NEPALI GRAMMAR

1- NEPALI ALPHABET

2- WORD ORDER

1 Basic S + V S + V म सुत्छु। Ma sutchhu. I sleep.

2 Direct object S + DO + V S + DO + V म किताब पढ्छु। Ma kitāb paḍhchhu. I read the book.

3 Indirect object S + IO + DO + V S + IO + DO + V म उसलाई किताब दिन्छु। Ma uslāī kitāb dinchhu. I give him/her the book.

4 Beneficiary S + Beneficiary + DO + V S + Beneficiary + DO + V म उसको लागि किताब किन्छु। Ma usko lāgi kitāb kinchhu. I buy a book for him/her.

5 IO pronoun S + IO + DO + V S + IO + DO + V म उसलाई किताब दिन्छु। Ma uslāī kitāb dinchhu. I give him/her the book.

6 Adjective S + Adj + V S + Adj + V किताब ठूलो छ। Kitāb ṭhūlo chha. The book is big.

7 Adverb S + Adv + V S + Adv + V ऊ छिटो पढ्छ। Ū chiṭo paḍhchha. He reads quickly.

8 Direct object + adverb S + DO + Adv + V S + DO + Adv + V म किताब छिटो पढ्छु। Ma kitāb chiṭo paḍhchhu. I read the book quickly.

9 Time adverb S + Time + V S + Time + V म आज काम गर्छु। Ma āja kām garchhu. I work today.

10 Place adverb S + Place + V S + Place + V ऊ त्यहाँ बस्छ। Ū tyahā̃ baschha. He lives there.

11 Location phrase S + Location + मा + छ S + Location + mā + chha किताब टेबलमा छ। Kitāb ṭebalamā chha. The book is on the table.

12 DO + location S + DO + Location + V S + DO + Location + V मैले किताब टेबलमा राखेँ। Maile kitāb ṭebalamā rākhẽ. I put the book on the table.

13 Determiner + noun Dem + N Dem + N यो किताब नयाँ छ। Yo kitāb nayā̃ chha. This book is new.

14 Determiner + adjective + noun Dem + Adj + N Dem + Adj + N यो ठूलो किताब नयाँ छ। Yo ṭhūlo kitāb nayā̃ chha. This big book is new.

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Num + N दुई किताब नयाँ छन्। Duī kitāb nayā̃ chan. Two books are new.

16 Conjunction Clause + Conj + Clause Clause + Conj + Clause म पढ्छु र ऊ लेख्छ। Ma paḍhchhu ra ū lekhchha. I read and he writes.

17 Conjunction + objects S + DO + V + Conj + S + DO + V S + DO + V + Conj + S + DO + V म किताब पढ्छु र ऊ चिठी लेख्छ। Ma kitāb paḍhchhu ra ū chiṭhī lekhchha. I read the book and he writes a letter.

18 Present passive S + Passive V S + Passive V किताब पढिन्छ। Kitāb paḍhinchha. The book is read.

19 Passive + agent S + Agent + बाट + Passive V S + Agent + bāṭa + Passive V किताब उसबाट पढिन्छ। Kitāb usbāṭa paḍhinchha. The book is read by him/her.

20 Passive + IO S + IO + Passive V S + IO + Passive V किताब उसलाई दिइन्छ। Kitāb uslāī diinchha. The book is given to him/her.

21 Passive + IO + agent S + IO + Agent + बाट + Passive V S + IO + Agent + bāṭa + Passive V किताब उसलाई शिक्षकबाट दिइन्छ। Kitāb uslāī śikṣakbāṭa diinchha. The book is given to him/her by the teacher.

22 Passive + adverb S + Time + Passive V S + Time + Passive V किताब आज पढिन्छ। Kitāb āja paḍhinchha. The book is read today.

23 Passive + location S + Location + Passive V S + Location + Passive V किताब टेबलमा राखिन्छ। Kitāb ṭebalamā rākhinchha. The book is put on the table.

24 Passive + agent + adverb S + Time + Agent + बाट + Passive V S + Time + Agent + bāṭa + Passive V किताब आज उसबाट पढिन्छ। Kitāb āja usbāṭa paḍhinchha. The book is read by him/her today.

25 Passive + agent + IO + adverb S + Time + IO + Agent + बाट + Passive V S + Time + IO + Agent + bāṭa + Passive V किताब आज विद्यार्थीलाई शिक्षकबाट दिइन्छ। Kitāb āja vidyārthīlāī śikṣakbāṭa diinchha. The book is given to the student by the teacher today.

26 Perfect passive S + Passive Perfect S + Passive Perfect किताब पढिएको छ। Kitāb paḍhieko chha. The book has been read.

27 Perfect passive + agent S + Agent + बाट + Passive Perfect S + Agent + bāṭa + Passive Perfect किताब उसबाट पढिएको छ। Kitāb usbāṭa paḍhieko chha. The book has been read by him/her.

28 Future passive S + Passive Future S + Passive Future किताब पढिनेछ। Kitāb paḍhinechha. The book will be read.

29 Future passive + agent S + Agent + बाट + Passive Future S + Agent + bāṭa + Passive Future किताब उसबाट पढिनेछ। Kitāb usbāṭa paḍhinechha. The book will be read by him/her.

30 Modal passive S + लाई + Passive infinitive + पर्छ S + lāī + Passive infinitive + parchha किताब पढ्नुपर्छ। Kitāb paḍhnuparchha. The book must be read.

