1- PERSIAN ALPHABET

2- WORD ORDER

1 Basic S + V S + V من می‌خوابم. Man mi-khâbam. I sleep.

2 Direct object S + DO + V S + DO + V من کتاب را می‌خوانم. Man ketâb râ mi-khânam. I read the book.

3 Indirect object S + IO + DO + V S + IO + DO + V من کتاب را به او می‌دهم. Man ketâb râ be u mi-daham. I give him/her the book.

4 Beneficiary S + DO + را + برای + beneficiary + V S + DO + râ + barâye + beneficiary + V من برای او کتاب می‌خرم. Man barâye u ketâb mi-kharam. I buy a book for him/her.

5 IO pronoun S + DO + را + به + pronoun + V S + DO + râ + be + pronoun + V من کتاب را به او می‌دهم. Man ketâb râ be u mi-daham. I give him/her the book.

6 Adjective S + Adj + copula S + Adj + copula کتاب بزرگ است. Ketâb bozorg ast. The book is big.

7 Adverb S + Adv + V S + Adv + V او سریع می‌خواند. U sari' mi-khânad. He/she reads quickly.

8 DO + adverb S + DO + Adv + V S + DO + Adv + V من کتاب را سریع می‌خوانم. Man ketâb râ sari' mi-khânam. I read the book quickly.

9 Time adverb S + Time + V S + Time + V من امروز کار می‌کنم. Man emruz kâr mi-konam. I work today.

10 Place adverb S + Place + V S + Place + V او آنجا زندگی می‌کند. U ânjâ zendegi mi-konad. He/she lives there.

11 Location phrase S + در + Location + است S + dar + Location + ast کتاب روی میز است. Ketâb ru-ye miz ast. The book is on the table.

12 DO + location S + DO + را + Location + V S + DO + râ + Location + V من کتاب را روی میز گذاشتم. Man ketâb râ ru-ye miz gozâshtam. I put the book on the table.

13 Determiner + noun Dem + N Dem + N این کتاب جدید است. In ketâb jadid ast. This book is new.

14 Determiner + adjective + noun Dem + N + Ezafe + Adj Dem + N-e + Adj این کتابِ بزرگ جدید است. In ketâb-e bozorg jadid ast. This big book is new.

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Num + N دو کتاب جدید هستند. Do ketâb jadid hastand. Two books are new.

16 Conjunction Clause + و + Clause Clause + o + Clause من می‌خوانم و او می‌نویسد. Man mi-khânam o u mi-nevisad. I read and he/she writes.

17 Conjunction + objects S + DO + V + و + S + DO + V S + DO + V + o + S + DO + V من کتاب را می‌خوانم و او نامه می‌نویسد. Man ketâb râ mi-khânam o u nâme mi-nevisad. I read the book and he/she writes a letter.

18 Present passive S + passive V S + passive V کتاب خوانده می‌شود. Ketâb khânde mi-shavad. The book is read.

19 Passive + agent S + agent + توسط + passive V S + agent + tavassot + passive V کتاب توسط او خوانده می‌شود. Ketâb tavassot-e u khânde mi-shavad. The book is read by him/her.

20 Passive + IO S + به + IO + passive V S + be + IO + passive V کتاب به او داده می‌شود. Ketâb be u dâde mi-shavad. The book is given to him/her.

21 Passive + IO + agent S + به + IO + توسط + agent + passive V S + be + IO + tavassot-e + agent + passive V کتاب به او توسط معلم داده می‌شود. Ketâb be u tavassot-e mo'allem dâde mi-shavad. The book is given to him/her by the teacher.

22 Passive + adverb S + Time + passive V S + Time + passive V کتاب امروز خوانده می‌شود. Ketâb emruz khânde mi-shavad. The book is read today.

23 Passive + location S + Location + passive V S + Location + passive V کتاب روی میز گذاشته می‌شود. Ketâb ru-ye miz gozâshte mi-shavad. The book is put on the table.

24 Passive + agent + adverb S + Time + توسط + agent + passive V S + Time + tavassot-e + agent + passive V کتاب امروز توسط او خوانده می‌شود. Ketâb emruz tavassot-e u khânde mi-shavad. The book is read by him/her today.

25 Passive + agent + IO + adverb S + Time + به + IO + توسط + agent + passive V S + Time + be + IO + tavassot-e + agent + passive V کتاب امروز به دانش‌آموز توسط معلم داده می‌شود. Ketâb emruz be dânešâmuz tavassot-e mo'allem dâde mi-shavad. The book is given to the student by the teacher today.

26 Perfect passive S + passive participle + است S + passive participle + ast کتاب خوانده شده است. Ketâb khânde shode ast. The book has been read.

27 Perfect passive + agent S + توسط + agent + passive participle + است S + tavassot-e + agent + passive participle + ast کتاب توسط او خوانده شده است. Ketâb tavassot-e u khânde shode ast. The book has been read by him/her.

28 Future passive S + خواهد + passive V S + khâhad + passive V کتاب خوانده خواهد شد. Ketâb khânde khâhad shod. The book will be read.

29 Future passive + agent S + توسط + agent + خواهد + passive V S + tavassot-e + agent + khâhad + passive V کتاب توسط او خوانده خواهد شد. Ketâb tavassot-e u khânde khâhad shod. The book will be read by him/her.

30 Modal passive S + باید + passive V S + bâyad + passive V کتاب باید خوانده شود. Ketâb bâyad khânde shavad. The book must be read.

31 Negative S + DO + را + نمی‌ + V S + DO + râ + na-mi + V من کتاب را نمی‌خوانم. Man ketâb râ na-mi-khânam. I do not read the book.

32 Negative passive S + نباید/نمی‌ + passive V S + na-bâyad / na-mi + passive V کتاب خوانده نمی‌شود. Ketâb khânde na-mi-shavad. The book is not read.

33 Yes/no question آیا + S + DO + را + V؟ Âyâ + S + DO + râ + V? آیا تو کتاب را می‌خوانی؟ Âyâ to ketâb râ mi-khâni? Do you read the book?

34 Passive question آیا + S + passive V؟ Âyâ + S + passive V? آیا کتاب خوانده می‌شود؟ Âyâ ketâb khânde mi-shavad? Is the book read?

35 Agent question چه کسی + DO + را + V؟ Che kasi + DO + râ + V? چه کسی کتاب را می‌خواند؟ Che kasi ketâb râ mi-khânad? Who reads the book?

36 IO question به چه کسی + DO + را + V؟ Be che kasi + DO + râ + V? به چه کسی کتاب را می‌دهی؟ Be che kasi ketâb râ mi-dahi? To whom do you give the book?

37 Imperative DO + را + imperative V DO + râ + imperative V کتاب را بخوان! Ketâb râ bekhân! Read the book!

38 Imperative + IO به + IO + DO + را + imperative V Be + IO + DO + râ + imperative V کتاب را به او بده! Ketâb râ be u bede! Give him/her the book!

39 Passive imperative بگذار + S + subjunctive passive Bogzâr + S + passive subjunctive بگذار کتاب خوانده شود! Bogzâr ketâb khânde shavad! Let the book be read!

40 Verbal noun infinitive infinitive خواندن khândan reading / to read

41 Verbal noun + DO DO + infinitive DO + infinitive کتاب خواندن ketâb khândan reading a book

42 Infinitive verb stem + ن verb stem + -an کتاب خواندن ketâb khândan to read a book

43 Purpose S + برای + infinitive + V S + barâye + infinitive + V من برای بازی کردن غذا می‌خورم. Man barâye bâzi kardan ghazâ mi-khoram. I eat in order to play.

44 Relative clause N + که + clause N + ke + clause کتابی که خواندم جالب است. Ketâbi ke khândam jâleb ast. The book that I read is interesting.

45 Passive relative passive participle + N passive participle + N کتاب خوانده‌شده جالب است. Ketâb-e khânde-shode jâleb ast. The book that was read is interesting.

46 Conditional اگر + clause، clause Agar + clause, clause اگر وقت داشته باشم، کتاب می‌خوانم. Agar vaqt dâšte bâšam, ketâb mi-khânam. If I have time, I will read a book.

47 Conditional + passive اگر + S + passive clause، clause Agar + S + passive clause, clause اگر کتاب خوانده شود، او یاد می‌گیرد. Agar ketâb khânde shavad, u yâd mi-girad. If the book is read, he/she will learn.

48 Reported speech S + گفت + که + clause S + goft + ke + clause او گفت که کتاب می‌خواند. U goft ke ketâb mi-khânad. He/she said that he/she was reading a book.

49 Reported question S + پرسید + که + آیا/WH + clause S + porsid + ke + âyâ/WH + clause او پرسید که آیا من کتاب می‌خوانم. U porsid ke âyâ man ketâb mi-khânam. He/she asked whether I was reading a book.

50 Reported command/request S + به + IO + گفت + که + subjunctive S + be + IO + goft + ke + subjunctive او به من گفت که کتاب را بخوانم. U be man goft ke ketâb râ bekhânam. He/she told me to read the book.

When to use را ?

1 Specific/definite direct object DO + را + V کتاب را می‌خوانم. ketâb râ mi-khânam I read the book.

2 Non-specific object DO + V کتاب می‌خوانم. ketâb mi-khânam I read a book / books.

3 Specific person Person + را + V علی را دیدم. Ali râ didam I saw Ali.

4 Personal pronoun Pronoun + را + V او را دیدم. u râ didam I saw him/her.

5 Demonstrative + noun Dem + N + را + V این کتاب را می‌خواهم. in ketâb râ mi-khâham I want this book.

6 Possessive noun Possessed N + را + V کتابم را خواندم. ketâbam râ khândam I read my book.

7 Proper name Name + را + V مریم را دیدم. Maryam râ didam I saw Maryam.

8 Relative-clause object N + که + (DO) + را + V کتابی که آن را خواندم... ketâbi ke ân râ khândam... the book that I read...

9 Indirect object — NOT را به + IO به علی کتاب دادم. be Ali ketâb dâdam I gave Ali a book.

10 Conversational form DO + رو + V کتاب رو می‌خونم. ketâb ro mi-khunam I’m reading the book.

ADVERBS:

1 Manner Manner adverb + Verb / usually before the verb من کتاب را سریع می‌خوانم. Man ketâb râ sari' mikhânam. I read the book quickly.

2 Place Place adverb + Verb / usually before the verb من اینجا کتاب می‌خوانم. Man injâ ketâb mikhânam. I read a book here.

3 Time Time adverb + Sentence / beginning, middle, or end دیروز من یک کتاب خواندم. Diruz man yek ketâb khândam. I read a book yesterday.

4 Frequency Frequency adverb + Verb / usually before the verb من اغلب کتاب می‌خوانم. Man aghlab ketâb mikhanam. I often read books.

5 Frequency + be Subject + Frequency adverb + Predicate + است (ast) او همیشه خوشحال است. U hamishe khoshhâl ast. He is always happy.

6 Frequency + auxiliary Subject + Frequency adverb + Auxiliary + Verb من هرگز او را ندیده‌ام. Man hargez u râ nadide-am. I have never seen him.

7 Degree Degree adverb + Adjective این خیلی خوب است. In kheyli khub ast. This is very good.

8 Degree + verb Degree/intensity adverb + Verb من این را خیلی دوست دارم. Man in râ kheyli dust dâram. I really like this.

9 Sentence adverb Sentence adverb + Clause / usually beginning خوشبختانه، من برنده شدم. Khoshbakhtâne, man barande shodam. Fortunately, I won.

10 Comment adverb Comment expression + Clause / usually beginning صادقانه بگویم، نمی‌دانم. Sâdeqâne beguyam, nemidânam. Honestly, I don't know.

11 Linking adverb Linking adverb + Clause / beginning or between clauses من خسته بودم. با این حال، به کار ادامه دادم. Man khaste budam. Bâ in hâl, be kâr edâme dâdam. I was tired; however, I continued working.

12 Direction Directional adverb + Verb / usually before the verb او بیرون رفت. U birun raft. He went outside.

13 Definite frequency هر (har) + Time noun + Verb من هر روز به مدرسه می‌روم. Man har ruz be madrese miravam. I go to school every day.

14 Duration Time expression + Verb من دو ساعت مطالعه کردم. Man do sâ'at motâle'e kardam. I studied for two hours.

15 Purpose برای (barāye) + Noun / Verb noun or برای اینکه (barāye inke) + Clause من به آنجا می‌روم برای مطالعه. Man be ânjâ miravam barâye motâle'e. I am going there to study.

INDIRECT OBJECT:

1 Basic indirect object S + به + IO + V S + be + IO + V من به علی کمک می‌کنم. Man be Ali komak mi-konam. I help Ali.

2 IO + direct object S + DO + را + به + IO + V S + DO + râ + be + IO + V من کتاب را به علی می‌دهم. Man ketâb râ be Ali mi-daham. I give the book to Ali.

3 IO pronoun S + DO + را + به + pronoun + V S + DO + râ + be + pronoun + V من کتاب را به او می‌دهم. Man ketâb râ be u mi-daham. I give the book to him/her.

4 IO + person S + DO + را + به + person + V S + DO + râ + be + person + V من نامه را به مریم می‌نویسم. Man nâme râ be Maryam mi-nevisam. I write the letter to Maryam.

5 IO + beneficiary S + DO + را + برای + person + V S + DO + râ + barâye + person + V من کتاب را برای او می‌خرم. Man ketâb râ barâye u mi-kharam. I buy the book for him/her.

6 IO question به + چه کسی + DO + V؟ Be + che kasi + DO + V? به چه کسی کتاب می‌دهی؟ Be che kasi ketâb mi-dahi? To whom do you give the book?

7 IO plural S + DO + را + به + plural IO + V S + DO + râ + be + plural IO + V کتاب را به آنها می‌دهم. Ketâb râ be ânhâ mi-daham. I give the book to them.

GENITIVE:

1 Basic genitive N + Ezafe + possessor N + -e + possessor کتابِ علی ketâb-e Ali Ali's book

2 Person + possession N + Ezafe + person N + -e + person خانهٔ مریم khâne-ye Maryam Mary's house

3 Pronoun possessor N + Ezafe + pronoun N + -e + pronoun کتابِ من ketâb-e man my book

4 Relationship N + Ezafe + related noun N + -e + noun درِ خانه dar-e khâne the door of the house

5 Adjective after noun N + Ezafe + adjective N + -e + adjective کتابِ بزرگ ketâb-e bozorg big book

6 Multiple Ezafe N + Ezafe + N + Ezafe + N N + -e + N + -e + N کتابِ دوستِ علی ketâb-e dust-e Ali Ali's friend's book

7 Possession + adjective N + Ezafe + possessor + adjective N + -e + possessor + Adj کتابِ علیِ بزرگ ketâb-e Ali-ye bozorg Ali's big book

8 Plural possessed noun N + ها + Ezafe + possessor N + -hâ-ye + possessor کتاب‌های علی ketâbhâ-ye Ali Ali's books

9 Plural + adjective N + ها + Ezafe + adjective N + -hâ-ye + adjective کتاب‌های بزرگ ketâbhâ-ye bozorg big books

10 Plural + possessor + adjective N + ها + Ezafe + possessor + Ezafe + Adj N + -hâ-ye + possessor + -e/-ye + Adj کتاب‌های علیِ بزرگ ketâbhâ-ye Ali-ye bozorg Ali's big books

Consonant ـِ / -e کتابِ علی ketâb-e Ali

Vowel ـِ / -ye خانهٔ علی khâne-ye Ali

Plural -ها -ye کتاب‌های علی ketâbhâ-ye Ali

INDEPENDENT:

mine مالِ من mâl-e man این کتاب مالِ من است. This book is mine.

yours (singular) مالِ تو mâl-e to این کتاب مالِ تو است. This book is yours.

his / hers مالِ او mâl-e u این کتاب مالِ او است. This book is his/hers.

ours مالِ ما mâl-e mâ این کتاب مالِ ما است. This book is ours.

yours (plural/formal) مالِ شما mâl-e šomâ این کتاب مالِ شما است. This book is yours.

theirs مالِ آنها mâl-e ânhâ این کتاب مالِ آنها است. This book is theirs.

Possessive adjective N + Ezafe + pronoun کتابِ من ketâb-e man my book

Independent possessive N + مالِ + pronoun کتاب مالِ من است. ketâb mâl-e man ast the book is mine

Possessive suffix N + suffix کتابم ketâbam my book

WAS GOING TO:

Was going to / intended to past of قصد داشتن + subjunctive past of ghasd dâštan + subjunctive قصد داشتم بروم. ghasd dâštam beravam I was going to go. / I intended to go.

Was planning to past of برنامه داشتن + subjunctive past of barnâme dâštan + subjunctive برنامه داشتم بروم. barnâme dâštam beravam I was planning to go.

Was about to past of داشتن + present progressive past dâštan + mi- + V داشتم می‌رفتم. dâštam mi-raftam I was about to leave/go.

Was going to / would past viewpoint + future-in-the-past past reporting verb + قرار بود + subjunctive قرار بود بروم. qarâr bud beravam I was going to go / I was supposed to go.

Was supposed to قرار بود + subjunctive qarâr bud + subjunctive قرار بود فردا بروم. qarâr bud fardâ beravam I was supposed to go tomorrow.

Intended to می‌خواستم + subjunctive mi-khâstam + subjunctive می‌خواستم بروم. mi-khâstam beravam I wanted/intended to go.

I قصد داشتم بروم ghasd dâštam beravam

you قصد داشتی بروی ghasd dâšti beravi

he/she قصد داشت برود ghasd dâšt beravad

we قصد داشتیم برویم ghasd dâštim beravim

you (plural/formal) قصد داشتید بروید ghasd dâštid beravid

they قصد داشتند بروند ghasd dâštand beravand

2- NOUNS

PLURAL:

Type Formation Transliteration of Formation When Used Example (Singular → Plural) Transliteration Meaning

General plural noun + ها noun + -hâ Most nouns (objects, animals, ideas, people) کتاب → کتاب‌ها ketâb → ketâbhâ book → books

Formal people plural noun + ان noun + -ân People, formal/literary style معلم → معلمان mo'allem → mo'allemân teacher → teachers

Formal group plural noun + گان noun + -gân Certain formal words, groups ایرانی → ایرانیان irâni → irâniyân Iranian → Iranians

Arabic-origin plural noun + ات noun + -ât Arabic loanwords امکان → امکانات emkân → emkânât possibility → possibilities

Category/group plural noun + جات noun + -jât Groups of related items سبزی → سبزیجات sabzi → sabzijât vegetable → vegetables

Plural with numbers number + singular noun number + singular noun After numbers سه کتاب se ketâb three books

Indefinite plural چند + singular noun chand + noun Several/some چند کتاب chand ketâb several books

Plural + adjective plural noun + ها + یِ + adjective noun-hâ-ye + adjective Describing plural nouns کتاب‌های خوب ketâbhâ-ye xub good books

CASES:

Case (English) Persian Name How It Is Formed Transliteration Function Example Translation

Nominative فاعلی (fâ'eli) noun (no marker) noun subject (the doer of the action) علی آمد (Ali âm ad) Ali came

Accusative مفعولی (maf'uli) noun + را noun + râ direct object (thing receiving the action) کتاب را خواندم (ketâb râ khândam) I read the book

Dative متممی (motammemi) به + noun be + noun indirect object (receiver/recipient) به علی دادم (be Ali dâdam) I gave (it) to Ali

Genitive اضافی (ezâfi) noun + Ezafe noun + -e possession/relationship ("of", "’s") کتابِ علی (ketâb-e Ali) Ali's book / the book of Ali

Ablative جداکننده (jodâ-konande) از + noun az + noun source/separation ("from") از خانه (az khâne) from the house

Locative مکانی (makâni) در + noun dar + noun location ("in/at") در خانه (dar khâne) in the house

Instrumental ابزاری (abzâri) با + noun bâ + noun instrument/company ("with/by means of") با ماشین (bâ mâšin) with the car / by car

Vocative ندایی (sedâi) noun / ای + noun ey + noun addressing someone ("O...") ای دوست (ey dust) O friend!

