1- TAJIK ALPHABET

2- WORD ORDER

1 Basic S + V Ман мехобам. Man mekhabam. I sleep.

2 Direct object S + V + DO Ман китобро мехонам. Man kitobro mekhanam. I read the book.

3 Indirect object S + ба + IO + DO + V Ман ба ӯ китоб медиҳам. Man ba ū kitob mediham. I give him/her a book.

4 Beneficiary S + барои + beneficiary + DO + V Ман барои ӯ китоб мехарам. Man baroi ū kitob mekharam. I buy a book for him/her.

5 IO pronoun S + ба + IO + DO + V Ман ба ӯ китобро медиҳам. Man ba ū kitobro mediham. I give him/her the book.

6 Adjective S + V + Adj Китоб калон аст. Kitob kalon ast. The book is big.

7 Adverb S + V + Adv Ӯ тез мехонад. Ū tez mekhanad. He/She reads quickly.

8 Direct object + adverb S + V + DO + Adv Ман китобро зуд мехонам. Man kitobro zud mekhanam. I read the book quickly.

9 Time adverb S + Time + V Ман имрӯз кор мекунам. Man imrūz kor mekunam. I work today.

10 Place adverb S + V + Place Ӯ он ҷо зиндагӣ мекунад. Ū on jo zindagī mekunad. He/She lives there.

11 Location phrase S + V + Location Китоб дар рӯи миз аст. Kitob dar rūyi miz ast. The book is on the table.

12 DO + location S + DO + V + Location Ман китобро рӯи миз гузоштам. Man kitobro rūyi miz guzoshtam. I put the book on the table.

13 Determiner + noun Dem + N Ин китоб нав аст. In kitob nav ast. This book is new.

14 Determiner + adjective + noun Dem + N + Adj Ин китоби калон нав аст. In kitobi kalon nav ast. This big book is new.

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Ду китоб наванд. Du kitob navand. Two books are new.

16 Conjunction Clause + Conj + Clause Ман мехонам ва ӯ менависад. Man mekhanam va ū menavisad. I read and he/she writes.

17 Conjunction + objects S + V + DO + Conj + S + V + DO Ман китобро мехонам ва ӯ нома менависад. Man kitobro mekhanam va ū noma menavisad. I read the book and he/she writes a letter.

18 Present passive S + passive construction Китоб хонда мешавад. Kitob khonda meshavad. The book is read / is being read.

19 Passive + agent S + passive + аз ҷониби + Agent Китоб аз ҷониби ӯ хонда мешавад. Kitob az jonibi ū khonda meshavad. The book is read by him/her.

20 Passive + IO S + ба + IO + passive Китоб ба ӯ дода мешавад. Kitob ba ū dodа meshavad. The book is given to him/her.

21 Passive + IO + agent S + ба + IO + passive + аз ҷониби + Agent Китоб ба ӯ аз ҷониби ӯ дода мешавад. Kitob ba ū az jonibi ū doda meshavad. The book is given to him/her by him/her.

22 Passive + adverb S + Time + passive Китоб имрӯз хонда мешавад. Kitob imrūz khonda meshavad. The book is read today.

23 Passive + location S + passive + Location Китоб рӯи миз гузошта мешавад. Kitob rūyi miz guzoshta meshavad. The book is put on the table.

24 Passive + agent + adverb S + Time + passive + Agent Китоб имрӯз аз ҷониби ӯ хонда мешавад. Kitob imrūz az jonibi ū khonda meshavad. The book is read by him/her today.

25 Passive + agent + IO + adverb S + Time + ба + IO + passive + Agent Китоб имрӯз ба ӯ аз ҷониби муаллим дода мешавад. Kitob imrūz ba ū az jonibi muallim doda meshavad. The book is given to him/her by the teacher today.

26 Perfect passive S + passive participle + аст Китоб хонда шудааст. Kitob khonda shudaast. The book has been read.

27 Perfect passive + agent S + passive participle + аст + аз ҷониби + Agent Китоб аз ҷониби ӯ хонда шудааст. Kitob az jonibi ū khonda shudaast. The book has been read by him/her.

28 Future passive S + хоҳ- + passive Китоб хонда хоҳад шуд. Kitob khonda khohad shud. The book will be read.

29 Future passive + agent S + passive + future + Agent Китоб аз ҷониби ӯ хонда хоҳад шуд. Kitob az jonibi ū khonda khohad shud. The book will be read by him/her.

30 Modal passive S + бояд + passive Китоб бояд хонда шавад. Kitob boyad khonda shavad. The book must be read.

31 Negative S + negative + V + DO Ман китобро намехонам. Man kitobro namekhanam. I do not read the book.

32 Negative passive S + negative + passive Китоб аз ҷониби ӯ хонда намешавад. Kitob az jonibi ū khonda nameshavad. The book is not read by him/her.

33 Yes/no question Оё + S + V + DO? Оё ту китобро мехонӣ? Oyo tu kitobro mekhanī? Do you read the book?

34 Passive question Оё + S + passive? Оё китоб хонда мешавад? Oyo kitob khonda meshavad? Is the book being read?

35 Agent question Кӣ + DO + V? Кӣ китобро мехонад? Kī kitobro mekhanad? Who is reading the book?

36 IO question Ба кӣ + DO + V? Ба кӣ китобро медиҳӣ? Ba kī kitobro medihī? To whom do you give the book?

37 Imperative V + DO Китобро хон! Kitobro khon! Read the book!

38 Imperative + IO V + ба + IO + DO Китобро ба ӯ деҳ! Kitobro ba ū deh! Give him/her the book!

39 Passive imperative бигзор + passive Бигзор китоб хонда шавад! Bigzor kitob khonda shavad! Let the book be read!

40 Verbal noun V + -дан хондан khondan reading / to read

41 Verbal noun + DO V-noun + -и + DO хондани китоб khondani kitob reading the book

42 Subjunctive construction ки + subjunctive ки хонда шавад ki khonda shavad that it be read / to be read

43 Purpose S + V + барои + V-дан Ман барои бозӣ кардан мехӯрам. Man baroi bozī kardan mekhoram. I eat in order to play.

44 Relative clause [Relative clause] + N Китобе, ки мехонам, ҷолиб аст. Kitobe, ki mekhanam, jolib ast. The book that I am reading is interesting.

45 Passive relative [Relative passive clause] + N Китобе, ки ӯ хондааст, ҷолиб аст. Kitobe, ki ū khondaast, jolib ast. The book that he/she has read is interesting.

46 Conditional агар + present, future Агар вақт дошта бошам, китоб мехонам. Agar vaqt doshta bosham, kitob mekhanam. If I have time, I will read a book.

47 Conditional + passive агар + passive, future clause Агар китоб хонда шавад, ӯ мефаҳмад. Agar kitob khonda shavad, ū mefahmad. If the book is read, he/she will understand.

48 Reported speech S + V + ки + clause Ӯ мегӯяд, ки китоб мехонад. Ū megūyad, ki kitob mekhanad. He/She says that he/she is reading a book.

49 Reported question S + V + оё + clause Ӯ мепурсад, ки оё ман китоб мехонам. Ū mepursad, ki oyo man kitob mekhanam. He/She asks whether I am reading a book.

50 Reported command/request S + V + ки + subjunctive Ӯ аз ман хоҳиш мекунад, ки китобро хонам. Ū az man khoyish mekunad, ki kitobro khonam. He/She asks me to read the book.

ADVERBS:

1 Manner Manner adverb + Verb / often after the verb Ман китобро тез мехонам. Man kitobro tez mekhnam. I read the book quickly.

2 Place Place adverb + Verb/Clause Ман китобро ин ҷо мехонам. Man kitobro in jo mekhnam. I read the book here.

3 Time Time adverb + Clause / often at the beginning Дирӯз, ман китобро хондам. Dirūz, man kitobro khondam. Yesterday, I read the book.

4 Frequency Frequency adverb + Verb Ман аксар вақт китоб мехонам. Man aksar vaqt kitob mekhnam. I often read books.

5 Frequency + be Subject + Frequency adverb + аст (ast) + Predicate Ӯ ҳамеша хушҳол аст. Ū hamesha khushhol ast. He is always happy.

6 Frequency + auxiliary Frequency adverb + auxiliary + past participle Ман ҳеҷ гоҳ ӯро надидаам. Man hech goh ūro nadidaam. I have never seen him.

7 Degree Degree adverb + Adjective Ин хеле хуб аст. In khele khub ast. This is very good.

8 Degree + verb Verb + Degree adverb Ман инро хеле дӯст медорам. Man inro khele dust medoram. I really like this.

9 Sentence adverb Sentence adverb + Clause Хушбахтона, ман ғолиб шудам. Khushbakhtona, man gholib shudam. Fortunately, I won.

10 Comment adverb Comment expression + Clause Росташро гӯям, ман намедонам. Rostashro guyam, man namedonam. Honestly, I don't know.

11 Linking adverb Linking adverb + Clause Ман хаста будам. Аммо, корро идома додам. Man khasta budam. Ammo, korro idoma dodam. I was tired; however, I continued working.

12 Direction Directional adverb + Verb Ӯ берун баромад. Ū berun baromad. He went outside.

13 Definite frequency ҳар (har) + Time noun Ман ҳар рӯз китоб мехонам. Man har rūz kitob mekhnam. I read every day.

14 Duration ба муддати (ba mudдати) + Duration / дар давоми (dar davomi) + Duration Ман ду соат хондам. Man du soat khondam. I studied for two hours.

15 Purpose барои (baroi) + infinitive / verbal noun Ман ба он ҷо меравам барои хондан. Man ba on jo meravam baroi khondan. I am going there to study.

INDIRECT OBJECT:

Indirect object S + ба + IO + DO + V S + ba + IO + DO + V Ман ба Али китоб додам. I gave Ali a book.

IO pronoun S + ба + pronoun + DO + V S + ba + pronoun + DO + V Ман ба ӯ китоб додам. I gave him/her a book.

Definite DO S + ба + IO + DO-ро + V S + ba + IO + DO-ro + V Ман ба ӯ китобро додам. I gave him/her the book.

Beneficiary S + барои + person + DO + V S + baroi + person + DO + V Ман барои ӯ китоб харидам. I bought a book for him/her.

GENITIVE:

Possession Noun + -и + possessor noun + -i + possessor Китоби Али Ali's book

Possessive pronoun Noun + -и + pronoun noun + -i + pronoun Китоби ман my book

Person's possession Noun + -и + person noun + -i + person Хонаи падар father's house

Multiple genitive Noun + -и + Noun + -и + possessor noun + -i + noun + -i + possessor Хонаи дӯсти ман my friend's house

Basic genitive N + -и + Possessor N + -i + P Китоби Али Ali's book

Pronoun possessor N + -и + Pronoun N + -i + Pronoun Китоби ман My book

Adjective + genitive N + -и + Adj + Possessor N + -i + Adj + P Китоби нави Али Ali's new book

Double genitive N + -и + N + -и + Possessor N + -i + N + -i + P Хонаи дӯсти ман My friend's house

Question N + -и + кӣ? N + -i + kī? Китоби кӣ? Whose book?

"Whose is..." N + аз они кист? N + az oni kist? Ин китоб аз они кист? Whose book is this?

INDEPENDENT:

mine аз они ман az oni man

yours (singular) аз они ту az oni tu

his / hers аз они ӯ az oni ū

ours аз они мо az oni mo

yours (plural/formal) аз они шумо az oni shumo

theirs аз они онҳо az oni onho

N + az oni + possessor

Ин китоб аз они кист? Аз они ман. Az oni man. Whose book is it? — Mine.

Ин хона аз они кист? Аз они ӯ. Az oni ū. Whose house is it? — His/Hers.

Ин мошин аз они кист? Аз они ту. Az oni tu. Whose car is it? — Yours.

Ин китобҳо аз они кистанд? Аз они мо. Az oni mo. Whose books are these? — Ours.

Ин китоб аз они ман аст. In kitob az oni man ast. This book is mine.

WAS GOING TO:

I was going to мехостам + ки + subjunctive mekhostam + ki + subjunctive Ман мехостам, ки равам. Man mekhostam, ki ravam. I was going to go / I intended to go.

You were going to мехостӣ + ки + subjunctive mekhostī + ki + subjunctive Ту мехостӣ, ки равӣ. Tu mekhostī, ki ravī. You were going to go.

He/She was going to мехост + ки + subjunctive mekhost + ki + subjunctive Ӯ мехост, ки равад. Ū mekhost, ki ravad. He/She was going to go.

We were going to мехостем + ки + subjunctive mekhostem + ki + subjunctive Мо мехостем, ки равем. Mo mekhostem, ki ravem. We were going to go.

You were going to мехостед + ки + subjunctive mekhosted + ki + subjunctive Шумо мехостед, ки равед. Shumo mekhosted, ki raved. You were going to go.

They were going to мехостанд + ки + subjunctive mekhostand + ki + subjunctive Онҳо мехостанд, ки раванд. Onho mekhostand, ki ravand. They were going to go.

I was planning to go Ман нақша доштам, ки равам. Man naqsha doshtam, ki ravam. (past of naqsha doshtan + ki + subjunctive)

You were planning to go Ту нақша доштӣ, ки равӣ. Tu naqsha doshtī, ki ravī.

He was planning to go Ӯ нақша дошт, ки равад. Ū naqsha dosht, ki ravad.

We were planning to go Мо нақша доштем, ки равем. Mo naqsha doshtem, ki ravem.

They were planning to go Онҳо нақша доштанд, ки раванд. Onho naqsha doshtand, ki ravand.

Ман ҳозир будам, ки равам. Man hozir budam, ki ravam. I was about to leave/go. (ҳозир будан + ки + subjunctive)

Ман мехостам, ки наравам. Man mekhostam, ki naravam. I was going to not go / I intended not to go. (past мехостан + ки + negative subjunctive)

Ман мехостам, ки ба Душанбе равам, вале вақт надоштам. Man mekhostam, ki ba Dushanbe ravam, vale vaqt nadoshtam. I was going to go to Dushanbe, but I didn't have time.

2- NOUNS

Traditional Case Tajik Formation Transliteration Example Transliteration Meaning

Nominative (subject) noun ism Китоб калон аст. Kitob kalon ast. The book is big.

Accusative (direct object) noun + -ро ism + -ro Китобро хондам. Kitobro khondam. I read the book.

Genitive (of) noun + -и + noun ism + -i + ism Китоби Али Kitobi Ali Ali's book

Dative (to/for) ба + noun ba + ism Ба Али додам. Ba Ali dodam. I gave it to Ali.

Ablative (from) аз + noun az + ism Аз хона омадам. Az khona omadam. I came from the house.

Locative (in/on/at) дар + noun dar + ism Дар хона ҳастам. Dar khona hastam. I am in the house.

Instrumental (with/by) бо + noun bo + ism Бо дӯстам рафтам. Bo dūstam raftam. I went with my friend.

Vocative noun (or name) ism Али! Ali! Ali!

General plural noun + -ҳо ism + -ho китобҳо kitobho books

Human plural noun + -он/-ён ism + -on/-yon муаллимон, донишҷӯён muallimon, donishjūyon teachers, students

Plural object plural + -ро jam' + -ro китобҳоро kitobhoro the books (direct object)

Plural possessive plural + -и + noun jam' + -i + ism китобҳои ман kitobhoi man my books / the books of me

Indirect object subject + ба + recipient + object + verb fa'il + ba + giranda + maf'ul + fe'l Ман ба ӯ китоб додам. Man ba ū kitob dodam. I gave him a book.

Genitive noun + -и + possessor ism + -i + sohib Китоби Али Kitobi Ali Ali's book.

Double genitive noun + -и + noun + -и + possessor ism + -i + ism + -i + sohib Хонаи дӯсти ман Khonai dūsti man My friend's house.

Indirect object + Genitive subject + ба + recipient + possessed noun + verb fa'il + ba + giranda + ism-i-sohib + fe'l Ман ба Али китоби падарашро додам. Man ba Ali kitobi padarashro dodam. I gave Ali his father's book.

3- ADJECTIVES:

Attributive adjective adjective + noun sifat + ism калон китоб kalon kitob a big book

Predicate adjective subject + adjective + аст fa'il + sifat + ast Китоб калон аст. Kitob kalon ast. The book is big.

Plural adjective adjective + plural noun sifat + jam'i ism калон китобҳо kalon kitobho big books

Adjective with Ezafe noun + -и + adjective ism + -i + sifat китоби калон kitobi kalon the big book

Multiple adjectives noun + -и + adjective + adjective ism + -i + sifat + sifat хонаи нави зебо khonai navi zebo the beautiful new house

TO BE VERB:

1. Present Tense

Formation

Subject + ҳаст- + personal ending

Fa'il + hast- + pasvand

Person Tajik Transliteration Meaning

ман ҳастам man hastam I am

ту ҳастӣ tu hastī you are (singular)

ӯ ҳаст ū hast he/she is

мо ҳастем mo hastem we are

шумо ҳастед shumo hasted you are (formal/plural)

онҳо ҳастанд onho hastand they are

Examples

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ман донишҷӯ ҳастам. Man donishjū hastam. I am a student.

Ӯ хаста ҳаст. Ū khasta hast. He/She is tired.