31 Negative S + Neg + DO + V S + Neg + DO + V म किताब पढ्दिनँ। Ma kitāb paḍhdinã. I do not read the book.

32 Negative passive S + Neg + Passive V S + Neg + Passive V किताब पढिँदैन। Kitāb paḍhĩdaina. The book is not read.

33 Yes/no question S + DO + V + ? S + DO + V + ? के तिमी किताब पढ्छौ? Ke timī kitāb paḍhchhau? Do you read the book?

34 Passive question S + Passive V + ? S + Passive V + ? किताब पढिन्छ? Kitāb paḍhinchha? Is the book read?

35 Agent question कसले + DO + V? Kasle + DO + V? कसले किताब पढ्छ? Kasle kitāb paḍhchha? Who reads the book?

36 IO question कसलाई + DO + V? Kaslāī + DO + V? कसलाई किताब दिन्छौ? Kaslāī kitāb dinchhau? To whom do you give the book?

37 Imperative DO + V-Imperative DO + V-Imperative किताब पढ! Kitāb paḍha! Read the book!

38 Imperative + IO IO + DO + V-Imperative IO + DO + V-Imperative उसलाई किताब देऊ! Uslāī kitāb deu! Give him/her the book!

39 Passive imperative S + Passive imperative S + Passive imperative किताब पढियोस्! Kitāb paḍhiyos! Let the book be read!

40 Verbal noun V + नु V + nu पढ्नु Paḍhnu reading / to read

41 Verbal noun + DO DO + V + नु DO + V + nu किताब पढ्नु Kitāb paḍhnu reading a book / to read a book

42 Infinitive V + नु V + nu किताब पढ्नु Kitāb paḍhnu to read a book

43 Purpose V + न + को लागि + V V + na + ko lāgi + V म खेल्नको लागि खाना खान्छु। Ma khelnako lāgi khānā khānchhu. I eat in order to play.

44 Relative clause [Relative clause] + N [Relative clause] + N मैले पढेको किताब रोचक छ। Maile paḍheko kitāb rochak chha. The book that I read is interesting.

45 Passive relative [Passive relative clause] + N [Passive relative clause] + N पढिएको किताब रोचक छ। Paḍhieko kitāb rochak chha. The book that was read is interesting.

46 Conditional यदि + clause + भने, clause Yadi + clause + bhane, clause यदि मसँग समय भयो भने, म किताब पढ्नेछु। Yadi masanga samaya bhayo bhane, ma kitāb paḍhnechhu. If I have time, I will read a book.

47 Conditional + passive यदि + S + Passive, clause Yadi + S + Passive, clause यदि किताब पढियो भने, ऊ सिक्नेछ। Yadi kitāb paḍhiyo bhane, ū siknechha. If the book is read, he/she will learn.

48 Reported speech Clause + भनेर + भन्नु Clause + bhanera + bhannu उसले आफू किताब पढिरहेको छु भनेर भन्यो। Usle āphū kitāb paḍhirāheko chhu bhanera bhanyo. He said that he was reading a book.

49 Reported question Clause + कि + भनेर + सोध्नु Clause + ki + bhanera + sodhnu उसले म किताब पढिरहेको छु कि भनेर सोध्यो। Usle ma kitāb paḍhirāheko chhu ki bhanera sodhyo. He asked whether I was reading a book.

50 Reported command/request IO + लाई + V + न + भनेर + भन्नु IO + lāī + V + na + bhanera + bhannu उसले मलाई किताब पढ्न भन्यो। Usle malāī kitāb paḍhna bhanyo. He told me to read the book.

A few important Nepali corrections

There are a few places where Nepali works differently:

Past transitive sentences: Nepali commonly uses ले (le):

मैले किताब पढेँ। — Maile kitāb paḍhẽ. — I read the book.

Indirect object: usually लाई (lāī):

उसलाई किताब दिएँ। — Uslāī kitāb diẽ. — I gave him/her the book.

Passive agent: use बाट (bāṭa):

किताब शिक्षकबाट पढिन्छ। — Kitāb śikṣakbāṭa paḍhinchha. — The book is read by the teacher.

“Must be read” is more naturally expressed with पढ्नुपर्छ (paḍhnuparchha) than with a literal passive construction.

Relative clauses are generally formed with participles rather than a separate relative pronoun:

मैले पढेको किताब = “the book that I read.”

For reported speech, Nepali commonly uses भनेर (bhanera), exactly as in your earlier table:

उसले आउँछ भनेर भन्यो। — Usle āũchha bhanera bhanyo. — He said that he would come.

ADVERBS:

1 Manner Manner adverb + Verb / usually before the verb म किताब छिटो पढ्छु। Ma kitāb chiṭo paḍhchu. I read the book quickly.

2 Place Place adverb/expression + Verb / usually before the verb म घरमा किताब पढ्छु। Ma gharmā kitāb paḍhchu. I read a book at home.

3 Time Time adverb + Sentence / beginning, middle, or end हिजो मैले किताब पढेँ। Hijo maile kitāb paḍhẽ. I read a book yesterday.

4 Frequency Frequency adverb + Verb / usually before the verb म प्रायः किताब पढ्छु। Ma prāyaḥ kitāb paḍhchu. I often read books.

5 Frequency + be Subject + Frequency adverb + छ (chha) + Predicate ऊ सधैँ खुसी हुन्छ। Ū sadhaĩ khusī hunchha. He is always happy.

6 Frequency + auxiliary Subject + Frequency adverb + Auxiliary + Verb मैले उसलाई कहिल्यै देखेको छैन। Maile uslāī kahilyai dekheko chaina. I have never seen him.

7 Degree Degree adverb + Adjective यो धेरै राम्रो छ। Yo dherai rāmrō cha. This is very good.

8 Degree + verb Degree/intensity adverb + Verb मलाई यो धेरै मन पर्छ। Malāī yo dherai man parchha. I really like this.

9 Sentence adverb Sentence adverb + Clause / usually beginning भाग्यवश, म जितेँ। Bhāgyavaś, ma jitẽ. Fortunately, I won.

10 Comment adverb Comment expression + Clause / usually beginning इमानदारीपूर्वक भन्नुपर्दा, मलाई थाहा छैन। Imāndārīpūrvak bhannupardā, malāī thāhā chaina. Honestly, I don't know.