3- ADJECTIVES:

Attributive adjective noun + Ezafe + adjective noun-e adjective خانه بزرگ khâne-ye bozorg a big house / big house

Predicate adjective (singular) subject + adjective + است subject + adjective + ast خانه بزرگ است khâne bozorg ast The house is big

Plural attributive adjective plural noun + Ezafe + adjective noun-hâ-ye adjective خانه‌های بزرگ khânehâ-ye bozorg big houses / the big houses

Plural predicate adjective plural subject + adjective + هستند plural subject + adjective + hastand خانه‌ها بزرگ هستند khânehâ bozorg hastand The houses are big

TO BE VERB:

Present Conjugation

Person Persian Transliteration Meaning

من هستم man hastam I am

تو هستی to hasti You are (singular)

او هست / است u hast / ast He/she is

ما هستیم mâ hastim We are

شما هستید šomâ hastid You are (formal/plural)

آنها هستند ân-hâ hastand They are

2. Short Present Forms (Common in Speech)

In everyday Persian, the endings are often attached directly:

Full Form Short Form Transliteration Meaning

من هستم منم manam I am

تو هستی تویی toyi You are

او هست اونه une He/she is

ما هستیم ماییم mâim We are

شما هستید شمایید šomâyid You are

آنها هستند آنها هستند ân-hâ hastand They are

3. Examples with Adjectives

I am happy

من خوشحال هستم.

man khoshhâl hastam.

Breakdown:

Word Meaning

من I

خوشحال happy

هستم am

She is beautiful

او زیبا است.

u zibâ ast.

They are tired

آنها خسته هستند.

ân-hâ khaste hastand.

5. Past "To Be" (was / were)

The past form uses:

بود (bud) + personal ending

Conjugation

Person Persian Transliteration Meaning

من بودم man budam I was

تو بودی to budi You were

او بود u bud He/she was

ما بودیم mâ budim We were

شما بودید šomâ budid You were

آنها بودند ân-hâ budand They were

Example:

من در خانه بودم.

man dar khâne budam.

Meaning:

I was at home.

7. Future "Will Be"

Persian uses:

خواه + بود

Formula:

future auxiliary خواستن + بود

Conjugation

Person Persian Transliteration Meaning

من خواهم بود man khâham bud I will be

تو خواهی بود to khâhi bud You will be

او خواهد بود u khâhad bud He/she will be

ما خواهیم بود mâ khâhim bud We will be

شما خواهید بود šomâ khâhid bud You will be

آنها خواهند بود ân-hâ khâhand bud They will be

Example:

فردا خواهم بود.

fardâ khâham bud.

Meaning:

I will be tomorrow.

TENSES:

1. Present Simple — “am / is / are”

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من هستم hastam I am

تو هستی hasti you are

او هست / است hast / ast he/she is

ما هستیم hastim we are

شما هستید hastid you are

آنها هستند hastand they are

Formation:

subject + هست + personal ending

subject + hast + personal ending

Example:

من خوشحال هستم.

man khoshhâl hastam.

I am happy.

2. Present Negative — “am not / is not / are not”

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من نیستم nistam I am not

تو نیستی nisti you are not

او نیست nist he/she is not

ما نیستیم nistim we are not

شما نیستید nistid you are not

آنها نیستند nistand they are not

Formation:

subject + نیست + personal ending

subject + nist + personal ending

3. Past Simple — “was / were”

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من بودم budam I was

تو بودی budi you were

او بود bud he/she was

ما بودیم budim we were

شما بودید budid you were

آنها بودند budand they were

Formation:

subject + بود + personal ending

subject + bud + personal ending

Example:

من خسته بودم.

man khaste budam.

I was tired.

4. Past Negative — “wasn't / weren't”

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من نبودم nabudam I was not

تو نبودی nabudi you were not

او نبود nabud he/she was not

ما نبودیم nabudim we were not

شما نبودید nabudid you were not

آنها نبودند nabudand they were not

Formation:

subject + نـ + بود + ending

subject + na- + bud + ending

5. Future — “will be”

Persian forms the future with خواستن (khâstan) + infinitive.

For to be:

خواه + بود

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من خواهم بود khâham bud I will be

تو خواهی بود khâhi bud you will be

او خواهد بود khâhad bud he/she will be

ما خواهیم بود khâhim bud we will be

شما خواهید بود khâhid bud you will be

آنها خواهند بود khâhand bud they will be

Formation:

future form of خواستن + بود

future auxiliary + bud

Example:

فردا خوشحال خواهم بود.

fardâ khoshhâl khâham bud.

I will be happy tomorrow.

6. Future Negative

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من نخواهم بود nakhâham bud I will not be

تو نخواهی بود nakhâhi bud you will not be

او نخواهد بود nakhâhad bud he/she will not be

ما نخواهیم بود nakhâhim bud we will not be

شما نخواهید بود nakhâhid bud you will not be

آنها نخواهند بود nakhâhand bud they will not be

7. Present Perfect — “have/has been”

Formation:

past participle + present form of بودن

Past participle of بودن:

بوده (bude)

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من بوده‌ام bude-am I have been

تو بوده‌ای bude-i you have been

او بوده است bude ast he/she has been

ما بوده‌ایم bude-im we have been

شما بوده‌اید bude-id you have been

آنها بوده‌اند bude-and they have been

Example:

من قبلاً اینجا بوده‌ام.

man ghablan injâ bude-am.

I have been here before.

8. Present Perfect Negative

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من نبوده‌ام nabude-am I have not been

تو نبوده‌ای nabude-i you have not been

او نبوده است nabude ast he/she has not been

ما نبوده‌ایم nabude-im we have not been

شما نبوده‌اید nabude-id you have not been

آنها نبوده‌اند nabude-and they have not been

9. Past Perfect — “had been”

Formation:

past participle + past form of بودن

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من بوده بودم bude budam I had been

تو بوده بودی bude budi you had been

او بوده بود bude bud he/she had been

ما بوده بودیم bude budim we had been

شما بوده بودید bude budid you had been

آنها بوده بودند bude budand they had been

Example:

من قبلاً آنجا بوده بودم.

man ghablan ânjâ bude budam.

I had been there before.

10. Past Perfect Negative

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من نبوده بودم nabude budam I had not been

تو نبوده بودی nabude budi you had not been

او نبوده بود nabude bud he/she had not been

ما نبوده بودیم nabude budim we had not been

شما نبوده بودید nabude budid you had not been

آنها نبوده بودند nabude budand they had not been

11. Present Progressive of “Being”

Persian generally does not use a normal progressive form of بودن in the same way English does.

Instead, Persian normally uses the ordinary present copula:

من خوشحالم.

man khoshhâlam.

I am happy.

Rather than constructing a literal equivalent of:

“I am being happy.”

12. Past Progressive / Continuous

For a state in progress in the past, Persian normally uses:

می‌ + بود + ending

Example:

من آنجا بودم.

man ânjâ budam.

I was there.

A literal می‌بودم (mi-budam) exists in literary/older usage and some specialized contexts, but it is not the normal everyday way to say “I was.”

13. Conditional / Would Be

Persian commonly expresses would be using the past subjunctive:

می‌ + بود + ending

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من می‌بودم mi-budam I would be

تو می‌بودی mi-budi you would be

او می‌بود mi-bud he/she would be

ما می‌بودیم mi-budim we would be

شما می‌بودید mi-budid you would be

آنها می‌بودند mi-budand they would be

However, in modern conversational Persian, conditional meanings are often expressed differently depending on context.

Example:

اگر آنجا بودم، خوشحال می‌شدم.

agar ânjâ budam, khoshhâl mišodam.

If I were there, I would be happy.

14. Subjunctive “To Be”

The subjunctive of بودن is:

باش (bâš)

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من باشم bâšam I be

تو باشی bâši you be

او باشد bâšad he/she be

ما باشیم bâšim we be

شما باشید bâšid you be

آنها باشند bâšand they be

Examples:

باید خوشحال باشم.

bâyad khoshhâl bâšam.

I must be happy.

شاید او در خانه باشد.

šâyad u dar khâne bâšad.

Maybe he/she is at home.

15. Negative Subjunctive

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

من نباشم nabâšam I not be

تو نباشی nabâši you not be

او نباشد nabâšad he/she not be

ما نباشیم nabâšim we not be

شما نباشید nabâšid you not be

آنها نباشند nabâšand they not be

Example:

نمی‌خواهم آنجا باشم.

nemikhâham ânjâ bâšam.

I don't want to be there.

16. Imperative “Be!”

The imperative uses باش (bâš).

Person Persian Transliteration Translation

Singular باش bâš Be!

Formal/plural باشید bâšid Be!

Examples:

خوشحال باش!

khoshhâl bâš!

Be happy!

صبور باشید!

sabur bâšid!

Be patient!

Negative:

نباش!

nabâš!

Don't be!

4- PRONOUNS:

1. Nominative Pronouns (Subject)

Used when the pronoun does the action.

Formation:

pronoun + verb

English Persian Transliteration

I من man

You (singular) تو to

He/She او u

We ما mâ

You (plural/formal) شما šomâ

They آنها ân-hâ

Examples:

Persian Transliteration Translation

من می‌روم man miravam I go

او می‌خورد u mikhorad He/she eats

آنها آمدند ân-hâ âmadan They came

2. Accusative Pronouns (Direct Object)

Persian uses object clitic pronouns or full pronouns.

A) Full pronoun + را

Formula:

pronoun + را

English Persian Transliteration

me من را man râ

you تو را to râ

him/her او را u râ

us ما را mâ râ

you شما را šomâ râ

them آنها را ân-hâ râ

Example:

او مرا دید.

u marâ did.

He saw me.

B) Object Enclitics

These attach to verbs or nouns.

English Persian Transliteration

me ـم -am

you ـت -at

him/her ـش -aš

us ـمان -emân

you ـتان -etân

them ـشان -ešân

Examples:

Persian Transliteration Meaning

دیدم didam I saw (not object)

دیدمش did-aš I saw him/her

دوستت دارم dust-at dâram I love you

3. Dative Pronouns (Indirect Object)

Used for:

to me

to you

to him/her

Usually formed with:

به + pronoun

English Persian Transliteration

to me به من be man

to you به تو be to

to him/her به او be u

to us به ما be mâ

to you به شما be šomâ

to them به آنها be ânhâ

Example:

کتاب را به من داد.

ketâb râ be man dâd.

Translation:

He gave the book to me.

4. Genitive Pronouns (Possessive)

Persian uses:

noun + Ezafe + pronoun

Formula:

noun + -e + pronoun

English Persian Transliteration

my book کتابِ من ketâb-e man

your book کتابِ تو ketâb-e to

his/her book کتابِ او ketâb-e u

our book کتابِ ما ketâb-e mâ

your book کتابِ شما ketâb-e šomâ

their book کتابِ آنها ketâb-e ânhâ

Possessive Enclitics

Persian can attach possession endings directly:

English Ending Example Transliteration

my ـم کتابم ketâbam

your ـت کتابت ketâbat

his/her ـش کتابش ketâbaš

our ـمان کتابمان ketâbemân

your ـتان کتابتان ketâbetân

their ـشان کتابشان ketâbešân

5. Ablative Pronouns (From)

Formation:

از + pronoun

English Persian Transliteration

from me از من az man

from you از تو az to

from him/her از او az u

from us از ما az mâ

from them از آنها az ânhâ

Example:

از او پرسیدم.

az u porsidam.

Translation:

I asked him/her.

6. Locative Pronouns (In/At)

Formation:

در + pronoun

English Persian Transliteration

in me در من dar man

in you در تو dar to

in him/her در او dar u

Example:

در من است.

dar man ast.

Translation:

It is in me.

7. Instrumental Pronouns (With)

Formation:

با + pronoun

English Persian Transliteration

with me با من bâ man

with you با تو bâ to

with him/her با او bâ u

with us با ما bâ mâ

with them با آنها bâ ânhâ

Example:

با من بیا.

bâ man biyâ.

Translation:

Come with me.

8. Reflexive Pronouns

Persian uses:

خود (xod) = self

English Persian Transliteration

myself خودم xodam

yourself خودت xodat

himself/herself خودش xodaš

ourselves خودمان xodemân

yourselves خودتان xodetân

themselves خودشان xodešân

Example:

خودش را دید.

xodaš râ did.

Translation:

He/she saw himself/herself.

1. Basic Demonstrative Pronouns

English Persian Transliteration Meaning

This این in this

That آن ân that

These این‌ها inhâ these

Those آن‌ها ânhâ those

2. Demonstratives as Adjectives (Before Nouns)

When they come before a noun, they act like determiners.

Formation:

demonstrative + noun

Persian Transliteration Translation

این کتاب in ketâb this book

آن کتاب ân ketâb that book

این خانه in khâne this house

آن ماشین ân mâšin that car

3. Demonstrative Pronouns Alone

When the noun is omitted, they become pronouns.

Examples:

Persian Transliteration Translation

این است in ast This is it

آن است ân ast That is it

این‌ها هستند inhâ hastand These are them

آن‌ها هستند ânhâ hastand Those are them

4. Plural Demonstrative Pronouns

Persian uses:

این + ها

آن + ها

Singular Plural Transliteration Meaning

این این‌ها in / inhâ this / these

آن آن‌ها ân / ânhâ that / those

Examples:

این‌ها کتاب هستند.

inhâ ketâb hastand.

These are books.

آن‌ها دوستان من هستند.

ânhâ dustân-e man hastand.

Those are my friends.

5. Demonstratives with Ezafe

When followed by an adjective:

Structure:

demonstrative + noun + Ezafe + adjective

Example:

این کتابِ بزرگ

in ketâb-e bozorg

Meaning:

this big book

Breakdown:

Word Meaning

این this

کتاب book

بزرگ big

6. Demonstrative Pronouns in Cases

Persian does not change demonstratives for cases. Instead, it uses markers/prepositions.

Nominative (Subject)

Persian Transliteration Meaning

این آمد in âm-ad This came

آن آمد ân âm-ad That came

Accusative (Direct Object)

Formation:

demonstrative + را

Persian Transliteration Meaning

این را دیدم in râ didam I saw this

آن را گرفتم ân râ gereftam I took that

Dative (To)

Formation:

به + demonstrative

Persian Transliteration Meaning

به این دادم be in dâdam I gave to this

به آن گفتم be ân goftam I told that

Genitive (Possession)

Formation:

noun + Ezafe + demonstrative

Persian Transliteration Meaning

کتابِ این ketâb-e in this one's book

خانهٔ آن khâne-ye ân that one's house

More commonly:

کتابِ این شخص

ketâb-e in šaxs

this person's book

Ablative (From)

Formation:

از + demonstrative

Persian Transliteration Meaning

از این az in from this

از آن az ân from that

Instrumental (With)

Formation:

با + demonstrative

Persian Transliteration Meaning

با این bâ in with this

با آن bâ ân with that

7. Demonstrative Pronouns + Possessive Enclitics

They can combine with possessive endings:

Persian Transliteration Meaning

اینم inam this of mine / this one of mine

اینت inat this of yours

اینش inaš this of his/her

آنم ânam that of mine

آنش ânaš that of his/her

8. Common Demonstrative Expressions

Persian Transliteration Meaning

اینجا injâ here

آنجا ânjâ there

همین hamin exactly this / this very

همان hamân exactly that / that same

این‌طور intor like this

آن‌طور ântor like that

5- VERB TENSES:

من می‌خورم. man mi-khoram. I eat.

تو می‌روی. to mi-ravi. You go.

او می‌بیند. u mi-binad. He/She sees.

ما می‌خوریم. mâ mi-khorim. We eat.

شما می‌روید. shomâ mi-ravid. You (pl./formal) go.

آنها می‌بینند. ânhâ mi-binand. They see.

من دارم می‌خورم I am eating

تو داری می‌خوری You are eating

او دارد می‌خورد He/She is eating

ما داریم می‌خوریم We are eating

شما دارید می‌خورید You are eating

آنها دارند می‌خورند They are eating

من خوردم. I ate.

تو رفتی. You went.

او دید. He/She saw.

ما خوردیم. We ate.

شما رفتید. You went.

آنها دیدند. They saw.

من می‌خوردم I was eating

تو می‌خوردی You were eating

او می‌خورد He/She was eating

ما می‌خوردیم We were eating

شما می‌خوردید You were eating

آنها می‌خوردند They were eating

من خواهم خورد I will eat

تو خواهی خورد You will eat

او خواهد خورد He/She will eat

ما خواهیم خورد We will eat

شما خواهید خورد You will eat

آنها خواهند خورد They will eat

بخور Eat!

بخورید Eat! (formal/plural)

من خورده‌ام I have eaten

تو خورده‌ای You have eaten

او خورده است He/She has eaten

ما خورده‌ایم We have eaten

شما خورده‌اید You have eaten

آنها خورده‌اند They have eaten

من خورده بودم I had eaten

تو خورده بودی You had eaten

او خورده بود He/She had eaten

ما خورده بودیم We had eaten

شما خورده بودید You had eaten

آنها خورده بودند They had eaten

SUBJUNCTIVE:

من بخورم I eat / may eat

تو بخوری You eat / may eat

او بخورد He/She eat

ما بخوریم We eat

شما بخورید You eat

آنها بخورند They eat

6- PASSIVE TENSES:

من خورده می‌شوم khorde mi-shavam I am eaten

تو خورده می‌شوی khorde mi-shavi You are eaten

او خورده می‌شود khorde mi-shavad He/She is eaten

ما خورده می‌شویم khorde mi-shavim We are eaten

شما خورده می‌شوید khorde mi-shavid You are eaten

آنها خورده می‌شوند khorde mi-shavand They are eaten

من دارم خورده می‌شوم dâram khorde mishavam I am being eaten

تو داری خورده می‌شوی dâri khorde mishavi You are being eaten

او دارد خورده می‌شود dârad khorde mishavad He/She is being eaten

ما داریم خورده می‌شویم dârim khorde mishavim We are being eaten

شما دارید خورده می‌شوید dârid khorde mishavid You are being eaten

آنها دارند خورده می‌شوند dârand khorde mishavand They are being eaten

من خورده شدم khorde shodam I was eaten

تو خورده شدی khorde shodi You were eaten

او خورده شد khorde shod He/She was eaten

ما خورده شدیم khorde shodim We were eaten

شما خورده شدید khorde shodid You were eaten

آنها خورده شدند khorde shodand They were eaten

من خورده می‌شدم khorde mishodam I was being eaten

تو خورده می‌شدی khorde mishodi You were being eaten

او خورده می‌شد khorde mishod He/She was being eaten

ما خورده می‌شدیم khorde mishodim We were being eaten

شما خورده می‌شدید khorde mishodid You were being eaten

آنها خورده می‌شدند khorde mishodand They were being eaten

من خورده شده‌ام khorde shode-am I have been eaten

تو خورده شده‌ای khorde shode-i You have been eaten

او خورده شده است khorde shode ast He/She has been eaten

ما خورده شده‌ایم khorde shode-im We have been eaten

شما خورده شده‌اید khorde shode-id You have been eaten

آنها خورده شده‌اند khorde shode-and They have been eaten

من خورده شده بودم khorde shode budam I had been eaten

تو خورده شده بودی khorde shode budi You had been eaten

او خورده شده بود khorde shode bud He/She had been eaten

ما خورده شده بودیم khorde shode budim We had been eaten

شما خورده شده بودید khorde shode budid You had been eaten

آنها خورده شده بودند khorde shode budand They had been eaten

من خورده خواهم شد khorde khâham shod I will be eaten

تو خورده خواهی شد khorde khâhi shod You will be eaten

او خورده خواهد شد khorde khâhad shod He/She will be eaten

ما خورده خواهیم شد khorde khâhim shod We will be eaten

شما خورده خواهید شد khorde khâhid shod You will be eaten

آنها خورده خواهند شد khorde khâhand shod They will be eaten

خورده شو Be eaten!

خورده شوید Be eaten!

PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE:

من خورده شوم khorde shavam that I be eaten

تو خورده شوی khorde shavi that you be eaten

او خورده شود khorde shavad that he/she be eaten

ما خورده شویم khorde shavim that we be eaten

شما خورده شوید khorde shavid that you be eaten

آنها خورده شوند khorde shavand that they be eaten

7- NEGATION:

نیستم nistam I am not

نیستی nisti you are not

نیست nist he/she is not

نیستیم nistim we are not

نیستید nistid you are not

نیستند nistand they are not

Present می‌خورم -> نمی‌خورم

Past خوردم -> نخوردم

Past continuous می‌خوردم -> نمی‌خوردم

Perfect خورده‌ام -> نخورده‌ام

Past perfect خورده بودم -> نخورده بودم

Future خواهم خورد -> نخواهم خورد

Subjunctive بخورم -> نخورم

Imperative بخور -> نخور

8- QUESTIONS:

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

There are two ways to make a yes/no question:

1- Same sentence structure, just rise intonation:

تو فارسی می‌خوانی؟ to fârsi mi-khâni? Do you study Persian?