Мо дар хона ҳастем. Mo dar khona hastem. We are at home.

Note: In everyday speech, especially with predicate nouns and adjectives, аст/ҳаст may be omitted:

Ман донишҷӯ. (Man donishjū.) = I am a student.

However, using ҳаст/аст is common and perfectly correct, especially in writing and formal speech.

2. Past Tense

Formation

Subject + буд- + personal ending

Fa'il + bud- + pasvand

Person Tajik Transliteration Meaning

ман будам man budam I was

ту будӣ tu budī you were

ӯ буд ū bud he/she was

мо будем mo budem we were

шумо будед shumo buded you were (formal/plural)

онҳо буданд onho budand they were

Examples

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ман хаста будам. Man khasta budam. I was tired.

Ӯ дар хона буд. Ū dar khona bud. He/She was at home.

3. Future Tense

Formation

Subject + хоҳ- + personal ending + буд

Fa'il + khoh- + pasvand + bud

Person Tajik Transliteration Meaning

ман хоҳам буд man khoham bud I will be

ту хоҳӣ буд tu khohī bud you will be

ӯ хоҳад буд ū khohad bud he/she will be

мо хоҳем буд mo khohem bud we will be

шумо хоҳед буд shumo khohed bud you will be (formal/plural)

онҳо хоҳанд буд onho khohand bud they will be

Examples

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ман фардо дар хона хоҳам буд. Man fardo dar khona khoham bud. I will be at home tomorrow.

Онҳо омода хоҳанд буд. Onho omoda khohand bud. They will be ready.

4. Negative Forms

Formation

на + ҳаст / буд / хоҳад буд

Present

Tajik Transliteration Meaning

ман нестам* man nestam I am not

ту нестӣ tu nestī you are not

ӯ нест ū nest he/she is not

мо нестем mo nestem we are not

шумо нестед shumo nested you are not

онҳо нестанд onho nestand they are not

*In practice, нест (nest) is the standard negative existential/copular form, with person often understood from the subject.

Past

Tajik Transliteration Meaning

Ман набудам. Man nabudam. I was not.

Ӯ набуд. Ū nabud. He/She was not.

Future

Tajik Transliteration Meaning

Ман нахоҳам буд. Man nakhoham bud. I will not be.

Ӯ нахоҳад буд. Ū nakhohad bud. He/She will not be.

5. Questions

Formation

Оё + subject + form of будан?

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Оё ту ҳастӣ? Oyo tu hastī? Are you?

Оё ӯ буд? Oyo ū bud? Was he/she?

Оё онҳо хоҳанд буд? Oyo onho khohand bud? Will they be?

6. Subjunctive

Formation

бош- + personal ending

bosh- + pasvand

Person Tajik Transliteration Meaning

ман бошам man bosham that I be

ту бошӣ tu boshī that you be

ӯ бошад ū boshad that he/she be

мо бошем mo boshem that we be

шумо бошед shumo boshed that you be

онҳо бошанд onho boshand that they be

Examples

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Бояд ӯ дар хона бошад. Boyad ū dar khona boshad. He/She must be at home.

Шояд онҳо омода бошанд. Shoyad onho omoda boshand. They may be ready.

7. Imperative

Type Tajik Transliteration Translation

Informal бош! bosh! Be!

Formal бошед! boshed! Be!

Negative набош! nabosh! Don't be!

Negative formal набошед! naboshed! Don't be!

4- PRONOUNS:

1. Personal Pronouns (Ҷонишинҳои шахсӣ)

Person Nominative (Subject) Transliteration Meaning

1st singular ман man I

2nd singular ту tu you (informal)

3rd singular ӯ ū he/she

1st plural мо mo we

2nd plural/formal шумо shumo you

3rd plural онҳо onho they

2. Nominative Case (Subject)

Formation:

pronoun

jonishin

Used when the pronoun is the subject.

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ман меравам. Man meravam. I go.

Ӯ мехонад. Ū mekhonad. He/She reads.

Мо кор мекунем. Mo kor mekunem. We work.

3. Accusative Case (Direct Object)

Tajik uses -ро (-ro) with pronouns.

Formation:

pronoun + -ро

jonishin + -ro

Nominative Accusative Transliteration Meaning

ман маро maro me

ту туро turo you

ӯ ӯро ūro him/her

мо моро moro us

шумо шуморо shumoro you

онҳо онҳоро onhoro them

Examples:

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ӯ маро мебинад. Ū maro mebinad. He/She sees me.

Ман туро дӯст медорам. Man turo dūst medoram. I love you.

Мо онҳоро мешиносем. Mo onhoro meshinosem. We know them.

4. Genitive Case (Possession)

Tajik has two ways:

pronoun + -и

possessive endings attached to nouns

A. Independent Possessive Pronouns

Person Tajik Transliteration Meaning

1st singular мани mani my/of me

2nd singular туи tui your/of you

3rd singular ӯи ūi his/her

1st plural мои moi our

2nd plural шумои shumoi your

3rd plural онҳоӣ onhoi their

However, normal Tajik usually uses:

noun + -и + pronoun

Examples:

Tajik Transliteration Meaning

китоби ман kitobi man my book

хонаи ту khonai tu your house

мошини ӯ moshini ū his/her car

дӯстони мо dūstoni mo our friends

5. Dative Case (To / For Someone)

Formation:

ба + pronoun

ba + jonishin

Pronoun Dative Transliteration Meaning

ман ба ман ba man to me

ту ба ту ba tu to you

ӯ ба ӯ ba ū to him/her

мо ба мо ba mo to us

шумо ба шумо ba shumo to you

онҳо ба онҳо ba onho to them

Examples:

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ӯ ба ман гуфт. Ū ba man guft. He/She told me.

Ман ба ӯ китоб додам. Man ba ū kitob dodam. I gave him/her a book.

6. Ablative Case (From Someone)

Formation:

аз + pronoun

az + jonishin

Tajik Transliteration Meaning

аз ман az man from me

аз ту az tu from you

аз ӯ az ū from him/her

аз мо az mo from us

аз шумо az shumo from you

аз онҳо az onho from them

Examples:

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ин аз ман аст. In az man ast. This is from me.

Ман аз ӯ пурсидам. Man az ū pursidam. I asked him/her.

7. Instrumental Case (With Someone)

Formation:

бо + pronoun

bo + jonishin

Tajik Transliteration Meaning

бо ман bo man with me

бо ту bo tu with you

бо ӯ bo ū with him/her

бо мо bo mo with us

бо шумо bo shumo with you

бо онҳо bo onho with them

Examples:

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ӯ бо ман омад. Ū bo man omad. He/She came with me.

Ман бо онҳо кор мекунам. Man bo onho kor mekunam. I work with them.

8. Locative Case (In / At Someone)

Tajik usually uses дар.

Formation:

дар + pronoun

dar + jonishin

Examples:

Tajik Transliteration Meaning

дар ман dar man in me

дар ӯ dar ū in him/her

дар мо dar mo in us

Example:

Боварӣ дар ӯ ҳаст.

Bovarī dar ū hast.

There is trust in him/her.

9. Reflexive Pronoun

The main reflexive pronoun is:

худ (khud) = self

Function Tajik Transliteration Meaning

subject худ khud self

object худро khudro oneself

possessive худи + person khudi + person one's own

Examples:

Tajik Transliteration Translation

Ӯ худро дид. Ū khudro did. He/She saw himself/herself.

Ман кори худро кардам. Man kori khudro kardam. I did my own work.

DEMONSTRATIVE:

This ин in ин китоб this book

That он on он хона that house

This (object) ин + ро in + ro инро this

That (object) он + ро on + ro онро that

This exact ҳамин hamin ҳамин китоб this very book

That exact ҳамон hamon ҳамон одам that very person

Here ин ҷо in jo ин ҷо here

There он ҷо on jo он ҷо there

This is Ин + noun + аст In + ism + ast Ин китоб аст. This is a book.

That is Он + noun + аст On + ism + ast Он хона аст. That is a house.

These are Инҳо + plural noun + ҳастанд Inho + jam' + hastand Инҳо китобҳо ҳастанд. These are books.

Those are Онҳо + plural noun + ҳастанд Onho + jam' + hastand Онҳо хонаҳо ҳастанд. Those are houses.

This is not Ин + noun + нест In + ism + nest Ин китоб нест. This is not a book.

That is not Он + noun + нест On + ism + nest Он хона нест. That is not a house.

5- VERB TENSES:

I read ман мехонам man mekhonam

You read ту мехонӣ tu mekhonī

He reads вай мехонад vay mekhonad

We read мо мехонем mo mekhonem

You read шумо мехонед shumo mekhoned

They read онҳо мехонанд onho mekhonand

PAST:

I read ман хондам man khondam

You read ту хондӣ tu khondī

He read вай хонд vay khond

We read мо хондем mo khondem

You read шумо хондед shumo khonded

They read онҳо хонданд onho khondand

I was reading ман мехондам man mekhondam

You were reading ту мехондӣ mekhondī

He was reading вай мехонд vay mekhond

We were reading мо мехондем mo mekhondem

You were reading шумо мехондед shumo mekhonded

They were reading онҳо мехонданд onho mekhondand

I will read ман хоҳам хонд man khoham khond

You will read ту хоҳӣ хонд tu khohī khond

He/She will read вай хоҳад хонд vay khohad khond

We will read мо хоҳем хонд mo khohem khond

You will read шумо хоҳед хонд shumo khohed khond

They will read онҳо хоҳанд хонд onho khohand khond

I will be reading ман фардо мехонам man fardo mekhonam

You will be reading ту фардо мехонӣ tu fardo mekhonī

He/She will be reading вай фардо мехонад vay fardo mekhonad

We will be reading мо фардо мехонем mo fardo mekhonem

You will be reading шумо фардо мехонед shumo fardo mekhoned

They will be reading онҳо фардо мехонанд onho fardo mekhonand

I have read ман хондаам man khondaam

You have read ту хондаӣ tu khondaī

He/She has read вай хондааст vay khondaast

We have read мо хондаем mo khondaem

You have read шумо хондаед shumo khondaed

They have read онҳо хондаанд onho khondaand

I had read ман хонда будам man khonda budam

You had read ту хонда будӣ tu khonda budī

He/She had read вай хонда буд vay khonda bud

We had read мо хонда будем mo khonda budem

You had read шумо хонда будед shumo khonda buded

They had read онҳо хонда буданд onho khonda budand

I will have read ман то пагоҳ хонда хоҳам шуд man to pagoh khonda khoham shud

You will have read ту то пагоҳ хонда хоҳӣ шуд tu to pagoh khonda khohī shud

He/She will have read вай то пагоҳ хонда хоҳад шуд vay to pagoh khonda khohad shud

We will have read мо то пагоҳ хонда хоҳем шуд mo to pagoh khonda khohem shud

You will have read шумо то пагоҳ хонда хоҳед шуд shumo to pagoh khonda khohed shud

They will have read онҳо то пагоҳ хонда хоҳанд шуд onho to pagoh khonda khohand shud

I have been reading ман ду соат боз мехонам man du soat boz mekhonam

You have been reading ту ду соат боз мехонӣ tu du soat boz mekhonī

He/She has been reading вай ду соат боз мехонад vay du soat boz mekhonad

We have been reading мо ду соат боз мехонем mo du soat boz mekhonem

You have been reading шумо ду соат боз мехонед shumo du soat boz mekhoned

They have been reading онҳо ду соат боз мехонанд onho du soat boz mekhonand

I had been reading ман ду соат боз мехондам man du soat boz mekhondam

You had been reading ту ду соат боз мехондӣ tu du soat boz mekhondī

He/She had been reading вай ду соат боз мехонд vay du soat boz mekhond

We had been reading мо ду соат боз мехондем mo du soat boz mekhondem

You had been reading шумо ду соат боз мехондед shumo du soat boz mekhonded

They had been reading онҳо ду соат боз мехонданд onho du soat boz mekhondand

I will have been reading ман то соати панҷ се соат мехонам man to soati panj se soat mekhonam

You will have been reading ту то соати панҷ се соат мехонӣ tu to soati panj se soat mekhonī

He/She will have been reading вай то соати панҷ се соат мехонад vay to soati panj se soat mekhonad

We will have been reading мо то соати панҷ се соат мехонем mo to soati panj se soat mekhonem

You will have been reading шумо то соати панҷ се соат мехонед shumo to soati panj se soat mekhoned

They will have been reading онҳо то соати панҷ се соат мехонанд onho to soati panj se soat mekhonand

6- PASSIVE TENSES:

I am being read ман хонда мешавам man khonda meshavam

You are being read ту хонда мешавӣ tu khonda meshavī

He/She is being read вай хонда мешавад vay khonda meshavad

We are being read мо хонда мешавем mo khonda meshavem

You are being read шумо хонда мешавед shumo khonda meshaved

They are being read онҳо хонда мешаванд onho khonda meshavand

I was read ман хонда шудам man khonda shudam

You were read ту хонда шудӣ tu khonda shudī

He/She was read вай хонда шуд vay khonda shud

We were read мо хонда шудем mo khonda shudem

You were read шумо хонда шудед shumo khonda shuded

They were read онҳо хонда шуданд onho khonda shudand

I was being read ман хонда мешудам man khonda meshudam

You were being read ту хонда мешудӣ tu khonda meshudī

He/She was being read вай хонда мешуд vay khonda meshud

We were being read мо хонда мешудем mo khonda meshudem

You were being read шумо хонда мешудед shumo khonda meshuded

They were being read онҳо хонда мешуданд onho khonda meshudand

I will be read ман хонда хоҳам шуд man khonda khoham shud

You will be read ту хонда хоҳӣ шуд tu khonda khohī shud

He/She will be read вай хонда хоҳад шуд vay khonda khohad shud

We will be read мо хонда хоҳем шуд mo khonda khohem shud

You will be read шумо хонда хоҳед шуд shumo khonda khohed shud

They will be read онҳо хонда хоҳанд шуд onho khonda khohand shud

Man fardo khonda khoham shud. I will be being read.

I have been read ман хонда шудаам man khonda shudaam

You have been read ту хонда шудаӣ tu khonda shudaī

He/She has been read вай хонда шудааст vay khonda shudaast

We have been read мо хонда шудаем mo khonda shudaem

You have been read шумо хонда шудаед shumo khonda shudaed

They have been read онҳо хонда шудаанд onho khonda shudaand

I had been read ман хонда шуда будам man khonda shuda budam

You had been read ту хонда шуда будӣ tu khonda shuda budī

He/She had been read вай хонда шуда буд vay khonda shuda bud

We had been read мо хонда шуда будем mo khonda shuda budem

You had been read шумо хонда шуда будед shumo khonda shuda buded

They had been read онҳо хонда шуда буданд onho khonda shuda budand

I will have been read ман то пагоҳ хонда шуда хоҳам буд man to pagoh khonda shuda khoham bud

You will have been read ту то пагоҳ хонда шуда хоҳӣ буд tu to pagoh khonda shuda khohī bud

He/She will have been read вай то пагоҳ хонда шуда хоҳад буд vay to pagoh khonda shuda khohad bud

We will have been read мо то пагоҳ хонда шуда хоҳем буд mo to pagoh khonda shuda khohem bud

You will have been read шумо то пагоҳ хонда шуда хоҳед буд shumo to pagoh khonda shuda khohed bud

They will have been read онҳо то пагоҳ хонда шуда хоҳанд буд onho to pagoh khonda shuda khohand bud

Man khonda meshavam. I have been being read.

Man khonda meshudam. I had been being read.

7- NEGATION:

I do not read ман намехонам man namekhonam

You do not read ту намехонӣ tu namekhonī

He/She does not read вай намехонад vay namekhonad

We do not read мо намехонем mo namekhonem

You do not read шумо намехонед shumo namekhoned

They do not read онҳо намехонанд onho namekhonand

I did not read ман нахондам man nakhondam

You did not read ту нахондӣ tu nakhondī

He/She did not read вай нахонд vay nakhond

We did not read мо нахондем mo nakhondem

You did not read шумо нахондед shumo nakhonded

They did not read онҳо нахонданд onho nakhondand

I was not reading ман намехондам man namekhondam

You were not reading ту намехондӣ tu namekhondī

He/She was not reading вай намехонд vay namekhond

We were not reading мо намехондем mo namekhondem

You were not reading шумо намехондед shumo namekhonded

They were not reading онҳо намехонданд onho namekhondand

I have not read ман нахондаам man nakhondaam

You have not read ту нахондаӣ tu nakhondaī

He/She has not read вай нахондааст vay nakhondaast

We have not read мо нахондаем mo nakhondaem

You have not read шумо нахондаед shumo nakhondaed

They have not read онҳо нахондаанд onho nakhondaand

I am not ман нестам man nestam

You are not ту нестӣ tu nestī

He/She is not вай нест vay nest

We are not мо нестем mo nestem

You are not шумо нестед shumo nested

They are not онҳо нестанд onho nestand

намешавад хонда намешавад (khonda nameshavad)

нашуд хонда нашуд (khonda nashud)

нашудааст хонда нашудааст (khonda nashudaast)

хонда нашуда буд (khonda nashuda bud)

хонда нахоҳад шуд (khonda nakhohad shud)

8- QUESTIONS:

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

Statement + ?