11 Linking adverb Linking adverb + Clause / beginning or between clauses म थाकेको थिएँ। तर पनि, मैले काम जारी राखेँ। Ma thākeko thiẽ. Tar pani, maile kām jārī rākhẽ. I was tired; however, I continued working.

12 Direction Directional adverb + Verb / usually before the verb ऊ बाहिर गयो। Ū bāhira gayo. He went outside.

13 Definite frequency हरेक (harek) + Time noun + Verb म हरेक दिन विद्यालय जान्छु। Ma harek din vidyālaya jānchu. I go to school every day.

14 Duration Time expression + Verb / सम्म (samma) may mark duration मैले दुई घण्टा पढेँ। Maile duī ghaṇṭā paḍhẽ. I studied for two hours.

15 Purpose Verb stem + न (na) + को लागि (ko lāgi) / verb + का लागि (kā lāgi) म त्यहाँ पढ्नका लागि जाँदै छु। Ma tyahā̃ paḍhnakā lāgi jā̃dai chu. I am going there to study.

INDIRECT OBJECT:

Indirect object S + IO + DO + V S + IO + DO + V म उसलाई किताब दिन्छु। Ma uslāī kitāb dinchhu. I give him/her the book.

IO marker Noun/Pronoun + लाई Noun/Pronoun + lāī उसलाई uslāī to him/her

to me मलाई malāī मैले मलाई किताब दिएँ। Maile malāī kitāb diẽ. I gave myself the book.

to you तिमीलाई timīlāī म तिमीलाई किताब दिन्छु। Ma timīlāī kitāb dinchhu. I give you the book.

to him/her उसलाई uslāī म उसलाई किताब दिन्छु। Ma uslāī kitāb dinchhu. I give him/her the book.

to us हामीलाई hāmīlāī म हामीलाई किताब दिन्छु। Ma hāmīlāī kitāb dinchhu. I give us the book.

to you (polite) तपाईंलाई tapāī̃lāī म तपाईंलाई किताब दिन्छु। Ma tapāī̃lāī kitāb dinchhu. I give you the book.

to them उनीहरूलाई unīharūlāī म उनीहरूलाई किताब दिन्छु। Ma unīharūlāī kitāb dinchhu. I give them the book.

Question: to whom? कसलाई + DO + V? kaslāī + DO + V? कसलाई किताब दिन्छौ? Kaslāī kitāb dinchhau? To whom do you give the book?

Indirect object vs direct object IO = recipient; DO = thing IO = recipient; DO = thing मैले उसलाई किताब दिएँ। Maile uslāī kitāb diẽ. I gave him/her the book.

GENITIVE:

Basic genitive Possessor + को + N Possessor + ko + N रामको किताब Rāmko kitāb Ram's book

Feminine / certain singular nouns Possessor + की + N Possessor + kī + N रामकी बहिनी Rāmkī bahinī Ram's sister

Plural / honorific Possessor + का + N Possessor + kā + N रामका साथीहरू Rāmka sāthīharū Ram's friends

My मेरो + N mero + N मेरो किताब Mero kitāb my book

Your तिम्रो + N timro + N तिम्रो घर Timro ghar your house

His/her उसको + N usko + N उसको गाडी Usko gāḍī his/her car

Our हाम्रो + N hāmro + N हाम्रो किताब Hāmro kitāb our book

Your (polite) तपाईंको + N tapāī̃ko + N तपाईंको घर Tapāī̃ko ghar your house

Their उनीहरूको + N unīharūko + N उनीहरूको घर Unīharūko ghar their house

Masculine singular को (ko) रामको भाइ Rāmko bhāi

Feminine singular की (kī) रामकी बहिनी Rāmkī bahinī

Plural का (kā) रामका भाइहरू Rāmka bhāiharū

INDEPENDENT:

mine मेरो mero यो मेरो हो। Yo mero ho. This is mine.

yours तिम्रो timro यो तिम्रो हो। Yo timro ho. This is yours.

his / hers उसको usko त्यो उसको हो। Tyo usko ho. That is his/hers.

ours हाम्रो hāmro यो हाम्रो हो। Yo hāmro ho. This is ours.

yours (polite) तपाईंको tapāī̃ko यो तपाईंको हो। Yo tapāī̃ko ho. This is yours.

theirs उनीहरूको unīharūko त्यो उनीहरूको हो। Tyo unīharūko ho. That is theirs.

Possessive + noun मेरो किताब mero kitāb my book

Independent possessive किताब मेरो हो। Kitāb mero ho. The book is mine.

Possessive + noun उसको गाडी usko gāḍī his/her car

Independent possessive गाडी उसको हो। Gāḍī usko ho. The car is his/hers.

WAS GOING TO:

was going to / intended to V + न लागेको थियो V + na lāgeko thiyo म जान लागेको थिएँ। Ma jān lāgeko thiẽ. I was going to go.

was planning to V + ने योजना थियो V + ne yojanā thiyo म जाने योजना थियो। Ma jāne yojanā thiyo. I was planning to go.

was intending to V + ने विचार थियो V + ne vichār thiyo म जाने विचारमा थिएँ। Ma jāne vichārmā thiẽ. I was intending to go.

was about to V + न लागेको थियो V + na lāgeko thiyo म जान लागेको थिएँ। Ma jān lāgeko thiẽ. I was about to go.

was going to, but... V + ने लागेको थिएँ, तर... V + ne lāgeko thiẽ, tara... म जाने लागेको थिएँ, तर पानी पर्यो। Ma jāne lāgeko thiẽ, tara pānī paryo. I was going to go, but it rained.

would / was going to from past viewpoint Past reporting verb + भनेर / कि + future Past verb + bhanera / ki + future उसले म जानेछु भन्यो। Usle ma jānechhu bhanyo. He said I would go.