2- آیا (âyâ) + sentence (for formal):

آیا تو فارسی می‌خوانی؟ âyâ to fârsi mi-khâni? Do you study Persian?

QUESTION WORDS:

Who? چه کسی + verb چه کسی آمد؟ che kasi âmad? Who came?

Whom? چه کسی را + subject + verb چه کسی را دیدی؟ che kasi râ didi? Whom did you see?

What? چه + ... + verb چه می‌خوری؟ che mikhor-i? What are you eating?

Where? کجا + ... + verb کجا می‌روی؟ kojâ miravi? Where are you going?

When? کی + ... + verb کی می‌آیی؟ key miây-i? When are you coming?

Why? چرا + ... + verb چرا گریه می‌کنی؟ cherâ gerye mikoni? Why are you crying?

How? چطور + ... + verb چطور این کار را کردی؟ chetor in kâr râ kardi? How did you do this?

Which? کدام + noun + ... + verb کدام کتاب را می‌خوانی؟ kodâm ketâb râ mikhaani? Which book are you reading?

How many? چند + noun + ... + verb چند کتاب داری؟ chand ketâb dâri? How many books do you have?

How much? چقدر + ... + verb چقدر پول داری؟ cheghadr pul dâri? How much money do you have?

Whose? مالِ کی + ... مالِ کیست؟ mâl-e kist? Whose is it?

9- ADVERBS:

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

1 خوب khub well

2 بد bad badly

3 آرام ārām calmly; slowly

4 سریع sari' quickly

5 آهسته āheste slowly; quietly

6 تند tond quickly; fast

7 سخت sakht hard; severely

8 آسان āsān easily

9 راحت rāhat easily; comfortably

10 درست dorost correctly

11 غلط ghalat incorrectly

12 دقیق daqiq precisely

13 دقیقاً daqiqan precisely; exactly

14 کامل kāmel completely

15 کاملاً kāmelan completely

16 ناقص nāqes incompletely

17 مستقیم mostaqim directly

18 مستقیماً mostaqiman directly

19 غیرمستقیم gheyr-e-mostaqim indirectly

20 غیرمستقیماً gheyr-e-mostaqiman indirectly

21 ناگهانی nāgahāni suddenly

22 ناگهان nāgahān suddenly

23 اتفاقی ettefāqi accidentally

24 عمداً amdan deliberately

25 قصداً qasdan intentionally

26 تصادفاً tasādo-an accidentally

27 مخفیانه makhfiāne secretly

28 آشکارا āshkārā openly

29 علناً elānan publicly

30 خصوصی khosusi privately

31 مشترکاً moshtarak-an jointly

32 جداگانه jodāgāne separately

33 شخصاً shakhsan personally

34 معمولاً mamulan usually

35 طبیعی tabi'i naturally

36 طبیعتاً tabi'atan naturally

37 جدی jeddi seriously

38 واقعاً vāqe'an really; truly

39 به‌آرامی be-ārāmi calmly; slowly

40 به‌سرعت be-sor'at quickly

41 به‌راحتی be-rāhati easily

42 به‌سختی be-sakhti with difficulty

43 به‌خوبی be-khubi well

44 به‌درستی be-dorosti correctly

45 به‌طور کامل be-tor-e kāmel completely

46 به‌طور مستقیم be-tor-e mostaqim directly

47 به‌طور غیرمستقیم be-tor-e gheyr-e-mostaqim indirectly

48 به‌طور ناگهانی be-tor-e nāgahāni suddenly

49 به‌طور کلی be-tor-e kolli generally

50 به‌خصوص be-khosus especially

2. Time adverbs — قید زمان

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

51 اکنون اکنون now

52 حالا hālā now

53 اینک ink now

54 امروز emruz today

55 امشب emshab tonight

56 دیروز diruz yesterday

57 دیشب dishab last night

58 فردا fardā tomorrow

59 پس‌فردا pas-fardā the day after tomorrow

60 پریروز pariruz the day before yesterday

61 قبلاً qablan previously; before

62 پیش‌تر pish-tar earlier; previously

63 پیشاپیش pishāpish beforehand; in advance

64 سابقاً sābeqan formerly

65 اخیراً akhiran recently

66 اخیراً akhiran lately

67 به‌تازگی be-tāzegi recently

68 تازه tāze recently; just

69 سپس sepas then; afterward

70 بعداً ba'dan later

71 بعد ba'd afterward; then

72 سپس‌تر sepas-tar later

73 دوباره do-bāre again

74 مجدداً mojaddadan again

75 باز bāz again

76 همچنان hamchenān still

77 هنوز hanuz still; yet

78 تاکنون tā-konun so far

79 تاکنون tā-konun until now

80 تا به حال tā be-hāl until now

81 هنوز هم hanuz ham still

82 دیگر digar anymore; else

83 دیگر digar again / further

84 بلافاصله belāfāsele immediately

85 فوراً fowran immediately

86 آنی āni instantly

87 ناگهان nāgahān suddenly

88 دیر dir late

89 زود zud early; soon

90 به‌زودی be-zudi soon

91 دیرتر dir-tar later

92 زودتر zud-tar earlier; sooner

93 سرانجام sar-anjām finally; eventually

94 بالاخره bālākhare finally; at last

95 نهایتاً nehāyatan finally; ultimately

96 ابتدا ebtedā initially

97 نخست nakhost first; initially

98 نخستین‌بار nakhostin-bār for the first time

99 اول avval first; at first

100 بعد از آن ba'd az ān afterward

101 از آن پس az ān pas from then on

102 از این پس az in pas from now on

103 هم‌اکنون ham-aknun right now

104 هم‌اینک ham-ink right now

105 روزانه ruzāne daily

106 شبانه shabāne nightly

107 سالانه sālāne annually

108 ماهانه māhāne monthly

109 هفتگی haftegi weekly

110 گاه gāh sometimes

111 گاهی gāhi sometimes

112 گاه‌گاه gāh-gāh occasionally

113 گهگاه gehgāh occasionally

3. Frequency adverbs — قید تکرار

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

114 همیشه hamishe always

115 هرگز hargaz ever; never

116 هیچ‌وقت hich-vaqt never; ever

117 هیچ‌گاه hich-gāh never

118 هیچ‌زمان hich-zamān never

119 اغلب aghlab often

120 غالباً ghāleban usually; mostly

121 معمولاً mamulan usually

122 بیشتر bishtar more often; mostly

123 بیشتر اوقات bishtar-e owqāt most of the time

124 بیشتر وقت‌ها bishtar vaqt-hā most of the time

125 گاهی gāhi sometimes

126 گاه‌به‌گاه gāh-be-gāh from time to time

127 بندرت be-nodrat rarely

128 به‌ندرت be-nodrat rarely

129 ندرتاً nodratan rarely

130 مکرراً mokarraran repeatedly

131 پیوسته peyvaste continuously

132 مرتباً morattaban regularly

133 دائماً dāeman constantly

134 مدام modām constantly

135 همواره hamvāre always

136 پی‌درپی pey-dar-pey repeatedly; consecutively

137 پشت‌سرهم posht-e-sar-ham consecutively

138 دوباره do-bāre again

139 چندباره chand-bāre several times

140 بارها bārhā many times

141 یک‌بار yek-bār once

142 دوبار do-bār twice

143 چندبار chand-bār several times

144 چندین‌بار chand in-bār many times

145 هر بار har bār every time

146 هر دفعه har daf'e every time

147 هرگز هم hargaz ham ever/never at all

4. Place / location adverbs — قید مکان

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

148 اینجا injā here

149 آنجا ānjā there

150 همان‌جا hamān-jā right there

151 همین‌جا hamin-jā right here

152 همه‌جا hame-jā everywhere

153 هیچ‌جا hich-jā nowhere

154 جایی jāyi somewhere; anywhere

155 هرجا har-jā everywhere; wherever

156 بیرون birun outside

157 داخل dākhel inside

158 درون darun inside

159 خارج khārej outside

160 بالا bālā up; above

161 پایین pāyin down; below

162 جلو jelo ahead; in front

163 عقب aghab behind; backward

164 پیش pish ahead; before

165 پس pas behind; afterward

166 اطراف atrāf around

167 نزدیک nazdik nearby

168 دور dur far

169 روبه‌رو ruberu opposite; facing

170 مقابل moghābel opposite

171 کنار kenār beside

172 اطراف atrāf around

173 آن‌طرف ān-taraf over there

174 این‌طرف in-taraf this way / over here

175 همه‌جا hame-jā everywhere

176 هرجا har-jā wherever

177 هیچ‌جا hich-jā nowhere

178 جایی jāyi somewhere

5. Degree / intensity adverbs — قید مقدار و شدت

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

179 خیلی kheili very; much

180 بسیار besyār very; greatly

181 بیش‌ازحد bish az hadd excessively

182 بیش‌ازاندازه bish az andāze excessively

183 فوق‌العاده fowq-ol-āde extremely; extraordinarily

184 کاملاً kāmelan completely

185 تماماً tamāman entirely

186 مطلقاً motlaqan absolutely

187 کاملاً kāmelan fully

188 تقریباً taqriban approximately; almost

189 حدوداً hodudan approximately

190 نزدیک به nazdik be nearly

191 تقریباً taqriban nearly

192 تقریباً تماماً taqriban tamāman almost entirely

193 کمی kami slightly; a little

194 اندکی andaki slightly

195 اندکی andaki somewhat

196 قدری qadri somewhat; a little

197 کمی بیشتر kami bishtar a little more

198 کمی کمتر kami kamtar a little less

199 بسیار زیاد besyār ziyād very much

200 خیلی زیاد kheili ziyād very much

201 خیلی کم kheili kam very little

202 به‌شدت be-sheddat intensely; severely

203 شدیداً shadidan severely; intensely

204 به‌طور کامل be-tor-e kāmel completely

205 به‌طور جزئی be-tor-e joz'i partially

206 تاحدی tā-haddi to some extent

207 تا اندازه‌ای tā andāze-i to some extent

208 تا حدودی tā hodudi somewhat

209 نسبتاً nesbatan relatively

210 فوق‌العاده fowq-ol-āde extremely

6. Focusing adverbs — قیدهای تأکیدی / تمرکز

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

211 فقط faqat only

212 تنها tanhā only

213 صرفاً serfan merely; only

214 صرف sarf merely; only

215 حتی hattā even

216 نیز niz also; too

217 هم ham also; too

218 همچنین hamchenin also; likewise

219 مخصوصاً makhsusan especially

220 به‌خصوص be-khosus especially

221 خصوصاً khosusan especially

222 عمدتاً omdatan mainly; chiefly

223 اساساً asāsan basically; fundamentally

224 اصولاً osulan generally; in principle

225 مشخصاً moshakhasan specifically

226 دقیقاً daqiqan exactly

227 تقریباً taqriban approximately

228 حتی‌الامکان hattol-emkān as much as possible

229 دست‌کم dast-kam at least

230 حداقل had-e aghall at least

231 حداکثر had-e aksar at most

232 فقط همین faqat hamin only this

233 تنها همین tanhā hamin only this

234 حتی هم hattā ham even

7. Affirmation and certainty adverbs — قید تأیید و یقین

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

235 بله bale yes

236 آری āri yes

237 حتماً hatman definitely

238 قطعاً qat'an certainly

239 یقیناً yaqinan certainly

240 مسلماً mosallaman certainly

241 البته البته of course

242 مطمئناً motma'ennan surely

243 بدون‌شک bedun-e shak undoubtedly

244 بی‌شک bi-shak undoubtedly

245 بی‌تردید bi-tardid undoubtedly

246 واقعاً vāqe'an really

247 حقیقتاً haqiqat-an truly

248 راستاً rāstan truly

249 به‌راستی be-rāsti truly; indeed

250 واقعاً هم vāqe'an ham indeed

251 به‌واقع be-vāqe in reality; indeed

8. Negation adverbs / negative particles — قید و ادات نفی

Persian uses نـ / نـه / نیست / نمیـ in different grammatical environments. Some are technically particles or auxiliary forms rather than adverbs.

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

252 نه na no; not

253 هرگز hargaz never

254 هیچ‌گاه hich-gāh never

255 هیچ‌وقت hich-vaqt never

256 اصلاً aslan not at all

257 ابداً abadan never; absolutely not

258 به‌هیچ‌وجه be-hich-vojh in no way; absolutely not

259 هرگز نه hargaz na never

260 دیگر نه digar na no longer

261 هنوز نه hanuz na not yet

262 اصلاً نه aslan na not at all

263 هیچ‌کجا hich-kajā nowhere

264 هیچ‌کس hich-kas nobody

265 هیچ‌چیز hich-chiz nothing

9. Probability / possibility adverbs — قید احتمال

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

266 شاید shāyad perhaps; maybe

267 احتمالاً ehtemālan probably

268 احتمالاً هم ehtemālan ham probably also

269 ممکن است momken ast it may be / it is possible

270 احتمال دارد ehtemāl dārad it is likely / there is a possibility

271 احتمالاً ehtemālan presumably

272 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

273 گویا guyā apparently; supposedly

274 گویی guy-i as if; seemingly

275 انگار engār apparently; as if

276 گویا که guyā ke apparently that

277 شاید هم shāyad ham perhaps also

278 بعید است ba'id ast it is unlikely

279 بعید نیست ba'id nist it is not unlikely

280 ممکن است که momken ast ke it may be that

10. Evidential / apparent adverbs — قیدهای ظاهری و استنباطی

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

281 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

282 گویا guyā apparently; supposedly

283 گویی guy-i as if

284 انگار engār it seems; as if

285 ظاهراً هم zāheran ham apparently also

286 apparently — —

287 به‌نظر می‌رسد be-nazar miresad it seems

288 به‌نظر می‌آید be-nazar miāyad it appears

289 چنین به‌نظر می‌رسد chenin be-nazar miresad it appears so

11. Question adverbs — قیدهای پرسشی

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

290 چگونه chegune how

291 چطور chetor how

292 چه‌طور che-tor how

293 کی key when

294 چه وقت che vaqt when

295 چه زمانی che zamāni when

296 کِی key when

297 کجا kojā where

298 چرا cherā why

299 به‌کجا be-kojā where to

300 ازکجا az-kojā from where

301 چقدر cheqadr how much

302 چه‌قدر che-qadr how much

303 تا کجا tā kojā how far

304 تا کی tā key until when

305 چند وقت chand vaqt how long

306 چندبار chand-bār how many times

307 چقدر زود cheqadr zud how soon

308 تا چه اندازه tā che andāze to what extent

12. Relative adverbs — قیدهای موصولی

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

309 هرجا har-jā wherever

310 هرکجا har-ko-jā wherever

311 هر وقت har vaqt whenever

312 هرزمان har zamān whenever

313 هرگاه hargāh whenever

314 هرچگونه har-chegune however

315 هرطور har-tor however

316 هرچقدر har-cheqadr however much

317 هر اندازه har andāze however much

318 هرچه har-che whatever; however much

13. Conditional / concessive adverbial expressions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

319 اگر agar if

320 اگرچه agarche although

321 هرچند har-chand although; however much

322 گرچه garche although

323 حتی اگر hattā agar even if

324 مگر magar unless; except

325 مگر اینکه magar inke unless

326 وگرنه vagarne otherwise

327 در غیر این صورت dar gheyr-e in surat otherwise

328 بااین‌حال bā-in-hāl nevertheless; however

329 بااین‌وجود bā-in-vojud nevertheless

330 باوجوداین bāvojud-e in despite this; nevertheless

331 هرچقدر هم har-cheqadr ham however much

332 هرچند هم har-chand ham however much / although

14. Result / consequence adverbs

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

333 بنابراین بنابرین therefore

334 پس pas therefore; then

335 لذا lezā therefore

336 ازاین‌رو az-in-ru therefore; for this reason

337 ازاین‌جهت az-in-jehat for this reason

338 درنتیجه dar-natije consequently

339 نهایتاً nehāyatan ultimately

340 سرانجام sar-anjām eventually

341 بدین‌ترتیب bedin-tartib thus; in this way

342 به‌این‌ترتیب be-in-tartib in this way

343 دراین‌صورت dar-in-surat in that case

344 پس از آن pas az ān after that

15. Purpose adverbial expressions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

345 برای این‌که barāy-e inke so that; in order that

346 تا tā so that; in order to

347 به‌منظور be-manzur-e for the purpose of

348 به‌خاطر be-khāter for the sake of; because of

349 بدین‌منظور bedin-manzur for this purpose

350 برای همین barāy-e hamin for this reason/purpose

351 برای آن barāy-e ān for that purpose

16. Approximation adverbs — قید تقریب

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

352 تقریباً taqriban approximately; almost

353 حدوداً hodudan approximately

354 تقریباً همین‌قدر taqriban hamin-qadr approximately this much

355 تقریباً همین‌طور taqriban hamin-tor approximately so

356 کم‌وبیش kam-o-bish more or less

357 کمابیش kamābish more or less

358 تقریباً همیشه taqriban hamishe almost always

359 تقریباً هرگز taqriban hargaz almost never

360 نزدیک به nazdik be nearly

361 قریباً qariban approximately; nearly

17. Comparison adverbs

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

362 بیشتر bishtar more

363 کمتر kamtar less

364 خیلی بیشتر kheili bishtar much more

365 خیلی کمتر kheili kamtar much less

366 بیش از bish az more than

367 کمتر از kamtar az less than

368 به‌اندازه be-andāze as much/as

369 به همان اندازه be-hamān andāze to the same extent

370 به همان مقدار be-hamān meghdār to the same amount

371 بیشترین bishtarin most

372 کمترین کمترین least

373 تاحد امکان tā-hadd-e emkān as much as possible

374 هرچه بیشتر har-che bishtar the more

375 هرچه کمتر har-che kamtar the less

18. Sequence / ordering adverbs

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

376 اول avval first

377 ابتدا ebtedā initially

378 نخست nakhost first

379 نخستاً nakhostan firstly

380 سپس sepas then

381 بعد ba'd then; afterward

382 بعداً ba'dan afterward

383 آنگاه āngāh then

384 سپس از آن sepas az ān afterward

385 درنهایت dar-nehāyat finally

386 سرانجام sar-anjām finally

387 بالاخره bālākhare finally

388 نهایتاً nehāyatan ultimately

389 درآخر dar-ākhar finally

390 درابتدا dar-ebtedā initially

19. Continuative adverbs

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

391 هنوز hanuz still; yet

392 همچنان hamchenān still

393 کماکان kamākān still; as before

394 بازهم bāz ham still; again

395 همچنان هم hamchenān ham still

396 هنوز هم hanuz ham still

397 تا کنون tā konun until now

398 تا به حال tā be-hāl until now

399 همچنان ادامه دارد hamchenān edāme dārad continues still

20. Repetition adverbs

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

400 دوباره do-bāre again

401 باز bāz again

402 مجدداً mojaddadan again

403 بار دیگر bār-e digar again

404 از نو az now anew

405 دوباره‌بار do-bāre-bār again

406 مکرراً mokarraran repeatedly

407 پی‌درپی pey-dar-pey repeatedly

408 پشت‌سرهم posht-e-sar-ham consecutively

409 بارها bārhā many times

21. Sentence / discourse adverbs

These modify the whole sentence, rather than just the verb.

