition — “also / too / moreover”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

hem hem also; too

-da/-de -da/-de also; too

ýene ýene again; also

ýene-de ýene-de also; again

mundan başga-da mundan başga-da besides; additionally

mundan başga mundan başga besides

şeýle hem şeýle hem also

şonuň ýaly-da şonuň ýaly-da likewise

üstesine-de üstesine-de moreover

mundan başga-da mundan başga-da furthermore

ýene bir gezek ýene bir gezek once again

şol sanda şol sanda including

13. Restriction — “only / merely”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

diňe diňe only

diňe bir diňe bir merely; only

diňe şondan soň diňe şondan soň only after that

diňe şonda diňe şonda only then

diňe şonuň üçin diňe şonuň üçin only for that reason

diňe şeýle diňe şeýle only this way

diňe şular diňe şular only these

ýeke-täk ýeke-täk only; sole

diňe bir gezek diňe bir gezek only once

azyndan azyndan at least

14. Sequence — “first, then, finally”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ilki ilki first

ilki bilen ilki bilen first of all

başda başda at first

başlangyçda başlangyçda initially

ilkinji nobatda ilkinji nobatda primarily; first of all

soň soň then; afterward

soňra soňra afterward

soňundan soňundan afterward

şondan soň şondan soň after that

mundan soň mundan soň after this

ondan soň ondan soň after that

indiki indiki next

soňundan bolsa soňundan bolsa afterward

ahyrynda ahyrynda finally

ahyrsoňy ahyrsoňy finally; at last

iň soňunda iň soňunda lastly

netijede netijede eventually; consequently

15. Result / consequence

Türkmençe Transliteration English

şonuň üçin şonuň üçin therefore; so

şol sebäpli şol sebäpli therefore; for that reason

şu sebäpli şu sebäpli for this reason

şonuň netijesinde şonuň netijesinde as a result

netijede netijede consequently

diýmek diýmek therefore; that means

şeýlelikde şeýlelikde thus

şeýlelik bilen şeýlelik bilen thus; in this way

ahyrsoňy ahyrsoňy eventually

şeýle-de bolsa şeýle-de bolsa nevertheless

16. Cause / reason

Türkmençe Transliteration English

sebäpli sebäpli because of

şonuň üçin şonuň üçin because of that; therefore

şol sebäpli şol sebäpli because of that

şu sebäpli şu sebäpli because of this

şonuň netijesinde şonuň netijesinde as a result of that

şol sebäbe görä şol sebäbe görä for that reason

şu sebäbe görä şu sebäbe görä for this reason

sebäbine görä sebäbine görä according to the reason

17. Contrast — “however / nevertheless”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

emma emma but

ýöne ýöne but; however

ýöne-de ýöne-de nevertheless

muňa garamazdan muňa garamazdan nevertheless; despite this

şeýle-de bolsa şeýle-de bolsa nevertheless

muňa garamazdan-da muňa garamazdan-da nevertheless

tersine tersine conversely; instead

gaýtam gaýtam rather; instead

muňa derek muňa derek instead of this

beýle däl-de beýle däl-de rather than this

18. Comparison

Türkmençe Transliteration English

has has more

iň iň most

az az less

köp köp much/more

köpräk köpräk more

azrak azrak less

ýaly ýaly like; as

ýaly görünmek ýaly görünmek seem like

deň derejede deň derejede equally

birmeňzeş birmeňzeş similarly; alike

şonuň ýaly şonuň ýaly like that; similarly

şeýle şeýle like this; so

şeýle hem şeýle hem likewise

näçe... şonça-da näçe... şonça-da the more...the more

näçe köp... şonça köp näçe köp... şonça köp the more...the more

näçe az... şonça az näçe az... şonça az the less...the less

19. Interrogative adverbs

Türkmençe Transliteration English

haçan haçan when

nirede nirede where

nirä nirä where to

nirden nirden from where

nädip nädip how

nähili nähili how; what kind of

näme üçin näme üçin why

näme sebäpli näme sebäpli why; for what reason

näçe näçe how much/many

näçe wagt näçe wagt how long

näçe gezek näçe gezek how many times

näçe ýygy näçe ýygy how frequently

nä derejede nä derejede to what extent

haýsy ýere haýsy ýere to which place

haýsy ýerde haýsy ýerde in which place

haçana çenli haçana çenli until when

haçandan bäri haçandan bäri since when

20. Relative / indefinite adverbial expressions

Türkmençe Transliteration English

nirä bolsa-da nirä bolsa-da wherever

nirede bolsa-da nirede bolsa-da wherever

nirden bolsa-da nirden bolsa-da from wherever

haçan bolsa-da haçan bolsa-da whenever

nädip bolsa-da nädip bolsa-da however

näçe bolsa-da näçe bolsa-da however much

nirede bolsa-da nirede bolsa-da wherever

islendik ýerde islendik ýerde anywhere

islendik wagt islendik wagt anytime

islendik wagtda islendik wagtda at any time

islendik ýagdaýda islendik ýagdaýda in any case

haýsy ýagdaýda-da haýsy ýagdaýda-da in whichever situation

her ýerde her ýerde everywhere

her wagt her wagt whenever/always

her haçan her haçan whenever

her niçik her niçik however; in whatever way

21. Suddenness

Türkmençe Transliteration English

birden birden suddenly

birdenkä birdenkä suddenly

duýdansyz duýdansyz unexpectedly

duýdansyzdan duýdansyzdan suddenly

garaşylmadyk ýagdaýda garaşylmadyk ýagdaýda unexpectedly

duýdansyzlykda duýdansyzlykda suddenly

birden-birden birden-birden suddenly/all at once

22. Continuation — “still / yet / continue”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

heniz heniz still; yet

entek entek still; yet

häzirem häzirem still; even now

henizem henizem still

entegem entegem still

heniz hem heniz hem still

dowamly dowamly continuously

dowamynda dowamynda continuously/during

yzygiderli yzygiderli continuously; regularly

üznüksiz üznüksiz continuously; without interruption

öňküsi ýaly öňküsi ýaly as before

heniz hem ýok heniz hem ýok still not there

heniz däl heniz däl not yet

entek däl entek däl not yet

23. Repetition — “again”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ýene ýene again

ýene-de ýene-de again; once more

täzeden täzeden again; anew

gaýtadan gaýtadan again

bir ýene bir ýene once again

ýene bir gezek ýene bir gezek once again

gaýta-gaýta gaýta-gaýta repeatedly

ýygy-ýygydan ýygy-ýygydan repeatedly/frequently

birnäçe gezek birnäçe gezek several times

gaýtalap gaýtalap repeatedly

24. Gradual change

Türkmençe Transliteration English

kem-kemden kem-kemden gradually

ýuwaş-ýuwaşdan ýuwaş-ýuwaşdan gradually

basgançaklaýyn basgançaklaýyn step by step

ädimme-ädim ädimme-ädim step by step

ýuwaşlyk bilen ýuwaşlyk bilen gradually/slowly

gitdigiçe gitdigiçe increasingly; as...goes

barha barha increasingly

gitdigiçe köp gitdigiçe köp more and more

gitdigiçe az gitdigiçe az less and less

günden-güne günden-güne day by day

ýyldan-ýyla ýyldan-ýyla year by year

wagtyň geçmegi bilen wagtyň geçmegi bilen gradually; with time

25. Extent / increase / decrease

Türkmençe Transliteration English

barha barha increasingly

gitdigiçe gitdigiçe increasingly

has köp has köp more

has az has az less

köpelip köpelip increasingly

azalyp azalyp decreasingly

gitdigiçe köp gitdigiçe köp more and more

gitdigiçe az gitdigiçe az less and less

barha köp barha köp increasingly more

barha az barha az increasingly less

iň köp iň köp the most

iň az iň az the least

iň ýokary derejede iň ýokary derejede to the highest degree

iň pes derejede iň pes derejede to the lowest degree

26. Directional adverbs

Turkmen frequently uses directional words that can function as adverbs or directional complements.

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ýokary ýokary upward

ýokaryk ýokaryk upward

aşak aşak downward

aşaklygyna aşaklygyna downward

öňe öňe forward

yza yza backward

içeri içeri inward

daşary daşary outward

içerde içerde inside

daşarda daşarda outside

ýokarda ýokarda above

aşakda aşakda below

öňde öňde ahead

yzda yzda behind

ýokardan ýokardan from above

aşakdan aşakdan from below

içerden içerden from inside

daşardan daşardan from outside

öňe tarap öňe tarap forward

yza tarap yza tarap backward

27. Together / separately

Türkmençe Transliteration English

bile bile together

bilelikde bilelikde together

bilelikde hem bilelikde hem together also

birlikde birlikde jointly

bilelikde bilelikde collectively

aýratyn aýratyn separately

ýekelikde ýekelikde individually; alone

ýeke ýeke alone

bölünip bölünip separately

aýry-aýry aýry-aýry separately; individually

her biri aýratyn her biri aýratyn each separately

28. Simultaneity — “at the same time”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

bir wagtda bir wagtda at the same time

bir wagtyň özünde bir wagtyň özünde simultaneously

şol bir wagtda şol bir wagtda at the same time

şol bir wagtyň özünde şol bir wagtyň özünde simultaneously

birden birden all at once

bilelikde bilelikde together/simultaneously

şol bir wagtda-da şol bir wagtda-da at the same time

şol wagt şol wagt at that time

şol wagt hem şol wagt hem at the same time

29. Manner — “in what way?”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

nädip nädip how

nähili nähili how; in what way

şeýle şeýle like this; so

şeýlelikde şeýlelikde thus; in this way

şeýle görnüşde şeýle görnüşde in such a way

şu hili şu hili in this manner

ol hili ol hili in that manner

şeýle usulda şeýle usulda in this way

dogry dogry correctly

ýalňyş ýalňyş incorrectly

30. Sentence-level / discourse adverbs

Türkmençe Transliteration English

aslynda aslynda actually; in fact

hakykatda hakykatda in reality

umuman umuman generally; altogether

umuman alanyňda umuman alanyňda generally speaking

esasan esasan mainly

esasanam esasanam especially

aýratyn-da aýratyn-da especially

gysgaça gysgaça briefly

jikme-jik jikme-jik in detail

jemläp aýdanyňda jemläp aýdanyňda in summary

netijede netijede consequently

şeýlelikde şeýlelikde thus

şonuň üçin şonuň üçin therefore

muňa garamazdan muňa garamazdan nevertheless

tersine tersine conversely

şeýle-de bolsa şeýle-de bolsa nevertheless

birinjiden birinjiden firstly

ikinjiden ikinjiden secondly

ahyrynda ahyrynda finally

ahyrsoňy ahyrsoňy finally

şeýlelik bilen şeýlelik bilen thus; in this way

31. “Already”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

eýýäm eýýäm already

eýýämden eýýämden already/from already

eýýämden bäri eýýämden bäri already since

öňden öňden already; beforehand

öňünden öňünden beforehand

eýýäm bolupdy eýýäm bolupdy had already happened

eýýäm gutardy eýýäm gutardy already finished

32. “Still / yet”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

heniz heniz still; yet

henizem henizem still

entek entek still; yet

entegem entegem still

häzirem häzirem still

heniz hem heniz hem still

entek hem entek hem still

heniz däl heniz däl not yet

entek däl entek däl not yet

33. “Even”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

hatda hatda even

hatda-da hatda-da even

hatda ... hem hatda ... hem even ...

iň bolmanda iň bolmanda at least

azyndan azyndan at least

hatda şol wagt hem hatda şol wagt hem even then

hatda şonda-da hatda şonda-da even then

34. “Also / too”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

hem hem also; too

-da/-de -da/-de also; too

şeýle hem şeýle hem also

ýene ýene also; again

ýene-de ýene-de also; again

mundan başga-da mundan başga-da additionally

üstesine-de üstesine-de moreover

şol sanda şol sanda including

şonuň ýaly-da şonuň ýaly-da likewise

35. “Only”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

diňe diňe only

diňe bir diňe bir merely; only

ýeke-täk ýeke-täk sole; only

diňe şonda diňe şonda only then

diňe şondan soň diňe şondan soň only after that

diňe şonuň üçin diňe şonuň üçin only for that reason

diňe şu diňe şu only this

diňe şol diňe şol only that

36. Important productive adverbial patterns

Turkmen creates many adverbs productively, so there is no genuinely finite list of every possible adverb.