I was going to eat. म खान लागेको थिएँ। I intended/was about to eat.

I was planning to eat. म खाने योजना बनाउँदै थिएँ। I had a plan to eat.

I was about to eat. म खान लागेको थिएँ। I was just about to eat.

I would eat. म खान्थेँ। I used to/would eat; habitual past, not normally “was going to.”

2- NOUNS

PLURAL:

1. Regular Plural

Pattern

Noun + हरू

Noun + harū

Singular Plural Transliteration Translation

किताब किताबहरू kitāb → kitābharū book → books

घर घरहरू ghar → gharharū house → houses

फूल फूलहरू phūl → phūlharū flower → flowers

कुर्सी कुर्सीहरू kursī → kursīharū chair → chairs

गाडी गाडीहरू gāḍī → gāḍīharū car → cars

2. People

Singular Plural Transliteration Translation

मान्छे मान्छेहरू mānchhe → mānchheharū person → people

विद्यार्थी विद्यार्थीहरू vidyārthī → vidyārthīharū student → students

शिक्षक शिक्षकहरू śikṣak → śikṣakharū teacher → teachers

साथी साथीहरू sāthī → sāthīharū friend → friends

3. Animals

Singular Plural Transliteration Translation

कुकुर कुकुरहरू kukur → kukurharū dog → dogs

बिरालो बिरालोहरू birālō → birālōharū cat → cats

चरा चराहरू carā → carāharū bird → birds

घोडा घोडाहरू ghoḍā → ghoḍāharū horse → horses

4. Pronouns

Personal pronouns have their own plural forms.

Singular Plural Transliteration Translation

म हामी ma → hāmī I → we

तिमी तिमीहरू timī → timīharū you → you (plural)

तपाईं तपाईंहरू tapāī̃ → tapāī̃harū you (formal) → you all

ऊ उनीहरू ū → unīharū he/she → they

5. Plural with Numbers

After numbers, हरू is usually omitted.

Pattern

Number + Noun

Nepali Transliteration Translation

दुई किताब duī kitāb two books

तीन घर tīn ghar three houses

पाँच विद्यार्थी pā̃ch vidyārthī five students

दस कुकुर das kukur ten dogs

Adding हरू is possible but less common:

दुई किताबहरू (duī kitābharū) = the two books / those two books (more emphatic or specific)

6. Plural with Quantifiers

With words like many, some, all, the plural suffix is often unnecessary.

Nepali Transliteration Translation

धेरै मानिस dherai mānisa many people

केही किताब kehī kitāb some books

सबै विद्यार्थी sabai vidyārthī all students

For emphasis:

धेरै मानिसहरू (dherai mānisaharū) = many people (explicitly plural)

7. Plural Possessive

The plural marker comes before the possessive ending.

Pattern

Noun + हरू + को/का/की

Nepali Transliteration Translation

किताबहरूको kitābharūko of the books

घरहरूको gharharūko of the houses

विद्यार्थीहरूको vidyārthīharūko of the students

Example:

विद्यार्थीहरूको विद्यालय

Vidyārthīharūko vidyālay

The students' school

8. Plural in Sentences

Singular Transliteration Plural Transliteration Translation

घर ठूलो छ। Ghar ṭhūlo chha. घरहरू ठूला छन्। Gharharū ṭhūlā chan. The houses are big.

किताब यहाँ छ। Kitāb yahā̃ chha. किताबहरू यहाँ छन्। Kitābharū yahā̃ chan. The books are here.

कुकुर दौडन्छ। Kukur dauḍanchha. कुकुरहरू दौडन्छन्। Kukurharū dauḍanchhan. The dogs run.

9. When हरू Is Usually Omitted

Situation Example Translation

After a number तीन किताब three books

After धेरै (dherai) धेरै घर many houses

After सबै (sabai) सबै विद्यार्थी all students

When context already shows plurality हामीसँग किताब छ।* We have books (depending on context)

* If you specifically mean multiple books, हामीसँग किताबहरू छन्। (Hāmīsaṅga kitābharū chan.) is clearer.

CASES:

Singular and Plural Case Forms

Using किताब (kitāb) = book

Plural:

किताबहरू (kitābharū) = books

CASES:

Case Singular Transliteration Plural Transliteration

Nominative किताब kitāb किताबहरू kitābharū

Accusative किताबलाई kitāblāī किताबहरूलाई kitābharūlāī

Dative किताबलाई kitāblāī किताबहरूलाई kitābharūlāī

Genitive किताबको kitābko किताबहरूको kitābharūko

Ergative किताबले kitāble किताबहरूले kitābharūle

Instrumental किताबले kitāble किताबहरूले kitābharūle

Comitative किताबसँग kitābsaṅga किताबहरूसँग kitābharūsaṅga

Locative किताबमा kitābmā किताबहरूमा kitābharūmā

Ablative किताबबाट kitābbāṭa किताबहरूबाट kitābharūbāṭa

Allative किताबतिर kitābtira किताबहरूतिर kitābharūtira

Terminative किताबसम्म kitābsamma किताबहरूसम्म kitābharūsamma

INDIRECT OBJECT AND GENITIVE:

Subject + Indirect Object + Direct Object + Verb

मैले रामलाई किताब दिएँ। Maile Rāmlāī kitāb diyẽ. I gave Ram a book.

Owner + को/का/की [ko/kā/kī] + Possession

रामको घर Rāmko ghar Ram's house

Subject + Indirect Object + Genitive + Direct Object + Verb

मैले उसलाई मेरो किताब दिएँ। Maile uslāī mero kitāb diyẽ. I gave him my book.

3- ADJECTIVES:

Position Adjective + Noun Adjective + Noun ठूलो घर Ṭhūlo ghar Big house

Predicate adjective Subject + Adjective + छ/छन् Subject + Adjective + chha/chan घर ठूलो छ। Ghar ṭhūlo chha. The house is big.