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

410 البته albate of course

411 درواقع dar-vāqe actually; in fact

412 واقعاً vāqe'an really

413 اساساً asāsan basically

414 اصولاً osulan generally; in principle

415 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

416 احتمالاً ehtemālan probably

417 شاید shāyad perhaps

418 قطعاً qat'an certainly

419 یقیناً yaqinan certainly

420 متأسفانه mota'assefāne unfortunately

421 خوشبختانه khoshbakhtāne fortunately

422 بدبختانه بدبختانه unfortunately

423 طبیعتاً tabi'atan naturally

424 خوشبختانه khoshbakhtāne fortunately

425 متأسفانه mota'assefāne unfortunately

426 به‌هرحال be-har-hāl anyway

427 درهرحال dar-har-hāl in any case

428 به‌طورکلی be-tor-e kolli generally

429 به‌طورخاص be-tor-e khās specifically

430 به‌خصوص be-khosus especially

431 درنهایت dar-nehāyat ultimately

432 درنتیجه dar-natije consequently

433 بنابراین بنابرین therefore

434 درحقیقت dar-haqiqat in fact

435 به‌راستی be-rāsti truly; indeed

22. Evaluation / speaker-attitude adverbs

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

436 خوشبختانه khoshbakhtāne fortunately

437 متأسفانه mota'assefāne unfortunately

438 بدبختانه badbakhtāne unfortunately

439 خوشبختانه khoshbakhtāne luckily

440 متأسفانه mota'assefāne regrettably

441 صادقانه sādeqāne honestly

442 صمیمانه samimāne sincerely

443 واقعاً vāqe'an really

444 حقیقتاً haqiqat-an truly

445 انصافاً ensāf-an fairly; honestly

446 منصفانه monsefāne fairly

447 متأسفانه mota'assefāne regrettably

448 عملاً amalan practically; in practice

449 نظراً nazaran considering; given

23. Restriction / limitation adverbs

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

450 فقط faqat only

451 تنها tanhā only

452 صرفاً serfan merely

453 دست‌کم dast-kam at least

454 حداقل had-e aghall at least

455 حداکثر had-e aksar at most

456 دست‌بالا dast-bālā at most

457 نهایتاً nehāyatan at most / ultimately

458 صرف‌نظر از sarf-e nazar az regardless of

459 به‌جز be-joz except

460 جز joz except

461 مگر magar except; unless

24. Modal / attitudinal adverbs

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

462 شاید shāyad perhaps

463 حتماً hatman definitely

464 احتمالاً ehtemālan probably

465 قطعاً qat'an certainly

466 یقیناً yaqinan certainly

467 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

468 واقعاً vāqe'an really

469 البته albate of course

470 گویا guyā apparently

471 انگار engār seemingly; as if

472 خوشبختانه khoshbakhtāne fortunately

473 متأسفانه mota'assefāne unfortunately

474 اصولاً osulan generally

475 اساساً asāsan basically

476 عملاً amalan practically

477 مسلماً mosallaman certainly

478 مطمئناً motma'ennan surely

479 بی‌شک bi-shak undoubtedly

480 بی‌تردید bi-tardid undoubtedly

25. Very common adverb-forming patterns in Persian

Persian does not have one single suffix equivalent to English -ly. Several productive structures create adverbial meanings.

# Persian formation Transliteration English meaning

1 صفت sef-at adjective

2 صفت + ـانه sifat + -āne in a … manner

3 صفت + ـاً sifat + -an …ly; in a … manner

4 به + اسم/صفت + ـی be + noun/adjective + -i in a … way

5 به‌طور + صفت be-tor + adjective in a … manner

6 به‌صورت + صفت be-surat + adjective in a … manner

7 به‌شکل + صفت be-shekl + adjective in the form/manner of …

8 به‌روش + اسم be-ravesh + noun by the method of …

9 با + اسم bā + noun with / in a … manner

10 از + اسم az + noun from / in terms of …

11 هر + زمان har + zamān whenever

12 هر + جا har + jā wherever

13 هیچ + جا hich + jā nowhere

14 هیچ + گاه hich + gāh never

15 همه + جا hame + jā everywhere

16 آن + جا ān + jā there

17 این + جا in + jā here

18 چه + طور che + tor how

19 چه + قدر che + qadr how much

20 هر + چه + قدر har + che + qadr however much

Examples of productive adverb formation

Persian Transliteration English

صادقانه صحبت کرد. sādeqāne sohbat kard. He spoke honestly.

دوستانه رفتار کرد. dustāne raftār kard. He behaved in a friendly manner.

به‌آرامی راه رفت. be-ārāmi rāh raft. He walked slowly/calmly.

به‌سرعت دوید. be-sor'at david. He ran quickly.

به‌طور کامل توضیح داد. be-tor-e kāmel tozih dād. He explained it completely.

10- CONJUNCTIONS:

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

1 و va and

2 یا yā or

3 یا اینکه yā inke or else; or that

4 اما ammā but

5 ولی vali but; however

6 لکن lāken but; however

7 لیکن liken but; however

8 بلکه balke but rather

9 نیز niz also; and also

10 همچنین hamchenin also; likewise

11 هم ham also; too

12 هم...هم ham...ham both...and

13 نه...نه na...na neither...nor

14 یا...یا yā...yā either...or

15 خواه...خواه khāh...khāh whether...or

16 چه...چه che...che whether...or

17 نه تنها...بلکه na tanhā...balke not only...but also

18 هم...و هم ham...va ham both...and

Examples

Persian Transliteration English

علی و مریم آمدند. Ali va Maryam āmadand. Ali and Maryam came.

چای یا قهوه می‌خواهی؟ chāy yā qahve mikhāhi? Do you want tea or coffee?

خسته بود، اما کار کرد. khaste bud, ammā kār kard. He was tired, but he worked.

او نه تنها باهوش است، بلکه سخت‌کوش هم هست. u na tanhā hushyār ast, balke sakht-kush ham hast. He is not only intelligent, but also hardworking.

2. Subordinating conjunctions — حروف ربط وابسته‌ساز

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

19 که ke that

20 اگر agar if

21 اگرچه agarche although

22 گرچه garche although

23 هرچند har-chand although; even though

24 چون chun because; since; when

25 زیرا zirā because

26 چون‌که chun-ke because

27 چراکه cherā-ke because

28 برای اینکه barāye inke because; so that

29 تا tā until; so that; in order to

30 تا اینکه tā inke until; so that

31 مگر اینکه magar inke unless

32 مگر آنکه magar ānke unless

33 پیش از آنکه pish az ānke before

34 قبل از اینکه qabl az inke before

35 بعد از اینکه ba'd az inke after

36 پس از اینکه pas az inke after

37 هنگامی که hengāmi ke when

38 زمانی که zamāni ke when

39 وقتی که vaghti ke when

40 هرگاه که hargāh ke whenever

41 هر وقت که har vaqt ke whenever

42 تا وقتی که tā vaghti ke as long as; until

43 مادامی که mādāmi ke as long as; while

44 درحالی‌که dar-hāli-ke while; whereas

45 آن‌گاه که āngāh ke when

46 چنان‌که chenān-ke as; just as

47 همان‌طور که hamān-tor ke just as; as

48 طوری که tori ke so that; in such a way that

49 به‌طوری‌که be-tori-ke so that

50 به‌گونه‌ای که be-gune-i ke in such a way that

51 به‌نحوی که be-nahvi ke in such a way that

52 آن‌چنان‌که ān-chenān-ke just as; in such a way that

53 چنانچه chenānche if; provided that

54 هرچقدر که har-cheqadr ke however much

55 هرطور که har-tor ke however; in whatever way

56 هرگونه که har-gune ke however; in whatever manner

57 هرجا که har-jā ke wherever

58 هرکجا که har-ko-jā ke wherever

59 هرزمان که har-zamān ke whenever

60 هر وقت که har-vaqt ke whenever

3. The very important conjunction که

که — ke is one of the most important Persian conjunctions.

Function Persian Transliteration English

Statement که ke that

Explanation که ke that

Result که ke so that / such that

Relative که ke that / who / which

Reason چراکه cherā-ke because

Comparison چنان‌که chenān-ke as

Time وقتی که vaghti ke when

Condition چنانچه chenānche if / provided that

Examples:

Persian Transliteration English

می‌دانم که او اینجاست. midānam ke u injāst. I know that he is here.

کتابی که خریدم جالب است. ketābi ke kharidam jāleb ast. The book that I bought is interesting.

وقتی که رسید، غذا خورد. vaghti ke resid, ghazā khord. When he arrived, he ate.

4. Causal conjunctions — علت و دلیل

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

61 چون chun because; since

62 زیرا zirā because

63 چراکه cherā-ke because

64 چون‌که chun-ke because

65 ازآن‌جاکه az ān-jā ke since; because

66 ازاین‌که az in-ke because of the fact that

67 به‌دلیل اینکه be-dalil-e inke because

68 به‌خاطر اینکه be-khāter-e inke because

69 به‌علت اینکه be-ellat-e inke because

70 ازآنجایی‌که az ānjāyi ke since; because

71 بدین‌سبب که bedin-sabab ke because; for this reason

5. Result / consequence conjunctions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

72 بنابراین banābarin therefore

73 پس pas so; therefore

74 لذا lezā therefore

75 درنتیجه dar-natije consequently

76 ازاین‌رو az-in-ru therefore

77 ازاین‌جهت az-in-jehat for this reason

78 به‌همین‌دلیل be-hamin-dalil for this reason

79 بدین‌ترتیب bedin-tartib thus

80 به‌طوری‌که be-tori-ke so that; such that

81 چنان‌که chenān-ke so that; as

82 به‌گونه‌ای که be-gune-i ke so that

83 درنتیجه اینکه dar-natije-ye inke consequently that

Note: Many of these are more accurately called conjunctive adverbs/connectors, rather than conjunctions in a narrow grammatical classification.

6. Conditional conjunctions — شرطی

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

84 اگر agar if

85 چنانچه chenānche if; provided that

86 گر gar if

87 هرگاه hargāh whenever; if

88 هر وقت har vaqt whenever

89 درصورتی‌که dar-surati-ke if; provided that

90 مشروط بر اینکه mashrut bar inke provided that

91 به‌شرط اینکه be-shart-e inke on condition that

92 به‌شرط آنکه be-shart-e ānke provided that

93 مگر اینکه magar inke unless

94 مگر آنکه magar ānke unless

95 وگرنه vagarne otherwise

96 درغیراین‌صورت dar gheyr-e in surat otherwise

97 جز اینکه joz inke except that; unless

98 مگر magar unless; except

Examples

Persian Transliteration English

اگر وقت داشته باشم، می‌آیم. agar vaqt dāshte bāsham, miāyam. If I have time, I will come.

چنانچه باران ببارد، نمی‌رویم. chenānche bārān bebārad, nemiravim. If it rains, we won't go.

باید بروی، وگرنه دیر می‌رسی. bāyad beravi, vagarne dir miresi. You must go, otherwise you will be late.

7. Concessive conjunctions — امتیازی / تضاد

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

99 اگرچه agarche although

100 گرچه garche although

101 هرچند har-chand although

102 هرچقدر هم که har-cheqadr ham ke however much

103 هرطور هم که har-tor ham ke however

104 حتی اگر hattā agar even if

105 هرچند که har-chand ke although

106 بااینکه bā-inke although

107 باوجوداینکه bāvojud-e inke although; despite the fact that

108 علی‌رغم اینکه ali-ram-e inke despite the fact that

109 ولو اینکه valo inke even if; even though

110 خواه‌ناخواه khāh-nākhāh willingly or unwillingly

111 چه che whether; regardless

Examples

Persian Transliteration English

اگرچه خسته بود، کار کرد. agarche khaste bud, kār kard. Although he was tired, he worked.

بااینکه باران می‌بارید، بیرون رفت. bā-inke bārān mibārid, birun raft. Although it was raining, he went outside.

حتی اگر سخت باشد، انجامش می‌دهم. hattā agar sakht bāshad, anjāmesh midaham. Even if it is difficult, I will do it.

8. Temporal conjunctions — زمانی

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

112 وقتی vaghti when

113 وقتی که vaghti ke when

114 هنگامی که hengāmi ke when

115 زمانی که zamāni ke when

116 آن‌گاه که āngāh ke when

117 هرگاه hargāh whenever

118 هر وقت که har-vaqt ke whenever

119 هر زمان که har-zamān ke whenever

120 تا tā until

121 تا اینکه tā inke until

122 تا زمانی که tā zamāni ke until/as long as

123 تا وقتی که tā vaghti ke until/as long as

124 مادامی که mādāmi ke as long as

125 پیش از اینکه pish az inke before

126 قبل از اینکه qabl az inke before

127 پیش از آنکه pish az ānke before

128 بعد از اینکه ba'd az inke after

129 پس از اینکه pas az inke after

130 از وقتی که az vaghti ke since

131 از زمانی که az zamāni ke since

132 درحالی‌که dar-hāli-ke while

133 هم‌زمان که ham-zamān ke while/at the same time that

9. Purpose conjunctions — هدف

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

134 تا tā so that; in order to

135 تا اینکه tā inke so that

136 برای اینکه barāye inke so that; in order that

137 به‌منظور اینکه be-manzur-e inke in order that

138 بدان‌منظور که bedān-manzur ke for the purpose that

139 برای آنکه barāy-e ānke in order that

140 ازاین‌رو که az-in-ru ke for the reason that

Example:

Persian Transliteration English

زود آمد تا ما را ببیند. zud āmad tā mā rā ببینad. He came early so that he could see us.

10. Explanatory conjunctions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

141 که ke that

142 یعنی یعنی that is; meaning

143 یعنی اینکه یعنی inke that is to say that

144 به‌این‌معنی که be-in-ma'ni ke meaning that

145 به‌طوری‌که be-tori-ke such that

146 به‌گونه‌ای که be-gune-i ke in such a way that

147 چنان‌که chenān-ke as; just as

148 به‌عبارتی be-ebārati in other words

Again, یعنی and به‌عبارتی are more accurately discourse connectors in many analyses.

11. Comparative conjunctions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

149 مانند اینکه mānand-e inke as if

150 مثل اینکه mesl-e inke as if

151 گویی guy-i as if

152 چنان‌که chenān-ke just as

153 همان‌طور که hamān-tor ke just as

154 همان‌گونه که hamān-gune ke just as

155 آن‌چنان‌که ān-chenān-ke just as

156 انگار که engār ke as if

157 گویا که guyā ke as if; apparently

12. Correlative conjunctions — همبسته

These work in pairs.

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

158 هم...هم ham...ham both...and

159 یا...یا yā...yā either...or

160 نه...نه na...na neither...nor

161 نه‌تنها...بلکه na-tanhā...balke not only...but also

162 خواه...خواه khāh...khāh whether...or

163 چه...چه che...che whether...or

164 چه...چه‌بسا che...che-bāsā whether...or perhaps

165 هم...و هم ham...va ham both...and

166 نه فقط...بلکه na faqat...balke not only...but also

167 نه‌تنها...که na-tanhā...ke not only...but

168 از یک سو...از سوی دیگر az yek su...az su-ye digar on one hand...on the other hand

169 از طرفی...از طرف دیگر az tarafi...az taraf-e digar on one hand...on the other hand

13. Alternative conjunctions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

170 یا yā or

171 یا اینکه yā inke or

172 یا آنکه yā ānke or

173 وگرنه vagarne otherwise

174 یا...یا yā...yā either...or

175 خواه...خواه khāh...khāh whether...or

176 چه...چه che...che whether...or

177 مگر اینکه magar inke unless

178 مگر آنکه magar ānke unless

14. Negative / exception conjunctions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

179 مگر magar unless; except

180 مگر اینکه magar inke unless

181 مگر آنکه magar ānke unless

182 جز اینکه joz inke except that

183 جز آنکه joz ānke except that

184 به‌جز اینکه be-joz inke except that

185 بدون اینکه bedun-e inke without

186 بی‌آنکه bi-ānke without; without the fact that

187 بی‌اینکه bi-inke without

188 نه اینکه na inke not that

189 نه آنکه na ānke not that

15. Additive conjunctions / connectors

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

190 و va and

191 همچنین hamchenin also

192 نیز niz also

193 هم ham also

194 علاوه بر اینکه elāve bar inke besides the fact that

195 علاوه بر آنکه elāve bar ānke besides the fact that

196 افزون بر اینکه افزun bar inke in addition to the fact that

197 گذشته از اینکه gozashta az inke apart from the fact that

198 علاوه‌براین elāve bar in furthermore

199 افزون‌براین افزون bar in furthermore

200 به‌علاوه be-elāve moreover; besides

16. Contrast / adversative connectors

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

201 اما ammā but

202 ولی vali but

203 لکن lāken but

204 لیکن liken however

205 بلکه balke rather; but rather

206 بااین‌حال bā-in-hāl however; nevertheless

207 بااین‌وجود bā-in-vojud nevertheless

208 باوجوداین bāvojud-e in nevertheless

209 ازطرفی az taraf-i on the other hand

210 درعوض dar-evaz instead; in return

211 درحالی‌که dar-hāli-ke whereas; while

212 درصورتی‌که dar-surati-ke whereas / if

213 برعکس bar-aks conversely

214 برخلاف اینکه bar-khelāf-e inke contrary to the fact that

17. Common formal/literary conjunctions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

215 و va and

216 اما ammā but

217 لکن lāken but

218 لیکن liken but

219 بلکه balke rather

220 زیرا zirā because

221 چراکه cherā-ke because

222 لذا lezā therefore

223 بنابراین banābarin therefore

224 بدین‌سبب bedin-sabab therefore

225 ازاین‌رو az-in-ru therefore

226 ازآن‌رو که az-ān-ru ke because

227 چنان‌که chenān-ke as

228 چنانچه chenānche if

229 هرچند har-chand although

230 گرچه garche although

231 اگرچه agarche although

232 مادامی که mādāmi ke as long as

233 بدین‌ترتیب bedin-tartib thus

234 وگرنه vagarne otherwise

18. Common colloquial conjunctions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

235 و va and

236 یا yā or

237 ولی vali but

238 اما ammā but

239 چون chun because

240 که ke that

241 اگه age if

242 اگه‌چه age-che although

243 وقتی که vaghti ke when

244 چون‌که chun-ke because

245 واسه اینکه vāse-ye inke because / so that

246 برای اینکه barāye inke because / so that

247 مگه اینکه mage inke unless

248 مگه آنکه mage ānke unless

249 وگرنه vagarne otherwise

250 بعد ba'd then / afterward

251 پس pas so / then

11- PREPOSITIONS:

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

1 از az from; out of; than; since

2 به be to; toward; at; into

3 با bā with; by

4 در dar in; at; on

5 بر bar on; upon; over; at

6 برای barāye for

7 تا tā until; up to

8 بی bi without

9 نزد nazd near; at the place of

10 نزدِ nazd-e near; with

11 پیش pish before; in front of; at someone's place

12 پس pas after; behind

13 زیر zir under; below

14 روی ru-ye on; on top of

15 بالای bālā-ye above; on top of

16 پایینِ pāyin-e below

17 داخل dākhel-e inside

18 بیرونِ birun-e outside of

19 مقابل moghābel-e opposite; facing

20 کنار kenār-e beside; next to

21 میان miyān-e among; between

22 بین beyn-e between; among

23 وسط vasat-e in the middle of

24 اطراف atrāf-e around

25 دورِ dur-e around; away from

26 نزدیکِ nazdik-e near

27 دربارهٔ darbāre-ye about; concerning

28 راجع‌به rāji' be about; regarding

29 علیه 'aleyh-e against

30 مانند mānand-e like; similar to

31 مثل mesl-e like

32 همچون hamchon like; just as

33 طبق tebeq-e according to

34 مطابق motābeq-e according to; in accordance with

35 برخلاف bar-khelāf-e contrary to; unlike

36 بدون bedun-e without

37 جز joz except; besides

38 غیر از gheyr az except; other than

39 به‌جز be-joz except; besides

40 به‌غیر از be-gheyr az except; other than

Note: Some items such as زیر، روی، کنار، بین، میان are traditionally treated as prepositions or preposition-like nouns depending on the grammar. They commonly take Ezāfe:

زیرِ میز — zir-e miz — under the table

2. Direction and destination

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

41 به be to; toward

42 به‌سوی be-su-ye toward

43 به‌طرف be-taraf-e toward

44 به‌سمت be-samt-e toward

45 به‌جانب be-jāneb-e toward; in the direction of

46 به‌سویِ be-su-ye toward

47 در جهتِ dar جهت-e in the direction of

48 به‌طرفِ be-taraf-e toward

49 به‌سمتِ be-samt-e toward

50 رو به ru be toward; facing

51 رو به‌سوی ru be-su-ye toward

52 رو به‌طرف ru be-taraf-e toward

Examples

Persian Transliteration English

به مدرسه رفتم. be madrese raftam. I went to school.