Ту китоб мехонӣ. Tu kitob mekhonī. You read a book.

Ту китоб мехонӣ? Tu kitob mekhonī? Do you read a book?

QUESTION WORDS:

who? кӣ kī Кӣ омад? Kī omad? Who came?

what? чӣ chī Чӣ мехӯрӣ? Chī mekhūrī? What are you eating?

which? кадом kadom Кадом китобро мехонӣ? Kadom kitobro mekhonī? Which book are you reading?

whose? аз они кӣ az oni kī Ин китоб аз они кист? In kitob az oni kist? Whose book is this?

where? куҷо kuҷo Куҷо зиндагӣ мекунӣ? Kuҷo zindagī mekunī? Where do you live?

where to? ба куҷо ba kuҷo Ба куҷо меравӣ? Ba kuҷo meravī? Where are you going?

where from? аз куҷо az kuҷo Аз куҷо омадӣ? Az kuҷo omadī? Where did you come from?

when? кай kay Кай меоӣ? Kay meoyī? When are you coming?

why? чаро charo Чаро гиря мекунӣ? Charo girya mekunī? Why are you crying?

how? чӣ тавр / чӣ гуна chī tavr / chī guna Чӣ тавр инро мекунӣ? Chī tavr inro mekunī? How do you do this?

how much? чӣ қадар chī qadar Ин чӣ қадар аст? In chī qadar ast? How much is this?

how many? чанд chand Чанд китоб дорӣ? Chand kitob dorī? How many books do you have?

how old? чандсола chandsola Чандсола ҳастӣ? Chandsola hastī? How old are you?

how long? чӣ қадар вақт chī qadar vaqt Чӣ қадар вақт интизор шудӣ? Chī qadar vaqt intizor shudī? How long did you wait?

how often? чанд вақт / чӣ қадар зуд-зуд chand vaqt / chī qadar zud-zud Чанд вақт ба ин ҷо меоӣ? Chand vaqt ba in jo meoyī? How often do you come here?

how far? чӣ қадар дур chī qadar dur Ин ҷо чӣ қадар дур аст? In jo chī qadar dur ast? How far is this place?

9- ADVERBS:

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 хуб khub well

2 бад bad badly

3 зуд zud quickly

4 оҳиста ohista slowly

5 тез tez quickly; fast

6 ором orom calmly; quietly

7 оромона oromona calmly

8 баланд baland loudly; high

9 паст past quietly; low

10 дуруст durust correctly

11 нодуруст nodurust incorrectly

12 рост rost rightly; directly

13 ростӣ rostī truly; really

14 якҷоя yakjоya together

15 алоҳида alohida separately

16 танҳо tanho alone; only

17 пинҳонӣ pinhonī secretly

18 ошкоро oshkoro openly

19 махфӣ makhfī secretly

20 қасдан qasdan deliberately

21 тасодуфан tasodufan accidentally

22 ихтиёран ikhtiyoran voluntarily

23 маҷбуран majburan forcibly

24 қасдона qasdona deliberately

25 эҳтиёткорона ehtiyokorona carefully

26 бепарвоёна beparvoyona carelessly

27 ҷиддӣ jiddī seriously

28 осон oson easily

29 душвор dushvor with difficulty

30 зебо zebo beautifully

31 ҳамеша hamesha always

32 боз boz again

33 дигарбора digarboro again

34 нав nav anew; newly

35 навбатӣ navbatī in turn; successively

Example sentences

Ӯ зуд медавад.

Ū zud medavad.

= He runs quickly.

Онҳо якҷоя кор мекунанд.

Onho yakjоya kor mekunand.

= They work together.

2. Adverbs of place — Ҷой

# Tajik Transliteration English

36 ин ҷо in jo here

37 он ҷо on jo there

38 ҳамон ҷо hamon jo right there; in that same place

39 ҳамин ҷо hamin jo right here

40 ҳама ҷо hama jo everywhere

41 ҳеҷ ҷо hech jo nowhere

42 ҷое jоye somewhere; a place where

43 ба боло ba bolo upward

44 ба поён ba poyon downward

45 боло bolo above; upstairs

46 поён poyon below; downstairs

47 дарун darun inside

48 берун berun outside

49 пеш pesh ahead; in front

50 ақиб aqib behind; backward

51 наздик nazdik nearby

52 дур dur far

53 канор kanor aside; to the side

54 атроф atrof around

55 наздиктар nazdiktar nearer

56 дуртар durtar farther

57 дар боло dar bolo above

58 дар поён dar poyon below

59 аз боло az bolo from above

60 аз поён az poyon from below

Ман ин ҷо зиндагӣ мекунам.

Man in jo zindagī mekunam.

= I live here.

3. Adverbs of time — Замон

# Tajik Transliteration English

61 имрӯз imrӯz today

62 дирӯз dirӯz yesterday

63 фардо fardo tomorrow

64 парерӯз parerӯz the day before yesterday

65 пасфардо pasfardo the day after tomorrow

66 ҳоло holo now

67 акнун aknun now

68 ҳозир hozir now; currently

69 баъд ba'd later; afterward

70 пеш pesh before; previously

71 қаблан qablan previously

72 пештар peshtar earlier; previously

73 баъдтар ba'dtar later

74 сипас sipas afterward; then

75 баъд аз он ba'd az on after that

76 ҳамеша hamesha always

77 ҳамеша hamesha all the time

78 ҳаргиз hargiz ever; never

79 гоҳ-гоҳ goh-goh sometimes

80 гоҳе gohе sometimes

81 баъзан ba'zan sometimes

82 аксар вақт aksar vaqt often

83 зуд-зуд zud-zud frequently

84 кам-кам kam-kam rarely; little by little

85 дер der late

86 барвақт barvaqt early

87 якбора yakbora suddenly; all at once

88 фавран favran immediately

89 дарҳол darhol immediately

90 ногаҳон nogahon suddenly

91 ниҳоят nihoyat finally; eventually

92 охир okhir finally; eventually

93 аллакай allakay already

94 ҳанӯз hanuz still; yet

95 то ҳол to hol until now; still

96 то имрӯз to imrӯz until today

97 як вақт yak vaqt once; at one time

98 як рӯз yak rӯz one day

99 рӯзона rӯzona daily; by day

100 шабона shabona at night; nightly

4. Frequency adverbs — Такрор

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳамеша hamesha always

одатан odatan usually

аксар вақт aksar vaqt often

зуд-зуд zud-zud frequently

баъзан ba'zan sometimes

гоҳ-гоҳ goh-goh occasionally

гоҳе gohе sometimes

кам-кам kam-kam rarely

кам kam rarely; little

ҳаргиз hargiz ever; never

ҳеҷ гоҳ hech goh never

доимо doimo constantly; always

пайваста payvasta continuously

мунтазам muntazam regularly

гоҳ ба гоҳ goh ba goh from time to time

Example:

Ӯ одатан барвақт меояд.

Ū odatan barvaqt meoyad.

= He usually comes early.

5. Adverbs of degree and quantity — Дараҷа ва миқдор

# Tajik Transliteration English

101 хеле khelyo very

102 бисёр bisyor very; much; a lot

103 каме kame a little

104 каме ҳам kame ham even a little

105 андак andak slightly; a little

106 қадаре qadare somewhat

107 тамоман tamoman completely

108 комилан komilan completely

109 пурра purra completely; fully

110 якбора yakbora completely/all at once

111 қариб qarib almost

112 тақрибан taqriban approximately

113 қариб ки qarib ki almost

114 ниҳоят nihoyat extremely; finally

115 аз ҳад зиёд az hadd ziyod excessively

116 зиёд ziyod much; greatly

117 кам kam little

118 бештар beshtar more

119 камтар kamtar less

120 аз ҳама бештар az hama beshtar most of all

121 аз ҳама камтар az hama kamtar least of all

122 то андозае to andozaye to some extent

123 ба қадри кофӣ ba qadri kofī sufficiently

124 ба ҳадди кофӣ ba haddi kofī sufficiently

125 зиёда аз ҳад ziyoda az hadd excessively

Ӯ хеле хуб мехонад.

Ū khelyo khub mekhonad.

= He reads very well.

6. Adverbs of affirmation — Тасдиқ

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳа ha yes

бале bale yes

албатта albatta certainly; of course

ҳатман hatman definitely; certainly

воқеан voqean really; indeed

дар ҳақиқат dar haqiqat indeed; in fact

ростӣ rostī truly; really

беҳақ behаq truly; indeed

бешубҳа beshubha undoubtedly

шубҳае нест shubhae nest there is no doubt

аниқ aniq definitely; exactly

дуруст durust correctly; indeed

7. Adverbs of negation — Инкор

Tajik Transliteration English

не ne no; not

на na not

ҳеҷ hech no; not any

ҳеҷ гоҳ hech goh never

ҳеҷ ҷо hech jo nowhere

ҳеҷ вақт hech vaqt never; at no time

ҳеҷ гоҳе hech gohe never

аслан aslan at all; actually/not at all

тамоман не tamoman ne not at all

дигар не digar ne no longer; not anymore

Example:

Ман ҳеҷ гоҳ ин ҷо набудам.

Man hech goh in jo nabudam.

= I have never been here.

8. Adverbs of doubt and probability

Tajik Transliteration English

шояд shoyad perhaps; maybe

эҳтимол ehtimol probably; perhaps

эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

шояд ки shoyad ki perhaps

мумкин аст mumkin ast it is possible

эҳтимол дорад ehtimol dorad probably; there is a possibility

гӯё gӯyo apparently; supposedly

ба назар мерасад ba nazar merasad it seems

шояд ҳам shoyad ham perhaps also

эҳтимолан не ehtimolan ne probably not

ба эҳтимоли зиёд ba ehtimoli ziyod most probably

ба эҳтимоли кам ba ehtimoli kam with little probability

Шояд ӯ фардо биёяд.

Shoyad ū fardo biyoyad.

= Maybe he will come tomorrow.

9. Interrogative adverbs — Саволӣ

Tajik Transliteration English

кай? kay? when?

куҷо? kujo? where?

ба куҷо? ba kujo? where to?

аз куҷо? az kujo? from where?

чӣ тавр? chi tavr? how?

чӣ гуна? chi guna? how?; what kind of way?

чаро? chаro? why?

барои чӣ? baroi chi? why?; for what reason?

чӣ қадар? chi qadar? how much?

чанд? chand? how many?

то кай? to kay? until when?

аз кай? az kay? since when?

чанд вақт? chand vaqt? how long?

чанд бор? chand bor? how many times?

то чӣ андоза? to chi andoza? to what extent?

10. Relative adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

кай kay when

куҷо kujo where

чӣ тавр chi tavr how

чӣ гуна chi guna how; in what way

ҳар куҷо har kujo wherever

ҳар ҷо har jo wherever

ҳар гоҳ har goh whenever

ҳар вақт har vaqt whenever

ҳар чӣ гуна har chi guna however; in whatever way

ба ҳар ҳол ba har hol however; in any case

Example:

Ҳар ҷо ки хоҳӣ, рав.

Har jo ki khоҳī, rav.

= Go wherever you want.

11. Demonstrative adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

ин ҷо in jo here

он ҷо on jo there

ҳамин ҷо hamin jo right here

ҳамон ҷо hamon jo right there

ин тавр in tavr this way

он тавр on tavr that way

ҳамин тавр hamin tavr in this way

ҳамон тавр hamon tavr in that way

акнун aknun now

ҳоло holo now

12. Directional adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

боло bolo up; above

поён poyon down; below

пеш pesh forward; ahead

ақиб aqib backward; behind

берун berun outside

дарун darun inside

ба боло ba bolo upward

ба поён ba poyon downward

ба пеш ba pesh forward

ба ақиб ba aqib backward

ба берун ba berun outward

ба дарун ba darun inward

13. Sequential / connective adverbs

These are important for linking events.

Tajik Transliteration English

аввал avval first; initially

нахуст nakhust first; initially

баъд ba'd afterward

сипас sipas then; afterward

пас pas then; so

он гоҳ on goh then

баъд аз он ba'd az on after that

пеш аз ин pesh az in before this

ниҳоят nihoyat finally

дар охир dar okhir finally; at the end

дар аввал dar avval at first

ҳамзамон hamzamon simultaneously

ҳамзамон бо ин hamzamon bo in at the same time

дар ҳамин вақт dar hamin vaqt meanwhile

баъдтар ba'dtar later

қаблан qablan previously

14. Focus and limiting adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

танҳо tanho only

фақат faqat only; just

ҳам ham also; too

низ niz also; too

ҳатто hatto even

махсусан makhsusan especially

хусусан khususan especially

асосан asosan mainly

танҳо tanho only

қариб qarib almost

ҳатто ҳам hatto ham even

беш аз ҳама besh az hama above all; most of all

камаш kamash at least

ҳадди ақал haddi aqal at least

ҳадди аксар haddi aksar at most

15. Comparative adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

бештар beshtar more

камтар kamtar less

хубтар khubtar better

бадтар badtar worse

зудтар zudtar faster/sooner

оҳистатар ohistatar more slowly

беш аз пеш besh az pesh more than before

камтар аз пеш kamtar az pesh less than before

аз ҳама бештар az hama beshtar most

аз ҳама камтар az hama kamtar least

16. Result / consequence adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

бинобар ин binobar in therefore

аз ин рӯ az in rӯ therefore; for this reason

пас pas therefore; then

ҳамин тавр hamin tavr thus; in this way

ба ҳамин тартиб ba hamin tartib accordingly

дар натиҷа dar natija as a result

оқибат oqibat eventually; as a result

ниҳоят nihoyat finally; ultimately

17. Causal / reason adverbial expressions

Tajik Transliteration English

бинобар ин binobar in therefore

аз ин сабаб az in sabab for this reason

аз ҳамин сабаб az hamin sabab for this reason

ба ҳамин сабаб ba hamin sabab for this reason

бинобар ҳамин binobar hamin therefore; because of this

дар натиҷаи ин dar natijai in as a result of this

ба сабаби ин ba sababi in because of this

18. Concessive / contrastive adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

аммо ammo however; but

вале vale however; but

лекин lekin but; however

бо вуҷуди ин bo vujudi in nevertheless; despite this

бо ин вуҷуд bo in vujūd nevertheless

ҳарчанд harchand although

баръакс bar'aks conversely; on the contrary

аксаран aksaran mostly; generally

дар муқобил dar muqobil in contrast

бо вуҷуди ҳамааш bo vujudi hamash nevertheless

19. Manner-of-speaking/thinking adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

ошкоро oshkoro openly

пинҳонӣ pinhonī secretly

ростқавлона rostqavlona honestly

самимона samimona sincerely

ҷиддӣ jiddī seriously

шӯхиомез shӯkhiomez jokingly

эҳтиёткорона ehtiyokorona carefully

қасдан qasdan deliberately

тасодуфан tasodufan accidentally

боэҳтиёт boehtiyot carefully

бо диққат bo diqqаt attentively

беэҳтиёт beehtiyot carelessly

20. Certainty and evidential adverbs

Tajik Transliteration English

албатта albatta certainly

ҳатман hatman definitely

бешубҳа beshubha undoubtedly

воқеан voqean indeed

дар ҳақиқат dar haqiqat in fact

ростӣ rostī truly

эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

гӯё gӯyo apparently

зоҳиран zohiran apparently; outwardly

ба назар ba nazar apparently

ошкоро oshkoro evidently/openly

21. Approximation

Tajik Transliteration English

тақрибан taqriban approximately

қариб qarib almost; nearly

тахминан takhminan approximately

тақрибан ҳамин қадар taqriban hamin qadar approximately this much

қариб ки qarib ki almost

тақрибан ҳамин тавр taqriban hamin tavr approximately this way

як навъ yak nav somewhat; a kind of

чандон chandon particularly; very much (often in negative contexts)

22. Adverbs meaning “again”

Tajik Transliteration English

боз boz again

дубора dubora again

дигарбора digarboro again

аз нав az nav anew; again

нав nav anew

бори дигар bori digar once again

Example:

Лутфан, боз бигӯед.

Lutfan, boz bigӯed.

= Please say it again.

23. “Already / still / yet”

Tajik Transliteration English

аллакай allakay already

ҳанӯз hanuz still; yet

то ҳол to hol still; until now

то ҳол ҳам to hol ham still

дигар digar anymore; else/other

дигар ҳеҷ digar hech no longer/anything else

то ҳол не to hol ne not yet

Examples:

Ӯ аллакай омад.

Ū allakay omad.

= He has already arrived.

Ӯ ҳанӯз наомадааст.

Ū hanuz naomadaast.

= He has not arrived yet.

24. “Just / only”

Tajik Transliteration English

фақат faqat only; just

танҳо tanho only

ҳамагӣ hamagī only; merely; altogether

нав nav just/recently

ҳоло holo just now/currently

ҳамин hamin just this; exactly this

айнан aynan exactly

маҳз mahz exactly; precisely

25. “Even”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳатто hatto even

ҳатто ҳам hatto ham even

ҳатто агар hatto agar even if

ҳатто вақте ки hatto vaqtе ki even when

Example:

Ҳатто ӯ ҳам инро медонад.

Hatto ū ham inro medonad.

= Even he knows this.