Gender Adjective + Masculine/Feminine Noun Adjective + Masculine/Feminine Noun राम्रो केटा, राम्रो केटी Rāmrō keṭā, rāmrō keṭī Good boy, good girl (same adjective)

Case Adjective + Noun + Case Marker Adjective + Noun + Case Marker ठूलो घरमा Ṭhūlo gharmā In the big house

Plural Adjective + Plural Noun (attributive) Most adjectives remain unchanged before the noun; in predicate use, many -ो [-o] adjectives appear as -ा [-a] with plural nouns (e.g. राम्रो → राम्रा, ठूलो → ठूला).

TO BE VERB:

1. Identity ("I am a student.")

This is used with nouns (student, teacher, doctor, etc.).

Present Tense

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुँ Ma hũ. I am

You (informal) तिमी हौ Timī hau. You are

You (formal) तपाईं हुनुहुन्छ Tapāī̃ hunuhunchha. You are

He/She ऊ हो Ū ho. He/She is

We हामी हौँ Hāmī haũ. We are

They उनीहरू हुन् Unīharū hun. They are

Pattern

Subject + Noun + To be

Subject + Noun + hũ/hau/ho...

Example (Nepali) Transliteration Translation

म विद्यार्थी हुँ। Ma vidyārthī hũ. I am a student.

ऊ शिक्षक हो। Ū śikṣak ho. He is a teacher.

हामी साथी हौँ। Hāmī sāthī haũ. We are friends.

2. Location or State ("I am at home.")

When talking about where someone/something is or its condition, Nepali normally uses छ (chha) instead of हो (ho).

Present Tense

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म छु Ma chhu. I am

You (informal) तिमी छौ Timī chhau. You are

You (formal) तपाईं हुनुहुन्छ Tapāī̃ hunuhunchha. You are

He/She ऊ छ Ū chha. He/She is

We हामी छौँ Hāmī chaũ. We are

They उनीहरू छन् Unīharū chan. They are

Pattern

Subject + Place/Adjective + छ

Subject + Place/Adjective + chha

Example (Nepali) Transliteration Translation

म घरमा छु। Ma gharmā chhu. I am at home.

ऊ यहाँ छ। Ū yahā̃ chha. He is here.

किताब टेबलमा छ। Kitāb ṭebalmā chha. The book is on the table.

घर ठूलो छ। Ghar ṭhūlo chha. The house is big.

3. Past Tense ("was / were")

The past form comes from थिनु (thinu).

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म थिएँ Ma thiẽ. I was

You तिमी थियौ Timī thiyau. You were

You (formal) तपाईं हुनुहुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃ hunuhunthyo. You were

He/She ऊ थियो Ū thiyo. He/She was

We हामी थियौँ Hāmī thiyaũ. We were

They उनीहरू थिए Unīharū thiye. They were

Pattern

Subject + Noun/Adjective + थियो/थिएँ...

Subject + Noun/Adjective + thiyo/thiẽ...

Example (Nepali) Transliteration Translation

म विद्यार्थी थिएँ। Ma vidyārthī thiẽ. I was a student.

ऊ घरमा थियो। Ū gharmā thiyo. He was at home.

4. Future Tense ("will be")

The future is commonly formed with हुने (hune) plus the future ending.

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुनेछु Ma hunechhu. I will be

You तिमी हुनेछौ Timī hunechau. You will be

You (formal) तपाईं हुनुहुनेछ Tapāī̃ hunuhunechha. You will be

He/She ऊ हुनेछ Ū hunechha. He/She will be

We हामी हुनेछौँ Hāmī hunechaũ. We will be

They उनीहरू हुनेछन् Unīharū hunechan. They will be

Pattern

Subject + Noun/Adjective + हुनेछ

Subject + Noun/Adjective + hunechha

Example (Nepali) Transliteration Translation

म शिक्षक हुनेछु। Ma śikṣak hunechhu. I will be a teacher.

ऊ यहाँ हुनेछ। Ū yahā̃ hunechha. He will be here.

1. Present — “am / is / are”

Identity: हो / हुँ / हौ / हुन्

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुँ Ma hũ I am

You (informal) तिमी हौ Timī hau You are

You (formal) तपाईं हुनुहुन्छ Tapāī̃ hunuhunchha You are

He/She ऊ हो Ū ho He/She is

We हामी हौँ Hāmī haũ We are

They उनीहरू हुन् Unīharū hun They are

Example:

म विद्यार्थी हुँ।

Ma vidyārthī hũ.

= I am a student.

State/location: छु / छौ / छ / छौँ / छन्

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म छु Ma chhu I am

You तिमी छौ Timī chhau You are

You formal तपाईं हुनुहुन्छ Tapāī̃ hunuhunchha You are

He/She ऊ छ Ū chha He/She is

We हामी छौँ Hāmī chaũ We are

They उनीहरू छन् Unīharū chan They are

Example:

म घरमा छु।

Ma gharmā chhu.

= I am at home.

2. Present Continuous — “am/is/are being”

Nepali generally uses हुँदै (hudai) for “being.”

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुँदैछु Ma hudai chhu I am being

You तिमी हुँदैछौ Timī hudai chhau You are being

You formal तपाईं हुँदै हुनुहुन्छ Tapāī̃ hudai hunuhunchha You are being

He/She ऊ हुँदैछ Ū hudai chha He/She is being

We हामी हुँदैछौँ Hāmī hudai chaũ We are being

They उनीहरू हुँदैछन् Unīharū hudai chan They are being

This construction is relatively uncommon in ordinary Nepali; the language often uses a simple adjective/state construction instead.

3. Simple Past — “was / were”

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म थिएँ Ma thiẽ I was

You तिमी थियौ Timī thiyau You were

You formal तपाईं हुनुहुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃ hunuhunthyo You were

He/She ऊ थियो Ū thiyo He/She was

We हामी थियौँ Hāmī thiyaũ We were

They उनीहरू थिए Unīharū thiye They were

Example:

म घरमा थिएँ।

Ma gharmā thiẽ.