به‌سوی خانه رفت. be-su-ye khāne raft. He went toward the house.

رو به در ایستاد. ru be dar istād. He stood facing the door.

3. Source / origin / separation

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

53 از az from

54 از داخلِ az dākhel-e from inside

55 از بیرونِ az birun-e from outside

56 از میانِ az miyān-e from among / through

57 از بینِ az beyn-e from between / among

58 از کنارِ az kenār-e from beside

59 از نزدِ az nazd-e from near / from the place of

60 از طرفِ az taraf-e from the side of / on behalf of

61 از جانبِ az jāneb-e from the side of / on behalf of

62 از سویِ az su-ye from the side of / on behalf of

63 از سمتِ az samt-e from the direction of

64 از طریقِ az tariq-e through; via

65 از راهِ az rāh-e through; by way of

66 از نزدیکیِ az nazdiki-ye from near

4. Location

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

67 در dar in; at

68 نزد nazd near; at

69 پیش pish at the place of; before

70 کنارِ kenār-e beside

71 نزدیکیِ nazdiki-ye near

72 داخلِ dākhel-e inside

73 درونِ darun-e inside

74 بیرونِ birun-e outside

75 خارجِ khārej-e outside

76 رویِ ru-ye on

77 بالایِ bālā-ye above

78 زیرِ zir-e under

79 پایینِ pāyin-e below

80 جلویِ jelu-ye in front of

81 پشتِ posht-e behind

82 میانِ miyān-e among; between

83 بینِ beyn-e between

84 وسطِ vasat-e in the middle of

85 اطرافِ atrāf-e around

86 مقابلِ moghābel-e opposite

87 روبه‌رویِ ruberu-ye opposite; facing

88 مجاورِ mojāver-e adjacent to

89 همسایگیِ hamsāyegi-ye in the neighborhood of

5. Vertical / spatial relations

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

90 رویِ ru-ye on; on top of

91 بر رویِ bar ru-ye on top of

92 بالایِ bālā-ye above

93 بر بالایِ bar bālā-ye above; over

94 زیرِ zir-e under

95 در زیرِ dar zir-e underneath

96 پایینِ pāyin-e below

97 در پایینِ dar pāyin-e below

98 جلویِ jelu-ye in front of

99 در جلویِ dar jelu-ye in front of

100 پشتِ posht-e behind

101 در پشتِ dar posht-e behind

102 روبه‌رویِ ruberu-ye opposite; facing

103 در مقابلِ dar moghābel-e opposite; in front of

104 در برابرِ dar barābar-e before; against

6. Between / among / surrounding

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

105 بینِ beyn-e between; among

106 میانِ miyān-e among; between

107 در میانِ dar miyān-e among; in the middle of

108 در بینِ dar beyn-e among; between

109 وسطِ vasat-e in the middle of

110 در وسطِ dar vasat-e in the middle of

111 اطرافِ atrāf-e around

112 در اطرافِ dar atrāf-e around

113 دورِ dur-e around

114 در دوروبرِ dar dur-o-bar-e around

115 پیرامونِ pirāmun-e around; concerning

116 گردِ gard-e around

117 دوروبرِ dur-o-bar-e around

118 حَولِ havl-e around; concerning

7. Near / far / proximity

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

119 نزدیکِ nazdik-e near

120 در نزدیکیِ dar nazdiki-ye near

121 نزدِ nazd-e near; with

122 کنارِ kenār-e beside

123 مجاورِ mojāver-e adjacent to

124 دور از dur az far from

125 به‌دور از be-dur az far from; away from

126 به‌نزدیکیِ be-nazdiki-ye to near

127 در مجاورتِ dar mojāverat-e adjacent to

8. Possession / relationship

Persian often uses از for relationships that English expresses with “of/from,” while برای can express possession/purpose in some constructions.

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

128 از az of; from

129 متعلق به mota'alleq be belonging to

130 وابسته به vābaste be dependent on; affiliated with

131 مربوط به marbut be related to

132 وابسته به vābaste be belonging/dependent on

133 متعلق بهِ mota'alleq be belonging to

134 از آنِ az ān-e belonging to

135 مالِ māl-e belonging to; of

Examples:

Persian Transliteration English

این کتاب مالِ من است. in ketāb māl-e man ast. This book belongs to me.

این خانه متعلق به اوست. in khāne mota'alleq be ust. This house belongs to him/her.

این کتاب از آنِ علی است. in ketāb az ān-e Ali ast. This book belongs to Ali.

9. Instrument / means

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

136 با bā with; by

137 به be by; with

138 به‌وسیلهٔ be-vasile-ye by means of

139 به‌وسیله be-vasile by means of

140 از طریقِ az tariq-e through; via

141 از راهِ az rāh-e by way of; through

142 با استفاده از bā estefāde az using; by using

143 با کمکِ bā komak-e with the help of

144 به کمکِ be komak-e with the help of

145 به‌مددِ be-madad-e with the aid of

146 به‌واسطهٔ be-vāsete-ye by means of; through

10. Accompaniment

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

147 با bā with

148 همراهِ hamrāh-e together with; accompanied by

149 همراه با hamrāh bā together with

150 به‌همراهِ be-hamrāh-e together with

151 در کنارِ dar kenār-e alongside

152 همراهِ با hamrāh-e bā together with

153 به‌اتفاقِ be-ettefāq-e together with

154 به‌همراه be-hamrāh together with

Example:

Persian Transliteration English

با دوستم به مدرسه رفتم. bā dustam be madrese raftam. I went to school with my friend.

11. Beneficiary / purpose

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

155 برای barāye for

156 برایِ barāye for

157 به‌خاطرِ be-khāter-e for the sake of; because of

158 به‌منظورِ be-manzur-e for the purpose of

159 به‌قصدِ be-qasd-e with the intention of

160 به‌خاطر be-khāter for the sake of

161 در جهتِ dar جهت-e toward; for the purpose of

162 در راستایِ dar rāstā-ye toward; in pursuit of

163 در راهِ dar rāh-e for the sake of; in the cause of

164 به‌نفعِ be-naf'-e for the benefit of

165 به سودِ be-sud-e for the benefit/profit of

166 به زیانِ be-ziyān-e to the detriment of

12. Cause / reason

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

167 به‌خاطرِ be-khāter-e because of

168 به‌دلیلِ be-dalil-e because of

169 به‌علتِ be-ellat-e because of

170 براثرِ bar-asar-e as a result of

171 دراثرِ dar-asar-e as a result of

172 از az from; because of

173 از رویِ az ru-ye out of; based on

174 درنتیجهٔ dar-natije-ye as a result of

175 درپیِ dar pey-e following; as a result of

176 دراثرِ dar-asar-e due to

177 به‌سببِ be-sabab-e because of

178 از بابتِ az bābat-e because of; regarding

179 از جهتِ az jehat-e because of; in terms of

180 از این بابت az in bābat for this reason

13. Topic / reference

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

181 دربارهٔ darbāre-ye about

182 راجع‌به rāji' be about; regarding

183 درموردِ dar-mored-e about; regarding

184 پیرامونِ pirāmun-e concerning; around

185 درخصوصِ dar-khosus-e regarding

186 درزمینهٔ dar-zamine-ye regarding; in the field of

187 دررابطه‌با dar-rābete bā regarding; in relation to

188 درخصوص dar-khosus regarding

189 دربابِ dar-bāb-e concerning; about

190 درحقِ dar-haqq-e regarding; toward

191 نسبت‌به nesbat be regarding; toward

192 درباره darbāre about

14. Comparison

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

193 از az than

194 نسبت به nesbat be compared with; relative to

195 درمقایسه با dar-moqāyese bā compared with

196 درمقایسه با dar-moqāyese bā in comparison with

197 دربرابرِ dar-barābar-e compared with; against

198 درمقابلِ dar-moqābel-e compared with; opposite

199 مانندِ mānand-e like

200 مثلِ mesl-e like

201 همچون hamchon like; as

202 شبیهِ shabih-e similar to

203 همانندِ hamānand-e like; similar to

204 نظیرِ nazir-e like; similar to

205 درحدِ dar-hadd-e to the extent/level of

Example:

Persian Transliteration English

علی از من بلندتر است. Ali az man boland-tar ast. Ali is taller than me.

او مانند برادرش است. u mānand-e barādarash ast. He is like his brother.

15. Opposition / against

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

206 علیه 'aleyh-e against

207 بر ضدِ bar-zedd-e against

208 ضدِ zedd-e against

209 دربرابرِ dar-barābar-e against; before

210 درمقابلِ dar-moqābel-e against; opposite

211 برخلافِ bar-khelāf-e contrary to; unlike

212 برعلیهِ bar-'aleyh-e against

213 درمخالفت با dar-mokhālefat bā in opposition to

214 دربرابر dar-barābar against / before

16. According to / conformity

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

215 طبقِ tebeq-e according to

216 مطابقِ motābeq-e according to

217 بر اساسِ bar asās-e based on

218 برمبنایِ bar-mabnā-ye based on

219 برپایهٔ bar-pāye-ye based on

220 بنا بر banā bar according to; based on

221 بنابر banābar according to

222 به‌موجبِ be-mujeb-e pursuant to; according to

223 برطبقِ bar-tebeq-e according to

224 همسو با hamsu bā in line with

225 هم‌راستا با ham-rāstā bā aligned with

17. Inclusion / exclusion

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

226 با bā with

227 بدونِ bedun-e without

228 بی bi without

229 به‌جز be-joz except

230 جز joz except

231 غیر از gheyr az other than; except

232 به‌غیر از be-gheyr az except

233 به‌استثنایِ be-estesnā-ye except for

234 به‌استثنای be-estesnā except for

235 فارغ از fāreq az regardless of; free from

236 صرف‌نظر از sarf-e nazar az regardless of

237 جدا از jodā az apart from

238 بدون درنظرگرفتنِ bedun-e dar-nazar gereftan-e without considering

18. Time / temporal relations

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

239 تا tā until

240 از az since; from

241 از زمانِ az zamān-e since the time of

242 از هنگامِ az hengām-e since

243 پیش از pish az before

244 قبل از qabl az before

245 بعد از ba'd az after

246 پس از pas az after

247 پیش از این pish az in before this

248 پس از این pas az in after this

249 در طولِ dar tul-e during; throughout

250 در جریانِ dar jaryān-e during; in the course of

251 هنگامِ hengām-e during; at the time of

252 حینِ hin-e during

253 به‌هنگامِ be-hengām-e at the time of

254 هم‌زمان با ham-zamān bā simultaneously with

255 در آستانهٔ dar āstāne-ye on the verge of

256 در پیِ dar pey-e following

257 در فاصلهٔ dar fāsele-ye during the interval of

19. Duration / limit

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

258 تا tā until; up to

259 تا زمانِ tā zamān-e until the time of

260 تا پایانِ tā pāyān-e until the end of

261 تا آخرِ tā ākhار-e until the end of

262 تا پیش از tā pish az until before

263 از ... تا az ... tā from ... until/to

264 از ... تا ... az ... tā ... from ... to ...

265 در طولِ dar tul-e throughout

266 طیِ tey-e during; over the course of

267 ظرفِ zarf-e within

268 طیِ مدتِ tey-e moddat-e during the period of

20. Movement through / route

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

269 از میانِ az miyān-e through; among

270 از بینِ az beyn-e through; between

271 از داخلِ az dākhel-e through/from inside

272 از راهِ az rāh-e via; through

273 از طریقِ az tariq-e through; via

274 در طولِ dar tul-e along

275 در امتدادِ dar emtedād-e along

276 از کنارِ az kenār-e past; beside

277 در میانِ dar miyān-e through/among

278 در سراسرِ dar sarāsar-e throughout; across

279 در سرتاسرِ dar sartāsar-e throughout; across

21. Position / relation

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

280 کنارِ kenār-e beside

281 نزدِ nazd-e near

282 مقابلِ moghābel-e opposite

283 روبه‌رویِ ruberu-ye opposite

284 جلویِ jelu-ye in front of

285 پشتِ posht-e behind

286 بالایِ bālā-ye above

287 زیرِ zir-e under

288 میانِ miyān-e among

289 بینِ beyn-e between

290 اطرافِ atrāf-e around

291 مجاورِ mojāver-e adjacent to

292 در مجاورتِ dar mojāverat-e next to

293 در کنارِ dar kenār-e beside; alongside

294 در برابرِ dar barābar-e before; opposite

22. Abstract / figurative prepositions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

295 دربارهٔ darbāre-ye about

296 درموردِ dar-mored-e regarding

297 درخصوصِ dar-khosus-e concerning

298 نسبت به nesbat be toward; regarding

299 درقبالِ dar-eqābal-e toward; in response to

300 دربرابرِ dar-barābar-e toward; against

301 درحقِ dar-haqq-e toward; regarding

302 درمورد dar-mored concerning

303 درزمینهٔ dar-zamine-ye in the area of

304 درراستایِ dar-rāstā-ye in pursuit of

305 درزمینهٔ dar-zamine-ye in the field of

306 درخصوص dar-khosus concerning

307 دررابطه‌با dar-rābete bā in relation to

308 درارتباط با dar-ertebāt bā in connection with

309 درموردِ dar-mored-e about

23. Representation / behalf

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

310 از طرفِ az taraf-e on behalf of

311 از سویِ az su-ye on behalf of

312 از جانبِ az jāneb-e on behalf of

313 به نمایندگی از be namāyandegi az on behalf of

314 به‌جایِ be-jā-ye instead of; on behalf of

315 از طرفِ az taraf-e from the side of / on behalf of

24. Substitution

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

316 به‌جایِ be-jā-ye instead of

317 به‌جایِ اینکه be-jā-ye inke instead of

318 درعوضِ dar-evaz-e instead of; in exchange for

319 به‌عوضِ be-evaz-e instead of; in exchange for

320 به‌جایِ آن be-jā-ye ān instead of that

321 عوضِ evaz-e instead of; in exchange for

25. Exchange / substitution / equivalence

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

322 درازایِ dar-azā-ye in exchange for

323 درمقابلِ dar-moqābel-e in exchange for; in return for

324 درعوضِ dar-evaz-e in exchange for

325 به‌ازایِ be-azā-ye per; in exchange for

326 دربرابرِ dar-barābar-e in exchange for; against

327 عوضِ evaz-e instead of / in exchange for

26. Basis / standard

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

328 بر اساسِ bar asās-e based on

329 بر مبنایِ bar mabnā-ye based on

330 بر پایهٔ bar pāye-ye based on

331 طبقِ tebeq-e according to

332 مطابقِ motābeq-e according to

333 برطبقِ bar-tebeq-e according to

334 بنا بر banā bar according to

335 به‌موجبِ be-mujeb-e pursuant to

336 با توجه به bā tavajjoh be with regard to

337 با درنظرگرفتنِ bā dar-nazar gereftan-e considering

27. Concession / despite

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

338 با وجودِ bā vojud-e despite

339 باوجودِ bāvojud-e despite

340 علی‌رغمِ ali-ram-e despite

341 برخلافِ bar-khelāf-e contrary to

342 علیرغمِ ali-reghm-e despite

343 با وجودِ اینکه bā vojud-e inke despite the fact that

344 علی‌رغمِ اینکه ali-ram-e inke despite the fact that

345 به‌رغمِ be-reghm-e despite

346 به‌رغمِ اینکه be-reghm-e inke despite the fact that

28. Relation / reference to a person or thing

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

347 نسبت به nesbat be toward; regarding

348 دربارهٔ darbāre-ye about

349 درموردِ dar-mored-e concerning

350 راجع‌به rāji' be regarding

351 درحقِ dar-haqq-e toward; concerning

352 درقبالِ dar-eqābal-e toward; in response to

353 درباره darbāre about

354 پیرامونِ pirāmun-e concerning

29. Important compound prepositions

These are extremely common in formal and written Persian.

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

355 به‌وسیلهٔ be-vasile-ye by means of

356 به‌واسطهٔ be-vāsete-ye through; by means of

357 به‌دلیلِ be-dalil-e because of

358 به‌علتِ be-ellat-e because of

359 به‌خاطرِ be-khāter-e because of

360 به‌منظورِ be-manzur-e for the purpose of

361 به‌قصدِ be-qasd-e with the intention of

362 به‌جایِ be-jā-ye instead of

363 به‌ازایِ be-azā-ye in exchange for; per

364 به‌جز be-joz except

365 به‌غیر از be-gheyr az except

366 به‌شرطِ be-shart-e on condition of

367 به‌رغمِ be-reghm-e despite

368 به‌دنبالِ be-donbāl-e following; in pursuit of

369 به‌سمتِ be-samt-e toward

370 به‌سویِ be-su-ye toward

371 به‌طرفِ be-taraf-e toward

372 به‌نفعِ be-naf'-e for the benefit of

373 به‌ضررِ be-zarar-e to the detriment of

374 به‌خلافِ be-khelāf-e contrary to

30. Important “در + noun” prepositional expressions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

375 درموردِ dar-mored-e about

376 درخصوصِ dar-khosus-e concerning

377 دربارهٔ darbāre-ye about

378 درمقابلِ dar-moqābel-e opposite / against

379 دربرابرِ dar-barābar-e against / before

380 درکنارِ dar-kenār-e beside

381 درمقابلِ dar-moqābel-e in contrast to

382 درمجاورتِ dar-mojāverat-e adjacent to

383 درونِ darun-e inside

384 درطولِ dar-tul-e throughout

385 درامتدادِ dar-emtadād-e along

386 درپیِ dar-pey-e following

387 دراثرِ dar-asar-e as a result of

388 درراستایِ dar-rāstā-ye in pursuit of

389 درزمینهٔ dar-zamine-ye in the field of

390 درقبالِ dar-eqābal-e toward / in response to

391 درحقِ dar-haqq-e regarding / toward

392 درمجاورتِ dar-mojāverat-e next to

31. Important “از + noun” prepositional expressions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

393 از طریقِ az tariq-e through; via

394 از راهِ az rāh-e by way of

395 از میانِ az miyān-e through; among

396 از بینِ az beyn-e through; between

397 از کنارِ az kenār-e from beside / past

398 از نزدِ az nazd-e from near

399 از طرفِ az taraf-e on behalf of

400 از سویِ az su-ye from the side of / on behalf of

401 از جانبِ az jāneb-e from the side of / on behalf of

402 از بابتِ az bābat-e regarding / because of

403 از جهتِ az jehat-e regarding / because of

404 از نظرِ az nazar-e in terms of / from the standpoint of

405 از لحاظِ az lehāz-e in terms of

406 از حیثِ az heys-e in terms of

407 از جملهٔ az jomle-ye among; including

408 از قبیلِ az qabil-e such as; of the type of

409 از بابتِ az bābat-e because of / regarding

410 از دستِ az dast-e because of; at the hands of

411 از رویِ az ru-ye out of; based on

412 از سرِ az sar-e out of; because of

32. Important “با + noun” prepositional expressions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

413 با استفاده از bā estefāde az using

414 با کمکِ bā komak-e with the help of

415 با توجه به bā tavajjoh be with regard to

416 با وجودِ bā vojud-e despite

417 با وجودِ اینکه bā vojud-e inke despite the fact that

418 با توجه بهِ bā tavajjoh be considering

419 با درنظرگرفتنِ bā dar-nazar gereftan-e considering

420 با استناد به bā estenād be based on; citing

421 با تکیه بر bā tekiye bar relying on

422 با اتکا به bā etteکā be relying on

423 با همکاریِ bā hamkāri-ye in cooperation with

424 با همراهیِ bā hamrāhi-ye with the cooperation of

33. “بر + noun” constructions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

425 بر اساسِ bar asās-e based on

426 بر مبنایِ bar mabnā-ye based on

427 بر پایهٔ bar pāye-ye based on

428 برطبقِ bar-tebeq-e according to

429 بر ضدِ bar-zedd-e against

430 بر خلافِ bar-khelāf-e contrary to

431 بر رویِ bar ru-ye on top of

432 بر بالایِ bar bālā-ye above

433 بر اثرِ bar-asar-e as a result of

434 بر عهدهٔ bar ohde-ye on the responsibility of

435 بر دوشِ bar-dush-e on the shoulders of

436 بر مبنایِ bar-mabnā-ye on the basis of

34. “به + noun” constructions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

437 به‌دلیلِ be-dalil-e because of

438 به‌علتِ be-ellat-e because of

439 به‌خاطرِ be-khāter-e because of

440 به‌منظورِ be-manzur-e for the purpose of

441 به‌قصدِ be-qasd-e with the intention of

442 به‌وسیلهٔ be-vasile-ye by means of

443 به‌واسطهٔ be-vāsete-ye through

444 به‌جایِ be-jā-ye instead of

445 به‌ازایِ be-azā-ye in exchange for

446 به‌رغمِ be-reghm-e despite

447 به‌شرطِ be-shart-e on condition of

448 به‌استثنایِ be-estesnā-ye except for

449 به‌سمتِ be-samt-e toward

450 به‌سویِ be-su-ye toward

451 به‌طرفِ be-taraf-e toward

452 به‌نفعِ be-naf'-e for the benefit of

453 به‌ضررِ be-zarar-e to the detriment of

454 به‌کمکِ be-komak-e with the help of

455 به‌دنبالِ be-donbāl-e following / in pursuit of

35. “تا” constructions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

456 تا tā until

457 تا زمانِ tā zamān-e until the time of

458 تا پایانِ tā pāyān-e until the end of

459 تا آخرِ tā ākhār-e until the end of

460 تا نزدیکیِ tā nazdiki-ye up to near

461 تا حدودِ tā hodud-e up to approximately

462 تا حدِ tā hadd-e up to the limit of

463 تا سرحدِ tā sar-hadd-e up to the border/limit of

464 از ... تا ... az ... tā ... from ... to ...