26. “Also / too”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳам ham also; too

низ niz also; too

ҳамчунин hamchunin also; likewise

инчунин inchunin also; likewise

низ ҳам niz ham also too

27. “Especially / mainly”

Tajik Transliteration English

махсусан makhsusan especially

хусусан khususan especially

асосан asosan mainly

бештар beshtar mostly; more

пеш аз ҳама pesh az hama above all; first of all

аввалан avvalan firstly

пеш аз ҳама pesh az hama above all

28. “At least / at most”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳадди ақал haddi aqal at least

ақаллан aqallan at least

камаш kamash at least

ҳадди аксар haddi aksar at most

аксар aksar at most/mostly, depending context

зиёда аз ziyoda az more than

на бештар аз na beshtar az no more than

29. “Together / separately”

Tajik Transliteration English

якҷоя yakjоya together

бо ҳам bo ham together

ҳамроҳ hamroh together/along

алоҳида alohida separately

ҷудогона judogona separately

ба танҳоӣ ba tanhoī alone

танҳо tanho alone/only

30. Adverbial expressions of manner

Tajik frequently creates adverbial meanings using ба + noun/adjective + -она or other fixed constructions.

Tajik Transliteration English

бо эҳтиёт bo ehtiyot carefully

бо диққат bo diqqat attentively

бо осонӣ bo osonī easily

бо душворӣ bo dushvorī with difficulty

бо хурсандӣ bo khursandī gladly

бо эҳтиром bo ehtirom respectfully

бо самимият bo samimiyat sincerely

ба осонӣ ba osonī easily

ба таври дуруст ba tavri durust correctly

ба таври нодуруст ba tavri nodurust incorrectly

ба таври умумӣ ba tavri umumī generally

ба таври махсус ba tavri makhsus especially/specially

ба таври ошкоро ba tavri oshkoro openly

ба таври тасодуфӣ ba tavri tasodufī accidentally/randomly

ба таври ҷиддӣ ba tavri jiddī seriously

31. Common derived adverb patterns

Tajik can form adverbs productively, so these patterns are important.

Adjective/noun + -она

Formation Transliteration Meaning

+ -она + -ona in a ... manner

самимона samimona sincerely

дӯстона dustona in a friendly manner

қаҳрамонона qahramonona heroically

мардана mardona manfully/bravely

оқилона oqilona wisely

эҳтиёткорона ehtiyokorona carefully

Adjective/noun + -ан

Formation Transliteration Meaning

+ -ан + -an adverbial/formal manner

эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

тақрибан taqriban approximately

тахминан takhminan approximately

асосан asosan mainly

умуман umuman generally; altogether

ҷиддан jiddan seriously

воқеан voqean really; indeed

расман rasman officially

амалан amalan practically; in practice

комилан komilan completely

32. Important adverbs ending in -ан

Tajik Transliteration English

одатан odatan usually

эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

тақрибан taqriban approximately

тахминан takhminan approximately

асосан asosan mainly

умуман umuman generally; altogether

ҷиддан jiddan seriously

воқеан voqean really

расман rasman officially

амалан amalan practically

комилан komilan completely

тамоман tamoman completely

махсусан makhsusan especially

хусусан khususan especially

тасодуфан tasodufan accidentally

қасдан qasdan deliberately

ихтиёран ikhtiyoran voluntarily

маҷбуран majburan forcibly

33. Common adverbs ending in -она

Tajik Transliteration English

дӯстона dustona in a friendly manner

самимона samimona sincerely

оқилона oqilona wisely

эҳтиёткорона ehtiyokorona carefully

қасдона qasdona deliberately

ошкоро oshkoro openly

пинҳонӣ pinhonī secretly

қаҳрамонона qahramonona heroically

кӯдакона kūdakona childishly

мардона mardona manfully

занона zanona womanly

дӯстона dustona amicably

34. Common paired/reduplicated adverbs

Reduplication is also productive in Tajik.

Tajik Transliteration English

гоҳ-гоҳ goh-goh sometimes

зуд-зуд zud-zud frequently

кам-кам kam-kam little by little; rarely

оҳиста-оҳиста ohista-ohista slowly; gradually

рӯз ба рӯз rӯz ba rӯz day by day

сол ба сол sol ba sol year by year

бор ба бор bor ba bor time after time

қадам ба қадам qadam ba qadam step by step

як-як yak-yak one by one

оҳиста-оҳиста ohista-ohista gradually

рафта-рафта rafta-rafta gradually; as time goes by

35. Adverbs of gradual change

Tajik Transliteration English

оҳиста-оҳиста ohista-ohista gradually

рафта-рафта rafta-rafta gradually

рӯз ба рӯз rӯz ba rӯz day by day

сол ба сол sol ba sol year by year

кам-кам kam-kam little by little

қадам ба қадам qadam ba qadam step by step

пай дар пай pay dar pay successively; one after another

тадриҷан tadrijan gradually

36. Continuity and sequence

Tajik Transliteration English

пайваста payvasta continuously

доимо doimo constantly

ҳамеша hamesha always

мунтазам muntazam regularly

пай дар пай pay dar pay consecutively

пайваста payvasta continually

бефосила befosila continuously

беист beist without stopping

пай дар пай pay dar pay one after another

10- CONJUNCTIONS:

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 ва va and

2 ё yo or

3 ёки yoki or

4 аммо ammo but

5 вале vale but / however

6 лекин lekin but

7 балки balki but rather / rather

8 инчунин inchunin also / as well as

9 ҳамчунин hamchunin also / likewise

10 ҳам ham also / too

11 ё...ё yo...yo either...or

12 на...на na...na neither...nor

13 ҳам...ҳам ham...ham both...and

14 чи...чи chi...chi whether...or / both...and

15 на танҳо...балки na tanho...balki not only...but

16 на танҳо...балки ҳам na tanho...balki ham not only...but also

Examples

Tajik Transliteration English

Ман китоб мехонам ва мусиқӣ гӯш мекунам. Man kitob mekhanam va musiqī gӯsh mekunam. I read a book and listen to music.

Ту чой мехоҳӣ ё қаҳва? Tu choy mekhohī yo qahva? Do you want tea or coffee?

Ман мехостам равам, аммо борон меборид. Man mekhostam ravam, ammo boron meborid. I wanted to go, but it was raining.

Ӯ на танҳо мехонад, балки менависад ҳам. Ӯ na tanho mekhanad, balki menavisad ham. He not only reads but also writes.

2. Subordinating conjunctions

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 ки ki that

2 агар agar if

3 агар ки agar ki if

4 вақте ки vaqte ki when

5 ҳангоме ки hangome ki when

6 замоне ки zamone ki when

7 то to until / so that

8 то он даме ки to on dame ki until

9 то вақте ки to vaqte ki until / as long as

10 пеш аз он ки pesh az on ki before

11 баъд аз он ки ba'd az on ki after

12 пас аз он ки pas az on ki after

13 баъди он ки ba'di on ki after

14 зеро zero because

15 чунки chunki because

16 барои он ки baroi on ki because / so that

17 азбаски azbaski because / since

18 бинобар ин ки binobar in ki because / due to the fact that

19 барои он ки baroi on ki so that / in order that

20 то ки to ki so that / in order that

21 гарчанде ки garchande ki although

22 ҳарчанд ки harchand ki although / even though

23 бо вуҷуди он ки bo vujudi on ki although / despite the fact that

24 агарчӣ agarchī although / even if

25 ҳарчӣ harchī however much / whatever

26 чӣ тавре ки chi tavre ki as / in the way that

27 чунон ки chunon ki as / just as

28 тавре ки tavre ki as / the way that

29 гӯё ки gӯyo ki as if / as though

30 мисли он ки misli on ki as if / like

31 ба шарте ки ba sharte ki provided that

32 ба шарте ки... ba sharte ki... on condition that

33 магар ин ки magar in ki unless / except that

34 бе он ки be on ki without

35 бе ин ки be in ki without

36 новобаста аз он ки novobasta az on ki regardless of whether/that

37 то даме ки to dame ki as long as / until

38 дар ҳоле ки dar hole ki while / whereas

39 ҳамон тавре ки hamon tavre ki just as / in the same way that

3. Cause / reason

Tajik Transliteration English

зеро zero because

чунки chunki because

азбаски azbaski because / since

барои он ки baroi on ki because

бинобар он ки binobar on ki because / owing to the fact that

ба сабаби он ки ba sababi on ki because

аз ин сабаб ки az in sabab ki because of the fact that

барои он ки baroi on ki because / in order that

Example:

Ман дар хона мондам, зеро бемор будам.

Man dar khona mondam, zero bemor budam.

I stayed home because I was sick.

4. Conditional conjunctions

Tajik Transliteration English

агар agar if

агар ки agar ki if

агар... agar... if

ба шарте ки ba sharte ki provided that

дар сурате ки dar surate ki if / in the event that

дар ҳолате ки dar holate ki if / in the case that

магар ин ки magar in ki unless / except if

агар не agar ne if not

агар чунин бошад agar chunin boshad if that is the case

агар ҳамин тавр бошад agar hamin tavr boshad if that is so

Example:

Агар вақт дошта бошам, ба ту занг мезанам.

Agar vaqt doshta bosham, ba tu zang mezanam.

If I have time, I will call you.

5. Concessive conjunctions

These express although, even though, even if, despite.

Tajik Transliteration English

гарчанде garchande although

гарчанде ки garchande ki although

ҳарчанд harchand although / even though

ҳарчанд ки harchand ki although

агарчӣ agarchī although / even if

бо вуҷуди он ки bo vujudi on ki despite the fact that

сарфи назар аз он ки sarfi nazar az on ki regardless of / despite the fact that

новобаста аз он ки novobasta az on ki regardless of whether

ҳатто агар hatto agar even if

ҳатто вақте ки hatto vaqte ki even when

Example:

Гарчанде ки ҳаво хунук буд, мо берун баромадем.

Garchande ki havo khunuk bud, mo berun baromadem.

Although the weather was cold, we went outside.

6. Time conjunctions

Tajik Transliteration English

вақте ки vaqte ki when

ҳангоме ки hangome ki when

замоне ки zamone ki when

то вақте ки to vaqte ki until / as long as

то даме ки to dame ki until / as long as

то он даме ки to on dame ki until

пеш аз он ки pesh az on ki before

қабл аз он ки qabl az on ki before

баъд аз он ки ba'd az on ki after

пас аз он ки pas az on ki after

баъди он ки ba'di on ki after

дар ҳоле ки dar hole ki while

ҳамон вақт ки hamon vaqt ki at the time when

ҳар гоҳ ки har goh ki whenever

ҳар вақте ки har vaqte ki whenever

ҳар замон ки har zamon ki whenever

7. Purpose conjunctions

Tajik Transliteration English

то ки to ki so that / in order that

барои он ки baroi on ki so that / in order that

бо мақсади он ки bo maqsadi on ki with the aim that

ба хотири он ки ba khotiri on ki for the purpose that

барои он ки... baroi on ki... in order to / so that

Example:

Ман барвақт хестам, то ки ба кор дер нарасам.

Man barvaqt khestam, to ki ba kor der narasam.

I got up early so that I wouldn't be late for work.

8. Result / consequence

Tajik commonly uses correlative constructions for result rather than a single dedicated conjunction.

Tajik Transliteration English

бинобар ин binobar in therefore / so

аз ин рӯ az in rū therefore / for this reason

ҳамин тавр hamin tavr thus / in this way

ба тавре ки ba tavre ki so that / such that

чунон ки chunon ki so that / such that

он қадар...ки on qadar...ki so...that

чунон...ки chunon...ki so/such...that

ба дараҷае...ки ba darajae...ki to such a degree that

Example:

Ӯ чунон хаста буд, ки хобаш бурд.

U chunon khasta bud, ki khobash burd.

He was so tired that he fell asleep.

9. Comparison conjunctions

Tajik Transliteration English

мисли он ки misli on ki as if / like

чунон ки chunon ki just as

тавре ки tavre ki as / the way that

чӣ тавре ки chi tavre ki as / just as

ҳамон тавре ки hamon tavre ki just as / in the same way that

гӯё ки gӯyo ki as if

монанди он ки monandi on ki as if / like

назар ба он ки nazar ba on ki compared with / than

10. Correlative / paired conjunctions

These are especially important because Tajik frequently expresses relationships using paired structures.

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳам...ҳам ham...ham both...and

ё...ё yo...yo either...or

ё...ё ки yo...yo ki either...or

на...на na...na neither...nor

чи...чи chi...chi both...and / whether...or

хоҳ...хоҳ khoh...khoh whether...or / either...or

на танҳо...балки na tanho...balki not only...but

на танҳо...балки ҳам na tanho...balki ham not only...but also

ҳам...ва ҳам ham...va ham both...and

ё ин ки...ё yo in ki...yo either...or

ҳар... har... every/each...

ҳарчӣ...ҳам harchī...ham however much...

Examples

Tajik Transliteration English

Ҳам Али ҳам Ҳасан омаданд. Ham Ali ham Hasan omadand. Both Ali and Hasan came.

Ё имрӯз меравем, ё фардо. Yo imrӯz meravem, yo fardo. Either we go today or tomorrow.

На ӯ омад, на бародараш. Na ӯ omad, na barodarash. Neither he nor his brother came.

На танҳо ӯ мехонад, балки менависад ҳам. Na tanho ӯ mekhanad, balki menavisad ham. He not only reads but also writes.

11. “That” and content-clause conjunction

The most important one is:

Tajik Transliteration English

ки ki that

It connects a main clause with a subordinate/content clause.

Ман медонам, ки ӯ меояд.

Man medonam, ki ӯ meoyad.

I know that he is coming.

It is also used in many larger conjunctions:

вақте ки — vaqte ki — when

зеро ки — zero ki — because

гарчанде ки — garchande ki — although

ҳар вақте ки — har vaqte ki — whenever

то ки — to ki — so that

гӯё ки — gӯyo ki — as if

ба шарте ки — ba sharte ki — provided that

12. “Or / otherwise” constructions

Tajik Transliteration English

ё yo or

ёки yoki or

ё ин ки yo in ki or else / or rather

вагарна vagarna otherwise / or else

агар не agar ne if not

ё...ё yo...yo either...or

хоҳ...хоҳ khoh...khoh whether...or

Example:

Зуд биё, вагарна дер мешавад.

Zud biyo, vagarna der meshavad.

Come quickly, otherwise it will be late.

13. Contrast / opposition

Tajik Transliteration English

аммо ammo but

вале vale but / however

лекин lekin but

балки balki but rather

ҳол он ки hol on ki whereas / while

дар ҳоле ки dar hole ki whereas / while

баръакс bar'aks conversely / on the contrary

бо вуҷуди ин bo vujudi in nevertheless / despite this

бо ин вуҷуд bo in vujūd nevertheless

ҳарчанд harchand although

гарчанде garchande although

Important: some of these, such as аммо, вале, лекин, баръакс, are more precisely conjunctions, connective adverbs, or discourse connectors, depending on grammatical analysis.

14. Additive conjunctions/connectors

Tajik Transliteration English

ва va and

ҳам ham also / too

низ niz also / too

инчунин inchunin also / furthermore

ҳамчунин hamchunin also / likewise

илова бар ин ilova bar in in addition

бар замми ин bar zammи in besides / in addition

ғайр аз ин ғайr az in besides / in addition

ҳамроҳ бо ин hamroh bo in along with this

These are not all strict conjunctions; several are conjunctional/discourse expressions.

15. “Whether” constructions

Tajik Transliteration English

оё oyo whether / if

ё yo or

ё ин ки yo in ki or whether

хоҳ...хоҳ khoh...khoh whether...or

оё...ё oyo...yo whether...or

оё...ё не oyo...yo ne whether...or not

ё...ё не yo...yo ne either...or not

Example:

Ман намедонам, оё ӯ меояд ё не.

Man namedonam, oyo ӯ meoyad yo ne.

I don't know whether he is coming or not.

16. “As if / as though”

Tajik Transliteration English

гӯё ки gӯyo ki as if / as though

гӯё gӯyo as if / apparently

мисли он ки misli on ki as if

монанди он ки monandi on ki as if

чунон ки chunon ki as if / just as

тавре ки tavre ki as / in the way that

17. “Unless” / exception

Tajik Transliteration English

магар ин ки magar in ki unless / except that

агар не agar ne if not

агар ... на agar ... na unless / if not

бе он ки be on ki without / without the fact that

ба ғайр аз он ки ba ғайr az on ki except that

ҷуз ин ки juz in ki except that / unless

18. Conjunctions of manner

Tajik Transliteration English

тавре ки tavre ki as / the way that

чӣ тавре ки chi tavre ki as / just as

ҳамон тавре ки hamon tavre ki just as

чунон ки chunon ki as / just as

ба тавре ки ba tavre ki in such a way that

19. Conjunction-like expressions

These are useful in actual Tajik but are generally better classified as conjunctive phrases/connectors rather than single conjunctions.