= I was at home.

4. Past Continuous — “was/were being”

हुँदै थियो / थिएँ / थियौ...

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुँदै थिएँ Ma hudai thiẽ I was being

You तिमी हुँदै थियौ Timī hudai thiyau You were being

He/She ऊ हुँदै थियो Ū hudai thiyo He/She was being

We हामी हुँदै थियौँ Hāmī hudai thiyaũ We were being

They उनीहरू हुँदै थिए Unīharū hudai thiye They were being

5. Present Perfect — “have/has been”

Nepali commonly uses भएको छु / भएको छ depending on context.

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म भएको छु Ma bhaeko chhu I have been

You तिमी भएका छौ Timī bhaekā chhau You have been

He/She ऊ भएको छ Ū bhaeko chha He/She has been

We हामी भएका छौँ Hāmī bhaekā chaũ We have been

They उनीहरू भएका छन् Unīharū bhaekā chan They have been

For many ordinary “has been” sentences, Nepali instead uses the simple present or a more natural construction depending on the meaning.

6. Past Perfect — “had been”

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म भएको थिएँ Ma bhaeko thiẽ I had been

You तिमी भएका थियौ Timī bhaekā thiyau You had been

He/She ऊ भएको थियो Ū bhaeko thiyo He/She had been

We हामी भएका थियौँ Hāmī bhaekā thiyaũ We had been

They उनीहरू भएका थिए Unīharū bhaekā thiye They had been

7. Future — “will be”

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुनेछु Ma hunechhu I will be

You तिमी हुनेछौ Timī hunechhau You will be

You formal तपाईं हुनुहुनेछ Tapāī̃ hunuhunechha You will be

He/She ऊ हुनेछ Ū hunechha He/She will be

We हामी हुनेछौँ Hāmī hunechaũ We will be

They उनीहरू हुनेछन् Unīharū hunechan They will be

Example:

म डाक्टर हुनेछु।

Ma ḍākṭar hunechhu.

= I will be a doctor.

8. Future Continuous — “will be being”

हुँदै हुनेछु / हुनेछ...

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुँदै हुनेछु Ma hudai hunechhu I will be being

You तिमी हुँदै हुनेछौ Timī hudai hunechhau You will be being

He/She ऊ हुँदै हुनेछ Ū hudai hunechha He/She will be being

We हामी हुँदै हुनेछौँ Hāmī hudai hunechaũ We will be being

They उनीहरू हुँदै हुनेछन् Unīharū hudai hunechan They will be being

This is grammatically possible but very unnatural in ordinary Nepali.

9. Future Perfect — “will have been”

A more formal/periphrastic construction uses भएको हुनेछ.

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म भएको हुनेछु Ma bhaeko hunechhu I will have been

You तिमी भएका हुनेछौ Timī bhaekā hunechhau You will have been

He/She ऊ भएको हुनेछ Ū bhaeko hunechha He/She will have been

We हामी भएका हुनेछौँ Hāmī bhaekā hunechaũ We will have been

They उनीहरू भएका हुनेछन् Unīharū bhaekā hunechan They will have been

10. Future Perfect Continuous — “will have been being”

This is possible as a literal grammatical construction, but it is extremely uncommon and usually avoided in natural Nepali.

A literal form would be based on:

हुँदै आएको हुनेछ

hudai āeko hunechha

= will have been being/continuing to be.

4- PRONOUNS:

1. First Person Singular — "I"

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative म ma I

Accusative मलाई malāī me

Dative मलाई malāī to me / for me

Genitive मेरो mero my

Ergative मैले maile I (past transitive subject)

Instrumental मले (rare) male by me / with me

Comitative मसँग masaṅga with me / I have

Locative ममा mamā in me

Ablative मबाट mabāṭa from me

Allative मतिर matira toward me

Terminative मसम्म masamma up to me

2. Second Person Singular (Informal) — "You"

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative तिमी timī you

Accusative तिमीलाई timīlāī you

Dative तिमीलाई timīlāī to you

Genitive तिम्रो timro your

Ergative तिमीले timīle you (past transitive subject)

Instrumental तिमीले timīle by you

Comitative तिमीसँग timīsaṅga with you

Locative तिमीमा timīmā in you

Ablative तिमीबाट timībāṭa from you

Allative तिमीतिर timītira toward you

Terminative तिमीसम्म timīsamma up to you

3. Second Person Formal — "You"

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative तपाईं tapāī̃ you

Accusative तपाईंलाई tapāī̃lāī you

Dative तपाईंलाई tapāī̃lāī to you

Genitive तपाईंको tapāī̃ko your

Ergative तपाईंले tapāī̃le you (past transitive subject)

Instrumental तपाईंले tapāī̃le by you

Comitative तपाईंसँग tapāī̃saṅga with you

Locative तपाईंमा tapāī̃mā in you

Ablative तपाईंबाट tapāī̃bāṭa from you

Allative तपाईंतिर tapāī̃tira toward you

Terminative तपाईंसम्म tapāī̃samma up to you

4. Third Person Singular — "He / She"

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative ऊ ū he/she

Accusative उसलाई uslāī him/her

Dative usलाई uslāī to him/her

Genitive उसको usko his/her

Ergative उसले usle he/she (past transitive subject)

Instrumental उसले usle by him/her

Comitative उससँग usaṅga with him/her

Locative उसमा usmā in him/her

Ablative उसबाट usbāṭa from him/her

Allative उसतिर ustira toward him/her

Terminative उससम्म ussamma up to him/her

5. First Person Plural — "We"

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative हामी hāmī we

Accusative हामीलाई hāmīlāī us

Dative हामीलाई hāmīlāī to us

Genitive हाम्रो hāmro our

Ergative हामीले hāmīle we (past transitive subject)