36. “بی / بدون” constructions

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

465 بی bi without

466 بدونِ bedun-e without

467 بدونِ درنظرگرفتنِ bedun-e dar-nazar gereftan-e without considering

468 بدونِ توجه به bedun-e tavajjoh be without regard to

469 بی‌دلیل bi-dalil without reason

470 بی‌استثنا bi-estesnā without exception

471 بی‌واسطه bi-vāsete directly; without intermediary

472 بی‌آنکه bi-ānke without

37. “به‌عنوان” / role

# Persian Transliteration English meaning

473 به‌عنوانِ be-onvān-e as; in the capacity of

474 به‌مثابهٔ be-mesābe-ye as; in the role of

475 در مقامِ dar maqām-e in the capacity of

476 در نقشِ dar naqsh-e in the role of

477 به‌صورتِ be-surat-e in the form of

478 به‌شکلِ be-shekl-e in the form of

479 به‌عنوان be-onvān as

38. “Regarding / concerning” — especially useful

Persian Transliteration English

دربارهٔ darbāre-ye about

راجع‌به rāji' be about

درموردِ dar-mored-e regarding

درخصوصِ dar-khosus-e concerning

پیرامونِ pirāmun-e concerning

دربابِ dar-bāb-e concerning

درزمینهٔ dar-zamine-ye concerning / in the field of

نسبت به nesbat be regarding

دررابطه‌با dar-rābete bā in relation to

درارتباط با dar-ertebāt bā in connection with

39. “According to / based on” — especially useful

Persian Transliteration English

طبقِ tebeq-e according to

مطابقِ motābeq-e according to

بر اساسِ bar asās-e based on

بر مبنایِ bar mabnā-ye based on

بر پایهٔ bar pāye-ye based on

بنا بر banā bar according to

بنابر banābar according to

به‌موجبِ be-mujeb-e pursuant to

با توجه به bā tavajjoh be considering

با استناد به bā estenād be based on / according to

12- DETERMINERS

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 این in this

2 آن ān that

3 این‌همه in-hame all this / so much of this

4 آن‌همه ān-hame all that / so much of that

5 همین hamin this very / this same

6 همان hamān that very / that same

7 همین‌یک hamin-yek this very one

8 همان‌یک hamān-yek that very one

9 این‌چنین in-chenin such a / this kind of

10 آن‌چنان ān-chenān such a / that kind of

11 این‌گونه in-gune this kind of

12 آن‌گونه ān-gune that kind of

13 چنین chenin such / this kind of

14 چنان chenān such / that kind of

Examples

Persian Transliteration English

این کتاب را می‌خوانم. in ketāb rā mikhanam I am reading this book.

آن مرد معلم است. ān mard mo'allem ast That man is a teacher.

همین کتاب را می‌خواهم. hamin ketāb rā mikhāham I want this very book.

همان خانه را دیدم. hamān khāne rā didam I saw that same house.

2. Possessive Determiners

Persian possessive forms normally come after the noun rather than before it.

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 من man my / of me

2 تو to your / of you

3 او u his / her / its

4 ما mā our / of us

5 شما shomā your / of you

6 آنها ānhā their / of them

7 ایشان ishān their / his/her (formal)

8 خود khod one's own

9 خویش khish one's own / own

More commonly, possessive relationships are expressed with ezāfe:

Persian Transliteration English

کتاب من ketāb-e man my book

کتاب تو ketāb-e to your book

کتاب او ketāb-e u his/her book

کتاب ما ketāb-e mā our book

کتاب شما ketāb-e shomā your book

کتاب آنها ketāb-e ānhā their book

کتاب خودم ketāb-e khodam my own book

Enclitic possessive forms

# Persian Transliteration English

1 ـم -am my

2 ـت -at your

3 ـش -ash his / her / its

4 ـمان -emān our

5 ـتان -etān your

6 ـشان -eshān their

Examples:

Persian Transliteration English

کتابم ketābam my book

کتابت ketābat your book

کتابش ketābash his/her book

کتابمان ketābemān our book

کتابتان ketābetān your book

کتابشان ketābeshān their book

3. Indefinite Determiners

Persian does not have an exact equivalent of English a/an. The most important indefinite markers are:

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 یک yek a / one

2 یه ye a / one (colloquial)

3 -ی -i an indefinite / some / any

4 کسی kasi someone / somebody

5 چیزی chizi something

6 جایی jāyi somewhere

7 وقتی vaghti a time / sometime

8 روزی ruzi one day / someday

9 مردی mardi a man

10 زنی zani a woman

Examples

Persian Transliteration English

یک کتاب خریدم. yek ketāb kharidam I bought a book.

کتابی خریدم. ketābi kharidam I bought a book / some book.

مردی آمد. mardi āmad A man came.

چیزی دیدم. chizi didam I saw something.

4. Definite Determination

Persian has no standalone definite article equivalent to English “the.”

Persian Formation Transliteration English Meaning

Ø + noun Ø + noun the noun / a contextually definite noun

noun + را noun + rā the specific noun as a definite direct object

این + noun in + noun this noun

آن + noun ān + noun that noun

همین + noun hamin + noun this very noun

همان + noun hamān + noun that same noun

Examples:

Persian Transliteration English

کتاب روی میز است. ketāb ru-ye miz ast The book is on the table.

کتاب را خواندم. ketāb rā khāndam I read the book.

این کتاب را خواندم. in ketāb rā khāndam I read this book.

را (rā) is technically an object marker, not a definite article, but it often helps identify a specific/definite direct object.

5. Quantifying Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 همه hame all / everyone

2 تمام tamām all / entire

3 کل kol all / whole

4 هر har every / each

5 هر یک har yek each one

6 هرکدام har kodām each one / each

7 هر دو har do both / every two

8 هر سه har se all three / each of the three

9 بعضی ba'zi some / certain

10 برخی barkhi some / certain

11 چند chand several / a few

12 چندین chandin several / numerous

13 مقدار meghdār amount of

14 میزان mizān amount / degree of

15 تعداد te'dād number of

16 شمار shomār number / quantity

17 یک‌سری yek-seri a number of / a series of

18 یک‌مقدار yek-meghdār some / a certain amount of

19 یک‌عالمه yek-āleme a whole lot of

20 کلی kolli lots of / a great deal of

21 فراوان farāvān abundant / plenty of

22 بسیار besyār very much / many

23 فراوانی farāvāni a great amount of / many

6. Universal Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 هر har every / each

2 همه hame all

3 تمام tamām all / entire

4 کل kol the whole / entire

5 هر یک har yek each one

6 هرکدام har kodām each / each one

7 هر دو har do both

8 همگی hamegi all of them

9 همۀ hame-ye all of the

10 تمامی tamāmi all / entire

Examples:

Persian Transliteration English

هر دانش‌آموز کتاب دارد. har dānesh-āmuz ketāb dārad Every student has a book.

همهٔ دانش‌آموزان آمدند. hame-ye dānesh-āmuzān āmadand All the students came.

تمام خانه را تمیز کردم. tamām-e khāne rā tamiz kardam I cleaned the entire house.

هر دو کتاب را خواندم. har do ketāb rā khāndam I read both books.

7. Negative Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 هیچ hich no / any

2 هیچ‌یک hich-yek neither / none / not any one

3 هیچ‌کدام hich-kodām none / neither

4 هیچ‌کس hich-kas nobody / no one

5 هیچ‌چیز hich-chiz nothing

6 هیچ‌کس‌وکار hich-kas-o-kār no one

7 هیچ‌گونه hich-gune no kind of / no sort of

8 هیچ نوع hich no' no type/kind of

9 هیچ‌کدام از hich-kodām az none of

10 هیچ‌یک از hich-yek az none of

Examples:

Persian Transliteration English

هیچ کتابی ندارم. hich ketābi nadāram I don't have any book.

هیچ‌کس نیامد. hich-kas nayāmad Nobody came.

هیچ‌چیز نمی‌خواهم. hich-chiz nemikhāham I don't want anything.

هیچ‌کدام از آنها نیامدند. hich-kodām az ānhā nayāmadand None of them came.

8. Interrogative Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 کدام kodām which

2 کدام‌یک kodām-yek which one

3 کدام‌یک از kodām-yek az which one of

4 چه che what / which

5 چه‌نوع che-no' what kind of

6 چه‌گونه che-gune what kind of

7 چند chand how many / several

8 چندین chandin how many / several

9 چقدر cheghadr how much

10 چه مقدار che meghdār how much / what amount

11 چه تعداد che te'dād how many / what number

12 کدام‌یک از kodām-yek az which of

Examples:

Persian Transliteration English

کدام کتاب را می‌خواهی؟ kodām ketāb rā mikhāhi? Which book do you want?

چه کتابی می‌خوانی؟ che ketābi mikhāni? What book are you reading?

چند کتاب داری؟ chand ketāb dāri? How many books do you have?

چه مقدار آب می‌خواهی؟ che meghdār āb mikhāhi? How much water do you want?

9. Indefinite / Non-specific Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 یک yek a / one

2 یکی yeki one / one of them

3 یک‌چیزی yek-chizi something

4 کسی kasi someone

5 کسانی kasāni some people / people who

6 چیزی chizi something / anything

7 جاهایی jāhāyi some places

8 بعضی ba'zi some / certain

9 برخی barkhi some / certain

10 بعضی‌از ba'zi az some of

11 برخی از barkhi az some of

12 تعدادی te'dādi a number of / several

13 شماری shomāri a number of

14 عده‌ای edde-i a number of / some

15 گروهی goruhi a group of / some

16 دسته‌ای daste-i a group of / a number of

17 یک‌سری yek-seri a number of

18 یکی از yeki az one of

10. Distributive Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 هر har every / each

2 هر یک har yek each one

3 هرکدام har kodām each / each one

4 هر دو har do both

5 هر سه har se all three

6 به‌ازای هر be-azā-ye har for each

7 برای هر barā-ye har for each

8 هر بار har bār every time

9 هر روز har ruz every day

10 هر سال har sāl every year

11 هر نفر har nafar each person

12 هر کس har kas everyone / whoever

11. Collective Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 همه hame all

2 همگی hamegi all of them

3 تمام tamām all / entire

4 تمامی tamāmi all

5 کل kol whole / entire

6 هر دو har do both

7 هر سه har se all three

8 مجموع majmu' total / entire amount

9 مجموعۀ majmu'e-ye the set/group of

12. Partitive Determiners

These express some/part of a larger group or quantity.

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 بعضی از ba'zi az some of

2 برخی از barkhi az some of

3 تعدادی از te'dādi az some / a number of

4 شماری از shomāri az a number of

5 عده‌ای از edde-i az some of / a number of

6 بخشی از bakhshi az part of

7 قسمتی از ghesmati az part of

8 مقداری از meghdāri az some of / an amount of

9 مقداری meghdāri some / an amount

10 نیمی از nimi az half of

11 نصفِ nesf-e half of

12 بیشترِ bishtar-e most/more of

13 کمترِ kamtar-e less/fewer of

14 بسیاری از besyāri az many of

15 بسیاری besyāri many / much

13. Numerical Determiners

Persian cardinal numbers can determine nouns.

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 یک yek one

2 دو do two

3 سه se three

4 چهار chahār four

5 پنج panj five

6 شش shesh six

7 هفت haft seven

8 هشت hasht eight

9 نه noh nine

10 ده dah ten

11 یازده yāzdah eleven

12 دوازده davāzdah twelve

13 سیزده sizdah thirteen

14 چهارده chahārdah fourteen

15 پانزده pānzdah fifteen

16 شانزده shānzdah sixteen

17 هفده hefdah seventeen

18 هجده hejdah eighteen

19 نوزده nuzdah nineteen

20 بیست bist twenty

21 سی si thirty

22 چهل chehel forty

23 پنجاه panjāh fifty

24 شصت shast sixty

25 هفتاد haftād seventy

26 هشتاد hashtād eighty

27 نود navad ninety

28 صد sad hundred

29 هزار hezār thousand

30 میلیون milyun million

31 میلیارد milyārd billion

Example:

Persian Transliteration English

سه کتاب خریدم. se ketāb kharidam I bought three books.

پنج دانش‌آموز آمدند. panj dānesh-āmuz āmadand Five students came.

14. Approximate-Quantity Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 حدود hodud approximately / about

2 حدودِ hodud-e about / approximately

3 تقریباً taghriban approximately

4 نزدیک به nazdik be close to / nearly

5 بیش از bish az more than

6 کمتر از kamtar az less than

7 بیش از چند bish az chand more than several

8 کمتر از چند kamtar az chand fewer than several

9 چندین chandin several / numerous

10 چند تا chand tā several / a few

11 ده‌ها dah-hā dozens of

12 صدها sad-hā hundreds of

13 هزاران hezārān thousands of

14 میلیون‌ها milyun-hā millions of

15 چندین‌تا chandin-tā several

15. Comparative / Quantity Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 بیشتر bishtar more / more of

2 کمتر kamtar less / fewer

3 بیشترین bishtarin the most / maximum

4 کمترین kamtarin the least / minimum

5 بیشترِ bishtar-e more of

6 کمترِ kamtar-e less of

7 بیشترینِ bishtarin-e the most of

8 کمترینِ kamtarin-e the least of

9 مقدار بیشتری از meghdār-e bishtari az a greater amount of

10 مقدار کمتری از meghdār-e kamtari az a smaller amount of

16. Whole / Entire Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 تمام tamām all / entire

2 تمامی tamāmi entire / all

3 کل kol whole / entire

4 همهٔ hame-ye all of the

5 سرتاسرِ sartāsar-e all over / entire

6 سراسرِ sarāsar-e throughout / entire

7 یک‌سره yek-sare whole / continuous

8 مجموعِ majmu'-e the total of

17. “Other / Another” Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 دیگر digar other / another

2 یک دیگر yek digar another / each other

3 دیگری digari another / another one

4 دیگران digarān others

5 چیز دیگری chiz-e digari something else

6 فرد دیگری fard-e digari another person

7 جای دیگری jā-ye digari another place

8 بار دیگر bār-e digar another time / once again

18. “Same / Exact” Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 همان hamān the same / that very

2 همین hamin the same / this very

3 عینِ ayn-e the exact same

4 همان‌یک hamān-yek that very one

5 همین‌یک hamin-yek this very one

6 خودِ khod-e the very / the actual

7 عیناً همان aynan hamān exactly the same

19. Fractional Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 نصف nesf half

2 نیم nim half

3 یک‌سوم yek-som one third

4 یک‌چهارم yek-chahārom one fourth

5 یک‌پنجم yek-panjom one fifth

6 دو سوم do-sevom two thirds

7 سه چهارم se chahārom three quarters

8 چند درصد chand darsad several percent / what percent

9 درصدی از darsadi az a percentage of

10 نیمی از nimi az half of

11 بخشی از bakhshi az part of

12 قسمتی از ghesmati az part of

20. “Enough / Sufficient” Determiners

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 کافی kāfi enough / sufficient

2 به‌اندازهٔ کافی be-andāze-ye kāfi enough

3 به‌اندازه be-andāze enough / to the extent

4 به مقدار کافی be meghdār-e kāfi a sufficient amount of

5 به میزان کافی be mizān-e kāfi a sufficient amount of

Example:

Persian Transliteration English

غذای کافی داریم. ghazā-ye kāfi dārim We have enough food.

پول کافی ندارم. pul-e kāfi nadāram I don't have enough money.

21. “A Lot / Many / Much” Determiner-Like Forms

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 بسیار besyār much / many

2 خیلی kheili much / many / a lot of

3 زیاد ziyād much / many / a lot of

4 فراوان farāvān abundant / plentiful

5 کلی kolli lots of / a lot of

6 تعداد زیادی te'dād-e ziyādi a large number of

7 مقدار زیادی meghdār-e ziyādi a large amount of

8 افراد زیادی afrād-e ziyādi many people

9 چیزهای زیادی chizhā-ye ziyādi many things

22. “Few / Little” Determiner-Like Forms

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 کم kam little / few

2 کمی kami a little / some

3 اندکی اندکی a little / slightly

4 چند chand a few

5 تعداد کمی te'dād-e kami a small number of

6 مقدار کمی meghdār-e kami a small amount of

7 تعداد اندکی te'dād-e andaki a small number of

8 مقدار اندکی meghdār-e andaki a small amount of

Correction: the transliteration of اندکی is andaki.

23. “Any” Determiner Expressions

Persian expresses English any in several ways depending on context.

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 هیچ hich any / no

2 هر har any / every

3 هرگونه hargune any kind of

4 هر نوع har no' any type of

5 هر کدام har kodām any one / whichever

6 هر چیزی har chizi anything / anything whatsoever

7 هر کسی har kasi anyone / whoever

8 هر جا har jā anywhere

9 هر وقت har vaght anytime / whenever

24. Gender/Number Agreement

Unlike many European languages, Persian determiners generally do not change for grammatical gender, because Persian nouns have no grammatical gender.

For example:

Persian Transliteration English

این مرد in mard this man

این زن in zan this woman

این کتاب in ketāb this book

این خانه in khāne this house

این (in) remains the same.