Tajik Transliteration English

аз ин рӯ az in rū therefore

бинобар ин binobar in therefore

бо вуҷуди ин bo vujudi in nevertheless

бо ин вуҷуд bo in vujūd nevertheless

дар натиҷа dar natija as a result

дар ҳамин ҳол dar hamin hol meanwhile

дар ҳоле ки dar hole ki whereas / while

аз як тараф...аз тарафи дигар az yak taraf...az tarafi digar on the one hand...on the other hand

пеш аз ҳама pesh az hama first of all

баъд аз он ba'd az on after that

пас аз он pas az on afterward

ба ҳамин тариқ ba hamin tariq in this way / thus

ба ин тартиб ba in tartib in this manner

дар ҳоле ки dar hole ki while / whereas

баръакс bar'aks conversely

дар акси ҳол dar aksi hol otherwise

11- PREPOSITIONS:

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 ба ba to, toward, at

2 дар dar in, at, on

3 аз az from, of

4 бо bo with, by

5 барои baroi for

6 бе be without

7 то to until, up to, to

8 бар bar on, upon, onto

9 назди nazdi near, at the house/place of

10 пеши peshi in front of, before

11 паси pasi behind, after

12 болои boloi above, on top of

13 поёни poyoni below, underneath

14 дохили dokhili inside

15 беруни beruni outside of

16 байни bayni between, among

17 миёни miyoni between, among

18 муқобили muqobili opposite, against

19 канори kanori beside, at the edge of

20 паҳлуи pahlui beside, next to

21 атрофи atrofi around

22 болои boloi above, over

23 зери zeri under, beneath

24 рӯи rӯyi on, upon

25 пушти pushti behind

26 тарафи tarafi toward, in the direction of

27 ҷониби jonibi toward, in the direction of

28 нисбати nisbati toward, regarding, relative to

29 мувофиқи muvоfiqi according to

30 тибқи tibqi according to

31 баробари barobari alongside, equal to

32 тавассути tavassuti through, via

33 мувофиқи muvofiqi according to

34 ғайри ғайri without, except, non-

35 ҷуз juz except, apart from

36 ғайр аз ғайr az besides, except for

37 оид ба oid ba concerning, about

38 роҷеъ ба roje' ba regarding, concerning

39 нисбат ба nisbat ba regarding, toward, compared with

40 вобаста ба vabasta ba depending on, regarding

2. Location and position

Tajik Transliteration English

дар dar in, at, on

назди nazdi near, by

пеши peshi in front of

паси pasi behind

болои boloi above, on top of

зери zeri under, beneath

рӯи rӯyi on, on top of

дохили dokhili inside

беруни beruni outside

байни bayni between, among

миёни miyoni between, among

канори kanori beside, alongside

паҳлуи pahlui beside, next to

атрофи atrofi around

пушти pushti behind

муқобили muqobili opposite

назди nazdi near

дур аз dur az far from

наздики nazdiki near

канори kanori at the side/edge of

тарафи tarafi toward the side/direction of

ҷониби jonibi toward the direction of

Examples

Tajik Transliteration English

Китоб дар рӯи миз аст. Kitob dar rӯyi miz ast. The book is on the table.

Ӯ назди хона истодааст. Ӯ nazdi khona istodaast. He is standing near the house.

Мошин дар пеши хона аст. Moshin dar peshi khona ast. The car is in front of the house.

Гурба зери миз аст. Gurba zeri miz ast. The cat is under the table.

Ман байни ду дӯст нишастам. Man bayni du dust nishastam. I sat between two friends.

3. Direction and movement

Tajik Transliteration English

ба ba to, toward

аз az from

то to up to, as far as

ба тарафи ba tarafi toward

ба ҷониби ba jonibi toward

ба сӯи ba sӯyi toward

сӯи sӯyi toward

ба самти ba samti toward, in the direction of

аз тарафи az tarafi from the direction/side of

аз ҷониби az jonibi from the side of

аз сӯи az sӯyi from the side of

аз самти az samti from the direction of

ба дохили ba dokhili into

ба беруни ba beruni to outside

аз дохили az dokhili from inside

аз беруни az beruni from outside

ба болои ba boloi onto

аз болои az boloi from above/off

ба зери ba zeri under/into the area beneath

аз зери az zeri from under

ба пеши ba peshi to/in front of

аз пеши az peshi from in front of

ба паси ba pasi to behind

аз паси az pasi from behind

Important pattern

ба + location often expresses movement to/toward a place:

Ман ба хона меравам.

Man ba khona meravam.

I am going home.

дар + location expresses being in/at a place:

Ман дар хона ҳастам.

Man dar khona hastam.

I am at home.

аз + location expresses movement from a place:

Ман аз хона меоям.

Man az khona meoyam.

I am coming from home.

4. Time prepositions

Tajik Transliteration English

дар dar in, during, at

аз az from, since

то to until

баъд аз ba'd az after

пас аз pas az after

пеш аз pesh az before

қабл аз qabl az before

ҳангоми hangomi during, at the time of

дар вақти dar vaqti during, at the time of

дар давоми dar davomi during, over the course of

дар тӯли dar tӯli throughout, during

то вақти to vaqti until the time of

аз вақти az vaqti since the time of

баъди ba'di after

паси pasi after

пеши peshi before

Examples

Tajik Transliteration English

Ман пеш аз дарс қаҳва менӯшам. Man pesh az dars qahva menӯsham. I drink coffee before class.

Ӯ баъд аз кор ба хона меравад. Ӯ ba'd az kor ba khona meravad. He goes home after work.

Мо дар вақти хӯрок гап задем. Mo dar vaqti khӯrok gap zadem. We talked during the meal.

Ман то соати панҷ кор мекунам. Man to soati panj kor mekunam. I work until five o'clock.

5. Purpose / beneficiary — “for”

Tajik Transliteration English

барои baroi for

ба хотири ba khotiri for the sake of

ба мақсади ba maqsadi for the purpose of

бо мақсади bo maqsadi with the purpose of

ҷиҳати jihati for the purpose of, regarding

дар роҳи dar rohi for the sake of / in pursuit of

ба манфиати ba manfaati for the benefit of

ба нафъи ba naf'i for the benefit of

Example

Ин китоб барои донишҷӯён аст.

In kitob baroi donishjӯyon ast.

This book is for students.

6. Instrument / means

Tajik Transliteration English

бо bo with, by

тавассути tavassuti through, via

ба воситаи ba vositai by means of, through

бо ёрии bo yori with the help of

ба кӯмаки ba kӯmaki with the help of

ба туфайли ba tufayli thanks to, by means of

аз тариқи az tariqi through, via

бо истифодаи bo istifodai by using

Example:

Ӯ бо қалам менависад.

U bo qalam menavisad.

He writes with a pen.

7. “With” and accompaniment

Tajik Transliteration English

бо bo with

ҳамроҳи hamrohi together with

ҳамроҳ бо hamroh bo together with

якҷоя бо yakjoia bo together with

дар якҷоягӣ бо dar yakjoyagī bo in conjunction with

ба ҳамроҳии ba hamrohi together with

дар баробари dar barobari alongside / together with

Example

Ман бо дӯстам ба шаҳр рафтам.

Man bo dustam ba shahr raftam.

I went to the city with my friend.

8. Absence / exclusion

Tajik Transliteration English

бе be without

бидуни biduni without

ғайри ғайri without / non-

ғайр аз ғайr az except for / besides

ба ғайр аз ba ғайr az apart from / except

ҷуз juz except

ҷуз аз juz az except for

ба истиснои ba istisnoi with the exception of

истисно аз istisno az exception to/from

Example

Ӯ бе ман рафт.

U be man raft.

He left without me.

9. Cause / reason

Tajik Transliteration English

аз az from, because of

аз сабаби az sababi because of

ба сабаби ba sababi because of

бо сабаби bo sababi because of

бинобар binobar because of, due to

бинобар ин binobar in therefore / because of this

дар натиҷаи dar natijai as a result of

ба хотири ba khotiri because of / for the sake of

ба туфайли ba tufayli thanks to

дар натиҷаи dar natijai as a result of

аз ҳисоби az hisobи at the expense of / due to

ба шарофати ba sharofati thanks to

Example

Ба сабаби борон мо дар хона мондем.

Ba sababi boron mo dar khona mondem.

Because of the rain, we stayed home.

10. About / concerning

Tajik Transliteration English

дар бораи dar borai about, concerning

оид ба oid ba about, concerning

роҷеъ ба roje' ba concerning, regarding

нисбат ба nisbat ba regarding, toward

дар мавриди dar mavridi concerning, regarding

дар хусуси dar khususi about, concerning

پیرомуни piramuni concerning, around

атрофи atrofi concerning / around

вобаста ба vabasta ba concerning / depending on

Example

Мо дар бораи забон сӯҳбат кардем.

Mo dar borai zabon sӯhbat kardem.

We talked about the language.

11. Comparison / relation

Tajik Transliteration English

нисбат ба nisbat ba compared with / toward

нисбати nisbati regarding / relative to

назар ба nazar ba compared with / than

нисбат ба он nisbat ba on compared with that

дар муқоиса бо dar muqoisa bo compared with

бар хилофи bar khilofi contrary to / unlike

монанди monandi like, similar to

мисли misli like, as

ҳамчун hamchun as / like

чун chun like, as

ба монанди ba monandi like, similar to

12. According to / conformity

Tajik Transliteration English

мувофиқи muvofiqi according to

тибқи tibqi according to

мутобиқи mutobiqi according to / in accordance with

бар асоси bar asosi based on

дар асоси dar asosi on the basis of

мувофиқи гуфтаи muvofiqi guftai according to what someone said

тибқи қонун tibqi qonun according to the law

бар асоси bar asosi based on

13. Opposition / against

Tajik Transliteration English

муқобили muqobili against / opposite

бар зидди bar ziddi against

зидди ziddi against

алайҳи alayhi against

бар хилофи bar khilofi contrary to

дар муқобили dar muqobili opposite / against

ба муқобили ba muqobili against

бар зидди bar ziddi against

Example:

Онҳо бар зидди қарор эътироз карданд.

Onho bar ziddi qaror e'tiroz kardand.

They protested against the decision.

14. Around / surrounding

Tajik Transliteration English

атрофи atrofi around

гирди girdi around

дар атрофи dar atrofi around

дар гирди dar girdi around

перомуни peramuni around / concerning

дар гирду атрофи dar girdu atrofi around and about

15. Through / across / via

Tajik Transliteration English

тавассути tavassuti through, via

ба воситаи ba vositai through, by means of

аз тариқи az tariqi via, through

тавассути роҳи tavassuti rohi by way of

аз роҳи az rohi through / by way of

дар миёни dar miyoni through/among, depending on context

аз байни az bayni through/between

Example

Мо тавассути интернет хабар гирифтем.

Mo tavassuti internet khabar giriftеm.

We received the news through the Internet.

16. Source / origin

Tajik Transliteration English

аз az from

аз назди az nazdi from near / from the place of

аз ҷониби az jonibi from the side of / by

аз тарафи az tarafi from the side of / by

аз сӯи az sӯyi from the side of

аз дохили az dokhili from inside

аз беруни az beruni from outside

аз болои az boloi from above

аз зери az zeri from under

аз байни az bayni from among / between

17. Agent in passive constructions

Tajik can use аз тарафи / аз ҷониби for an explicit agent, especially in formal language.

Tajik Transliteration English

аз тарафи az tarafi by

аз ҷониби az jonibi by

аз сӯи az sӯyi by / from the side of

Example:

Қарор аз ҷониби ҳукумат қабул шуд.

Qaror az jonibi hukumаt qabul shud.

The decision was made by the government.

18. Possession / relation with аз

аз can have meanings beyond simple “from.”

Tajik Transliteration English

аз az of / from

яке аз yake az one of

баъзе аз ba'ze az some of

бисёре аз bisyore az many of

ҳамаи ... аз hamaи ... az all of

ҳеҷ яке аз hech yake az none of

қисми аз qismi az part of

Example:

Ӯ яке аз дӯстони ман аст.

U yake az dustoni man ast.

He is one of my friends.

19. Distance

Tajik Transliteration English

аз az from

дур аз dur az far from

наздики nazdiki near

дар наздикии dar nazdikii near

дар масофаи dar masofai at a distance of

то to as far as / up to

байни bayni between

20. Duration / extent

Tajik Transliteration English

то to until / up to

аз az from

аз ... то az ... to from...to

дар давоми dar davomi during

дар тӯли dar tӯli throughout / for

дар муддати dar muddati for the duration of

дар зарфи dar zarfi within / over

ба муддати ba muddati for a period of

дар як муддати dar yak muddati over a period of

Example

Ман аз соати нӯҳ то панҷ кор мекунам.

Man az soati nuh to panj kor mekunam.

I work from nine to five.

21. “Instead of”

Tajik Transliteration English

ба ҷои ba joi instead of

ба ҷойи ba joyi instead of

дар ҷои dar joi in the place of / instead of

бар ивази bar ivazi in exchange for / instead of

ба ивази ba ivazi in exchange for

ба ҷои он ки ba joi on ki instead of the fact that

Example:

Ӯ ба ҷои қаҳва чой нӯшид.

U ba joi qahva choy nӯshid.

He drank tea instead of coffee.

22. Exchange / substitution

Tajik Transliteration English

ба ивази ba ivazi in exchange for

бар ивази bar ivazi in exchange for

ба ҷои ba joi instead of

дар ивази dar ivazi in exchange for

23. Benefit / harm

Tajik Transliteration English

ба манфиати ba manfaati for the benefit of

ба нафъи ba naf'i for the benefit of

бар зарари bar zarari to the detriment of

ба зарари ba zarari to the detriment of

ба фоидаи ba foidai to the benefit of

24. Despite / in spite of

Tajik Transliteration English

бо вуҷуди bo vujudi despite / in spite of

сарфи назар аз sarfi nazar az regardless of / despite

новобаста аз novobasta az regardless of / despite

бар хилофи bar khilofi contrary to / unlike

ба нигоҳ накарда ба ba nigoh nakarda ba despite / regardless of

Example:

Бо вуҷуди борон, мо рафтем.

Bo vujudi boron, mo raftem.

Despite the rain, we went.

25. In addition to / besides

Tajik Transliteration English

ғайр аз ғайr az besides / except

ба ғайр аз ba ғайr az besides / apart from

илова бар ilova bar in addition to

бар замми bar zammи besides / in addition to

ҳамроҳ бо hamroh bo together with

ба ҷуз ba juz besides / except

ҷуз аз juz az besides / except for

26. Formal/literary prepositions

These occur particularly in formal, written, administrative, or literary Tajik.

Tajik Transliteration English

мутобиқи mutobiqi according to

тибқи tibqi according to

мувофиқи muvofiqi according to

бинобар binobar due to

роҷеъ ба roje' ba concerning

оид ба oid ba concerning

перомуни peramuni concerning / around

нисбат ба nisbat ba regarding / relative to

ба шарофати ba sharofati thanks to

сарфи назар аз sarfi nazar az regardless of

новобаста аз novobasta az regardless of

бар хилофи bar khilofi contrary to

ба истиснои ba istisnoi with the exception of

ба муносибати ba munosibati on the occasion of / regarding

дар робита ба dar robita ba in connection with

вобаста ба vabasta ba in connection with / depending on

ҷиҳати jihati regarding / for the purpose of

ба мақсади ba maqsadi for the purpose of

27. Important preposition + noun patterns

Many Tajik “prepositions” are actually prepositional phrases consisting of a preposition plus a relational noun.

Pattern Transliteration Meaning

дар + бораи dar + borai about

оид + ба oid + ba concerning

роҷеъ + ба roje' + ba regarding

нисбат + ба nisbat + ba regarding / compared with

бо + сабаби bo + sababi because of

ба + сабаби ba + sababi because of

аз + сабаби az + sababi because of

дар + натиҷаи dar + natijai as a result of

ба + хотири ba + khotiri for the sake of

ба + ҷои ba + joi instead of

дар + давоми dar + davomi during

дар + тӯли dar + tӯli throughout

ба + воситаи ba + vositai through / by means of

бо + ёрии bo + yori with the help of

дар + муқоиса + бо dar + muqoisa + bo compared with

бар + асоси bar + asosi based on

дар + асоси dar + asosi on the basis of

бар + зидди bar + ziddi against

ба + муқобили ba + muqobili against

дар + муқобили dar + muqobili opposite

аз + тарафи az + tarafi by / from the side of

аз + ҷониби az + jonibi by / from the side of

ба + тарафи ba + tarafi toward

ба + ҷониби ba + jonibi toward

аз + сӯи az + sӯyi from the side of

ба + сӯи ba + sӯyi toward

12- DETERMINERS

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 як yak a / one

2 як нафар yak nafar a person / one person

3 як чиз yak chiz a thing / something

4 як кас yak kas someone / a person

5 -е -e an indefinite marker / some

6 яке yake one / one of them

7 кадом як kadom yak which one / which

8 ягон yagon any / some / a certain

9 ягонто yagonto any one / some one

10 ягон нафар yagon nafar someone / any person

11 ягон чиз yagon chiz something / anything

Example:

Ман як китоб дорам.

Man yak kitob doram.

I have a book.

Ягон китоб дорӣ?

Yagon kitob dorī?

Do you have any book?

2. Demonstrative determiners

Tajik demonstratives distinguish near vs. farther away.