Instrumental हामीले hāmīle by us

Comitative हामीसँग hāmīsaṅga with us

Locative हामीमा hāmīmā in us

Ablative हामीबाट hāmībāṭa from us

Allative हामीतिर hāmītira toward us

Terminative हामीसम्म hāmīsamma up to us

6. Third Person Plural — "They"

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative उनीहरू unīharū they

Accusative उनीहरूलाई unīharūlāī them

Dative उनीहरूलाई unīharūlāī to them

Genitive उनीहरूको unīharūko their

Ergative उनीहरूले unīharūle they (past transitive subject)

Instrumental उनीहरूले unīharūle by them

Comitative उनीहरूसँग unīharūsaṅga with them

Locative उनीहरूमा unīharūmā in them

Ablative उनीहरूबाट unīharūbāṭa from them

Allative उनीहरूतिर unīharūtira toward them

Terminative उनीहरूसम्म unīharūsamma up to them

REFLEXIVE:

Nominative आफू āphū self

Accusative आफूलाई āphūlāī oneself

Dative आफूलाई āphūlāī to oneself

Genitive आफ्नो āphno one's own

Ergative आफूले āphūle oneself (ergative)

Instrumental आफूले āphūle by oneself

Comitative आफूसँग āphūsaṅga with oneself

Locative आफूमा āphūmā in oneself

Ablative आफूबाट āphūbāṭa from oneself

Allative आफूतिर āphūtira toward oneself

Terminative आफूसम्म āphūsamma up to oneself

DEMONSTRATIVE:

2. Demonstrative Pronouns (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम)

Nepali distinguishes near and far.

English Nepali Transliteration

this यो yo

that त्यो tyo

these यी yī

those ती tī

Cases of "This" (यो)

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative यो yo this

Accusative योलाई yolāī this (object)

Dative योलाई yolāī to this

Genitive यसको yasko this one's / of this

Ergative यसले yasle this (ergative)

Instrumental यसले yasle by this

Comitative यससँग yassaṅga with this

Locative यसमा yasmā in this

Ablative यसबाट yasbāṭa from this

Allative यसतिर yastira toward this

Terminative यससम्म yassamma up to this

Cases of "That" (त्यो)

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative त्यो tyo that

Accusative त्यसलाई tyaslāī that (object)

Dative त्यसलाई tyaslāī to that

Genitive त्यसको tyasko of that

Ergative त्यसले tyasle that (ergative)

Instrumental त्यसले tyasle by that

Comitative त्यससँग tyassaṅga with that

Locative त्यसमा tyasmā in that

Ablative त्यसबाट tyasbāṭa from that

Allative त्यसतिर tyastira toward that

Terminative त्यसम्म tyassamma up to that

Cases of "These" (यी)

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative यी yī these

Accusative यिनीहरूलाई yinīharūlāī these

Dative यिनीहरूलाई yinīharūlāī to these

Genitive यिनीहरूको yinīharūko of these

Ergative यिनीहरूले yinīharūle these (ergative)

Comitative यिनीहरूसँग yinīharūsaṅga with these

Cases of "Those" (ती)

Case Nepali Transliteration Meaning

Nominative ती tī those

Accusative तिनीहरूलाई tinīharūlāī those

Dative तिनीहरूलाई tinīharūlāī to those

Genitive तिनीहरूको tinīharūko of those

Ergative तिनीहरूले tinīharūle those (ergative)

Comitative तिनीहरूसँग tinīharūsaṅga with those

Note: For plural demonstratives, Nepali commonly uses यिनीहरू (yinīharū) and तिनीहरू (tinīharū) in oblique cases rather than simply adding case markers to यी or ती.

Personal Pronoun + Verb Pronoun + Verb हामी नेपाली बोल्छौँ। Hāmī nepālī bolchaũ. We speak Nepali.

Possessive Possessive Pronoun + Noun + Verb Possessive Pronoun + Noun + Verb उसको गाडी ठूलो छ। Usko gāḍī ṭhūlo chha. His/Her car is big.

Reflexive Subject + आफ्नो + Noun + Verb Subject + āphno + Noun + Verb उसले आफ्नो काम गर्यो। Usle āphno kām garyo. He did his own work.

Demonstrative Demonstrative Pronoun + Adjective + Verb Demonstrative Pronoun + Adjective + Verb त्यो राम्रो छ। Tyo rāmrō chha. That is good.

Interrogative Interrogative Pronoun + Verb Interrogative Pronoun + Verb के भयो? Ke bhayo? What happened?

Relative Relative Pronoun + Clause, Main Clause Relative Pronoun + Clause, Main Clause जुन किताब राम्रो छ, त्यो किन। Jun kitāb rāmrō chha, tyo kina. Buy the book that is good.

Indefinite Indefinite Pronoun + Verb Indefinite Pronoun + Verb कोही आउँदैछ। Kohī āũdaichha. Someone is coming.

Reciprocal Subject + एकअर्कालाई + Verb Subject + ekarkālāī + Verb हामी एकअर्कालाई चिन्छौँ। Hāmī ekarkālāī chinchaũ. We know each other.

Distributive Distributive + Noun + Verb Distributive + Noun + Verb हरेक दिन म पढ्छु। Harek din ma paḍhchhu. I study every day.

Emphatic Pronoun + नै/आफैँ + Verb Pronoun + nai/āphaĩ + Verb ऊ आफैँ आयो। Ū āphaĩ āyo. He came himself.