A. Adjective + -ça/-çe

This can create meanings such as “in a ... manner / in terms of ...”.

Formation Example Meaning

-ça/-çe gysgaça briefly

-ça/-çe umuman generally

-ça/-çe adatyça ordinarily

-ça/-çe dostça in a friendly manner

-ça/-çe ýoldaşça in a comradely way

B. Reduplication

Repeated forms often create meanings such as repeatedly, gradually, individually, emphatically.

Formation Transliteration English

gaýta-gaýta gaýta-gaýta repeatedly

ýuwaş-ýuwaş ýuwaş-ýuwaş gradually/slowly

kem-kemden kem-kemden gradually

aýry-aýry aýry-aýry separately

wagtal-wagtal wagtal-wagtal occasionally

ýygy-ýygydan ýygy-ýygydan frequently

günden-güne günden-güne day by day

ýyldan-ýyla ýyldan-ýyla year by year

C. Case-based adverbials

Formation Example English

N + -da/-de öňde ahead

N + -a/-e öňe forward

N + -dan/-den öňden beforehand/from before

N + bilen üns bilen attentively

N + görä görnüşine görä according to appearance

N + sebäpli şol sebäpli for that reason

N + çenli şu wagta çenli until now

N + bäri şondan bäri since then

10- CONJUNCTIONS:

Türkmençe Transliteration English

we we and

hem hem and; also

hem-de hem-de and also

ýa ýa or

ýa-da ýa-da or

ýogsa ýogsa or else; otherwise

emma emma but

ýöne ýöne but; however

ýöne-de ýöne-de nevertheless

ýöne bolsa ýöne bolsa but; however

ýogsa-da ýogsa-da although; even so

eýsem eýsem rather; instead; but rather

gaýtam gaýtam rather; instead

tersine tersine conversely; instead

ýagny ýagny that is; namely

diýmek diýmek that means; so

şeýlelikde şeýlelikde thus; so

şeýlelik bilen şeýlelik bilen thus; thereby

2. “And”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

we we and

hem hem also; and

hem-de hem-de and also

şeýle hem şeýle hem also; as well

üstesine-de üstesine-de moreover; besides

mundan başga-da mundan başga-da furthermore; in addition

şol sanda şol sanda including

şonuň ýaly-da şonuň ýaly-da likewise

ýene-de ýene-de also; again

bir-de bir-de also; besides

üstesine üstesine moreover

şeýle-de şeýle-de also; likewise

Correlative “both ... and”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

hem ... hem ... hem ... hem ... both ... and ...

hem-de ... hem-de ... hem-de ... hem-de ... both ... and ...

bir ... bir ... bir ... bir ... both/one ... and another ...

diňe bir ... däl, eýsem ... hem diňe bir ... däl, eýsem ... hem not only ... but also ...

3. “Or”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ýa ýa or

ýa-da ýa-da or

ýogsa ýogsa or else

ýa ... ýa ... ýa ... ýa ... either ... or ...

ýa-da ... ýa-da ... ýa-da ... ýa-da ... either ... or ...

ýa ... ýa-da ... ýa ... ýa-da ... either ... or ...

isleseň ... isleseň ... isleseň ... isleseň ... whether ... or ...

ýa ... ýa-da başgaça ýa ... ýa-da başgaça or otherwise

Correlative “either ... or”

ýa ... ýa ...

Ýa sen gel, ýa men bararyn.

Ya sen gel, ya men bararyn.

Either you come, or I will go.

4. “But”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

emma emma but

ýöne ýöne but

ýöne-de ýöne-de nevertheless

ýogsa-da ýogsa-da even so; although

eýsem eýsem but rather

gaýtam gaýtam rather; instead

muňa garamazdan muňa garamazdan nevertheless

şeýle-de bolsa şeýle-de bolsa nevertheless

muňa garamazdan-da muňa garamazdan-da nevertheless

tersine tersine conversely; instead

muňa derek muňa derek instead of this

5. “But rather / instead”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

eýsem eýsem but rather

gaýtam gaýtam rather; instead

tersine tersine conversely

muňa derek muňa derek instead

munuň ýerine munuň ýerine instead of this

... däl-de, eýsem ... ... däl-de, eýsem ... not ..., but rather ...

... däl-de, gaýtam ... ... däl-de, gaýtam ... not ..., but rather ...

6. “Because”

Turkmen commonly uses sebäbi and üçin, as well as subordinate constructions.

Türkmençe Transliteration English

sebäbi sebäbi because

çünki çünki because; for

şonuň üçin şonuň üçin therefore; because of that

şol sebäpli şol sebäpli because of that

şu sebäpli şu sebäpli because of this

şonuň üçin-de şonuň üçin-de therefore; for that reason

... üçin ... üçin because; for

... sebäpli ... sebäpli because of

... sebäbinden ... sebäbinden because of

... sebäbine görä ... sebäbine görä because of; owing to

Example:

Men öýde galdym, sebäbi ýagyş ýagýardy.

Men öýde galdym, sebäbi ýagyş ýagýardy.

I stayed home because it was raining.

7. “So / therefore”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

şonuň üçin şonuň üçin therefore; so

şol sebäpli şol sebäpli therefore

şu sebäpli şu sebäpli for this reason

şeýlelikde şeýlelikde thus

şeýlelik bilen şeýlelik bilen thus; thereby

netijede netijede consequently; as a result

diýmek diýmek therefore; that means

şeýle bolsa şeýle bolsa in that case; then

onda onda then; in that case

şeýle ýagdaýda şeýle ýagdaýda in that case

8. “That”

Turkmen commonly uses diýmek / diýip / diýip constructions rather than a direct equivalent of English that in every context.

Türkmençe Transliteration English

diýip diýip that; saying that

diýen diýen that; which is said

diýmek diýmek to say; that is

diýen ýaly diýen ýaly as if; almost

şeýle ... diýip şeýle ... diýip that ...

şeýle diýmek bilen şeýle diýmek bilen by saying that

...-ýandygyny ...-ýandygyny that ...

...-ýandygyny aýdýar ...-ýandygyny aýdýar says that ...

...-jakdygyny ...-jakdygyny that ... will ...

...-andygyny ...-andygyny that ... did/has ...

Example:

Ol geljekdigini aýtdy.

Ol geljekdigini aýtdy.

He said that he would come.

9. Conditional — “if”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

eger eger if

eger-de eger-de if

eger-de bolsa eger-de bolsa if it is the case

...-sa/-se ...-sa/-se if

... bolsa ... bolsa if; if it is

... ýagdaýynda ... ýagdaýynda if; in the situation that

... şertinde ... şertinde provided that

şertinde şertinde provided that

şert bilen şert bilen on condition that

şeýle bolsa şeýle bolsa if so; in that case

Basic conditional suffix

-sa / -se = if

Formation Example English

-sa gelse if he/she comes

-se gitse if he/she goes

-saň/-seň gelseň if you come

-sak/-sek gelsek if we come

-saňyz/-seňiz gelseňiz if you come

10. “Unless”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-masa/-mese ...-masa/-mese unless

...-masaň/-meseň ...-masaň/-meseň unless you ...

... bolmasa ... bolmasa unless it is

... etmeýän bolsaň ... etmeýän bolsaň unless you do not

ýogsa ýogsa otherwise; or else

aksi ýagdaýda aksi ýagdaýda otherwise

başgaça bolsa başgaça bolsa otherwise

Example:

Sen işlemeseň, üstünlik gazanyp bilmersiň.

Sen işlemeseň, üstünlik gazanyp bilmersiň.

Unless you work, you cannot succeed.

11. “Although / even though”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-sa-da/-se-de ...-sa-da/-se-de although; even though

...-ýandygyna garamazdan ...-ýandygyna garamazdan despite the fact that

...-andygyna garamazdan ...-andygyna garamazdan although/despite the fact that

garamazdan garamazdan despite; although

muňa garamazdan muňa garamazdan nevertheless; despite this

şeýle-de bolsa şeýle-de bolsa nevertheless

näçe ... bolsa-da näçe ... bolsa-da however much ...

nähili ... bolsa-da nähili ... bolsa-da however ...

kim ... bolsa-da kim ... bolsa-da whoever ...

Example:

Ýagyş ýagýan bolsa-da, biz gitdik.

Ýagyş ýagýan bolsa-da, biz gitdik.

Although it was raining, we went.

12. “Even if”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-sa-da/-se-de ...-sa-da/-se-de even if

hatda ... bolsa-da hatda ... bolsa-da even if

näme bolsa-da näme bolsa-da whatever happens

näme-de bolsa näme-de bolsa whatever it may be

näçe ... bolsa-da näçe ... bolsa-da however much

nähili ... bolsa-da nähili ... bolsa-da however

kim ... bolsa-da kim ... bolsa-da whoever

haçan ... bolsa-da haçan ... bolsa-da whenever

13. “When”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

haçan haçan when

haçanda haçanda when

...-anda/-ende ...-anda/-ende when; while

...-anda ...-anda when

...-ensoň/-ansoň ...-ensoň/-ansoň after; when

...-an wagty ...-an wagty when

... wagty ... wagty when

... mahaly ... mahaly when; at the time

şonda şonda then; at that time

Example:

Ol gelende, men işledim.

Ol gelende, men işledim.

When he came, I was working.

14. “While”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-ka/-kä ...-ka/-kä while

... wagtynda ... wagtynda while; during

... wagty ... wagty while

... mahaly ... mahaly while; when

...-ýarka/-ýärkä ...-ýarka/-ýärkä while

şol wagt şol wagt at that time

15. “Before”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

öň öň before

öňünden öňünden beforehand

öňinçä öňinçä beforehand

...-mazdan öň ...-mazdan öň before doing

...-mezden öň ...-mezden öň before doing

...-dan öň ...-dan öň before

...-den öň ...-den öň before

mundan öň mundan öň before this

ondan öň ondan öň before that

öňräk öňräk earlier

16. “After”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

soň soň after

soňra soňra afterward

...-andan soň ...-andan soň after doing

...-enden soň ...-enden soň after doing

...-ansoň ...-ansoň after

...-ensoň ...-ensoň after

şondan soň şondan soň after that

mundan soň mundan soň after this

ondan soň ondan soň after that

soňundan soňundan afterward

17. “Until”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

çenli çenli until; up to

...-ýança/-ýänçä ...-ýança/-ýänçä until

...-ança/-ençe ...-ança/-ençe until

...-ýänçä çenli ...-ýänçä çenli until

şu wagta çenli şu wagta çenli until now

şol wagta çenli şol wagta çenli until then

soňuna çenli soňuna çenli until the end

Example:

Sen gelýänçä garaşaryn.

Sen gelýänçä garaşaryn.

I will wait until you come.

18. “Since”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-den bäri ...-den bäri since

...-dan bäri ...-dan bäri since

şondan bäri şondan bäri since then

şol wagtdan bäri şol wagtdan bäri since that time

...-aly bäri ...-aly bäri since

...-eli bäri ...-eli bäri since

şondan bäri şondan bäri ever since then

19. “As soon as”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-an badyna ...-an badyna as soon as

...-en badyna ...-en badyna as soon as

...-andan dessine ...-andan dessine as soon as

...-enden dessine ...-enden dessine as soon as

dessine dessine immediately

derrew derrew immediately

...-ar ...-maz ...-ar ...-maz as soon as

...-er ...-mez ...-er ...-mez as soon as

20. Purpose — “in order to / so that”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

üçin üçin for; in order to

...-mek üçin ...-mek üçin in order to

...-mak üçin ...-mak üçin in order to

...-magy üçin ...-magy üçin so that

...-mez ýaly ...-mez ýaly so that ... not

...-ar ýaly ...-ar ýaly so that

... ýaly ... ýaly so that; as

diýip diýip so that; in order that

maksady bilen maksady bilen with the purpose of

maksat bilen maksat bilen for the purpose of

Example:

Men öwrenmek üçin geldim.

Men öwrenmek üçin geldim.

I came in order to learn.