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 ин in this

2 ҳамин hamin this / this very

3 ҳамин гуна hamin guna this kind of

4 ҳамин хел hamin khel this kind of / like this

5 он on that

6 ҳамон hamon that / that very

7 он гуна on guna that kind of

8 он хел on khel that kind of / like that

9 чунин chunin such / this kind of

10 чунон chunon such / that kind of

Examples

Tajik Transliteration English

Ин китоб ҷолиб аст. In kitob jolib ast. This book is interesting.

Он хона калон аст. On khona kalon ast. That house is big.

Ҳамин одам маро даъват кард. Hamin odam maro da'vat kard. This very person invited me.

Ҳамон рӯз ман ӯро дидам. Hamon rӯz man ӯro didam. That very day I saw him.

Чунин одам кам аст. Chunin odam kam ast. There are few such people.

3. Possessive determiners

Tajik normally expresses possession with possessive pronouns/genitive constructions rather than a separate determiner class.

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 ман man my / of me

2 ту tu your / of you

3 ӯ ӯ his / her

4 мо mo our

5 шумо shumo your

6 онҳо onho their

7 аз они ман az oni man mine

8 аз они ту az oni tu yours

9 аз они ӯ az oni ӯ his / hers

10 аз они мо az oni mo ours

11 аз они шумо az oni shumo yours

12 аз они онҳо az oni onho theirs

Common noun phrase pattern

[possessor] + -и + noun

Tajik Transliteration English

китоби ман kitobi man my book

китоби ту kitobi tu your book

китоби ӯ kitobi ӯ his/her book

китоби мо kitobi mo our book

китоби шумо kitobi shumo your book

китоби онҳо kitobi onho their book

So:

китоби ман

kitobi man

my book

4. Interrogative determiners

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 кадом kadom which

2 чӣ chī what / what kind of

3 чӣ гуна chī guna what kind of

4 чӣ хел chī khel what kind of / what sort of

5 чанд chand how many

6 чӣ қадар chī qadar how much

7 чандин chandin how many / several

Examples

Кадом китобро мехонӣ?

Kadom kitobro mekhanī?

Which book are you reading?

Чанд китоб дорӣ?

Chand kitob dorī?

How many books do you have?

Чӣ гуна китоб мехоҳӣ?

Chī guna kitob mekhohī?

What kind of book do you want?

5. Universal determiners

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 ҳар har every / each

2 ҳама hama all / everyone

3 тамоми tamomi all / the whole

4 кулли kulli all / the entirety of

5 ҳар як har yak each / every single

6 ҳар гуна har guna every kind of

7 ҳар хел har khel every kind of

8 ҳар навъ har nav' every type of

9 ҳама гуна hama guna all kinds of

10 ҳама хел hama khel all kinds of

Examples

Tajik Transliteration English

Ҳар рӯз кор мекунам. Har rӯz kor mekunam. I work every day.

Ҳама донишҷӯён омаданд. Hama donishjӯyon omadand. All the students came.

Тамоми шаҳр хоб буд. Tamomi shahr khob bud. The whole city was asleep.

Ҳар як донишҷӯ китоб дорад. Har yak donishjӯ kitob dorad. Every student has a book.

6. Indefinite determiners

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 ягон yagon any / some

2 ягонто yagonto any one

3 ягон гуна yagon guna some kind of / any kind of

4 ягон хел yagon khel some kind of / any kind of

5 касе kase someone / somebody

6 чизе chize something

7 ҷое joe somewhere

8 баъзе ba'ze some / certain

9 баъзе аз ba'ze az some of

10 фалон falon a certain / so-and-so

11 фалонӣ falonī a certain person

12 кадом kadom some / a certain, in some contexts

13 ҳар гуна har guna any/every kind of

14 ҳар хел har khel any/every sort of

Example

Баъзе донишҷӯён имрӯз наомаданд.

Ba'ze donishjӯyon imrӯz naomadand.

Some students did not come today.

7. Negative determiners

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 ҳеҷ hech no / any

2 ҳеҷ як hech yak not a single / none

3 ҳеҷ гуна hech guna no kind of

4 ҳеҷ хел hech khel no kind of

5 ҳеҷ кадом hech kadom none / no one of

6 ҳеҷ як аз hech yak az none of

7 ҳеҷ кас hech kas nobody

8 ҳеҷ чиз hech chiz nothing

9 ҳеҷ ҷой hech joy nowhere

10 ҳеҷ вақт hech vaqt never / at no time

Example

Ман ҳеҷ китоб надорам.

Man hech kitob nadорам.

I have no book / I don't have any book.

Ҳеҷ донишҷӯ наомад.

Hech donishjӯ naomad.

No student came.

8. Quantifying determiners

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 бисёр bisyor many / much / a lot of

2 кам kam few / little

3 чанд chand several / some / how many

4 чандин chandin several / many

5 зиёд ziyod much / many / a lot of

6 миқдори зиёди miqdori ziyodi a large amount/number of

7 миқдори ками miqdori kami a small amount/number of

8 қисми зиёди qismi ziyodi a large part of

9 қисми ками qismi kami a small part of

10 нисфи nisfi half of

11 якчанд yakchand several / a few

12 каме kame a little / some

13 андаке andake a little

14 миқдоре miqdore some amount

15 теъдоди зиёди te'dodi ziyodi a large number of

16 теъдоди ками te'dodi kami a small number of

Examples

Ман бисёр китоб дорам.

Man bisyor kitob doram.

I have many books.

Якчанд донишҷӯ омаданд.

Yakchand donishjӯ omadand.

Several students came.

Каме об диҳед.

Kame ob dihed.

Give me a little water.

9. “Several / certain / some”

Tajik Transliteration English

баъзе ba'ze some / certain

баъзеҳо ba'zeho some people / some

чанд chand several / some

чандин chandin several / many

якчанд yakchand several

фалон falon a certain

фалонӣ falonī a certain person

як гурӯҳ yak gurӯh a group of

як қатор yak qator a number of

як силсила yak silsila a series of

як теъдод yak te'dod a number of

10. Distributive determiners

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳар har every / each

ҳар як har yak each

ҳар кадом har kadom each / whichever

як-як yak-yak one by one / each

ҳар яке har yake each one

ҳар ду har du both / each of the two

ҳар се har se all three / each of the three

ҳар чанд har chand however many / every few

Example

Ҳар як донишҷӯ вазифа дорад.

Har yak donishjӯ vazifa dorad.

Every student has an assignment.

11. “Both”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳар ду har du both

ҳарду hardu both

ҳар дуи har dui both of

ҳар ду нафар har du nafar both people

ҳар ду китоб har du kitob both books

Ҳарду донишҷӯ омаданд.

Hardu donishjӯ omadand.

Both students came.

12. “Another / other”

Tajik Transliteration English

дигар digar other / another

дигаре digare another / another one

дигарон digaron others

ягон дигар yagon digar some other / another

ягон чизи дигар yagon chizi digar something else

ягон каси дигар yagon kasi digar someone else

ҳама гуна дигар hama guna digar all other kinds of

Example

Ба ман як китоби дигар диҳед.

Ba man yak kitobi digar dihed.

Give me another book.

13. “Same”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳамон hamon the same / that very

ҳамин hamin this same / this very

якхела yakkhela the same / identical

ҳамон як hamon yak the same one

Мо дар ҳамон хона зиндагӣ мекунем.

Mo dar hamon khona zindagī mekunem.

We live in the same house.

14. “Such / such a”

Tajik Transliteration English

чунин chunin such / such a

чунон chunon such / so

чунин як chunin yak such a

чунин гуна chunin guna such a kind of

чунин хел chunin khel such a kind/sort

он гуна on guna that kind of

ин гуна in guna this kind of

ҳар гуна har guna every/any kind of

ягон гуна yagon guna some/any kind of

ҳеҷ гуна hech guna no kind of

15. Numeral determiners

Cardinal numbers can directly determine nouns.

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 як yak one

2 ду du two

3 се se three

4 чор chor four

5 панҷ panj five

6 шаш shash six

7 ҳафт haft seven

8 ҳашт hasht eight

9 нӯҳ nӯҳ nine

10 даҳ dah ten

11 сад sad hundred

12 ҳазор hazor thousand

13 миллион million million

14 миллиард milliard billion

Examples

се китоб

se kitob

three books

панҷ донишҷӯ

panj donishjӯ

five students

16. Ordinal determiners

Ordinal numbers can also determine nouns.

Tajik Transliteration English

якум yakum first

дуюм duyum second

сеюм seyum third

чорум chorum fourth

панҷум panjum fifth

шашум shashum sixth

ҳафтум haftum seventh

ҳаштум hashtum eighth

нӯҳум nuhum ninth

даҳум dahum tenth

садум sadum hundredth

ҳазорум hazorum thousandth

китоби якум

kitobi yakum

the first book

17. Fractional / partitive determiners

Tajik Transliteration English

нисфи nisfi half of

сеяки seyaki one third of

чоряки choryaki one quarter of

панҷяки panjyaki one fifth of

қисми qismi part of

як қисми yak qismi a part of

қисми зиёди qismi ziyodi most/a large part of

қисми ками qismi kami a small part of

қисми боқимонда qismi boqimonda the remaining part of

18. Multiplicative / amount expressions

Tajik Transliteration English

ду баробар du barobar twice / double

се баробар se barobar three times

чанд баробар chand barobar several times

якчанд баробар yakchand barobar several times

дукарата dukarata double / twofold

секарата sekarata triple / threefold

19. Emphatic / identifying determiners

Tajik Transliteration English

маҳз ҳамин mahz hamin exactly this

маҳз он mahz on exactly that

худи ҳамин khudi hamin this very

худи он khudi on that very

худи ӯ khudi ӯ he/she himself/herself

айнан ҳамин aynan hamin exactly this

айнан ҳамон aynan hamon exactly the same

ҳамон hamon that very / the same

These are determiner-like emphasis constructions, rather than a separate determiner class.

20. “Whole / entire”

Tajik Transliteration English

тамоми tamomi entire / whole / all

тамоми ... tamomi ... the whole ...

кулли kulli all / entire

саросари sarosari throughout / the whole of

яклухт yaklukht whole / entire, depending on context

ҳама hama all

Тамоми рӯз кор кардам.

Tamomi rӯz kor kardam.

I worked all day.

21. “Each / every”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳар har every

ҳар як har yak every single / each

ҳар яке har yake each one

ҳар кадом har kadom each / whichever

ҳар нафар har nafar every person

ҳар чиз har chiz everything / every thing

ҳар кас har kas everyone / every person

ҳар гуна har guna every kind of

ҳар навъ har nav' every type of

22. “All / whole”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳама hama all

тамоми tamomi entire / all

кулли kulli all / whole

ҳамааш hamaash all of it/them

ҳамаи hamaи all of

тамоми ... tamomi ... the whole/all

кулли ... kulli ... the whole/all

Note: ҳама can stand alone as a pronoun, while ҳамаи commonly appears before a noun phrase.

ҳамаи китобҳо

hamaи kitobho

all the books

23. Negative / “not any”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҳеҷ hech no / any

ҳеҷ як hech yak not a single

ҳеҷ кадом hech kadom none

ҳеҷ гуна hech guna no kind of

ҳеҷ хел hech khel no sort of

ҳеҷ як аз hech yak az none of

ҳеҷ кадоме аз hech kadome az none of

24. “Any”

Tajik Transliteration English

ягон yagon any

ягонто yagonto any one

ҳар гуна har guna any kind of

ҳар хел har khel any sort of

ҳар кадом har kadom whichever / any one

ягон гуна yagon guna any kind of

ягон хел yagon khel any sort of

25. “Enough / too much / too little”

These are mainly quantifier expressions, but they can function determinatively.

Tajik Transliteration English

кофӣ kofī enough / sufficient

ба қадри кофӣ ba qadri kofī enough / sufficiently

хеле зиёд kheli ziyod very many / much

аз ҳад зиёд az hadd ziyod too much / too many

хеле кам kheli kam very few / little

аз ҳад кам az hadd kam too little / too few

миқдори кофӣ miqdori kofī a sufficient amount

миқдори зиёди miqdori ziyodi a large amount

миқдори ками miqdori kami a small amount

26. “Most / majority”

Tajik Transliteration English

аксари aksari most

аксарияти aksariyati the majority of

қисми зиёди qismi ziyodi most / large part of

бештари beshtari most / more of

қисми асосии qismi asosii the main part of

Аксари донишҷӯён омаданд.

Aksari donishjӯyon omadand.

Most students came.

27. “Few / least”

Tajik Transliteration English

чанд chand a few / several

якчанд yakchand several

каме kame a little / some

андаке andake a little

кам kam few / little

камтарин kamtarin the fewest / least

ҳадди ақал haddi aqal at least

ақаллан aqallan at least

28. “More / less”

Tajik Transliteration English

бештар beshtar more / most

камтар kamtar less / fewer

бештари beshtari more of / most of

камтари kamtari less of / fewer of

аз ҳама бештар az hama beshtar the most

аз ҳама камтар az hama kamtar the least

13- IF CONDITIONAL

Zero Conditional агар + ҳозира, ҳозира agar + hozira, hozira Агар об ях шавад, сахт мешавад. Agar ob yakh shavad, sakht meshavad. If water freezes, it becomes hard.

First Conditional агар + шакли хоҳишӣ, оянда/ҳозира agar + shakli khoshishī, oyanda/hozira Агар биёӣ, мебинам. Agar bioyī, mebinam. If you come, I will see (you).

Second Conditional агар + гузаштаи номукаммал, шакли шартӣ agar + guzashTai nomukammal, shakli shartī Агар медоштам, мехаридам. Agar medoshtam, mekharidam. If I had (it), I would buy (it).

Third Conditional агар + сифати феълӣ + буд, шакли шартӣ agar + sifati fe’lī + bud, shakli shartī Агар хонда будам, мегузаштам. Agar khonda budam, meguzashtam. If I had studied, I would have passed.

Mixed Conditional гузашта + натиҷаи ҳозира guzashta + natijai hozira Агар хонда будам, духтур мебудам. Agar khonda budam, dukhtur mebudam. If I had studied, I would be a doctor.

Zero Conditional Negative агар + на + ҳозира, ҳозира agar + na + hozira, hozira Агар об ях нашавад, сахт намешавад. Agar ob yakh nashavad, sakht nameshavad. If water does not freeze, it does not become hard.

First Conditional Negative агар + на + шакли хоҳишӣ, оянда/ҳозира agar + na + shakli khoshishī, oyanda/hozira Агар наоӣ, туро намебинам. Agar naoī, turo namebinam. If you do not come, I will not see you.

Second Conditional Negative агар + на + гузаштаи номукаммал, шакли шартӣ agar + na + guzashTai nomukammal, shakli shartī Агар пул намедоштам, намехаридам. Agar pul namedoshtam, namekharidam. If I did not have money, I would not buy it.

Third Conditional Negative агар + на + сифати феълӣ + буд, шакли шартӣ agar + na + sifati fe’lī + bud, shakli shartī Агар нахонда будам, имтиҳонро намегузаштам. Agar nakhonda budam, imtihonro nameguzashtam. If I had not studied, I would not have passed the exam.

Mixed Conditional Negative агар + на + шарти гузашта, натиҷаи манфии ҳозира agar + na + sharti guzashTa, natijai manfii hozira Агар нахонда будам, ҳоло духтур намебудам. Agar nakhonda budam, holo dukhtur namebudam. If I had not studied, I would not be a doctor now.

ман мекардам mekardam I would do

ту мекардӣ mekardī you would do

ӯ мекард mekard he/she would do

мо мекардем mekardem we would do

шумо мекардед mekarded you would do

онҳо мекарданд mekardand they would do

Ман мебудам Man mebudam I would be

Ту мебудӣ Tu mebudī You would be

Ӯ мебуд Ū mebud He/she would be

Мо мебудем Mo mebudem We would be

Шумо мебудед Shumo mebuded You would be

Онҳо мебуданд Onho mebudand They would be

Ман рафта мебудам. Man rafta mebudam. I would have gone.

Ман мехостам рафтан. Man mekhostam raftan. I would like to go.