Plural nouns can also use the same demonstrative:

Persian Transliteration English

این مردان in mardān these men

این زنان in zanān these women

این کتاب‌ها in ketāb-hā these books

25. Major Determiner Formation Patterns

# Persian Formation Transliteration English Meaning

1 این + اسم in + esm this + noun

2 آن + اسم ān + esm that + noun

3 همین + اسم hamin + esm this very + noun

4 همان + اسم hamān + esm that same + noun

5 هر + اسم har + esm every + noun

6 هیچ + اسم hich + esm no/any + noun

7 یک + اسم yek + esm a/one + noun

8 چند + اسم chand + esm several/how many + noun

9 بعضی + از + اسم ba'zi + az + esm some of + noun

10 برخی + از + اسم barkhi + az + esm some of + noun

11 همهٔ + اسم hame-ye + esm all of the + noun

12 تمام + اسم tamām + esm all/entire + noun

13 کل + اسم kol + esm whole/entire + noun

14 عدد + اسم adad + esm number + noun

15 تعداد + اسم te'dād + esm number of + noun

16 مقدار + اسم meghdār + esm amount of + noun

17 یک + اسم + -ی yek + esm + -i an indefinite noun

18 اسم + -ی esm + -i an indefinite noun

19 اسم + مالک esm + mālek possessed noun

20 اسم + اضافه + مالک esm + ezāfe + mālek noun + possessive

13- IF CONDITIONAL

Zero Conditional اگر + present, present agar + present, present اگر بخوری، سیر می‌شوی agar bokhori, sir mi-shavi If you eat, you become full

First Conditional اگر + subjunctive, future/present agar + subjunctive, future/present اگر بیایی، می‌روم agar biyâyi, mi-ravam If you come, I will go

Second Conditional اگر + past, می‌ + past stem agar + past, mi- + past stem اگر پول داشتم، می‌خریدم agar pul dâshtam, mi-kharidam If I had money, I would buy

Third Conditional اگر + past perfect, می‌ + past stem + بود agar + past perfect, mi- + past stem + bud اگر خوانده بودم، قبول می‌شدم agar khânde budam, qabul mi-shodam If I had studied/read, I would have passed

Mixed Conditional اگر + past perfect, past/present state agar + past perfect, past/present state اگر ورزش کرده بودم، سالم‌تر بودم agar varzesh karde budam, sâlem-tar budam If I had exercised, I would be healthier

من می‌خوردم mi-khordam I would eat

تو می‌خوردی mi-khordi You would eat

او می‌خورد mi-khord He/She would eat

ما می‌خوردیم mi-khordim We would eat

شما می‌خوردید mi-khordid You would eat

آنها می‌خوردند mi-khordand They would eat

من خورده بودم khorde budam I would have eaten

تو خورده بودی khorde budi You would have eaten

او خورده بود khorde bud He/She would have eaten

ما خورده بودیم khorde budim We would have eaten

شما خورده بودید khorde budid You would have eaten

آنها خورده بودند khorde budand They would have eaten

Past habit:

من می‌خوردم mi-khordam I would eat

تو می‌خوردی mi-khordi You would eat

او می‌خورد mi-khord He/She would eat

ما می‌خوردیم mi-khordim We would eat

شما می‌خوردید mi-khordid You would eat

آنها می‌خوردند mi-khordand They would eat

Future in the past (was going to/would):

من می‌خواستم بخورم mikhâstam bokhoram I would eat

تو می‌خواستی بخوری mikhâsti bokhori You would eat

او می‌خواست بخورد mikhâst bokhorad He/She would eat

ما می‌خواستیم بخوریم mikhâstim bokhorim We would eat

شما می‌خواستید بخورید mikhâstid bokhorid You would eat

آنها می‌خواستند بخورند mikhâstand bokhorand They would eat

Would Like (Polite):

من می‌خواستم بخورم mikhâstam bokhoram I would like to eat

تو می‌خواستی بخوری mikhâsti bokhori You would like to eat

او می‌خواست بخورد mikhâst bokhorad He/She would like to eat

ما می‌خواستیم بخوریم mikhâstim bokhorim We would like to eat

شما می‌خواستید بخورید mikhâstid bokhorid You would like to eat

آنها می‌خواستند بخورند mikhâstand bokhorand They would like to eat

من گفتم که می‌خوردم goftam ke mi-khordam I said I would eat

تو گفتی که می‌خوردی gofti ke mi-khordi You said you would eat

او گفت که می‌خورد goft ke mi-khord He said he would eat

ما گفتیم که می‌خوردیم goftim ke mi-khordim We said we would eat

شما گفتید که می‌خوردید goftid ke mi-khordid You said you would eat

آنها گفتند که می‌خوردند goftand ke mi-khordand They said they would eat

من خورده می‌شدم khorde mi-shodam I would be eaten

تو خورده می‌شدی khorde mi-shodi You would be eaten

او خورده می‌شد khorde mi-shod He/She/It would be eaten

ما خورده می‌شدیم khorde mi-shodim We would be eaten

شما خورده می‌شدید khorde mi-shodid You would be eaten

آنها خورده می‌شدند khorde mi-shodand They would be eaten

من خورده می‌شدم khorde mi-shodam I used to be eaten

تو خورده می‌شدی khorde mi-shodi You used to be eaten

او خورده می‌شد khorde mi-shod He/She was usually eaten

ما خورده می‌شدیم khorde mi-shodim We used to be eaten

شما خورده می‌شدید khorde mi-shodid You used to be eaten

آنها خورده می‌شدند khorde mi-shodand They used to be eaten

من خورده شده بودم khorde shode budam I would have been eaten

تو خورده شده بودی khorde shode budi You would have been eaten

او خورده شده بود khorde shode bud He/She would have been eaten

ما خورده شده بودیم khorde shode budim We would have been eaten

شما خورده شده بودید khorde shode budid You would have been eaten

آنها خورده شده بودند khorde shode budand They would have been eaten

من قرار بود خورده شوم qarâr bud khorde shavam I was going to be eaten

تو قرار بود خورده شوی qarâr bud khorde shavi You were going to be eaten

او قرار بود خورده شود qarâr bud khorde shavad He/She was going to be eaten

ما قرار بود خورده شویم qarâr bud khorde shavim We were going to be eaten

شما قرار بود خورده شوید qarâr bud khorde shavid You were going to be eaten

آنها قرار بود خورده شوند qarâr bud khorde shavand They were going to be eaten

Would like (polite) (passive):

من می‌خواستم خورده شوم mikhâstam khorde shavam

تو می‌خواستی خورده شوی mikhâsti khorde shavi

او می‌خواست خورده شود mikhâst khorde shavad

ما می‌خواستیم خورده شویم mikhâstim khorde shavim

شما می‌خواستید خورده شوید mikhâstid khorde shavid

آنها می‌خواستند خورده شوند mikhâstand khorde shavand

Reported would (you said you would eat, etc....):

من گفتم که خورده می‌شدم goftam ke khorde mi-shodam

تو گفتی که خورده می‌شدی gofti ke khorde mi-shodi

او گفت که خورده می‌شد goft ke khorde mi-shod

ما گفتیم که خورده می‌شدیم goftim ke khorde mi-shodim

شما گفتید که خورده می‌شدید goftid ke khorde mi-shodid

آنها گفتند که خورده می‌شدند goftand ke khorde mi-shodand

NEGATIVE:

من خورده نمی‌شدم khorde nemi-shodam I would not be eaten

تو خورده نمی‌شدی khorde nemi-shodi You would not be eaten

او خورده نمی‌شد khorde nemi-shod He/She/It would not be eaten

ما خورده نمی‌شدیم khorde nemi-shodim We would not be eaten

شما خورده نمی‌شدید khorde nemi-shodid You would not be eaten

آنها خورده نمی‌شدند khorde nemi-shodand They would not be eaten

من نمی‌خوردم nemi-khordam I would not eat

تو نمی‌خوردی nemi-khordi You would not eat

او نمی‌خورد nemi-khord He/She would not eat

ما نمی‌خوردیم nemi-khordim We would not eat

شما نمی‌خوردید nemi-khordid You would not eat

آنها نمی‌خوردند nemi-khordand They would not eat

من نخورده بودم nakhorde budam I would not have eaten

تو نخورده بودی nakhorde budi You would not have eaten

او نخورده بود nakhorde bud He/She would not have eaten

ما نخورده بودیم nakhorde budim We would not have eaten

شما نخورده بودید nakhorde budid You would not have eaten

آنها نخورده بودند nakhorde budand They would not have eaten

من گفتم که نمی‌خوردم goftam ke nemi-khordam I said I would not eat

تو گفتی که نمی‌خوردی gofti ke nemi-khordi You said you would not eat

او گفت که نمی‌خورد goft ke nemi-khord He said he would not eat

ما گفتیم که نمی‌خوردیم goftim ke nemi-khordim We said we would not eat

شما گفتید که نمی‌خوردید goftid ke nemi-khordid You said you would not eat

آنها گفتند که نمی‌خوردند goftand ke nemi-khordand They said they would not eat

من خورده نشده بودم khorde nashode budam I would not have been eaten

تو خورده نشده بودی khorde nashode budi You would not have been eaten

او خورده نشده بود khorde nashode bud He/She would not have been eaten

ما خورده نشده بودیم khorde nashode budim We would not have been eaten

شما خورده نشده بودید khorde nashode budid You would not have been eaten

آنها خورده نشده بودند khorde nashode budand They would not have been eaten

من قرار نبود خورده شوم qarâr nabud khorde shavam I was not going to be eaten

تو قرار نبود خورده شوی qarâr nabud khorde shavi You were not going to be eaten

او قرار نبود خورده شود qarâr nabud khorde shavad He/She was not going to be eaten

ما قرار نبود خورده شویم qarâr nabud khorde shavim We were not going to be eaten

شما قرار نبود خورده شوید qarâr nabud khorde shavid You were not going to be eaten

آنها قرار نبود خورده شوند qarâr nabud khorde shavand They were not going to be eaten

من گفتم که خورده نمی‌شدم goftam ke khorde nemi-shodam

تو گفتی که خورده نمی‌شدی gofti ke khorde nemi-shodi

او گفت که خورده نمی‌شد goft ke khorde nemi-shod

ما گفتیم که خورده نمی‌شدیم goftim ke khorde nemi-shodim

شما گفتید که خورده نمی‌شدید goftid ke khorde nemi-shodid

آنها گفتند که خورده نمی‌شدند goftand ke khorde nemi-shodand

if اگر agar

when وقتی / وقتی که vaghti / vaghti ke

whenever هر وقت har vaght

as soon as به محض اینکه be mahz-e inke

until تا وقتی که tâ vaghti ke

unless مگر اینکه magar inke

even if حتی اگر hattâ agar

only if فقط اگر faqat agar

provided that به شرط اینکه be šart-e inke

as long as تا زمانی که tâ zamâni ke

in case در صورتی که dar surati ke

suppose فرض کنید farz konid

whether آیا...یا نه âyâ...yâ na

otherwise وگرنه vagarne

whether or not چه...چه che...che

before قبل از اینکه qabl az inke

after بعد از اینکه ba'd az inke

14- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

Positive adjective adjective بزرگ big

Comparative adjective + تر adj + -tar بزرگ‌تر bigger

Comparative + than adj + تر + از adj-tar + az از او بزرگ‌تر bigger than him

More adjective + تر adj + -tar زیباتر more beautiful

Less کمتر + adjective kamtar + adj کمتر مهم less important

Superlative adjective + ترین adj + -tarin بزرگ‌ترین biggest

Most adjective + ترین adj + -tarin زیباترین most beautiful

As...as به اندازهٔ + adjective be andâze-ye + adj به اندازهٔ او بزرگ as big as him

Not as...as به اندازهٔ ... نیست be andâze-ye ... nist به اندازهٔ او بزرگ نیست not as big as him

More and more comparative + و + comparative adj-tar o adj-tar بزرگ‌تر و بزرگ‌تر bigger and bigger

Less and less کمتر و کمتر + adjective kamtar o kamtar + adj کمتر و کمتر مهم less and less important

The more..., the more... هرچه + comparative..., comparative harče + comparative..., comparative هرچه بیشتر... بیشتر... the more..., the more...

Very خیلی + adjective kheyli + adj خیلی بزرگ very big

Extremely بسیار + adjective besyâr + adj بسیار مهم extremely/very important

Ali is taller than Reza. علی از رضا بلندتر است. Ali az Rezâ boland-tar ast.

This house is bigger than that house. این خانه از آن خانه بزرگ‌تر است. in khâne az ân khâne bozorg-tar ast.

My car is faster than your car. ماشین من از ماشین تو سریع‌تر است. mâšin-e man az mâšin-e to sari'-tar ast.

Sara is younger than Maryam. سارا از مریم جوان‌تر است. Sârâ az Maryam javân-tar ast.

This book is more interesting than that book. این کتاب از آن کتاب جالب‌تر است. in ketâb az ân ketâb jâleb-tar ast.

Persian is easier than Arabic. فارسی از عربی آسان‌تر است. Fârsi az Arabi âsân-tar ast.

This car is more expensive than that one. این ماشین از آن یکی گران‌تر است. in mâšin az ân yeki gerân-tar ast.

Today is colder than yesterday. امروز از دیروز سردتر است. emruz az diruz sard-tar ast.

My brother is older than me. برادرم از من بزرگ‌تر است. barâdaram az man bozorg-tar ast.

She is more beautiful than her sister. او از خواهرش زیباتر است. u az khâharaš zibâ-tar ast.

This problem is more difficult than the previous one. این مسئله از مسئلهٔ قبلی سخت‌تر است. in mas'ale az mas'ale-ye ghabli sakht-tar ast.

He runs faster than me. او از من سریع‌تر می‌دود. u az man sari'-tar midavad.

I work more than him. من از او بیشتر کار می‌کنم. man az u bištar kâr mikonam.

She eats less than me. او از من کمتر غذا می‌خورد. u az man kamtar ghazâ mikhorad.

This method is better than that method. این روش از آن روش بهتر است. in ravesh az ân ravesh behtar ast.

15- RELATIVE CLAUSES

who که ke

which که ke

that که ke

whose که + possessive ke + -aš

where جایی که jâyi ke

when وقتی که / روزی که vaghti ke / ruzi ke

why دلیلی که dalili ke

whoever هر کسی که har kasi ke

whatever هر چیزی که har chizi ke

Who noun + که + verb noun + ke + verb مردی که آمد the man who came

That/which noun + که + clause noun + ke + clause کتابی که خواندم the book that I read

Whom noun + که + subject + verb noun + ke + subject + verb مردی که دیدم the man whom I saw

Whose noun + که + noun + possessive noun + ke + noun + possessive مردی که ماشینش قرمز است the man whose car is red

Where place + که + clause place + ke + clause خانه‌ای که در آن زندگی می‌کنم the house where I live

When time + که + clause time + ke + clause روزی که آمدم the day when I came

With whom noun + که + با + pronoun + clause noun + ke + bâ + pronoun + clause کسی که با او صحبت کردم the person I spoke with

Object with resumptive pronoun noun + که + pronoun + را + verb noun + ke + pronoun râ + verb کتابی که آن را خواندم the book that I read

Someone who کسی که + clause kasi ke + clause کسی که آمد someone who came

Something that چیزی که + clause chizi ke + clause چیزی که می‌خواهم something that I want

Relative clauses can omit relative pronouns, however this is optional:

who does action noun + -نده

action completed noun + past participle

passive action noun + شده

adjective description noun + adjective

can be done noun + شدنی

16- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech: Subject + گفتن (goftan) + : + "exact words"

Reported Speech:

Statement Subject + گفت + که + clause Subject + goft + ke + clause گفت که او خسته است. goft ke u khaste ast He said that he was tired.

Yes/No Question Subject + پرسید ) + که + آیا + clause Subject + porsid + ke + âyâ + clause پرسید که آیا می‌آیم. porsid ke âyâ mi-âyam He asked if I was coming.

WH Question (Who) Subject + پرسید + که + چه کسی + verb Subject + porsid + ke + che kasi + verb پرسید که چه کسی آمد. porsid ke che kasi âm-ad He asked who came.

WH Question (What) Subject + پرسید + که + چه + subject + verb Subject + porsid + ke + che + subject + verb پرسید که چه می‌خورم. porsid ke che mikhoram He asked what I was eating.

WH Question (Where) Subject + پرسید + که + کجا + subject + verb Subject + porsid + ke + kojâ + subject + verb پرسید که کجا می‌روم. porsid ke kojâ miravam He asked where I was going.

WH Question (When) Subject + پرسید + که + کی / چه وقت + subject + verb Subject + porsid + ke + key / che vaght + subject + verb پرسید که کی می‌آیم. porsid ke key mi-âyam He asked when I was coming.

WH Question (Why) Subject + پرسید + که + چرا + subject + verb Subject + porsid + ke + cherâ + subject + verb پرسید که چرا گریه می‌کنم. porsid ke cherâ gerye mikonam He asked why I was crying.

WH Question (How) Subject + پرسید + که + چطور / چگونه + subject + verb Subject + porsid + ke + chetor / chegune + subject + verb پرسید که چطور این کار را کردم. porsid ke chetor in kâr râ kardam He asked how I did this.

WH Question (Which) Subject + پرسید + که + کدام + noun + را + subject + verb Subject + porsid + ke + kodâm + noun + râ + subject + verb پرسید که کدام کتاب را می‌خوانم. porsid ke kodâm ketâb râ mikhanam He asked which book I was reading.

WH Question (How many) Subject + پرسید + که + چند + noun + subject + verb Subject + porsid + ke + chand + noun + subject + verb پرسید که چند کتاب دارم. porsid ke chand ketâb dâram He asked how many books I had.

Command Subject + گفت + که + subjunctive verb Subject + goft + ke + subjunctive verb گفت که بروم. goft ke beravam He told me to go.

Negative Command Subject + گفت + که + نـ (na-) + subjunctive verb Subject + goft + ke + na- + subjunctive verb گفت که نروم. goft ke naravam He told me not to go.

Request Subject + خواست (khâst) + که + subjunctive verb Subject + khâst + ke + subjunctive verb خواست که کمک کنم. khâst ke komak konam He asked me to help.

Advice Subject + گفت + که + باید + verb Subject + goft + ke + bâyad + verb گفت که باید بیشتر بخوانم. goft ke bâyad bištar bekhânam He said that I should study more.

Offer Subject + گفت + که + present/future verb Subject + goft + ke + present/future verb گفت که کمکم می‌کند. goft ke komakam mikonad He said that he would help me.

Promise Subject + گفت + که + future verb Subject + goft + ke + future verb گفت که به من زنگ می‌زند. goft ke be man zang mizanad He said that he would call me.

Future Subject + گفت + که + خواهد + verb stem / present verb Subject + goft + ke + khâhad + verb stem / present verb گفت که خواهد رفت / می‌رود. goft ke khâhad raft / miravad He said that he would go.

Past Subject + گفت + که + past participle + بود Subject + goft + ke + past participle + bud گفت که رفته بود. goft ke rafte bud He said that he had gone.

Present Subject + گفت + که + میـ (mi-) + verb Subject + goft + ke + mi- + verb گفت که می‌رود. goft ke miravad He said that he was going.

17- INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS

to eat خوردن verb stem + ن

eating (activity) غذا خوردن infinitive

I like eating غذا خوردن را دوست دارم infinitive + را

before eating قبل از خوردن preposition + infinitive

while eating هنگام خوردن هنگام + infinitive

eating is good خوردن خوب است infinitive as noun

I am happy seeing you از دیدن تو خوشحالم az didan-e to khoshhâlam از + infinitive az + infinitive

FORMATION:

از az from / about preposition

دیدن didan seeing / to see infinitive (masdar)

ـِ -e of / linking sound ezâfe linker

تو to you object/possessor

خوشحال khoshhâl happy adjective

ـم -am I am / my 1st person singular ending

I am happy to see you خوشحالم که تو را می‌بینم khoshhâlam ke to râ mibinam adjective + که + clause adjective + ke + clause

FORMATION:

خوشحال khoshhâl happy adjective

ـم -am I am verb ending (هستم)

که ke that conjunction

تو to you object/person

را râ object marker marks definite direct object

می‌بینم mibinam I see verb

I plan to eat قصد دارم غذا بخورم ghasd dâram ghazâ bokhoram قصد داشتن + subjunctive ghasd dâshtan + subjunctive

FORMATION:

قصد ghasd intention / plan noun

دارم dâram I have verb

غذا ghazâ food noun

بخورم bokhoram I eat subjunctive verb

I plan eating قصد دارم غذا خوردن را برنامه‌ریزی کنم ghasd dâram ghazâ khordan râ barnâme-rizi konam قصد داشتن + infinitive ghasd dâshtan + infinitive

FORMATION:

قصد ghasd intention noun

دارم dâram I have verb

غذا ghazâ food noun

خوردن khordan eating / to eat infinitive used as noun

را râ object marker marks object

برنامه‌ریزی barnâme-rizi planning noun

کنم konam I do/make subjunctive verb

I see him run می‌بینم که او می‌دود mibinam ke u midavad دیدن + که + verb didan + ke + verb

FORMATION:

می‌بینم mibinam I see verb

که ke that conjunction

او u he/she subject

می‌دود midavad runs verb

I see him running می‌بینم که او دارد می‌دود mibinam ke u dârad midavad دیدن + که + continuous didan + ke + dârad + verb

FORMATION:

می‌بینم mibinam I see verb

که ke that conjunction

او u he/she subject

دارد dârad has/is auxiliary

می‌دود midavad runs/is running main verb

I eat to play / in order to play غذا می‌خورم تا بازی کنم ghazâ mikhoram tâ bâzi konam verb + تا + subjunctive verb + tâ + subjunctive

غذا ghazâ food noun

می‌خورم mikhoram I eat verb

تا tâ so that / in order to purpose marker

بازی bâzi play/game noun

کنم konam I do/play subjunctive verb

18- SUBJUNCTIVE

Want خواستن + subjunctive khâstan + subjunctive می‌خواهم بروم mikhâham beravam I want to go

Must باید + subjunctive bâyad + subjunctive باید بخوانم bâyad bekhânam I must study

Should بهتر است + subjunctive behtar ast + subjunctive بهتر است بروی behtar ast beravi You should go

Purpose تا + subjunctive tâ + subjunctive تا یاد بگیرم tâ yâd begiram In order to learn / so that I learn

Maybe شاید + subjunctive šâyad + subjunctive شاید بیاید šâyad biyâyad Maybe he/she comes

If اگر + subjunctive agar + subjunctive اگر بروم agar beravam If I go

Reported command گفت که + subjunctive goft ke + subjunctive گفت که بروم goft ke beravam He told me to go

19- TAG QUESTIONS

مگر نه؟ magar na? isn't it? / right?