21. “As if / as though”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ýaly ýaly like; as if

... ýaly ... ýaly as if

...-ýan ýaly ...-ýan ýaly as if ... is doing

...-ýan ýaly görünýär ...-ýan ýaly görünýär seems as if

göýä göýä as if; supposedly

göýä-de göýä-de as if

diýen ýaly diýen ýaly as if; seemingly

edýän ýaly edýän ýaly as if doing

22. Comparison — “as / than”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ýaly ýaly like; as

ýalydyr ýalydyr is like

ýalyrak ýalyrak somewhat like

ýaly ... ýaly ýaly ... ýaly as ... as

garanyňda garanyňda compared with

...-den has ...-den has more than

...-den az ...-den az less than

...-den köp ...-den köp more than

...-den gowy ...-den gowy better than

...-den erbet ...-den erbet worse than

näçe ... şonça-da näçe ... şonça-da the more ... the more

näçe ... şonça näçe ... şonça as much ... as

23. “Whether ... or”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ýa ... ýa ... ýa ... ýa ... whether ... or

ýa-da ... ýa-da ... ýa-da ... ýa-da ... whether ... or

... ýa-da ... ... ýa-da ... ... or ...

ýa ... ýa-da ... ýa ... ýa-da ... whether ... or

isleseň ... isleseň ... isleseň ... isleseň ... whether ... or

... ýa ... ... ýa ... whether ... or

24. “Both ... and”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

hem ... hem ... hem ... hem ... both ... and

hem-de ... hem-de ... hem-de ... hem-de ... both ... and

diňe bir ... däl, eýsem ... hem diňe bir ... däl, eýsem ... hem not only ... but also

bir ... hem ... bir ... hem ... both ... and

25. “Neither ... nor”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ne ... ne ... ne ... ne ... neither ... nor

ne ... ne-de ... ne ... ne-de ... neither ... nor

ne ... ne hem ... ne ... ne hem ... neither ... nor

hiç ... ne-de ... hiç ... ne-de ... neither ... nor

Example:

Ol ne iýdi, ne-de içdi.

Ol ne iýdi, ne-de içdi.

He neither ate nor drank.

26. “Not only ... but also”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

diňe bir ... däl, eýsem ... hem diňe bir ... däl, eýsem ... hem not only ... but also

diňe ... däl, eýsem ... diňe ... däl, eýsem ... not only ... but rather/also

diňe bir ... däl-de, eýsem ... diňe bir ... däl-de, eýsem ... not only ... but also

bir ... hem ... bir ... hem ... both ... and

27. “As long as / provided that”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-ýança ...-ýança as long as/until

...-ýänçä ...-ýänçä as long as/until

şertinde şertinde provided that

şert bilen şert bilen on condition that

şert edip şert edip on condition

... şertinde ... şertinde provided that

ýeterlik ... bolsa ýeterlik ... bolsa provided that

ýeter ki ýeter ki provided that; as long as

28. “No matter / whoever / whatever”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

näme bolsa-da näme bolsa-da no matter what

kim bolsa-da kim bolsa-da no matter who

nirede bolsa-da nirede bolsa-da no matter where

nirä bolsa-da nirä bolsa-da no matter where to

haçan bolsa-da haçan bolsa-da no matter when

nähili bolsa-da nähili bolsa-da no matter how

näçe bolsa-da näçe bolsa-da no matter how much/many

näçe ... bolsa-da näçe ... bolsa-da no matter how much

her näme bolsa-da her näme bolsa-da whatever

her kim bolsa-da her kim bolsa-da whoever

her ýerde bolsa-da her ýerde bolsa-da wherever

her wagt bolsa-da her wagt bolsa-da whenever

29. “Without”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-man/-män ...-man/-män without doing

...-mazdan/-mezden ...-mazdan/-mezden without doing

...-man ...-man without

...-mezden ...-mezden without doing

... bolmazdan ... bolmazdan without being

... etmän ... etmän without doing

... etmezden ... etmezden without doing

30. “Instead of”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

ýerine ýerine instead of

...-megiň ýerine ...-megiň ýerine instead of doing

munuň ýerine munuň ýerine instead of this

onuň ýerine onuň ýerine instead of that

gaýtam gaýtam rather; instead

tersine tersine conversely; instead

31. “Rather than”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-mekden ... ...-mekden ... rather than doing

...-megiň ýerine ...-megiň ýerine rather than

...-man, ... ...-man, ... rather than; instead of

...-manka ...-manka before doing/rather than before

eýsem eýsem rather; but rather

gaýtam gaýtam rather; instead

32. “Seeing that / since / given that”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

...-ýandygyna görä ...-ýandygyna görä given that

...-andygyna görä ...-andygyna görä since/given that

...-ýändigi üçin ...-ýändigi üçin since/because

...-andygy sebäpli ...-andygy sebäpli since/because

madem madem since; seeing that

mademki mademki since; given that

şeýle bolansoň şeýle bolansoň since that is so

33. “So that / such that”

Türkmençe Transliteration English

şeýle ... welin şeýle ... welin so ... that

şeýle bir ... welin şeýle bir ... welin such a ... that

şeýlelikde şeýlelikde so; thus

... ýaly ... ýaly so that

... diýip ... diýip so that

şeýle bolmagy üçin şeýle bolmagy üçin so that it will be so

...-ar ýaly ...-ar ýaly so that

34. Formal / literary conjunctions

Türkmençe Transliteration English

çünki çünki because; for

eýsem eýsem but rather

ýagny ýagny namely; that is

netijede netijede consequently

şeýlelikde şeýlelikde thus

muňa garamazdan muňa garamazdan nevertheless

şeýle-de bolsa şeýle-de bolsa nevertheless

şol sebäpli şol sebäpli therefore

şonuň üçin şonuň üçin therefore

şeýlelik bilen şeýlelik bilen thereby

başgaça aýdylanda başgaça aýdylanda in other words

jemläp aýdanyňda jemläp aýdanyňda in summary

35. Important Turkmen conjunctional suffixes and constructions

These are especially important because Turkmen often expresses English conjunctions through verb forms rather than independent conjunction words.

Formation Transliteration Function

-sa/-se -sa/-se if

-sa-da/-se-de -sa-da/-se-de although; even if

-anda/-ende -anda/-ende when; while

-ka/-kä -ka/-kä while

-ýarka/-ýärkä -ýarka/-ýärkä while

-andan soň -andan soň after

-enden soň -enden soň after

-mazdan öň -mazdan öň before

-mezden öň -mezden öň before

-ýänçä/-ýança -ýänçä/-ýança until

-dan bäri -dan bäri since

-den bäri -den bäri since

-an badyna -an badyna as soon as

-en badyna -en badyna as soon as

-ar ... -maz -ar ... -maz as soon as

-er ... -mez -er ... -mez as soon as

-mazdan/-mezden -mazdan/-mezden without

-man/-män -man/-män without

-mek üçin/-mak üçin -mek üçin/-mak üçin in order to

-magy üçin -magy üçin so that

-ar ýaly -ar ýaly so that

-mez ýaly -mez ýaly so that ... not

-ýandygy üçin -ýandygy üçin because

-andygy sebäpli -andygy sebäpli because

-ýandygyna görä -ýandygyna görä since/given that

-sa/-se ... hem -sa/-se ... hem even if

-megiň ýerine -megiň ýerine instead of

-man, ... -man, ... rather than/without

11- PREPOSITIONS:

# Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

1 -da / -de -da / -de in, at, on

2 -dan / -den -dan / -den from, out of

3 -a / -e -a / -e to, toward

4 -yň / -iň -yň / -iň of, belonging to

5 -y / -i -y / -i direct object marker

6 - bilen -bilen with, by

7 - üçin -üçin for, for the purpose of

8 - hakda -hakda about, concerning

9 - barada -barada about, concerning

10 - boýunça -boýunça according to, regarding

11 - sebäpli -sebäpli because of, due to

12 - sebäbinden -sebäbinden because of

13 - görä -görä according to, compared with

14 - garamazdan -garamazdan despite, in spite of

15 - tarap -tarap toward, side/direction

Example:

öýde

öýde

in the house

öýden

öýden

from the house

öýe

öýe

to the house

2. Location and position

# Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

1 içinde içinde inside, in

2 daşynda daşynda outside of

3 üstünde üstünde on, on top of

4 aşagynda aşagynda under, below

5 öňünde öňünde in front of

6 yzynda yzynda behind

7 arasynda arasynda between, among

8 ýanynda ýanynda beside, next to

9 golaýynda golaýynda near

10 daşynda daşynda outside

11 töwereginde töwereginde around

12 daş-töwereginde daş-töwereginde around, surrounding

13 garşysynda garşysynda opposite, across from

14 öň tarapynda öň tarapynda in front of

15 yz tarapynda yz tarapynda behind

16 sagynda sagynda to/on the right of

17 çepinde çepinde to/on the left of

18 arasynda arasynda between/among

19 merkezinde merkezinde in the center of

20 ortasynda ortasynda in the middle of

21 gyrasynda gyrasynda at the edge of

22 daşynda daşynda beyond/outside

Examples

Turkmen Transliteration English

Kitap stoluň üstünde. Kitap stoluň üstünde. The book is on the table.

Ol öýüň içinde. Ol öýüň içinde. He is inside the house.

Maşyn öýüň öňünde. Maşyn öýüň öňünde. The car is in front of the house.

Ol meniň ýanymda. Ol meniň ýanymda. He is beside me.

3. Direction and movement

# Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

1 -a / -e -a / -e to, toward

2 tarap tarap toward, in the direction of

3 tarapa tarapa toward

4 içine içine into

5 daşyna daşyna outside/out of

6 üstüne üstüne onto

7 aşagyna aşagyna underneath/to below

8 öňüne öňüne to/in front of

9 yzyna yzyna to behind/back

10 ýanyna ýanyna to/beside

11 golaýyna golaýyna toward/near

12 garşysyna garşysyna toward/opposite

13 üsti bilen üsti bilen through/via

14 içinden içinden through/from inside

15 arasyndan arasyndan through/between

16 üstünden üstünden over/across/from on top

17 aşagyndan aşagyndan from underneath

18 öňünden öňünden past/in front of

19 ýanyndan ýanyndan past/beside

20 töwereginden töwereginden around/past

4. “From / out of / since”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

-dan / -den -dan / -den from

bäri bäri since, for

-dan bäri -dan bäri since/from

-den bäri -den bäri since/from

içinden içinden from inside, out through

arasyndan arasyndan from among/between

üstünden üstünden from over/on top of

aşagyndan aşagyndan from underneath

ýanyndan ýanyndan from beside/past

öňünden öňünden from in front of/past

yzysüre yzysüre immediately after

Example

2020-nji ýyldan bäri

2020-nji ýyldan bäri

since 2020

5. “To / toward”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

-a / -e -a / -e to

tarap tarap toward

tarapa tarapa toward

ugruna ugruna toward/in the direction of

içine içine into

daşyna daşyna to the outside

üstüne üstüne onto

aşagyna aşagyna to underneath

öňüne öňüne to the front of

ýanyna ýanyna to/beside

golaýyna golaýyna toward/near

garşysyna garşysyna toward/opposite

6. “With / by / using”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

bilen bilen with

arkaly arkaly through, by means of

üsti bilen üsti bilen through, via

kömegi bilen kömegi bilen with the help of

güýji bilen güýji bilen by means of/by the power of

arkaly arkaly by means of

ulanmak bilen ulanmak bilen by using

kömegi arkaly kömegi arkaly through the help of

Example

Men dostum bilen geldim.

Men dostum bilen geldim.

I came with my friend.

7. “For”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

üçin üçin for

maksady bilen maksady bilen for the purpose of

hatyrasyna hatyrasyna for the sake of

ugrunda ugrunda for/in the cause of

peýdasyna peýdasyna for the benefit of

garşysyna garşysyna against, for the opposition to

Example

Bu sowgat seniň üçin.

Bu sowgat seniň üçin.

This gift is for you.

8. “About / concerning / regarding”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

hakda hakda about

barada barada about, concerning

boýunça boýunça regarding, concerning

babatda babatda regarding, in respect of

babatynda babatynda concerning, with regard to

hakynda hakynda about, concerning

bilen bagly bilen bagly related to

bilen baglanyşykly bilen baglanyşykly connected with, concerning

degişli degişli relating to, concerning

Example

Ol Türkmenistan barada kitap ýazdy.

Ol Türkmenistan barada kitap ýazdy.

He wrote a book about Turkmenistan.