Ман намекардам Man namekardam I would not do

Ту намекардӣ Tu namekardī You would not do

Ӯ намекард Ū namekard He/she would not do

Мо намекардем Mo namekardem We would not do

Шумо намекардед Shumo namekarded You would not do

Онҳо намекарданд Onho namekardand They would not do

Ман намебудам Man namebudam I would not be

Ту намебудӣ Tu namebudī You would not be

Ӯ намебуд Ū namebud He/she would not be

Мо намебудем Mo namebudem We would not be

Шумо намебудед Shumo namebuded You would not be

Онҳо намебуданд Onho namebudand They would not be

I would not like Ман намехостам Man namekhostam

I would not have been Ман набуда будам Man nabuda budam

would be done хонда мешуд khonda meshud

would have been done хонда шуда мебуд khonda shuda mebud

would be being done хонда шуда истода мешуд khonda shuda istoda meshud

would have been being done хонда шуда истода мебуд khonda shuda istoda mebud

would not be done хонда намешуд khonda nameshud

would not have been done хонда шуда намебуд khonda shuda namebud

would not have been being done хонда шуда истода намебуд khonda shuda istoda namebud

khonda means read so it actually means "would be read", not done. This was just used to show how it is formed

if агар agar Агар вақт дошта бошам, меоям. Agar vaqt doshta bosham, meoyam. If I have time, I will come.

when (future condition) вақте ки vaqte ki Вақте ки биёӣ, ба ман занг зан. Vaqte ki bioyī, ba man zang zan. When you come, call me.

when (general time) вақте ки / ҳангоме ки vaqte ki / hangome ki Вақте ки борон меборад, ҳаво сард мешавад. Vaqte ki boron meborad, havo sard meshavad. When it rains, the weather becomes cold.

whenever ҳар вақте ки har vaqte ki Ҳар вақте ки маро бинӣ, салом деҳ. Har vaqte ki maro binī, salom deh. Whenever you see me, greet me.

whenever (formal) ҳар гоҳ ки har goh ki Ҳар гоҳ ки вақт дошта бошам, меоям. Har goh ki vaqt doshta bosham, meoyam. Whenever I have time, I come.

unless агар ... на agar ... na Агар нахонӣ, намедонӣ. Agar nakhonī, namedonī. Unless you study, you do not know.

even if ҳатто агар hatto agar Ҳатто агар борон борад, меравам. Hatto agar boron borad, meravam. Even if it rains, I will go.

only if танҳо агар tano agar Танҳо агар вақт дошта бошӣ, биё. Tano agar vaqt doshta boshī, bio. Only if you have time, come.

as long as то вақте ки to vaqte ki То вақте ки кор мекунӣ, пул мегирӣ. To vaqte ki kor mekunī, pul megirī. As long as you work, you get money.

provided that ба шарте ки ba sharte ki Ба шарте ки рост гӯӣ, кӯмак мекунам. Ba sharte ki rost gӯyī, kūmak mekunam. Provided that you tell the truth, I will help.

in case дар ҳолате ки dar holate ki Дар ҳолате ки борон борад, чатр гир. Dar holate ki boron borad, chatr gir. In case it rains, take an umbrella.

suppose / assuming фарз кунем, ки farz kunem, ki Фарз кунем, ки ӯ меояд. Farz kunem, ki ū meoyad. Suppose that he comes.

whether or not оё ... ё не oyo ... yo ne Намедонам, оё меояд ё не. Namedonam, oyo meoyad yo ne. I do not know whether he will come or not.

otherwise вагарна vagarna Шитоб кун, вагарна дер мешавад. Shetob kun, vagarna der meshavad. Hurry, otherwise it will be late.

if only (wish/regret) кош kosh Кош вақт медоштам. Kosh vaqt medoshtam. If only I had time.

maybe / perhaps шояд shoyad Шояд ӯ биёяд. Shoyad ū bioyad. Maybe he will come.

14- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

Positive adjective калон kalon big

Comparative adjective + тар калонтар kalontar bigger

Comparative (more) бештар + adjective бештар калон beshtar kalon more big

Comparative (less) камтар + adjective камтар калон kamtar kalon less big

Superlative adjective + тарин калонтарин kalontarin biggest

Superlative аз ҳама + adjective аз ҳама калон az hama kalon the biggest

Least аз ҳама кам + adjective аз ҳама кам калон az hama kam kalon least big

Basic adjective adjective sifat калон kalon big

Comparative adjective + -тар sifat + -tar калонтар kalontar bigger

Comparative "more" бештар + adjective beshtar + sifat бештар ҷолиб beshtar jolib more interesting

Comparative "less" камтар + adjective kamtar + sifat камтар гарон kamtar garon less expensive

Than аз + noun/pronoun az + ism/jonishin аз ман калонтар az man kalontar bigger than me

Superlative аз ҳама + adjective az hama + sifat аз ҳама калон az hama kalon biggest

Superlative suffix adjective + -тарин sifat + -tarin калонтарин kalontarin biggest

Least аз ҳама камтар az hama kamtar аз ҳама камтар az hama kamtar the least

Least suffix adjective + -тарин with кам kamtarin камтарин kamtarin least/smallest

Comparative adverb adverb + -тар zarf + -tar тезтар teztar faster

Superlative adverb аз ҳама + adverb az hama + zarf аз ҳама тез az hama tez fastest

Much more хеле + comparative khele + sifat-tar хеле калонтар khele kalontar much bigger

A little more каме + comparative kame + sifat-tar каме калонтар kame kalontar a little bigger

More and more comparative + repeated comparative sifat-tar + ... гармтар ва гармтар garmtar va garmtar hotter and hotter

As...as мисли + noun + adjective misli + ism + sifat мисли ӯ доно misli ū dono as intelligent as him

Man az ū behtar mekhanam. I read better than him/her.

Ū az man kalontar ast. He/she is older/bigger than me.

15- RELATIVE CLAUSES

who ки ki

whom ки ki

which ки ki

that ки ki

whose ки + -аш / ки + ӯ ki + ash / ki + ū

where ҷое ки joye ki

when вақте ки / рӯзе ки vaqte ki / rūze ki

why сабабе ки sababe ki

Зане, ки суруд мехонад, хоҳари ман аст. Zane, ki surud mekhanad, khohari man ast. The woman who sings is my sister.

Китобе, ки ман хондам, ҷолиб аст. Kitobe, ki man khondam, jolib ast. The book that I read is interesting.

Relative clauses can have a shorter structure, however this is optional:

Active present noun + verb-анда ism + bunyodi fe'l + -anda Одами коркунанда odami korkunanda working person

Active past noun + past participle ism + sifati fe'li-i guzashta (-da) Марди омада mardi omada man who came

Passive past noun + -шуда ism + sifati maf'ulī (-shuda) Китоби навишташуда kitobi navishtashuda written book

Passive continuous noun + -шудаистода ism + sifati maf'ulī + shudaistoda Хонаи сохташудаистода khonai sokhtashudaistoda house b

16- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech: Subject + verb of saying + "exact words"

Reported Speech:

Statement гуфт + ки + clause guft + ki + jumla Ӯ гуфт, ки меояд Ū guft, ki meoyad He said that he is coming.

Negative statement гуфт + ки + negative clause guft + ki + jumlai manfī Ӯ гуфт, ки намеояд Ū guft, ki nameoyad He said that he is not coming.

Yes/no question пурсид + ки + оё + clause pursid + ki + oyo + jumla Ӯ пурсид, ки оё меояд Ū pursid, ki oyo meoyad He asked whether he is coming.

WH question пурсид + ки + question word + clause pursid + ki + kalimai savolī + jumla Ӯ пурсид, ки куҷо меравад Ū pursid, ki kujo meravad He asked where he is going.

Command гуфт + ки + subjunctive guft + ki + fe’li shartī Ӯ гуфт, ки равам Ū guft, ki ravam He told me to go.

Negative command гуфт + ки + на + subjunctive guft + ki + na + fe’li shartī Ӯ гуфт, ки наравам Ū guft, ki naravam He told me not to go.

Request хоҳиш кард + ки + subjunctive khokhish kard + ki + fe’li shartī Ӯ хоҳиш кард, ки биёям Ū khokhish kard, ki biyoyam He requested that I come.

Advice маслиҳат дод + ки + subjunctive maslihat dod + ki + fe’li shartī Ӯ маслиҳат дод, ки хонам Ū maslahat dod, ki khonam He advised me to study/read.

Promise ваъда дод + ки + future va’da dod + ki + zamoni oyanda Ӯ ваъда дод, ки меояд Ū va’da dod, ki meoyad He promised that he would come.

Passive report гуфта шуд, ки + clause gufta shud, ki + jumla Гуфта шуд, ки ӯ омад Gufta shud, ki ū omad It was said that he came.

17- INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS

to do verb + -дан fe'l + -dan

doing (as a noun) verb + -дан fe'l + -dan

like doing infinitive + -ро + дӯст доштан masdar + -ro + dūst doshtan

after doing пас аз + infinitive pas az + masdar

before doing пеш аз + infinitive pesh az + masdar

while doing ҳангоми + infinitive hangomi + masdar

by doing бо + infinitive bo + masdar

having done past participle (-да) sifati fe'li-i guzashta (-da)

person doing verb + -анда fe'l + -anda

I am happy seeing you Ман аз дидани ту хурсанд ҳастам. Man az didani tu khursand hastam. Gerund (seeing = noun activity) аз + infinitive noun + possessive + adjective az + masdar + izofa/possessive + sifati holat

FORMATION:

Ман Man I

аз az from/about

дидани didani seeing

ту tu you

хурсанд khursand happy

ҳастам hastam am

I am happy to see you Ман хушҳолам, ки туро мебинам. Man khushholam, ki turo mebinam. Infinitive meaning (to see) adjective/state + ки + present/subjunctive clause sifat/holat + ki + jumlai fe’lī (fe’li shartī/hozir)

FORMATION:

Ман Man I

хушҳолам khushholam I am happy

ки ki that

туро turo you (object)

мебинам mebinam I see

I plan to eat Ман нақша дорам, ки хӯрам. Man naqsha doram, ki khūram. Infinitive after plan нақша доштан + ки + subjunctive naqsha doshtan + ki + fe’li shartī

FORMATION:

Ман Man I

нақша naqsha plan

дорам doram have

ки ki that

хӯрам khūram I eat / I should eat

I plan eating Ман нақшаи хӯрдан дорам. Man naqshai khūrdan doram. Gerund (eating as noun) noun + infinitive (-дан) ism + masdar (-dan)

FORMATION:

Ман Man I

нақшаи naqshai of plan / my plan

хӯрдан khūrdan eating / to eat

дорам doram I have

I see him run Ман мебинам, ки ӯ медавад. Man mebinam, ki ū medavad. Verb + object + action clause дидан + ки + subject + verb didan + ki + fa’il + fe’l

FORMATION:

Ман Man I

мебинам mebinam I see

ки ki that

ӯ ū he/she

медавад medavad runs

I see him running Ман ӯро давида истода мебинам. Man ūro davida istoda mebinam. Present participle/continuous action object + participle + дидан maf’ul + sifati fe’lī + didan

FORMATION:

Ман Man I

ӯро ūro him/her (object)

давида davida having run / running

истода istoda standing / continuing

мебинам mebinam I see

I eat to play / in order to play Ман барои бозӣ кардан мехӯрам. Man baroi bozī kardan mekham. Purpose infinitive барои + infinitive (-дан) baroi + masdar (-dan)

FORMATION:

Ман Man I

барои baroi for / in order to

бозӣ bozī play / game

кардан kardan to do

мехӯрам mekhūram I eat

18- SUBJUNCTIVE

би- [bi-] (Common) + verb stem + personal ending

Wish ки + subjunctive ki + fe'li shartī Кош ӯ биёяд Kosh ū biyoyad If only he/she would come.

Want мехоҳам + ки + subjunctive mekhoham + ki + fe'li shartī Мехоҳам, ки равам Mekhoham, ki ravam I want to go.

Purpose ки + subjunctive ki + fe'li shartī Меоям, ки бинам Meoyam, ki binam I come in order to see.

Must бояд + subjunctive boyad + fe'li shartī Бояд равам Boyad ravam I must go.

Possibility мумкин + ки + subjunctive mumkin + ki + fe'li shartī Мумкин аст, ки ояд Mumkin ast, ki oyad It is possible that he/she comes.

Reported command гуфт + ки + subjunctive guft + ki + fe'li shartī Гуфт, ки равам Guft, ki ravam He said that I should go.

Conditional агар + subjunctive agar + fe'li shartī Агар биёӣ Agar biyoyī If you come.

19- TAG QUESTIONS

не? ne? right? / isn't it?

ҳа? ha? yes? / is it?

дуруст? durust? correct?

ҳамин тавр? hamin tavr? isn't that so?

магарам? magaram? isn't it?

You are tired, aren't you? Ту хаста ҳастӣ, не? Tu khasta hastī, ne?

Present negative question на- + present verb na- + me-verb Ту намеоӣ? Tu nameoyī? Aren't you coming? / Don't you come?

Past negative question на- + past verb na- + past stem Ту нарафтӣ? Tu naraftī? Didn't you go?

Future negative question на- + future form na- + future verb Ӯ намеояд? Ū nameoyad? Won't he/she come? / Isn't he/she coming?

With оё оё + negative sentence oyo + jumlai manfī Оё ту намеоӣ? Oyo tu nameoyī? Are you not coming?

Why negative чаро + negative verb charo + na-verb Чаро намеоӣ? Charo nameoyī? Why aren't you coming?

20- MODAL WORDS

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 шояд shoyad perhaps / may / might

2 эҳтимол ehtimol probably / perhaps

3 эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

4 мумкин mumkin possible / may

5 мумкин аст mumkin ast it is possible / may

6 имкон дорад imkon dorad it is possible / may

7 эҳтимол дорад ehtimol dorad it is probable / may

8 эҳтимол дорад, ки ehtimol dorad, ki it is probable that

9 мумкин аст, ки mumkin ast, ki it may be that

10 мумкин нест, ки mumkin nest, ki it is impossible/unlikely that

11 ба эҳтимол ba ehtimol probably / presumably

12 ба эҳтимоли зиёд ba ehtimoli ziyod most probably

13 шояд ки shoyad ki perhaps / maybe

14 гӯё gӯyo apparently / supposedly

15 гӯё ки gӯyo ki as if / supposedly

16 зоҳиран zohiran apparently

17 ба назар мерасад ba nazar merasad it seems / apparently

18 чунин ба назар мерасад chunin ba nazar merasad it seems so

Examples

Tajik Transliteration English

Шояд ӯ имрӯз биёяд. Shoyad ӯ imrӯz biyoyad. He may come today.

Эҳтимол ӯ дер кунад. Ehtimol ӯ der kunad. He will probably be late.

Мумкин аст, ки ӯ биёяд. Mumkin ast, ki ӯ biyoyad. He may come.

Ба назар мерасад, ки ӯ хаста аст. Ba nazar merasad, ki ӯ khasta ast. It seems that he is tired.

2. Necessity — “must / have to”

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 бояд boyad must / should / ought to

2 бояд ки boyad ki must / should

3 лозим lozim necessary

4 лозим аст lozim ast it is necessary

5 лозим мешавад lozim meshavad it becomes necessary / will be necessary

6 зарур zarur necessary

7 зарур аст zarur ast it is necessary

8 зарур буд zarur bud it was necessary

9 зарур мешавад zarur meshavad it will become necessary

10 маҷбур majbur forced / obliged

11 маҷбур аст majbur ast is forced to / has to

12 маҷбур шудан majbur shudan to be forced to

13 ҳатмӣ hatmī obligatory / mandatory

14 ҳатман hatman necessarily / definitely

15 ногузир noguzir inevitable / unavoidable

16 ночор nochor compelled / having no choice

17 зарурат дорад zarurat dorad there is a need

18 эҳтиёҷ дорад ehtiyoj dorad needs / has a need

The most important one: бояд

Ман бояд равам.

Man boyad ravam.

I must go.

Ту бояд кор кунӣ.

Tu boyad kor kunī.

You must work / You should work.

бояд + subjunctive is one of the main ways Tajik expresses obligation.

3. Permission — “may / be allowed to”

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 иҷозат ijозat permission

2 иҷозат аст ijозat ast it is permitted

3 иҷозат дорад ijозat dorad is allowed to

4 иҷозат додан ijозat dodan to permit

5 мумкин аст mumkin ast may / is permitted / possible

6 мешавад meshavad may / can / it is possible

7 иҷозаи ... доштан ijозai ... doshtan to have permission to

8 ҳақ дорад haq dorad has the right to / is allowed to

9 ҳақ дорӣ haq dorī you have the right to / may

10 ҳақ доранд haq dorand they have the right to / may

Examples

Метавонам дароям?

Metavonam daroyam?

May I come in?

Шумо метавонед ин ҷо нишинед.

Shumo metavoned in jo nishined.

You may/can sit here.

4. Ability — “can / be able to”

These are technically modal verb constructions, but they are essential to the Tajik modal system.

# Tajik Transliteration English

1 тавонистан tavonistan to be able to / can

2 метавонам metavonam I can

3 метавонӣ metavonī you can

4 метавонад metavonad he/she can

5 метавонем metavonem we can

6 метавонед metavoned you can

7 метавонанд metavonand they can

8 қодир будан qodir budan to be capable of

9 қодир аст qodir ast is capable of

10 қобилият доштан qobiliyat doshtan to have the ability

11 имконият доштан imkoniyat doshtan to have the possibility/ability

12 имкон доштан imkon doshtan to be able to / have the possibility

Example

Ман ин корро карда метавонам.

Man in korro karda metavonam.

I can do this work.

5. Obligation / compulsion

Tajik Transliteration English

бояд boyad must / should

лозим аст lozim ast must / need to

зарур аст zarur ast must / necessary

маҷбур аст majbur ast has to / is forced to

маҷбур шуд majbur shud had to / was forced to

ночор аст nochor ast has no choice but to

ногузир аст noguzir ast is unavoidable

вазифадор аст vazifadоr ast is obliged / duty-bound

уҳдадор аст uhдador ast is obligated / committed

масъул аст mas'ul ast is responsible/required

6. Advice — “should / ought to”

Tajik Transliteration English

бояд boyad should / ought to

беҳтар аст behtar ast it is better to / should

хуб аст khub ast it is good to / should

лозим аст lozim ast should / need to

зарур аст zarur ast should / necessary

арзанда аст arzanda ast it is worthwhile

меарзад mearzad it is worth it / worth doing

маслиҳат аст maslahat ast it is advisable

маслиҳат мешавад maslahat meshavad it is advisable / recommended

тавсия мешавад tavsiya meshavad it is recommended

Examples

Ту бояд бештар истироҳат кунӣ.