درست است؟ dorost ast? is that correct?

نه؟ na? right? / isn't it?

اینطور نیست؟ intor nist? isn't it so?

موافقی؟ movâfeghi? do you agree?

قبول داری؟ ghabul dâri? do you admit/agree?

خسته هستی، مگر نه؟ khaste hasti, magar na? You are tired, aren't you?

Don't you eat? نمی‌خوری؟ nemikhori? ne + present verb

Aren't you tired? خسته نیستی؟ khaste nisti? adjective + negative "to be"

Didn't you go? نرفتی؟ narafti? na + past verb

Weren't you studying? درس نمی‌خواندی؟ dars nemikhândi? ne-mi + past ending

Won't you come? نمی‌آیی؟ nemiyâyi? negative present/future

Don't you want to eat? نمی‌خواهی غذا بخوری؟ nemikhâhi ghazâ bokhori? negative want + subjunctive

Why don't you come? چرا نمی‌آیی؟ cherâ nemiyâyi? چرا + negative verb

آیا نمی‌خوری؟ âyâ nemikhori? Don't you eat? / Aren't you eating?

20- MODAL WORDS

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 توانستن tavānestan to be able to / can

2 می‌توانم mitavānam I can / I am able to

3 می‌توانی mitavāni you can

4 می‌تواند mitavānad he/she can

5 می‌توانیم mitavānim we can

6 می‌توانید mitavāni(d) you can

7 می‌توانند mitavānand they can

8 بتوانم betavānam may/can / be able to

9 بتوانی betavāni may/can

10 بتواند betavānad may/can

11 بتوانیم betavānim may/can

12 بتوانید betavāni(d) may/can

13 بتوانند betavānand may/can

14 قادر بودن qāder budan to be able to

15 قادر است qāder ast he/she is able to

16 توانایی داشتن tavānāyi dāshtan to have the ability to

17 امکان داشتن emkān dāshtan to have the possibility

18 امکان‌پذیر بودن emkān-pazir budan to be possible

19 ممکن بودن momken budan to be possible

20 ممکن است momken ast it is possible / may

21 شاید shāyad perhaps / may / might

22 شاید هم shāyad ham perhaps / might also

23 ممکنه momkene maybe / it's possible (colloquial)

24 می‌شود mishavad it is possible / one can

25 بشود beshavad may be possible / can be

2. Permission

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 اجازه داشتن ejāze dāshtan to be allowed to

2 اجازه دادن ejāze dādan to allow

3 اجازه هست ejāze hast it is allowed

4 اجازه است ejāze ast it is permitted

5 اجازه دارم ejāze dāram I am allowed to

6 اجازه داری ejāze dāri you are allowed to

7 اجازه دارد ejāze dārad he/she is allowed to

8 می‌توان mitavān one may / one can

9 می‌توانید mitavāni(d) you may / you can

10 می‌شود mishavad may / can

11 می‌توانم mitavānam I may / I can

12 بفرمایید befarmā'id please go ahead / you may

13 آزاد بودن āzād budan to be free / allowed

14 مجاز بودن mojāz budan to be permitted

15 مجاز است mojāz ast it is permitted

16 مجاز نیست mojāz nist it is not permitted

3. Obligation / Necessity

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 باید bāyad must / should / have to

2 بایستی bāyesti must / should / ought to

3 لازم است lāzem ast it is necessary / must

4 لازم بودن lāzem budan to be necessary

5 ضرورت داشتن zorurat dāshtan to be necessary

6 ضرورت دارد zorurat dārad it is necessary

7 ضروری است zoruri ast it is necessary / essential

8 مجبور بودن majbur budan to have to / be forced to

9 مجبورم majburam I have to / I am forced to

10 مجبوری majburi you have to

11 مجبور است majbur ast he/she has to

12 ناچار بودن nāchār budan to have no choice but to

13 ناچارم nāchāram I have no choice but to

14 ناگزیر بودن nāgozir budan to be obliged / have no alternative

15 ملزم بودن molzam budan to be obligated

16 موظف بودن movazzaf budan to be required / obligated

17 مکلف بودن mokallaf budan to be obligated

18 الزاماً elzāman necessarily / obligatorily

19 حتماً hatman definitely / certainly / must

20 ضرورتاً zoruratan necessarily

21 الزام‌آور بودن elzām-āvar budan to be obligatory / binding

Main construction

باید + subjunctive

Persian Transliteration English

باید بروم. bāyad beravam. I must go.

باید بخوانی. bāyad bekhāni. You must/should read.

باید کار کنیم. bāyad kār konim. We must work.

4. Advice / Recommendation

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 باید bāyad should / ought to

2 بایستی bāyesti should / ought to

3 بهتر است behtar ast it is better to / should

4 بهتره behtare it's better to / should (colloquial)

5 شایسته است shāyeste ast it is appropriate / ought to

6 سزاوار است sazāvār ast it is fitting / ought to

7 لازم است lāzem ast it is necessary / should

8 خوب است khub ast it is good / one should

9 توصیه می‌شود tosie mishavad it is recommended

10 پیشنهاد می‌شود pishnehād mishavad it is suggested/recommended

11 توصیه می‌کنم tosie mikonam I recommend

12 پیشنهاد می‌کنم pishnehād mikonam I suggest

13 مصلحت است maslehat ast it is advisable

14 صلاح است salāh ast it is advisable / better

15 رواست ravāst it is permissible / proper

16 روا نیست ravā nist it is not proper/permissible

5. Probability / Possibility

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 شاید shāyad perhaps / may / might

2 ممکن است momken ast it may / might / is possible

3 امکان دارد emkān dārad it is possible / may

4 امکان دارد که emkān dārad ke it is possible that

5 احتمال دارد ehtemāl dārad it is likely/possible

6 احتمالاً ehtemālan probably

7 احتمال دارد که ehtemāl dārad ke it is possible that

8 ممکن است که momken ast ke it may be that

9 می‌شود که mishavad ke it may be that

10 می‌توان گفت mitavān goft one can say / it may be said

11 گمان می‌رود gomān miravad it is thought / is likely

12 گمان می‌کنم gomān mikonam I suppose / I think

13 گمان می‌رود که gomān miravad ke it is thought that

14 به نظر می‌رسد be nazar miresad it seems / appears

15 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

16 گویا guyā apparently / supposedly

17 گویا که guyā ke apparently that

18 ظاهراً که zāheran ke apparently

19 احتمالاً هم ehtemālan ham probably also

20 شاید هم shāyad ham perhaps / might also

6. Certainty

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 حتماً hatman definitely / certainly

2 قطعاً qat'an certainly / definitely

3 یقیناً yaqinan certainly

4 مسلماً mosallaman certainly

5 بی‌شک bi-shek undoubtedly

6 بدون شک bedun-e shek without doubt

7 بدون تردید bedun-e tardid without doubt

8 بی‌تردید bi-tardid undoubtedly

9 مطمئناً motma'ennan certainly

10 به‌طور قطع be-tor-e qat' definitely

11 به‌یقین be-yaqin certainly

12 یقیناً yaqinan certainly

13 مسلم است mosallam ast it is certain

14 قطعی است qat'i ast it is certain

15 یقین دارد yaqin dārad is certain / firmly believes

7. Doubt / Uncertainty

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 شاید shāyad perhaps / maybe

2 ممکن است momken ast it may be

3 احتمالاً ehtemālan probably

4 احتمال دارد ehtemāl dārad it is possible

5 گمان می‌کنم gomān mikonam I suppose

6 فکر می‌کنم fekr mikonam I think

7 به گمانم be gomānam I suppose / presumably

8 به نظرم be nazaram in my opinion / I think

9 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

10 گویا guyā apparently / supposedly

11 انگار engār apparently / it seems

12 مثل اینکه mesl-e inke it seems that

13 گویا که guyā ke apparently that

14 شاید که shāyad ke perhaps that

15 بعید است ba'id ast it is unlikely

16 بعید نیست ba'id nist it is not unlikely / it may well be

8. Intention / Volition

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 خواستن khāstan to want

2 می‌خواهم mikhāham I want to

3 می‌خواهی mikhāhi you want to

4 می‌خواهد mikhāhad he/she wants to

5 می‌خواهیم mikhāhim we want to

6 می‌خواهید mikhāhid you want to

7 می‌خواهند mikhāhand they want to

8 قصد داشتن qasd dāshtan to intend to

9 قصد دارم qasd dāram I intend to

10 قصد داری qasd dāri you intend to

11 قصد دارد qasd dārad he/she intends to

12 تصمیم داشتن tasmim dāshtan to intend / plan

13 تصمیم دارم tasmim dāram I intend to

14 تصمیم دارد tasmim dārad he/she intends to

15 در نظر داشتن dar nazar dāshtan to intend / have in mind

16 درصدد بودن dar-sadad budan to be intending / seeking to

17 در پیِ ... بودن dar pey-e ... budan to be seeking to

18 بنا داشتن banā dāshtan to intend to

19 بناست banāst it is planned/intended that

20 قرار است qarār ast is supposed/scheduled to

9. Expectation / Supposition

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 قرار است qarār ast is supposed to / is going to

2 قرار بود qarār bud was supposed to / was going to

3 قرار باشد qarār bāshad is supposed to / if it is supposed to

4 بناست banāst is planned/supposed to

5 بنا بود banā bud was supposed/planned to

6 انتظار داشتن entezār dāshtan to expect

7 انتظار می‌رود entezār miravad it is expected

8 انتظار می‌رود که entezār miravad ke it is expected that

9 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

10 انگار engār apparently / it seems

11 گویا guyā apparently / supposedly

10. Necessity vs. Obligation vs. Advice

Persian باید (bāyad) is extremely important because it can cover several English modal meanings.

Persian Transliteration Possible English Meaning

باید بروم. bāyad beravam. I must go.

باید بروی. bāyad beravi. You must/should go.

باید بیشتر بخوانی. bāyad bishtar bekhāni. You should study more.

باید فردا بیاید. bāyad fardā biyāyad. He/she must/should come tomorrow.

The exact English translation depends on context.

11. Prohibition / Negative Obligation

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 نباید nabāyad must not / should not

2 نبایستی nabāyesti must not / should not

3 لازم نیست lāzem nist don't have to / it isn't necessary

4 ضرورتی ندارد zorurati nadārad there is no need

5 نیازی نیست niyāzi nist there is no need

6 مجبور نیست majbur nist doesn't have to

7 مجاز نیست mojāz nist is not allowed

8 اجازه ندارد ejāze nadārad is not allowed

9 حق ندارد haqq nadārad has no right to / must not

10 نباید که nabāyad ke should/must not

Examples:

Persian Transliteration English

نباید بروی. nabāyad beravi. You must not/should not go.

لازم نیست بیایی. lāzem nist biyāyi. You don't have to come.

اینجا نباید سیگار بکشی. injā nabāyad sigār bekeshi. You must not smoke here.

12. Desire / Preference

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 خواستن khāstan to want

2 میل داشتن میل داشتن to desire

3 میل دارم میل dāram I desire / would like

4 تمایل داشتن تمایل dāštan to be inclined/willing

5 تمایل دارم تمāyol dāram I would like / I am inclined

6 مایل بودن māyel budan to be willing / inclined

7 مایلم māyelam I am willing / would like

8 ترجیح دادن tarjih dādan to prefer

9 ترجیح می‌دهم tarjih midaham I prefer

10 آرزو داشتن ārezu dāshtan to wish

11 آرزو می‌کنم ārezu mikonam I wish

12 امیدوار بودن omidvār budan to hope

13 امیدوارم omidvāram I hope

13. Willingness / Readiness

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 حاضر بودن hāzer budan to be willing

2 حاضرم hāzeram I am willing

3 حاضر است hāzer ast he/she is willing

4 مایل بودن māyel budan to be willing

5 مایلم māyelam I am willing

6 آمادگی داشتن āmādegi dāshtan to be ready

7 آماده بودن āmāde budan to be ready

8 آماده‌ام āmāde-am I am ready

9 راضی بودن rāzi budan to be willing / satisfied

10 رضایت داشتن rezāyat dāshtan to consent / be willing

11 تن دادن tan dādan to consent / agree to

14. Permission / Prohibition with “Right”

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 حق داشتن haqq dāshtan to have the right

2 حق دارم haqq dāram I have the right to

3 حق داری haqq dāri you have the right to

4 حق دارد haqq dārad he/she has the right to

5 حق ندارم haqq nadāram I have no right to

6 حق نداری haqq nadāri you have no right to

7 حق ندارد haqq nadārad he/she has no right to

15. “Should Have / Must Have”

Persian uses باید + past subjunctive/perfect forms for modal meanings concerning the past.

Persian Transliteration English Meaning

باید رفته باشد. bāyad rafte bāshad. He/she must have gone.

باید دیده باشد. bāyad dide bāshad. He/she must have seen it.

باید آمده باشد. bāyad āmade bāshad. He/she must have come.

باید انجام داده باشد. bāyad anjām dāde bāshad. He/she must have done it.

نباید رفته باشد. nabāyad rafte bāshad. He/she shouldn't have gone / must not have gone.

16. “Could / Might Have”

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 می‌توانست mitavānest could

2 می‌توانست ... mitavānest ... could have

3 ممکن بود momken bud might have / it was possible

4 شاید shāyad might / perhaps

5 شاید ... بوده باشد shāyad ... bude bāshad might have been

6 ممکن است ... باشد momken ast ... bāshad may/might be

7 ممکن است ... بوده باشد momken ast ... bude bāshad may/might have been

8 می‌شد mishod could / it was possible

17. “Would” / Hypothetical Modality

Persian does not have one single word equivalent to every use of English would.

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 می‌... mi-... would / habitual past, depending on context

2 می‌کرد mikard would do / used to do

3 می‌رفت miraft would go / used to go

4 می‌آمد miāmad would come / used to come

5 می‌گفت migoft would say / used to say

6 می‌توانست mitavānest could / would be able to

7 می‌خواست mikhāst would want / wanted

8 اگر ... می‌کرد agar ... mikard if ... would do

9 می‌شد mishod would/could be possible

10 قرار بود qarār bud was going to / was supposed to

18. “Used to / Habitual” Modal-Like Forms

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 می‌... mi-... used to / would

2 معمولاً ma'mulan usually

3 عادت داشتن ādat dāshtan to be accustomed to

4 عادت کرده بودن ādat karde budan to be accustomed to

5 همیشه hamishe always

6 اغلب aghlab often

7 معمول بود ma'mul bud it was customary

19. Evidential / Apparent Modality

These express how certain the speaker is about information.

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

2 گویا guyā apparently / supposedly

3 انگار engār apparently / it seems

4 گویی guy-i as if / apparently

5 به نظر می‌رسد be nazar miresad it seems

6 چنین به نظر می‌رسد chenin be nazar miresad it appears that

7 معلوم است ma'lum ast apparently / it is clear

8 پیداست peydāst it is evident

9 ظاهراً که zāheran ke apparently

10 گویا که guyā ke apparently that

20. Evaluation / Speaker Attitude

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 متأسفانه mota'assefāne unfortunately

2 خوشبختانه khoshbakhtāne fortunately

3 بدبختانه badbakhtāne unfortunately

4 احتمالاً ehtemālan probably

5 ظاهراً zāheran apparently

6 یقیناً yaqinan certainly

7 مسلماً mosallaman certainly

8 واقعاً vāqe'an really / actually

9 حقیقتاً haghighatan truly

10 البته البته of course

11 مسلماً mosallaman certainly

12 شاید shāyad perhaps

13 احتمالاً ehtemālan probably

Correction: the transliteration of البته is albatteh.

21. “Of Course / Naturally”

# Persian Transliteration English Meaning

1 البته albatteh of course

2 مسلماً mosallaman certainly

3 حتماً hatman certainly / definitely

4 قطعاً qat'an certainly

5 یقیناً yaqinan certainly

6 طبیعی است tabi'i ast naturally / it is natural

7 طبیعتاً tabi'atan naturally

8 بدیهی است badi-yi ast obviously / it is self-evident

9 واضح است vāzeh ast obviously / clearly

10 روشن است rowshan ast it is clear

22. “Apparently / Supposedly”

Persian Transliteration English Meaning

ظاهراً zāheran apparently

گویا guyā apparently / supposedly

انگار engār it seems / apparently

گویی guy-i as if / apparently

گویا که guyā ke apparently that

ظاهراً که zāheran ke apparently

به نظر می‌رسد be nazar miresad it seems

گفته می‌شود gofte mishavad it is said

شنیده می‌شود shenide mishavad it is heard / reportedly

reportedly گزارش شده است gozaresh shode ast

23. Necessity of External Circumstances

Persian Transliteration English Meaning

مجبور بودن majbur budan have to / be forced to

ناچار بودن nāchār budan have to / have no choice

ناگزیر بودن nāgozir budan have no alternative

چاره‌ای نداشتن chāre-i nadāshtan have no choice

ناچار شدن nāchār shodan be forced to

مجبور شدن majbur shodan be forced to

وادار شدن vādār shodan be compelled to

وادار کردن vādār kardan compel someone to

الزام داشتن elzām dāshtan to require

الزامی بودن elzāmi budan to be obligatory

24. Lack of Necessity

Persian Transliteration English Meaning

لازم نیست lāzem nist it is not necessary

نیازی نیست niyāzi nist there is no need

ضرورتی ندارد zorurati nadārad there is no necessity

مجبور نیست majbur nist does not have to

نیازی نداشتن niyāzi nadāshtan not to need to

لازم نبود lāzem nabud it was not necessary

لازم نیست که lāzem nist ke it isn't necessary that

25. Permission vs. Ability

An important distinction:

Persian Transliteration English Meaning

می‌توانم بروم. mitavānam beravam. I can/may go.

اجازه دارم بروم. ejāze dāram beravam. I am allowed to go.

مجازم بروم. mojāzam beravam. I am permitted to go.

حق دارم بروم. haqq dāram beravam. I have the right to go.

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

There is a book یک کتاب هست yek ketâb hast noun + هست

There are books کتاب‌ها هست ketâbhâ hast plural noun + هست

There is no book کتاب نیست ketâb nist noun + نیست

There is a problem یک مشکل وجود دارد yek moškel vojûd dârad noun + وجود دارد

Is there a book? آیا کتابی هست؟ âyâ ketâbi hast? آیا + noun + هست

There was a book یک کتاب بود yek ketâb bud noun + بود

There will be a book یک کتاب خواهد بود yek ketâb khâhad bud noun + خواهد بود

I have دارم dâram

I don't have ندارم nadâram

I had داشتم dâštam

I will have خواهم داشت khâham dâšt

I have eaten خورده‌ام khorde-am

I have to go باید بروم bâyad beravam

من دارم dâram I have

تو داری dâri you have

او دارد dârad he/she has

ما داریم dârim we have

شما دارید dârid you have

آنها دارند dârand they have

IMPERATIVES:

Positive singular بـ + stem be- + verb stem برو boro Go!

Positive formal بـ + stem + ید be- + verb stem + -id بروید beravid Go!

Negative singular نـ + stem na- + verb stem نرو naro Don't go!

Negative formal نـ + stem + ید na- + verb stem + -id نروید naravid Don't go!

Let's بیا + subjunctive biyâ + subjunctive بیا برویم biyâ beravim Let's go!

Positive passive imperative past participle + شود past participle + šavad نوشته شود Be written

Negative passive imperative past participle + نشود past participle + našavad نوشته نشود Do not be written

Formal instruction passive + شود/نشود passive + šavad/našavad باز نشود Must not be opened