9. “According to / in accordance with”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

boýunça boýunça according to

görä görä according to

laýyklykda laýyklykda according to, in accordance with

laýyklykda laýyklykda in accordance with

esasynda esasynda on the basis of

esasynda esasynda based on

laýyk laýyk according to/in conformity with

talaplaryna laýyklykda talaplaryna laýyklykda according to the requirements

Example

Kanuna laýyklykda

Kanuna laýyklykda

according to the law

10. Cause / reason

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

sebäpli sebäpli because of

sebäbinden sebäbinden because of

sebäbine görä sebäbine görä because of/due to

netijesinde netijesinde as a result of

üçin üçin because of/for

zerarly zerarly because of/due to

mynasybetli mynasybetli on the occasion of/due to

şonuň üçin şonuň üçin therefore/because of that

Example

Ýagyş sebäpli gijä galdym.

Ýagyş sebäpli gijä galdym.

I was late because of the rain.

11. Despite / in spite of

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

garamazdan garamazdan despite

muňa garamazdan muňa garamazdan despite this

şoňa garamazdan şoňa garamazdan despite that

ähli kynçylyklara garamazdan ähli kynçylyklara garamazdan despite all difficulties

-sa-da / -se-de -sa-da / -se-de even though, although

Example

Ýagyşa garamazdan, olar gitdiler.

Ýagyşa garamazdan, olar gitdiler.

Despite the rain, they left.

12. “Without”

Turkmen normally uses verbal suffixes/constructions rather than a single English-style preposition.

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

-man / -män -man / -män without doing

-mazdan / -mezden -mazdan / -mezden without doing

-mazdan öň -mazdan öň before doing

bolmazdan bolmazdan without being

etmän etmän without doing

aýtman aýtman without saying

görmän görmän without seeing

Example

Ol hiç zat aýtman gitdi.

Ol hiç zat aýtman gitdi.

He left without saying anything.

13. “Instead of”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

ýerine ýerine instead of/in place of

onuň ýerine onuň ýerine instead of him/her/it

munuň ýerine munuň ýerine instead of this

-megiň ýerine -megiň ýerine instead of doing

deregine deregine instead of/in exchange for

derek derek instead/instead of

muňa derek muňa derek instead of this

Example

Telewizora seretmegiň ýerine kitap oka.

Telewizora seretmegiň ýerine kitap oka.

Read a book instead of watching television.

14. “Before”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

öň öň before

öňünden öňünden beforehand

öňinçä öňinçä beforehand

-mazdan öň -mazdan öň before doing

-mezden öň -mezden öň before doing

mundan öň mundan öň before this

ondan öň ondan öň before that

öňki öňki previous/former

15. “After”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

soň soň after

soňra soňra afterward

soňundan soňundan afterward

-andan soň -andan soň after doing

-enden soň -enden soň after doing

-ansoň -ansoň after

-ensoň -ensoň after

şondan soň şondan soň after that

mundan soň mundan soň after this

ondan soň ondan soň after that

16. “Until / up to”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

çenli çenli until, up to

-ýança -ýança until

-ýänçä -ýänçä until

-ança -ança until

-ençe -ençe until

şu wagta çenli şu wagta çenli until now

şol wagta çenli şol wagta çenli until that time

ahyryna çenli ahyryna çenli until the end

soňuna çenli soňuna çenli until the end

Example

Men agşama çenli işlärin.

Men agşama çenli işlärin.

I will work until evening.

17. “During”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

wagtynda wagtynda during

wagty wagty during/when

mahaly mahaly during/at the time of

döwründe döwründe during

aralykda aralykda during/in the interval

şol wagt şol wagt at that time

18. “Around”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

töwereginde töwereginde around

daş-töwereginde daş-töwereginde around

daşynda daşynda around/outside

töweregine töweregine around/to around

töwereginden töwereginden around/from around

daş-töweregine daş-töweregine around

19. “Between / among”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

arasynda arasynda between, among

arasynda arasynda among

ikisiniň arasynda ikisiniň arasynda between the two

adamlaryň arasynda adamlaryň arasynda among people

olaryň arasynda olaryň arasynda among them

arasyndan arasyndan from/between/among

20. “Across / through”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

üsti bilen üsti bilen through, via

arkaly arkaly through/by means of

içinden içinden through the inside of

arasyndan arasyndan through/between

üstünden üstünden across/over

boýdan-başa boýdan-başa throughout/from end to end

keseligine keseligine across/transversely

21. “Against”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

garşysyna garşysyna against

garşysynda garşysynda opposite/against

garşy garşy against/toward

-a garşy -a garşy against

tersine tersine contrary to

ters ters opposite/against

Example

Ol bu karara garşy.

Ol bu karara garşy.

He is against this decision.

22. “Like / as”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

ýaly ýaly like, as

kimin kimin like, as

dek dek like, as

ýaly bolup ýaly bolup as if/like

göýä göýä as if, supposedly

göýäki göýäki as if

meňzeş meňzeş similar to

Example

Ol arslan ýaly güýçli.

Ol arslan ýaly güýçli.

He is strong like a lion.

23. “Near / far”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

golaý golaý near

golaýynda golaýynda near

golaýyna golaýyna toward/near

golaýyndan golaýyndan from/past near

ýanynda ýanynda beside/near

uzak uzak far

uzakda uzakda far away

daşda daşda far away

daşynda daşynda away from/outside

24. “Beside / next to”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

ýanynda ýanynda beside

ýanyna ýanyna to beside

ýanyndan ýanyndan from beside/past

gapdalynda gapdalynda beside

gapdalyna gapdalyna to beside

gapdalyndan gapdalyndan from beside

golaýynda golaýynda near

25. “On / above”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

üstünde üstünde on, above

üstüne üstüne onto

üstünden üstünden over/from on

ýokarsynda ýokarsynda above

ýokarsyna ýokarsyna to above

ýokarsyndan ýokarsyndan from above

26. “Under / below”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

aşagynda aşagynda under

aşagyna aşagyna to under

aşagyndan aşagyndan from under

aşakda aşakda below

aşak aşak downward/below

27. “In front of / behind”

English Turkmen Transliteration

in front of öňünde öňünde

to the front of öňüne öňüne

from/past the front of öňünden öňünden

behind yzynda yzynda

to behind yzyna yzyna

from behind yzyndan yzyndan

28. “On behalf of”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

adyndan adyndan on behalf of/in the name of

adyna adyna to the name of

adyndan çykyş edip adyndan çykyş edip acting on behalf of

adyndan adyndan representing

29. “For the sake of / because of”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

hatyrasyna hatyrasyna for the sake of

hormatyna hormatyna in honor of

sebäpli sebäpli because of

sebäbinden sebäbinden because of

zerarly zerarly due to

mynasybetli mynasybetli on the occasion of

30. “Per / according to / each”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

başyna başyna per/head

her her every

her bir her bir each/every

boýunça boýunça according to/per

esasynda esasynda based on

görä görä according to

Example:

Adam başyna 10 manat.

Adam başyna 10 manat.

10 manats per person.

31. “Along / throughout”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

boýlap boýlap along

boýunda boýunda along/on

ugrunda ugrunda along/on the route of

bütin bütin throughout/whole

dowamynda dowamynda throughout/during

tutuş tutuş throughout/entire

32. “By means of”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

arkaly arkaly by means of

üsti bilen üsti bilen through/by means of

kömegi bilen kömegi bilen with the help of

arkaly arkaly via

bilen bilen by/with

ulanyp ulanyp using

33. “Except”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

başga başga except/besides/other than

-dan başga -dan başga except for

-den başga -den başga except for

başga hiç kim başga hiç kim nobody else

başga hiç zat başga hiç zat nothing else

-dan başga hiç -dan başga hiç nothing/nobody except

Example

Menden başga hemmeler gitdi.

Menden başga hemmeler gitdi.

Everyone except me left.

34. “Besides / in addition to”

Turkmen Transliteration Meaning

başga-da başga-da besides/in addition

mundan başga mundan başga besides this

ondan başga ondan başga besides that

-dan başga -dan başga besides/other than

üstesine üstesine moreover/in addition

üstesine-de üstesine-de moreover/besides

şol sanda şol sanda including

35. Important compound postpositions

Turkmen Transliteration English

bilen bagly bilen bagly related to

bilen baglanyşykly bilen baglanyşykly connected with

bilen birlikde bilen birlikde together with

bilen bir hatarda bilen bir hatarda alongside/as well as

bilen deňeşdirilende bilen deňeşdirilende compared with

görä görä according to/compared with

laýyklykda laýyklykda in accordance with

esasynda esasynda on the basis of

nukdaýnazaryndan nukdaýnazaryndan from the point of view of

babatda babatda regarding/in respect of

babatynda babatynda concerning

çäginde çäginde within the scope/boundaries of

çäginden daşarda çäginden daşarda outside the scope of

çäklerinde çäklerinde within

dowamynda dowamynda during/throughout

netijesinde netijesinde as a result of

sebäpli sebäpli because of

garamazdan garamazdan despite

ýerine ýerine instead of

derek derek instead of/in place of

üsti bilen üsti bilen through/via

kömegi bilen kömegi bilen with the help of

maksady bilen maksady bilen for the purpose of

hatyrasyna hatyrasyna for the sake of

adyndan adyndan on behalf of

12- DETERMINERS

Turkmen Transliteration English

bir bir a, one

bir kitap bir kitap a book / one book

kitap kitap book / the book (contextually)

şol kitap şol kitap that book / that particular book

bu kitap bu kitap this book

şol bir kitap şol bir kitap the same/one particular book

Example:

Men bir kitap aldym.

Men bir kitap aldym.

I bought a book.

Kitap stoluň üstünde.

Kitap stoluň üstünde.

The book is on the table.

So bir can function as an indefinite determiner, but Turkmen normally does not require an article.

2. Demonstrative determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

bu bu this

şu şu this / this particular

şol şol that

ol ol that / that one

şeýle şeýle such / like this

şular ýaly şular ýaly such as these

şol ýaly şol ýaly such as that

beýle beýle such / like this/that

beýle bir beýle bir such a

şeýle bir şeýle bir such a

şol bir şol bir the same / one particular

hut şu hut şu exactly this

hut şol hut şol exactly that

Examples

Bu kitap gyzykly.

Bu kitap gyzykly.

This book is interesting.

Şol adam meniň mugallymym.

Şol adam meniň mugallymym.

That person is my teacher.

Şu mesele örän möhümdir.

Şu mesele örän möhümdir.

This particular issue is very important.

3. Demonstratives by number

Turkmen can pluralize demonstratives when they stand independently or refer to plural people/things.

Turkmen Transliteration English

bu bu this

bular bular these

şu şu this

şular şular these

şol şol that

şolar şolar those

ol ol that

olar olar those

Examples:

Bu kitaplar täze.

Bu kitaplar täze.

These books are new.

Şol adamlar mugallym.

Şol adamlar mugallym.

Those people are teachers.

4. Possessive determiners

Turkmen expresses possession mainly through genitive possessor + possessive suffix on the noun.

Turkmen Transliteration English

meniň meniň my

seniň seniň your

onuň onuň his / her / its

biziň biziň our

siziň siziň your

olaryň olaryň their

These normally occur with a noun:

Turkmen Transliteration English

meniň kitabym meniň kitabym my book

seniň kitabyň seniň kitabyň your book

onuň kitaby onuň kitaby his/her book

biziň kitabymyz biziň kitabymyz our book

siziň kitabyňyz siziň kitabyňyz your book

olaryň kitaplary olaryň kitaplary their book/books

Example

Bu meniň kitabym.

Bu meniň kitabym.

This is my book.

5. Reflexive / emphatic possessive

Turkmen Transliteration English

öz öz own / self

özümiň özümiň my own

özüňiň özüňiň your own

özüniň özüniň his/her own

özümiziň özümiziň our own

özüňiziň özüňiziň your own

özleriniň özleriniň their own

More commonly, the öz + possessive suffix construction is used.

Turkmen Transliteration English

öz kitabym öz kitabym my own book

öz kitabyň öz kitabyň your own book

öz kitaby öz kitaby his/her own book

öz kitabymyz öz kitabymyz our own book

öz kitaplary öz kitaplary their own book(s)

6. Universal determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

ähli ähli all

hemme hemme all/everything

bütin bütin whole/entire

her her every/each

her bir her bir each/every single

ählisi ählisi all of them

hemmesi hemmesi all of them

bütin bütin entire/whole

tutuş tutuş entire/whole

ähli bir ähli bir every single (contextual)

Examples

Ähli okuwçylar geldiler.

Ähli okuwçylar geldiler.

All the students came.

Her okuwçy kitap aldy.

Her okuwçy kitap aldy.