Tu boyad beshtar istirohat kunī.

You should rest more.

Беҳтар аст, ки имрӯз истироҳат кунӣ.

Behtar ast, ki imrӯz istirohat kunī.

You had better rest today.

7. Desire / volition

Tajik Transliteration English

хостан khostan to want

мехоҳам mekhoham I want

мехоҳӣ mekhohī you want

мехоҳад mekhohad he/she wants

хоҳиш доштан khоhish doshtan to wish / desire

хоҳиш кардан khоhish kardan to wish / request

орзу кардан orzӯ kardan to wish / dream

майл доштан mayl doshtan to be inclined/willing

ният доштан niyat doshtan to intend

қасд доштан qasd doshtan to intend / plan

These are volitional modal expressions, rather than strict modal auxiliaries.

8. Intention — “intend / plan / be going to”

Tajik Transliteration English

ният доштан niyat doshtan to intend

ният кардан niyat kardan to intend

қасд доштан qasd doshtan to intend

қасд кардан qasd kardan to intend

қарор доштан qaror doshtan to intend / have decided

нақша доштан naqsha doshtan to plan

мехоҳад mekhohad wants to / intends to

дар назар доштан dar nazar doshtan to intend / have in mind

ният дорам niyat doram I intend

қасд дорам qasd doram I intend

қарор дорам qaror doram I intend / have decided

9. Probability / certainty

Tajik Transliteration English

эҳтимол ehtimol probably / perhaps

эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

шояд shoyad perhaps / maybe

албатта albatta certainly / of course

бешубҳа beshubha undoubtedly

ҳатман hatman definitely / certainly

воқеан voqean really / indeed

дар ҳақиқат dar haqiqat indeed / really

бешак beshak undoubtedly

шак нест shak nest there is no doubt

яқин аст yaqin ast it is certain / likely

яқинан yaqinan certainly / presumably

ба эҳтимоли зиёд ba ehtimoli ziyod most probably

ба эҳтимоли кам ba ehtimoli kam probably unlikely

ба назар мерасад ba nazar merasad it seems

зоҳиран zohiran apparently

гӯё gӯyo apparently / supposedly

10. Uncertainty / doubt

Tajik Transliteration English

шояд shoyad perhaps / maybe

эҳтимол ehtimol perhaps / probably

мумкин mumkin possible

мумкин аст mumkin ast it may be

гӯё gӯyo supposedly / apparently

гӯё ки gӯyo ki as if

шояд не shoyad ne perhaps not

эҳтимол не ehtimol ne probably not

эҳтимолан не ehtimolan ne probably not

гумон gumon supposition / suspicion

гумон аст gumon ast it is presumed / likely

ба гумонам ba gumonam I suppose / I think

шубҳае нест shubhae nest there is no doubt

шубҳа доштан shubha doshtan to doubt

11. “Must be” — inference

Tajik commonly expresses an inference with бояд or expressions such as эҳтимол, depending on context.

Tajik Transliteration English

бояд boyad must / presumably

бояд ки boyad ki must presumably

эҳтимол ehtimol probably

эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

гумон аст gumon ast it is presumed

ба гумонам ba gumonam I suppose

ба назар мерасад ba nazar merasad it seems

зоҳиран zohiran apparently

бешубҳа beshubha undoubtedly

Ӯ бояд дар хона бошад.

U boyad dar khona boshad.

He must be at home.

Here бояд expresses inference, not obligation.

12. Necessity vs. possibility

These are two of the most important Tajik modal categories:

Meaning Tajik Transliteration English

Necessity бояд boyad must / should

Necessity лозим аст lozim ast need to / must

Necessity зарур аст zarur ast must / necessary

Possibility мумкин аст mumkin ast may / might

Possibility шояд shoyad may / might

Possibility эҳтимол ehtimol probably / perhaps

Ability метавонад metavonad can

Permission иҷозат дорад ijозat dorad may / be allowed

Obligation маҷбур аст majbur ast has to

Advice беҳтар аст behtar ast should / better to

Inference бояд boyad must / presumably

13. “Need / need to”

Tajik Transliteration English

лозим аст lozim ast need to / must

зарур аст zarur ast need to / necessary

эҳтиёҷ доштан ehtiyoj doshtan to need

ниёз доштан niyoz doshtan to need

зарурат доштан zarurat doshtan to have a need

лозим шудан lozim shudan to become necessary

зарур шудан zarur shudan to become necessary

ба ... эҳтиёҷ доштан ba ... ehtiyoj doshtan to need ...

14. “Dare / dare to”

Tajik Transliteration English

ҷуръат кардан jur'at kardan to dare

ҷуръат доштан jur'at doshtan to have the courage to

ҷуръат намекунад jur'at namekunad does not dare

далерӣ кардан dalerī kardan to dare / act boldly

ҷасорат кардан jasorat kardan to dare

15. “Be willing to”

Tajik Transliteration English

розӣ будан rozī budan to be willing / agree

омода будан omoda budan to be ready/willing

тайёр будан tayyor budan to be ready/willing

майл доштан mayl doshtan to be willing/inclined

хоҳиш доштан khоhish doshtan to wish

ризо будан rizo budan to consent / be willing

16. “Be supposed to”

Tajik Transliteration English

бояд boyad should / be supposed to

қарор аст qaror ast is supposed/planned to

пешбинӣ шудааст peshbinī shudaast is planned/expected

интизор меравад intizor meravad is expected

интизор аст intizor ast is expected

вазифадор аст vazifador ast is obligated/supposed to

Ӯ бояд соати ҳашт биёяд.

U boyad soati hasht biyoyad.

He is supposed to come at eight.

17. “Likely / unlikely”

Tajik Transliteration English

эҳтимол дорад ehtimol dorad is likely

эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

мумкин аст mumkin ast may / is possible

ба эҳтимоли зиёд ba ehtimoli ziyod very likely

гумон аст gumon ast is likely / presumed

эҳтимолаш зиёд аст ehtimolash ziyod ast it is highly likely

эҳтимолаш кам аст ehtimolash kam ast it is unlikely

кам эҳтимол kam ehtimol unlikely

номумкин nomumkin impossible

ғайриимкон ғайriimkon impossible

18. “Impossible / cannot”

Tajik Transliteration English

номумкин nomumkin impossible

ғайриимкон ғайriimkon impossible

мумкин нест mumkin nest cannot / is impossible

имкон надорад imkon nadорад cannot / is not possible

ғайриимкон аст ғайriimkon ast it is impossible

наметавонад nametavonad cannot / is unable

қодир нест qodir nest is not capable

имконнопазир imkonnopazir impossible

19. Prohibition — “must not / may not”

Tajik Transliteration English

набояд naboyad must not / should not

набояд ки naboyad ki must not / should not

манъ аст man' ast it is forbidden

манъ карда шудааст man' karda shudaast it has been prohibited

иҷозат нест ijозat nest it is not permitted

иҷозат дода намешавад ijозat dodа nameshavad it is not allowed

ҳақ надорад haq nadорад has no right to / may not

мумкин нест mumkin nest cannot / may not

набояд иҷозат дод naboyad ijозat dod one must not allow

Example

Дар ин ҷо сигор кашидан мумкин нест.

Dar in jo sigor kashidan mumkin nest.

Smoking is not allowed here.

20. “Should not”

Tajik Transliteration English

набояд naboyad should not / must not

беҳтар нест behtar nest it is better not to

лозим нест lozim nest need not

зарур нест zarur nest it is not necessary

шарт нест shart nest it is not necessary

тавсия намешавад tavsiya nameshavad it is not recommended

21. “Need not / don't have to”

Tajik Transliteration English

лозим нест lozim nest need not / don't have to

зарур нест zarur nest it is not necessary

шарт нест shart nest need not

зарурат надорад zarurat nadорад there is no need

эҳтиёҷ нест ehtiyoj nest there is no need

маҷбур нест majbur nest does not have to

22. “Have to”

Tajik Transliteration English

бояд boyad have to / must

лозим аст lozim ast have to / need to

зарур аст zarur ast have to / necessary

маҷбур аст majbur ast have to / be forced to

маҷбур шуд majbur shud had to

вазифадор аст vazifador ast is obliged to

уҳдадор аст uhdador ast is obligated to

23. “Want to”

Tajik Transliteration English

мехоҳам mekhoham I want to

мехоҳӣ mekhohī you want to

мехоҳад mekhohad he/she wants to

мехоҳем mekhohem we want to

мехоҳед mekhohed you want to

мехоҳанд mekhohand they want to

хоҳиш дорам khоhish doram I wish to

ният дорам niyat doram I intend to

24. “Would like to”

Tajik Transliteration English

мехоҳам mekhoham I would like / I want

хоҳиш дорам khоhish doram I would like / I wish

майл дорам mayl doram I would like / I am inclined

мехостам mekhostam I would like / I wanted

орзу дорам orzӯ doram I wish / I dream of

мехостам is particularly useful for a polite “I would like…”.

25. “Can / could”

Tajik Transliteration English

метавонам metavonam I can

метавонӣ metavonī you can

метавонад metavonad he/she can

метавонистам metаvonistam I could

метавонистӣ metavonistī you could

метавонист metavonist he/she could

метавонистем metavonistem we could

метавонистед metavonisted you could

метавонистанд metavonistand they could

26. “May / might”

Tajik Transliteration English

шояд shoyad may / might

эҳтимол ehtimol may / might / probably

эҳтимолан ehtimolan might / probably

мумкин аст mumkin ast may / might

мумкин аст, ки mumkin ast, ki it may be that

имкон дорад imkon dorad may / there is a possibility

шояд ки shoyad ki perhaps / may

27. “Must / should” negative

Tajik Transliteration English

набояд naboyad must not / should not

набояд ки naboyad ki must not / should not

лозим нест lozim nest need not

зарур нест zarur nest need not

маҷбур нест majbur nest does not have to

Important:

набояд = must not / should not

лозим нест = need not / don't have to

They are not the same.

28. Modal words expressing certainty

Tajik Transliteration English

албатта albatta certainly / of course

ҳатман hatman definitely

бешубҳа beshubha undoubtedly

бешак beshak undoubtedly

яқинан yaқinan certainly

воқеан voqean really / indeed

дар ҳақиқат dar haqiqat indeed

ҳақиқатан haqiqatan truly / really

аниқ aniq certainly / clearly

бешубҳа, ки beshubha, ki undoubtedly that

албатта ки albatta ki certainly that

29. Modal words expressing evaluation

Tajik Transliteration English

хушбахтона khushbakhtona fortunately

мутаассифона mutaassifona unfortunately

таассуфан taassufan unfortunately

эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

зоҳиран zohiran apparently

воқеан voqean really

дар ҳақиқат dar haqiqat in fact

аслан aslan actually / essentially

бешубҳа beshubha undoubtedly

албатта albatta certainly

шояд shoyad perhaps

These are often called modal adverbs / sentence adverbs rather than modal verbs.

30. Modal particles / discourse markers

Some short words can add modality, emphasis, uncertainty, or speaker attitude.

Tajik Transliteration English

магар magar perhaps / surely? / unless

охир okhir after all

ҳатто hatto even

танҳо tanho only

фақат faqat only / just

худ khud indeed / self / actually

шояд shoyad perhaps

гӯё gӯyo apparently / supposedly

аҷаб ajab surprisingly / what a...

кош kosh if only / I wish

кошки koshki if only / I wish

бигзор bigzor let / may

мабодо mabodo lest / perhaps / God forbid

наход nakhod surely not? / really?

наход ки nakhod ki surely...not? / can it be that...?

Examples

Кош ман ҳам он ҷо мебудам!

Kosh man ham on jo mebudam!

If only I were there too!

Бигзор ӯ равад.

Bigzor ӯ ravad.

Let him go.

Мабодо дер кунӣ.

Mabodo der kunī.

Don't be late / lest you be late.

31. “Let / may”

Tajik Transliteration English

бигзор bigzor let / allow

бигзоред bigzored let / allow

иҷозат диҳед ijозat dihed let / allow

иҷозат диҳем ijозat dihem let us / allow us

биёед biyoyed let's

биё biyo come on / let's

кош kosh if only / may

кошки koshki if only

32. “Lest / for fear that”

Tajik Transliteration English

мабодо mabodo lest / for fear that

мабодо ки mabodo ki lest

аз тарси он ки az tarsi on ki for fear that

то мабодо to mabodo lest

33. “Apparently / supposedly”

Tajik Transliteration English

гӯё gӯyo apparently / supposedly

гӯё ки gӯyo ki as if / supposedly

зоҳиран zohiran apparently

ба назар мерасад ba nazar merasad it seems

чунин ба назар мерасад chunin ba nazar merasad it seems so

маълум мешавад ma'lum meshavad it turns out

ба гумонам ba gumonam I suppose

гумон меравад gumon meravad it is supposed

34. “Surely / certainly”

Tajik Transliteration English

албатта albatta certainly / of course

ҳатман hatman definitely

бешубҳа beshubha undoubtedly

бешак beshak surely / undoubtedly

яқинан yaqinan certainly

воқеан voqean really / indeed

ҳақиқатан haqiqatan truly

бешаккушубҳа beshakku shubha without doubt

35. Core Tajik modal system

Modal meaning Tajik Transliteration English

Can метавонад metavonad can

Could метавонист metavonist could

Must бояд boyad must

Should бояд boyad should

Must not набояд naboyad must not

Need not лозим нест lozim nest need not

Have to маҷбур аст majbur ast have to

May шояд shoyad may

Might шояд shoyad might

May/might мумкин аст mumkin ast may/might

Probably эҳтимолан ehtimolan probably

Certainly албатта albatta certainly

Definitely ҳатман hatman definitely

Undoubtedly бешубҳа beshubha undoubtedly

Apparently зоҳиран zohiran apparently

Supposedly гӯё gӯyo supposedly

Necessary лозим аст lozim ast necessary

Necessary зарур аст zarur ast necessary

Possible мумкин аст mumkin ast possible

Impossible мумкин нест mumkin nest impossible

Allowed иҷозат дорад ijозat dorad is allowed

Forbidden манъ аст man' ast is forbidden

Willing розӣ аст rozī ast is willing

Ready/willing омода аст omoda ast is ready/willing

Dare ҷуръат кардан jur'at kardan dare

Want хостан khostan want

Intend ният доштан niyat doshtan intend

Plan нақша доштан naqsha doshtan plan

Let бигзор bigzor let

If only кош / кошки kosh / koshki if only

Lest мабодо mabodo lest

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

There is noun + ҳаст ism + hast Китоб ҳаст (Kitob hast)

There are plural noun + ҳастанд jam' + hastand Китобҳо ҳастанд (Kitobho hastand)

There is not noun + нест ism + nest Китоб нест (Kitob nest)

There are not plural + нестанд jam' + nestand Китобҳо нестанд (Kitobho nestand)

Is there? оё + noun + ҳаст? oyo + ism + hast? Оё об ҳаст?

There was noun + буд ism + bud Одам буд

There will be noun + хоҳад буд ism + khokhad bud Имконият хоҳад буд

I have Ман дорам Man doram

He has Ӯ дорад Ū dorad

We have Мо дорем Mo dorem

I don't have Ман надорам Man nadoram

Do you have? Ту дорӣ? Tu dorī?

I had Ман доштам Man doshtam

I didn't have Ман надоштам Man nadoshtam

I will have Ман хоҳам дошт Man khokham dosht

ман дорам man doram I have

ту дорӣ tu dorī you have

ӯ дорад ū dorad he/she has

мо дорем mo dorem we have

шумо доред shumo dored you have (formal/plural)

онҳо доранд onho dorand they have

IMPERATIVES:

Informal command verb stem stem Рав! (Rav!) Go!

Formal/plural stem + -ед stem + -ed Равед! (Raved!) Go! (formal)

Negative informal на- + stem na- + stem Нарав! (Narav!) Don't go!

Negative formal на- + stem + -ед na- + stem + -ed Наравед! (Naraved!) Don't go!

Let's би- + stem + -ем bi- + stem + -em Биёем! (Biyoyem!) Let's come!

Polite би- + subjunctive bi- + fe'li shartī Бишинед! (Bishined!) Please sit!

Passive command passive participle + шавад -shuda + shavad Навишта шавад Let it be written

Must be done бояд + passive + шавад boyad + -shuda + shavad Бояд навишта шавад It must be written

Negative passive command на + passive + шавад na + -shuda + shavad Навишта нашавад Let it not be written

Prevent passive action нагузоред + ки + passive naguzored + ki + passive Нагузоред, ки гуфта шавад Do not let it be said

Be done! passive participle + бош -shuda + bosh Карда шуда бош

Be done! (formal) passive participle + бошед -shuda + boshyed Карда шуда бошед

Let it be done passive participle + шавад -shuda + shavad Карда шавад

Don't be done на + passive + бош na + -shuda + bosh Накарда шуда бош

Must be done бояд + passive + шавад boyad + -shuda + shavad Бояд карда шавад