Every student took a book.

Her bir adam jogap bermeli.

Her bir adam jogap bermeli.

Every single person must answer.

7. Each / every

Turkmen Transliteration English

her her every

her bir her bir each/every single

her biri her biri each one

hersi hersi each/every one

aýratynlykda aýratynlykda individually/each separately

bir-bir bir-bir each one/one by one

biri-biri biri-biri each other/one another

Example:

Her okuwçy bir kitap aldy.

Her okuwçy bir kitap aldy.

Each student took one book.

8. Both

Turkmen Transliteration English

ikisi-de ikisi-de both

ikisi hem ikisi hem both

iki­si ikisi the two/both

ikisi-de şol ikisi-de şol both of those

ikisi hem ikisi hem both

Example

Iki okuwçy hem geldi.

Iki okuwçy hem geldi.

Both students came.

Olaryň ikisi-de geldi.

Olaryň ikisi-de geldi.

Both of them came.

9. Neither / none

Turkmen Transliteration English

hiç bir hiç bir no / not a single

hiç biri hiç biri none / neither

hiç hili hiç hili no kind of / no

hiç haýsy hiç haýsy none of which/which one neither

hiç kim hiç kim nobody

hiç zat hiç zat nothing

hiç ýerde hiç ýerde nowhere

hiç wagt hiç wagt never

ikisi-de däl ikisi-de däl neither

hiç biri-de däl hiç biri-de däl none of them

Example

Hiç bir okuwçy gelmedi.

Hiç bir okuwçy gelmedi.

No student came.

10. Indefinite determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

käbir käbir some / certain

käbirleri käbirleri some of them

haýsydyr bir haýsydyr bir some / a certain

bir bir a / some / one

belli bir belli bir a certain

nähilidir bir nähilidir bir some kind of / a certain

nämedir bir nämedir bir something/some

kimdir biri kimdir biri someone

birneme birneme some/a little

birnäçe birnäçe several

ençeme ençeme many/several

birtopar birtopar a bunch/quite a few

köp köp many/much

az az few/little

biraz biraz a little/some

sähelçe sähelçe a little/tiny amount

birnäçe sany birnäçe sany several

Examples

Käbir adamlar muny bilýärler.

Käbir adamlar muny bilýärler.

Some people know this.

Birnäçe kitap satyn aldym.

Birnäçe kitap satyn aldym.

I bought several books.

11. Quantity determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

köp köp many/much/a lot of

az az few/little

biraz biraz a little/some

ep-esli ep-esli quite a lot/considerable

ýeterlik ýeterlik enough/sufficient

ýeterlik derejede ýeterlik derejede sufficiently

aşa köp aşa köp too much/many

aşa az aşa az too little/few

gaty köp gaty köp very many/much

gaty az gaty az very few/little

köp sanly köp sanly numerous

az sanly az sanly few in number

köp mukdarda köp mukdarda in a large amount

az mukdarda az mukdarda in a small amount

belli bir mukdarda belli bir mukdarda a certain amount of

ep-esli mukdarda ep-esli mukdarda a considerable amount of

Example

Köp adamlar ýygnandy.

Köp adamlar ýygnandy.

Many people gathered.

Biraz suw ber.

Biraz suw ber.

Give me some water.

12. “Several / numerous”

Turkmen Transliteration English

birnäçe birnäçe several

ençeme ençeme numerous/several

köp sanly köp sanly numerous

birtopar birtopar quite a few/a bunch

ep-esli ep-esli considerable/quite a few

ençeme sany ençeme sany numerous

birnäçe sany birnäçe sany several

13. “Another / other”

Turkmen Transliteration English

başga başga other/another

başga bir başga bir another/a different

beýleki beýleki other/the other

beýleki bir beýleki bir another/another particular

ýene bir ýene bir another/one more

galan galan remaining/other

galanlary galanlary the others

özge özge other/different

başgaça başgaça differently/other way

Examples

Başga bir kitap al.

Başga bir kitap al.

Buy another book.

Beýleki okuwçylar geldiler.

Beýleki okuwçylar geldiler.

The other students came.

14. “Same”

Turkmen Transliteration English

şol bir şol bir the same

birmeňzeş birmeňzeş same/identical

deň deň equal/same

şol birmeňzeş şol birmeňzeş exactly the same

bir bir same/one, contextually

Example:

Biz şol bir kitaby okaýarys.

Biz şol bir kitaby okaýarys.

We are reading the same book.

15. “Such / such a”

Turkmen Transliteration English

şeýle şeýle such / this kind of

şeýle bir şeýle bir such a

beýle beýle such / that kind of

beýle bir beýle bir such a

şunuň ýaly şunuň ýaly like this / such

şonuň ýaly şonuň ýaly like that / such

şu hili şu hili this kind of

şol hili şol hili that kind of

şeýle hili şeýle hili such kind of

beýle hili beýle hili such kind of

16. “Any”

Turkmen Transliteration English

islendik islendik any / any whatsoever

haýsy-da bolsa bir haýsy-da bolsa bir any one

haýsy hem bolsa haýsy hem bolsa whichever/any

nähili hem bolsa nähili hem bolsa whatever kind

haýsy bolsa-da haýsy bolsa-da whichever

kim bolsa-da kim bolsa-da whoever/anyone

näme bolsa-da näme bolsa-da whatever/anything

nire bolsa-da nire bolsa-da anywhere/any place

Example

Islendik kitap saýlap bilersiň.

Islendik kitap saýlap bilersiň.

You can choose any book.

17. Interrogative determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

haýsy haýsy which

haýsy bir haýsy bir which one

nähili nähili what kind of

näçe näçe how many/much

näçe sany näçe sany how many

näçinji näçinji which number / what-th

kimiň kimiň whose

näme näme what

haýsy biri haýsy biri which one

Examples

Haýsy kitap seniňki?

Haýsy kitap seniňki?

Which book is yours?

Näçe kitap aldyň?

Näçe kitap aldyň?

How many books did you buy?

Kimiň maşyny bu?

Kimiň maşyny bu?

Whose car is this?

18. Distributive determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

her her every

her bir her bir each

bir-bir bir-bir one each / one by one

her gezek her gezek every time

her gün her gün every day

her ýyl her ýyl every year

her adam her adam every person

her biri her biri each one

hersi hersi each one

19. Numeral determiners

Cardinal numbers can determine nouns.

Turkmen Transliteration English

bir bir one

iki iki two

üç üç three

dört dört four

bäş bäş five

alty alty six

ýedi ýedi seven

sekiz sekiz eight

dokuz dokuz nine

on on ten

ýüz ýüz hundred

müň müň thousand

million million million

milliard milliard billion

Example

Üç kitap aldym.

Üç kitap aldym.

I bought three books.

20. Ordinal determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

birinji birinji first

ikinji ikinji second

üçünji üçünji third

dördünji dördünji fourth

bäşinji bäşinji fifth

altynjy altynjy sixth

ýedinji ýedinji seventh

sekizinji sekizinji eighth

dokuzynjy dokuzynjy ninth

onunjy onunjy tenth

soňky soňky last/final

indiki indiki next

öňki öňki previous/former

Example

Birinji okuwçy jogap berdi.

Birinji okuwçy jogap berdi.

The first student answered.

21. Multiplicative / number-based determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

bir gezeklik bir gezeklik one-time

iki esse iki esse twice/as much

üç esse üç esse three times

iki esse köp iki esse köp twice as much/many

iki esse az iki esse az half as much / twice less

birnäçe esse birnäçe esse several times

köp esse köp esse many times

22. Fractional / partitive determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

ýarym ýarym half

ýarysy ýarysy half of it/them

çärýek çärýek quarter

üçden bir üçden bir one third

dörtden bir dörtden bir one fourth

ýarym sany ýarym sany half a number

bölegi bölegi a part of

bir bölegi bir bölegi one part of

köp bölegi köp bölegi much/many of

az bölegi az bölegi little/few of

23. “Whole / entire”

Turkmen Transliteration English

bütin bütin whole/entire

tutuş tutuş entire/whole

ähli ähli all

hemme hemme all

başdan-aýak başdan-aýak from beginning to end/entire

doly doly full/complete

Example

Bütin gün işledim.

Bütin gün işledim.

I worked all day.

24. “Enough”

Turkmen Transliteration English

ýeterlik ýeterlik enough/sufficient

ýeterlik mukdarda ýeterlik mukdarda enough/a sufficient amount

ýeterlik derejede ýeterlik derejede sufficiently

ýeterlikçe ýeterlikçe sufficiently/as much as enough

25. “Too much / too many / too little”

Turkmen Transliteration English

aşa köp aşa köp too much/many

aşa az aşa az too little/few

gaty köp gaty köp very much/many

gaty az gaty az very little/few

örän köp örän köp very many/much

örän az örän az very few/little

26. Negative determiners

Turkmen Transliteration English

hiç bir hiç bir no / not a single

hiç hili hiç hili no kind of

hiç haýsy hiç haýsy none/which none

hiç bir adam hiç bir adam no person

hiç bir zat hiç bir zat nothing/no thing

hiç bir kitap hiç bir kitap no book

hiç hili mesele hiç hili mesele no kind of problem

27. Determiner-like focus/limiting words

These are not all strict determiners, but they can modify or restrict a noun phrase.

Turkmen Transliteration English

diňe diňe only

diňe bir diňe bir only one / merely one

diňe şol diňe şol only that

diňe bu diňe bu only this

hut hut exactly/precisely

hut şu hut şu exactly this

hut şol hut şol exactly that

özi özi itself/himself

diňe bir ... däl diňe bir ... däl not only

başga başga other/besides

28. “At least / at most”

Turkmen Transliteration English

azyndan azyndan at least

iň bolmanda iň bolmanda at least

iň azyndan iň azyndan at the very least

köp bolanda köp bolanda at most

iň köp iň köp at most

iň köp diýen ýaly iň köp diýen ýaly at most/about

Examples

Azyndan bäş kitap gerek.

Azyndan bäş kitap gerek.

At least five books are needed.

Iň köp on adam bolup biler.

Iň köp on adam bolup biler.

There can be at most ten people.

29. “More / fewer / less”

Turkmen Transliteration English

köp köp many/much

has köp has köp more

has az has az fewer/less

köpüräk köpüräk more/a little more

azrak azrak less/a little less

iň köp iň köp most

iň az iň az least/fewest

30. “Many / much”

Turkmen Transliteration English

köp köp many/much

örän köp örän köp very many/much

gaty köp gaty köp very many/much

köp sanly köp sanly numerous

ençeme ençeme many/numerous

ep-esli ep-esli considerable amount/number

birtopar birtopar quite a few/a lot

31. “Few / little”

Turkmen Transliteration English

az az few/little

örän az örän az very few/little

gaty az gaty az very few/little

az sanly az sanly few in number

biraz biraz a little

sähelçe sähelçe a tiny amount

az-kem az-kem a little/somewhat

32. “One particular / a certain”

Turkmen Transliteration English

bir bir a/one

belli bir belli bir a certain

belli bir sany belli bir sany a certain number

haýsydyr bir haýsydyr bir some particular

haýsydyr biri haýsydyr biri a certain one

bir hili bir hili a kind of

nähilidir bir nähilidir bir some kind of

33. “The other / remaining”

Turkmen Transliteration English

beýleki beýleki the other/other

galan galan remaining

galanlary galanlary the others

beýleki biri beýleki biri the other one

beýleki adamlar beýleki adamlar the other people

galan kitaplar galan kitaplar the remaining books

34. “Such / this kind / that kind”

Turkmen Transliteration English

şu hili şu hili this kind of

şol hili şol hili that kind of

şeýle hili şeýle hili such kind of

beýle hili beýle hili such kind of

şunuň ýaly şunuň ýaly like this/such

şonuň ýaly şonuň ýaly like that/such

şu görnüşli şu görnüşli of this type

şol görnüşli şol görnüşli of that type

şeýle görnüşli şeýle görnüşli of such a type

13- IF CONDITIONAL

Real condition -sa/-se Gelsem If I come

Future possible -sa + future Gelsem, giderin If I come, I will go

General truth -sa + present Işlese, gazanar If he works, he earns

Unreal present -sa + -ardy Baý bolsam, alardym If I were rich, I would buy

Unreal past bolan bolsady Gelen bolsadyň If you had come

Negative -ma/-me + sa Gelmesem If I don't come

Even if -sa-da Gelse-de Even if he comes

Wish käşki + conditional Käşki bolsady If only it were

men okasam, okardym I would read

sen okasaň, okardyň you would read

ol okasa, okardy he/she would read

biz okasak, okardyk we would read

siz okasaňyz, okardyňyz you would read

olar okasalar, okardylar they would read

men okan bolsam, aýdardym I would have read/said

sen okan bolsaň, aýdardyň you would have read/said

ol okan bolsa, aýdardy he/she would have read/said

biz okan bolsak, aýdardyk we would have read/said

siz okan bolsaňyz, aýdardyňyz you would have read/said

olar okan bolsalar, aýdardylar they would have read/said

men okan bolsam, aýdardym I would have read/said

sen okan bolsaň, aýdardyň you would have read/said

ol okan bolsa, aýdardy he/she would have read/said

biz okan bolsak, aýdardyk we would have read/said

siz okan bolsaňyz, aýdardyňyz you would have read/said

olar okan bolsalar, aýdardylar they would have read/said

men okajakdym I would read / was going to read

sen okajakdyň you would read

ol okajakdy he/she would read

biz okajakdyk we would read

siz okajakdyňyz you would read

olar okajakdylar they would read

men okardym I would read / used to read

sen okardyň you would read

ol okardy he/she would read

biz okardyk we would read

siz okardyňyz you would read

olar okardylar they would read

men bagtly bolardym I would be happy.

sen bagtly bolardyň

ol bagtly bolardy

biz bagtly bolardyk

siz bagtly bolardyňyz

olar bagtly bolardylar

men okamak isleýärin I would like to read.

sen okamak isleýärsiň

ol okamak isleýär

biz okamak isleýäris

siz okamak isleýärsiňiz

olar okamak isleýärler

men okamazardym I would not read

sen okamazardyň you would not read

ol okamazardy he/she would not read

biz okamazardyk we would not read

siz okamazardyňyz you would not read

olar okamazardyl ar they would not read

men okamadyk bolsam if I had not read

sen okamadyk bolsaň if you had not read

ol okamadyk bolsa if he/she had not read

biz okamadyk bolsak if we had not read

siz okamadyk bolsaňyz if you had not read

olar okamadyk bolsalar if they had not read

men okajak däldim I would not/was not going to read.

sen okajak däldiň

ol okajak däldi

biz okajak däldik

siz okajak däldiňiz

olar okajak däldiler

men okamardym

sen okamardyň

ol okamardy

biz okamardyk

siz okamardyňyz

olar okamardylar

men bagtly bolmazdym I would not be happy.

sen bagtly bolmazdyň

ol bagtly bolmazdy

biz bagtly bolmazdyk

siz bagtly bolmazdyňyz

olar bagtly bolmazdylar

Men okamasa, öwrenmezdim.

öwren-mez-dim (öwrenmezdim) = I would not learn (negative conditional result)

men ýazylsamdy? I would be written (rare)

sen ýazylsaňdy you would be written

ol ýazylsa it would be written

biz ýazylsakdyk we would be written

siz ýazylsaňyzdy you would be written

olar ýazylsalar they would be written

men ýazylan bolardym I would have been written

sen ýazylan bolardyň You would have been written

ol ýazylan bolardy He/She/It would have been written

biz ýazylan bolardyk We would have been written

siz ýazylan bolardyňyz You would have been written

olar ýazylan bolardylar They would have been written

men ýazylýan bolardym I would be being written

sen ýazylýan bolardyň You would be being written

ol ýazylýan bolardy He/She/It would be being written

biz ýazylýan bolardyk We would be being written

siz ýazylýan bolardyňyz You would be being written

olar ýazylýan bolardylar They would be being written

men ýazyljakdym I was going to be written

sen ýazyljakdyň You were going to be written

ol ýazyljakdy He/She/It was going to be written

biz ýazyljakdyk We were going to be written

siz ýazyljakdyňyz You were going to be written

olar ýazyljakdylar They were going to be written

men ýazylardym I would be written

sen ýazylardyň You would be written

ol ýazylardy It would be written

biz ýazylardyk We would be written

siz ýazylardyňyz You would be written

olar ýazylardylar They would be written

men ýazylmazdym I would not be written

sen ýazylmazdyň You would not be written

ol ýazylmazdy He/She/It would not be written

biz ýazylmazdyk We would not be written

siz ýazylmazdyňyz You would not be written

olar ýazylmazdylar They would not be written

men ýazylmadyk bolardym I would not have been written

sen ýazylmadyk bolardyň You would not have been written

ol ýazylmadyk bolardy He/She/It would not have been written

biz ýazylmadyk bolardyk We would not have been written

siz ýazylmadyk bolardyňyz You would not have been written

olar ýazylmadyk bolardylar They would not have been written

men ýazylmaýan bolardym I would not be being written

sen ýazylmaýan bolardyň You would not be being written

ol ýazylmaýan bolardy It would not be being written

biz ýazylmaýan bolardyk We would not be being written

siz ýazylmaýan bolardyňyz You would not be being written

olar ýazylmaýan bolardylar They would not be being written

men ýazyljak däldim I was not going to be written

sen ýazyljak däldiň You were not going to be written

ol ýazyljak däldi It was not going to be written

biz ýazyljak däldik We were not going to be written

siz ýazyljak däldiňiz You were not going to be written

olar ýazyljak däldiler They were not going to be written

men ýazylmazdym I would not usually be written

sen ýazylmazdyň You would not usually be written

ol ýazylmazdy It would not usually be written

biz ýazylmazdyk We would not usually be written

siz ýazylmazdyňyz You would not usually be written

olar ýazylmazdylar They would not usually be written

-ylmasa/-ilmese + -mezdi

Eger ýazylmasa, kabul edilmezdi.

if eger / -sa/-se Eger gelse

when haçan Haçan gelse

whenever haçan bolsa-da Haçan bolsa-da

every time her gezek Her gezek görsem

unless -masa/-mese Gelmese

even if -sa-da/-se-de Gelse-de

as long as -sa / şert bilen Gelseň

provided that şertinde Şertinde

in case ýagdaýynda Ýagdaýynda

suppose diýeli Geler diýeli

if only käşki Käşki gelse

until çenli Gelýänçä

before öň Gelmezden öň

after soň Gelenden soň

as soon as badyna Gelen badyna

while wagtynda Gelýän wagty

14- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

more has

most iň

less az

very örän

much more has köp

slightly more biraz has

as...as ýaly

not as...as ýaly däl

than -dan/-den

increasingly gitdigiçe

the more...the more näçe...şonça

big uly uly öý

bigger has uly has uly öý

biggest iň uly iň uly öý

bigger than X-dan has uly menden has uly

as big as ýaly uly men ýaly uly

not as big as ýaly uly däl ol ýaly uly däl

less big az uly az uly

least iň az iň az uly

more and more gitdigiçe gitdigiçe uly

the more...the more näçe...şonça näçe köp, şonça köp

Bu jaý ol jaýdan has uly. This house is bigger than that house.

FORMATION:

bu jaý = this house

ol jaý-dan = than that house

has uly = bigger

Ol köpräk okaýar. He studies more.

Ol iň gowy okuwçy. He is the best student.

Ol gitdigiçe güýçlenýär. He is becoming stronger and stronger. (use gitdigiçe to mean more and more)

Ol has-da owadan bolýar. She becomes more and more beautiful. (use has do for double comparative)

Näçe köp işleseň, şonça köp gazanarsyň. The more you work, the more you earn.

Näçe köp okasaň, şonça köp bilersiň. The more you study, the more you know.

Näçe az iýseň, şonça az semrärsiň. The less you eat, the less you gain weight.

many books köp kitap Men köp kitap okaýaryn. I read many books.

more books has köp kitap Men has köp kitap okaýaryn. I read more books.

the most books iň köp kitap Ol iň köp kitap okaýar. He/She reads the most books.

few books az kitap Bu ýerde az kitap bar. There are few books here.

fewer books azrak kitap Bu ýerde azrak kitap bar. There are fewer books here.

the least books iň az kitap Ol iň az kitap okaýar. He/She reads the fewest books.

more money than has köp pul Ol menden has köp pul gazanýar. He earns more money than me.

less time than az wagt Men senden az wagt işleýärin. I work less time than you.

basic adjective uly big

more / -er has + adj. has uly bigger

relatively more adj. + -rak/-räk ulurak somewhat bigger

more than X-den has + adj. menden has uly bigger than me

fewer azrak + noun azrak kitap fewer books

more nouns has köp + noun has köp kitap more books

less azrak + noun azrak pul less money

most / -est iň + adj. iň uly biggest

fewest iň az + noun iň az kitap fewest books

least iň az + noun iň az wagt least time

as...as B ýaly + adj. ol ýaly uly as big as him

not as...as B ýaly + adj. däl ýaly uly däl not as big as

very örän/juda/gaty + adj. örän uly very big

15- RELATIVE CLAUSES

Present active V-ýan/-ýän + N gelýän adam person who is coming

Past active V-an/-en + N gelen adam person who came

Future active V-jak/-jek + N geljek adam person who will come

Present passive passive V-ýan/-ýän + N ýazylýan kitap book being written

Past passive passive V-an/-en + N ýazylan kitap book that was written

Future passive passive V-jak/-jek + N ýazyljak kitap book that will be written

Present negative V-ma/-me + ýan/ýän gelmeýän adam person who doesn't come

Past negative V-ma/-me + dik/dik-type participle gelmedik adam person who didn't come

Future negative V-ma/-me + jak/jek gelmejek adam person who won't come

16- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech: Speaker + diýdi: "Exact sentence." OR: "Exact sentence," + speaker diýdi.

Reported Speech:

Present -ýandygyny Ol işleýändigini aýtdy He said he was working

Past -andygyny/-endigini Ol gelendigini aýtdy He said he came

Future -jakdygyny/-jekdigini Ol geljekdigini aýtdy He said he would come

Must -melidigini Ol gitmelidigini aýtdy He said he had to go

Yes/No question clause + sorady Geljekdigiňi sorady He asked if you would come

WH question WH + clause + sorady Nirede ýaşaýandygyňy sorady He asked where you lived

Command -magyny/-megini Gitmegimi aýtdy He told me to go

Negative command -mezligini Gitmezligimi aýtdy He told me not to go

Request -magy + haýyş etdi Kömek etmegimi haýyş etdi He requested me to help

Suggestion -magy + teklip etdi Gitmegi teklip etdi He suggested going

Advice -magy + maslahat berdi Okamagy maslahat berdi He advised studying

He said that I am reading. Ol meniň okaýandygymy aýtdy.

He said that you are reading. Ol seniň okaýandygyňy aýtdy.

He said that he/she is reading. Ol onuň okaýandygyny aýtdy.

He said that we are reading. Ol biziň okaýandygymyzy aýtdy.

He said that you are reading. Ol siziň okaýandygyňyzy aýtdy.

He said that they are reading. Ol olaryň okaýandyklaryny aýtdy.

I said Men aýtdym.

You said Sen aýtdyň.

He/She said Ol aýtdy.

We said Biz aýtdyk.

You said Siz aýtdyňyz.

They said Olar aýtdylar.

17- INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS

to read okamak verb + -mak

reading okamak verb + -mak

reading (object) okamagy -mak + object

to read for purpose okamaga / okamak üçin dative/purpose

without reading okaman -man

after reading okandan soň -andan soň

while reading okap -yp/-ip

before reading okamanka / okamazdan öň special forms

I am happy seeing you Seni görendigime şat Gerund-like action verb + -endigime

I am happy to see you Seni görmek meniň üçin ýakymly Infinitive -mak/-mek + üçin

I plan to eat Men iýmegi meýilleşdirýärin Infinitive object -magy/-megi

I plan eating Men iýmegi meýilleşdirýärin Gerund object -magy/-megi

I see him run Men onuň ylgaýandygyny görýärin Perception clause genitive + -ýandygyny

I see him running Men onuň ylgaýandygyny görýärin Perception clause genitive + -ýandygyny

I eat to play Men oýnamak üçin iýýärin Purpose infinitive -mak üçin

18- SUBJUNCTIVE

wish -sa/-se + isleýärin Gitsem isleýärin I wish I could go

unreal if -sa/-se Baý bolsam If I were rich

would -ar/-er + past ending Alardym I would buy

let me -aýyn/-eýin Gideýin Let me go

let him -syn/-sin Gelsin Let him come

let's -aly/-eli Gideli Let's go

may/might -yp biler Gelip biler He may come

want someone to genitive + -megi + isleýärin Seniň gelmegiňi isleýärin I want you to come

necessary -meli Gitmeli Must go

19- TAG QUESTIONS

isn't it? şeýle dälmi? / dogry dälmi?

aren't you? şeýle dälmi?

don't you? şeýle dälmi?

didn't he? şeýle dälmi?

won't they? şeýle dälmi?

right? dogry dälmi?

okay? bolýarmy?

Sen geldiň, şeýle dälmi? You came, didn't you?

Sen geler­siň, şeýle dälmi? You will come, won't you?

Aren't you coming? Sen gelmeýärsiňmi?

Isn't he working? Ol işlemeýärmi?

Didn't you go? Sen gitmediňmi?

Didn't she see? Ol görmedimi?

Won't you come? Sen gelmersiňmi?

Isn't it good? Bu gowy dälmi?

Aren't you a student? Sen okuwçy dälmi?

Don't you have money? Seniň puluň ýokmy?

20- MODAL WORDS

Turkmen Transliteration English

mümkin mümkin possible / may

mümkin däl mümkin däl impossible / may not

mümkin bolmagy mümkin bolmagy it may be possible

mümkin bolsa mümkin bolsa if possible

bolup biler bolup biler may/might be

bolup bilýär bolup bilýär can/may be

biler biler can/may

bilmez bilmez may not/cannot

ähtimal ähtimal probable/likely

ähtimaldyr ähtimaldyr is probably

ähtimal däl ähtimal däl unlikely

ähtimal bolup biler ähtimal bolup biler may probably be

bolmagy mümkin bolmagy mümkin may be possible

bolmagy ähtimal bolmagy ähtimal is likely to be

belki belki perhaps/maybe

belki-de belki-de perhaps/maybe

ähtimal ki ähtimal ki probably that

görünýär görünýär seems/appears

megerem megerem perhaps/probably

öýdýän öýdýän I suppose/I think

Example

Ol şu gün gelip biler.

Ol şu gün gelip biler.

He may/could come today.

2. Ability — “can / be able to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

bilmek bilmek to be able to / know how to

biler biler can

bilýär bilýär can/is able to

bilerin bilerin I can

bilersiň bilersiň you can

biler biler he/she can

bileris bileris we can

bilersiňiz bilersiňiz you can

bilerler bilerler they can

bilip bilmek bilip bilmek be able to

başar- başar- manage/be able to

başarmak başarmak be able to/manage

başarýar başarýar can/manages

başarmaz başarmaz cannot/manage not to

Example

Men muny edip bilerin.

Men muny edip bilerin.

I can do this.

3. Past ability — “could / was able to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

bilýärdim bilýärdim I could

bilýärdiň bilýärdiň you could

bilýärdi bilýärdi he/she could

bilýärdik bilýärdik we could

bilýärdiňiz bilýärdiňiz you could

bilýärdiler bilýärdiler they could

başarypdy başarypdy managed/could

başaryp bilýärdi başaryp bilýärdi was able to

4. Necessity — “must / need to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

gerek gerek necessary / need to

gerekdir gerekdir is necessary

gerek däl gerek däl not necessary

gerek bolup biler gerek bolup biler may be necessary

zerur zerur necessary

zerurdyr zerurdyr is necessary

zerur däl zerur däl unnecessary

zerur bolýar zerur bolýar becomes necessary

zerur bolmak zerur bolmak be necessary

hökmany hökmany obligatory/mandatory

hökmanydyr hökmanydyr is mandatory

hökman hökman necessarily/definitely

hökman däl hökman däl not necessarily

gerek bolýar gerek bolýar needs to/becomes necessary

Example

Men gitmeli.

Men gitmeli.

I must go / I need to go.

Bu işi tamamlamak gerek.

Bu işi tamamlamak gerek.

This work needs to be completed.

5. Obligation — “must / have to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

-maly / -meli -maly / -meli must / have to

gerek gerek need to

zerur zerur necessary

hökmany hökmany obligatory

borçly borçly obliged

borçlydyr borçlydyr is obliged

borçly bolmak borçly bolmak be obliged

mejbur mejbur forced/obliged

mejbur bolmak mejbur bolmak have to/be forced

mejbur etmek mejbur etmek force

borç edinmek borç edinmek undertake/be obliged

Example

Sen bu işi etmeli.

Sen bu işi etmeli.

You must do this work.

Men gitmäge mejbur boldum.

Men gitmäge mejbur boldum.

I had to leave / I was forced to leave.

6. Prohibition — “must not / may not”

Turkmen Transliteration English

-maly däl / -meli däl -maly däl / -meli däl must not / should not

bolmaly däl bolmaly däl must not be

etmeli däl etmeli däl must not do

gadagan gadagan forbidden

gadagandyr gadagandyr is forbidden

gadagan etmek gadagan etmek prohibit

rugsat ýok rugsat ýok not permitted

rugsat berilmeýär rugsat berilmeýär permission is not given

rugsatsyz rugsatsyz without permission

ýol berilmeýär ýol berilmeýär not allowed

Example

Bu ýere girmeli däl.

Bu ýere girmeli däl.

You must not enter here.

7. Permission — “may / be allowed to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

rugsat rugsat permission

rugsat bermek rugsat bermek allow

rugsat almak rugsat almak obtain permission

rugsat bar rugsat bar permission exists

rugsat ýok rugsat ýok permission does not exist

rugsat berilýär rugsat berilýär it is permitted

rugsat berilmeýär rugsat berilmeýär it is not permitted

bolýar bolýar may/can/is allowed

bolmaýar bolmaýar may not/is not allowed

mümkin mümkin possible/permitted, depending on context

ýol bermek ýol bermek allow

ýol berilýär ýol berilýär is allowed

Example

Men girip bilerinmi?

Men girip bilerinmi?

May I come in?

Hawa, girip bilersiň.

Hawa, girip bilersiň.

Yes, you may come in.

8. Advice — “should / ought to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

-maly / -meli -maly / -meli should

gerek gerek should/need to

gowy bolardy gowy bolardy it would be good

gowusy gowusy preferably/better

iň gowusy iň gowusy it would be best

dogry bolar dogry bolar it would be right

maslahat maslahat advice

maslahat bermek maslahat bermek advise

maslahat berilýär maslahat berilýär it is recommended

maslahat berilýär maslahat berilýär is advisable

ýerlikli ýerlikli appropriate/advisable

Example

Köp dynç almaly.

Köp dynç almaly.

You should rest a lot.

9. “Should not”

Turkmen Transliteration English

-maly däl / -meli däl -maly däl / -meli däl should not

etmeli däl etmeli däl should not do

bolmaly däl bolmaly däl should not be

gowy bolmaz gowy bolmaz it would not be good

maslahat berilmeýär maslahat berilmeýär it is not recommended

ýerlikli däl ýerlikli däl inappropriate/not advisable

10. Need / “need to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

gerek gerek need/necessary

gerek bolmak gerek bolmak be needed

gerek bolýar gerek bolýar is needed

gerek bolar gerek bolar will be needed

zerur zerur necessary

zerur bolmak zerur bolmak be necessary

zerur bolýar zerur bolýar becomes necessary

zerur bolar zerur bolar will be necessary

zerurlyk zerurlyk necessity

zerurlygy bar zerurlygy bar there is a need

zerurlygy ýok zerurlygy ýok there is no need

11. “Need not / don't have to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

gerek däl gerek däl don't need to

gerek bolmaz gerek bolmaz won't need to

zerur däl zerur däl not necessary

zerurlygy ýok zerurlygy ýok there is no need

hökman däl hökman däl not necessary

etmeli däl etmeli däl need not / should not*

* etmeli däl can mean either “must not” or “should not,” so context matters.

12. “Have to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

-maly / -meli -maly / -meli have to

gerek gerek have/need to

mejbur bolmak mejbur bolmak have to/be forced

borçly bolmak borçly bolmak be obliged

zerur bolmak zerur bolmak have to/be necessary

hökmany bolmak hökmany bolmak be mandatory

13. Desire — “want to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

isleýärin isleýärin I want

isleýärsiň isleýärsiň you want

isleýär isleýär he/she wants

isleýäris isleýäris we want

isleýärsiňiz isleýärsiňiz you want

isleýärler isleýärler they want

islemek islemek want

isleg isleg desire/wish

isleg bildirmek isleg bildirmek express a desire

arzuw etmek arzuw etmek wish/desire

arzuw edýärin arzuw edýärin I wish

höwes etmek höwes etmek desire/be eager

islegli islegli willing/desirous

Example

Men gitmek isleýärin.

Men gitmek isleýärin.

I want to go.

14. “Would like to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

islärdim islärdim I would like

isleýärin isleýärin I want/would like

isleýärdik isleýärdik we would like

arzuw edýärin arzuw edýärin I would like/wish

islegim bar islegim bar I would like / I have a desire

isleýän isleýän wanting/would like

islärdim is particularly useful for polite hypothetical desire.

15. Intention — “intend to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

niýet etmek niýet etmek intend

niýetlenmek niýetlenmek intend/plan

niýetim bar niýetim bar I intend

maksady bar maksady bar has the aim/intention

meýilleşdirmek meýilleşdirmek plan

meýilnama meýilnama plan

karar etmek karar etmek decide

karar berdi karar berdi decided

-makçy / -mekçi -makçy / -mekçi intend/want to

-jak / -jek -jak / -jek will/intend to

Example

Men gitmekçi.

Men gitmekçi.

I intend to go / I'm going to go.

16. Future / “will”

Turkmen does not have a separate English-style modal will, but future/intention is expressed through future forms.

Turkmen Transliteration English

-ar / -er -ar / -er will / usually does

-jak / -jek -jak / -jek will / going to

bolar bolar will be / may be

eder eder will do

gider gider will go

geljek geljek will come

etjek etjek will do

gitjek gitjek will go

17. “Would”

Turkmen generally expresses English would through conditional, hypothetical, habitual-past, or context-specific constructions.

Turkmen Transliteration English

-sa / -se -sa / -se would/if

-ardy / -erdi -ardy / -erdi would / used to

bolardy bolardy would be

ederdim ederdim I would do

giderdim giderdim I would go

gelerdim gelerdim I would come

islärdim islärdim I would like

bolardy bolardy it would be

Example

Wagtym bolan bolsa, men barardym.

Wagtym bolan bolsa, men barardym.

If I had time, I would go.

18. Conditional modality

Turkmen Transliteration English

-sa / -se -sa / -se if / would

eger eger if

eger-de eger-de if

bolsa bolsa if it is / if there is

şeýle bolsa şeýle bolsa if so

bolmasa bolmasa if not / otherwise

-sa-da / -se-de -sa-da / -se-de even if

näme bolsa-da näme bolsa-da whatever happens

kim bolsa-da kim bolsa-da whoever

nähili bolsa-da nähili bolsa-da however it is

19. “Might”

Turkmen Transliteration English

mümkin mümkin might/may

bolup biler bolup biler might be

biler biler might/can

belki belki perhaps/might

belki-de belki-de perhaps

ähtimal ähtimal probably/might

ähtimaldyr ähtimaldyr might/probably is

bolmagy mümkin bolmagy mümkin might be

belki bolar belki bolar might happen

20. “Could”

Turkmen Transliteration English

bilerdi bilerdi could

bilip bilerdi bilip bilerdi could be able to

başaryp bilerdi başaryp bilerdi could manage

mümkin bolardy mümkin bolardy could be possible

edip bilerdi edip bilerdi could do

gelip bilerdi gelip bilerdi could come

gitmek mümkin gitmek mümkin could go / it is possible to go

21. “Dare”

Turkmen Transliteration English

het etmek het etmek dare

het edip bilmek het edip bilmek dare/be bold enough

het edip bilmezlik het edip bilmezlik not dare

batyrgaýlyk etmek batyrgaýlyk etmek dare/be courageous

batyrlyk batyrlyk courage

gorkman gorkman without being afraid

çekinmek çekinmek hesitate/be reluctant

22. Willingness — “be willing to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

razy razy willing/agreeable

razy bolmak razy bolmak be willing/agree

razy däl razy däl unwilling

taýýar taýýar ready/willing

taýýar bolmak taýýar bolmak be ready/willing

islegli islegli willing

höwesli höwesli eager/willing

razylaşmak razylaşmak agree

kabul etmek kabul etmek agree/accept

23. “Be supposed to”

Turkmen Transliteration English

-maly / -meli -maly / -meli be supposed to

gerek gerek be supposed/needed

meýilleşdirilen meýilleşdirilen scheduled/planned

göz öňünde tutulan göz öňünde tutulan intended/planned

garaşylýar garaşylýar is expected

garaşylýar welin garaşylýar welin is expected that

wezipesi wezipesi duty/role

borçly borçly obligated

24. Probability — “probably / likely”

Turkmen Transliteration English

ähtimal ähtimal probably/likely

ähtimaldyr ähtimaldyr is probably

ähtimal ki ähtimal ki probably that

ähtimal bolup biler ähtimal bolup biler is likely to be

bolmagy ähtimal bolmagy ähtimal is likely

mümkin mümkin possible

mümkin bolmagy mümkin bolmagy may be possible

belki belki perhaps

belki-de belki-de perhaps

megerem megerem probably/perhaps

öýdýän öýdýän I suppose

görünýär görünýär seems

görünýän ýaly görünýän ýaly seems to be

25. Certainty — “certainly / surely”

Turkmen Transliteration English

hökman hökman definitely/certainly

elbetde elbetde certainly/of course

şübhesiz şübhesiz undoubtedly

şübhesizdir şübhesizdir is undoubtedly

gürrüňsiz gürrüňsiz unquestionably

elbetde-de elbetde-de certainly

anyk anyk certain/definite

anykdyr anykdyr is certain

hakykatdan hakykatdan truly/in fact

hakykatdanam hakykatdanam indeed/truly

çynlakaý çynlakaý truly/seriously

26. Uncertainty / doubt

Turkmen Transliteration English

belki belki maybe

belki-de belki-de perhaps

ähtimal ähtimal perhaps/probably

mümkin mümkin possible

megerem megerem perhaps/probably

näbelli näbelli uncertain/unknown

şübheli şübheli doubtful

şübhe şübhe doubt

şübhelenmek şübhelenmek doubt

öýdýän öýdýän I suppose

çak edýärin çak edýärin I suppose/estimate

çaklamak çaklamak suppose/estimate

27. Inference — “must be / presumably”

Turkmen Transliteration English

bolmaly bolmaly must be / is presumably

bolsa gerek bolsa gerek must probably be

bolmaly ýaly bolmaly ýaly seems to be/must be

ähtimal ähtimal probably

megerem megerem presumably

öýdýän öýdýän I suppose

görünýär görünýär appears/seems

bolmagy mümkin bolmagy mümkin may be

gürrüňsiz gürrüňsiz undoubtedly

Example

Ol öýde bolmaly.

Ol öýde bolmaly.

He must be at home. / He is presumably at home.

Here -maly can express obligation or inference, depending on context.

28. “Apparently / supposedly”

Turkmen Transliteration English

görünýär görünýär apparently/seemingly

megerem megerem apparently/probably

bolşuna görä bolşuna görä apparently/according to how it is

diýilýär diýilýär it is said

aýdylyşyna görä aýdylyşyna görä reportedly/according to what is said

eşidişime görä eşidişime görä apparently/from what I hear

çak edilişine görä çak edilişine görä presumably/according to estimates

29. “Let / allow”

Turkmen Transliteration English

goý goý let/allow

goýber goýber let go/allow

goýbermek goýbermek let/allow

rugsat ber rugsat ber allow

rugsat bermek rugsat bermek allow

ýol ber ýol ber allow

ýol bermek ýol bermek allow

goýaly goýaly let's leave/let's allow, contextually

geliň geliň let's

-aly / -eli -aly / -eli let's

Example

Geliň, başlaly.

Geliň, başlaly.

Let's begin.

30. “Let's”

Turkmen Transliteration English

-aly / -eli -aly / -eli let's

geliň geliň let's

geliň, ... geliň, ... let's...

göreli göreli let's see

gideli gideli let's go

başlaly başlaly let's begin

edeli edeli let's do

31. “May” as a wish/blessing

Turkmen Transliteration English

bolsun bolsun may it be

bolsun-da bolsun-da may it be

ýaşasyn ýaşasyn long live/may he live

üstünlik bolsun üstünlik bolsun may there be success

ýolun açyk bolsun ýolun açyk bolsun may your path be open

sag-aman bol sag-aman bol may you be safe/well

32. “If only / I wish”

Turkmen Transliteration English

käşke käşke if only / I wish

käşke-de käşke-de if only

keşke keşke if only (also encountered)

-sa keşke -sa keşke if only...

-se keşke -se keşke if only...

arzuw edýärin arzuw edýärin I wish

isleýärdim isleýärdim I wished/would like

Example

Käşke men hem barsam.

Käşke men hem barsam.

If only I could go too.

33. “Lest / for fear that”

Turkmen Transliteration English

bolmasyn diýip bolmasyn diýip lest / so that ... not

etmesin diýip etmesin diýip lest he/she do

bolmaz ýaly bolmaz ýaly so that it doesn't happen

etmez ýaly etmez ýaly so that he/she doesn't do

gorkup gorkup fearing

gorkusyndan gorkusyndan for fear of

gorkusy sebäpli gorkusy sebäpli because of fear

34. Evaluation / speaker attitude

Turkmen Transliteration English

bagtymyza bagtymyza fortunately

gynansak-da gynansak-da unfortunately

gynansak-da gynansak-da sadly/unfortunately

gynansak gynansak unfortunately

şükür şükür fortunately/thankfully

dogrusy dogrusy frankly

hakykatdanam hakykatdanam really/indeed

elbetde elbetde of course

hökman hökman definitely

belki belki perhaps

ähtimal ähtimal probably

megerem megerem presumably

35. Emphasis with modal meaning

Turkmen Transliteration English

hökman hökman definitely

elbetde elbetde certainly/of course

hut hut exactly/precisely

dogrudanam dogrudanam really/indeed

hakykatdanam hakykatdanam truly

gürrüňsiz gürrüňsiz unquestionably

şübhesiz şübhesiz undoubtedly

çynlakaý çynlakaý really/seriously

asla asla absolutely/not at all

36. Modal particles / discourse words

These can add modality, emphasis, doubt, surprise, or speaker attitude.

Turkmen Transliteration English

-da / -de -da / -de also/even/emphasis

-a / -ä -a / -ä emphasis/insistence

ahyry ahyry after all

eger eger if

belki belki maybe

belki-de belki-de perhaps

hökman hökman certainly

elbetde elbetde certainly

hut hut exactly

diňe diňe only

hatda hatda even

barybir barybir anyway/regardless

her niçik her niçik however

nähili-de bolsa nähili-de bolsa somehow/in any case

näme-de bolsa näme-de bolsa somehow/whatever

her näme-de bolsa her näme-de bolsa whatever it may be

37. “Anyway / regardless”

Turkmen Transliteration English

barybir barybir anyway/regardless

her niçik her niçik however

her näme bolsa-da her näme bolsa-da whatever happens

näme bolsa-da näme bolsa-da whatever happens

nähili bolsa-da nähili bolsa-da however it is

muňa garamazdan muňa garamazdan nevertheless/despite this

şonda-da şonda-da nevertheless/even then

şeýle-de bolsa şeýle-de bolsa even so/nevertheless

38. “Necessarily / inevitably”

Turkmen Transliteration English

hökman hökman necessarily

hökmany suratda hökmany suratda necessarily

hökman-da hökman-da definitely

gutulgysyz gutulgysyz inevitable

gutulgysyz ýagdaýda gutulgysyz ýagdaýda inevitably

hökmany hökmany mandatory/inevitable

mejbury mejbury compulsory

39. “Possibly / potentially”

Turkmen Transliteration English

mümkin mümkin possible

bolup biler bolup biler may be

mümkinçiligi bar mümkinçiligi bar there is a possibility

mümkinçiligi ýok mümkinçiligi ýok there is no possibility

mümkin bolan mümkin bolan possible

mümkin boldugyça mümkin boldugyça as much as possible

mümkin bolsa mümkin bolsa if possible

mümkin boldugyça köp mümkin boldugyça köp as much as possible

40. “As much/as little as possible”

Turkmen Transliteration English

mümkin boldugyça mümkin boldugyça as much/as possible

mümkin boldugyça köp mümkin boldugyça köp as much as possible

mümkin boldugyça az mümkin boldugyça az as little as possible

mümkin boldugyça çalt mümkin boldugyça çalt as quickly as possible

mümkin boldugyça gowy mümkin boldugyça gowy as well as possible

41. Modal constructions with -maly / -meli

This is one of the most important Turkmen modal formations.

Formation Transliteration Meaning

V-maly V-maly must/should

V-meli V-meli must/should

V-maly däl V-maly däl must not/should not

V-meli däl V-meli däl must not/should not

V-maly bolmak V-maly bolmak have to/must

V-meli bolmak V-meli bolmak have to/must

Examples

Turkmen Transliteration English

Men gitmeli. Men gitmeli. I must go.

Sen okamaly. Sen okamaly. You should/must study.

Ol işlemeli. Ol işlemeli. He/she must work.

Biz başlamaly. Biz başlamaly. We must start.

Siz garaşmaly däl. Siz garaşmaly däl. You must not/should not wait.

42. Modal construction with -bil-

This is the major ability/possibility construction.

Formation Transliteration Meaning

V-yp bil- V-yp bil- can/be able to

V-ip bil- V-ip bil- can/be able to

V-yp bilmez V-yp bilmez cannot/may not

V-yp biler V-yp biler may/can

V-yp bilýär V-yp bilýär can/is able

V-yp bilmedi V-yp bilmedi could not

V-yp bilerdi V-yp bilerdi could

V-yp bilse V-yp bilse if able/could

Example

Men ýüzüp bilýärin.

Men ýüzüp bilýärin.

I can swim.

Ol ertir gelip biler.

Ol ertir gelip biler.

He may/could come tomorrow.

43. Modal construction with gerek

Formation Transliteration Meaning

V-mak gerek V-mak gerek need to

V-meli gerek V-meli gerek should/must

V-mak gerek däl V-mak gerek däl don't need to

V-mak gerek bolar V-mak gerek bolar will need to

V-mak gerekdi V-mak gerekdi needed to

44. Modal construction with mümkin

Formation Transliteration Meaning

V-mak mümkin V-mak mümkin it is possible to

V-mak mümkin däl V-mak mümkin däl it is impossible to

V-magy mümkin V-magy mümkin may possibly

V-magy mümkin däl V-magy mümkin däl may not be possible

V-mak mümkin bolsa V-mak mümkin bolsa if possible

45. Modal construction with -makçy / -mekçi

Formation Transliteration Meaning

V-makçy V-makçy intend/want to

V-mekçi V-mekçi intend/want to

V-makçy däl V-makçy däl do not intend

V-makçydy V-makçydy intended to

V-mekçidim V-mekçidim I intended to

Example

Men kitap ýazmakçy.

Men kitap ýazmakçy.

I intend to write a book.

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

There is a book Kitap bar

There are books Kitaplar bar

There is no book Kitap ýok

Is there a book? Kitap barmy?

There was a book Kitap bardy

There was no book Kitap ýokdy

There will be a book Kitap bolar

There will not be a book Kitap bolmaz

I have a book Mende kitap bar possession

I don't have a book Mende kitap ýok no possession

Do you have a book? Sende kitap barmy? question

I had a book Mende kitap bardy past possession

I will have a book Mende kitap bolar future possession

I have to go Men gitmeli obligation (not possession)

IMPERATIVES:

You (informal) stem Gel! Come!

You (formal/plural) stem + -yň/-iň Geliň! Come!

Let's stem + -aly/-eli Gideli! Let's go!

Let him/her stem + -syn/-sin Gelsin! Let him come!

Don't (informal) stem + -ma/-me Gitme! Don't go!

Don't (formal) stem + -maň/-meň Gitmäň! Don't go!

Let me stem + -aýyn/-eýin Gideýin! Let me go!

Be written! Ýazyl! passive + imperative

Be opened! Açyl! passive + imperative

Be done! Edil! passive + imperative

Let it be written Ýazylsyn passive + -syn

Let it be opened Açylyp goýulsun passive + bolsun meaning

Let it not be done Edilmesin passive + -mesin

Must be written Ýazylmaly passive + -maly

Must be done Edilmeli passive + -meli