Indefinite

कोही (kohī) – someone

केही (kehī) – something / some

कुनै (kunai) – any

Reciprocal

एकअर्का (ekarkā) – each other

Distributive

प्रत्येक (pratyek) – each

हरेक (harek) – every

सबैजना (sabaijanā) – everyone

Emphatic

आफैँ (āphaĩ) – oneself, personally

नै (nai) – exactly, indeed, emphatic particle

Negative

कोही पनि...न (kohī pani...na) – nobody

केही पनि...न (kehī pani...na) – nothing

Universal

सबै (sabai) – all, everyone

सबै कुरा (sabai kurā) – everything

5- VERB TENSES:

I eat म खान्छु [ma khānchhu]

You eat तिमी खान्छौ [timī khānchau]

He eats ऊ खान्छ [ū khāncha]

We eat हामी खान्छौँ [hāmī khānchaũ]

You (polite) eat तपाईं खानुहुन्छ [tapāī̃ khānuhunchha]

They eat उनीहरू खान्छन् [unīharū khānchan]

I am eating म खाइरहेको छु [ma khāirāheko chhu]

You are eating तिमी खाइरहेका छौ [timī khāirāhekā chau]

He is eating ऊ खाइरहेको छ [ū khāirāheko cha]

We are eating हामी खाइरहेका छौँ [hāmī khāirāhekā chaũ]

You (polite) are eating तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको छ [tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko chha]

They are eating उनीहरू खाइरहेका छन् [unīharū khāirāhekā chan]

I ate मैले खाएँ [maile khāẽ]

You ate तिमीले खायौ [timīle khāyau]

He ate उसले खायो [usle khāyo]

We ate हामीले खायौँ [hāmīle khāyaũ]

You (polite) ate तपाईंले खानुभयो [tapāī̃le khānubhayo]

They ate उनीहरूले खाए [unīharūle khāe ]

I was eating म खाइरहेको थिएँ [ma khāirāheko thiẽ]

You were eating तिमी खाइरहेका थियौ [timī khāirāhekā thiyau]

He was eating ऊ खाइरहेको थियो [ū khāirāheko thiyo]

We were eating हामी खाइरहेका थियौँ [hāmī khāirāhekā thiyaũ]

You (polite) were eating तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको हुनुहुन्थ्यो [tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko hunuhunthyo]

They were eating उनीहरू खाइरहेका थिए [unīharū khāirāhekā thiye]

I will eat म खानेछु [ma khānechhu]

You will eat तिमी खानेछौ [timī khānechau]

He will eat ऊ खानेछ [ū khānecha]

We will eat हामी खानेछौँ [hāmī khānechaũ]

You (polite) will eat तपाईं खानुहुनेछ [tapāī̃ khānuhunechha]

They will eat उनीहरू खानेछन् [unīharū khānechan]

I will be eating म खाइरहेको हुनेछु [ma khāirāheko hunechhu]

You will be eating तिमी खाइरहेका हुनेछौ [timī khāirāhekā hunechau]

He will be eating ऊ खाइरहेको हुनेछ [ū khāirāheko hunecha]

We will be eating हामी खाइरहेका हुनेछौँ [hāmī khāirāhekā hunechaũ]

You (polite) will be eating तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको हुनुहुनेछ [tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko hunuhunechha]

They will be eating उनीहरू खाइरहेका हुनेछन् unīharū khāirāhekā hunechan]

I have eaten मैले खाएको छु [maile khāeko chhu]

You have eaten तिमीले खाएका छौ [timīle khāekā chau]

He has eaten उसले खाएको छ [usle khāeko cha]

We have eaten हामीले खाएका छौँ [hāmīle khāekā chaũ]

You (polite) have eaten तपाईंले खानुभएको छ [tapāī̃le khānubhayeko chha]

They have eaten उनीहरूले खाएका छन् [unīharūle khāekā chan]

I had eaten मैले खाएको थिएँ maile [khāeko thiẽ]

You had eaten तिमीले खाएका थियौ [timīle khāekā thiyau]

He had eaten उसले खाएको थियो [usle khāeko thiyo]

We had eaten हामीले खाएका थियौँ [hāmīle khāekā thiyaũ]

You (polite) had eaten तपाईंले खानुभएको हुनुहुन्थ्यो [tapāī̃le khānubhayeko hunuhunthyo]

They had eaten उनीहरूले खाएका थिए [unīharūle khāekā thiye]

I will have eaten मैले खाएको हुनेछ [maile khāeko hunecha]

You will have eaten तिमीले खाएका हुनेछौ [timīle khāekā hunechau]

He will have eaten उसले खाएको हुनेछ [usle khāeko hunecha]

We will have eaten हामीले खाएका हुनेछौँ [hāmīle khāekā hunechaũ]

You (polite) will have eaten तपाईंले खानुभएको हुनेछ [tapāī̃le khānubhayeko hunechha]

They will have eaten उनीहरूले खाएका हुनेछन् [unīharūle khāekā hunechan]

I have been eating म खाइरहेको छु। [ma khāirāheko chhu]

You have been eating तिमी खाइरहेका छौ। [timī khāirāhekā chau]

He/She has been eating ऊ खाइरहेको छ। [ū khāirāheko cha]

We have been eating हामी खाइरहेका छौँ। [hāmī khāirāhekā chaũ]

You (polite) have been eating तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको छ। [tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko chha]

They have been eating उनीहरू खाइरहेका छन्। [unīharū khāirāhekā chan]

I had been eating म खाइरहेको थिएँ। ma khāirāheko thiẽ

You had been eating तिमी खाइरहेका थियौ। timī khāirāhekā thiyau

He/She had been eating ऊ खाइरहेको थियो। ū khāirāheko thiyo

We had been eating हामी खाइरहेका थियौँ। hāmī khāirāhekā thiyaũ

You (polite) had been eating तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको हुनुहुन्थ्यो। tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko hunuhunthyo

They had been eating उनीहरू खाइरहेका थिए। unīharū khāirāhekā thi

I will have been eating म खाइरहेको हुनेछु। ma khāirāheko hunechhu

You will have been eating तिमी खाइरहेका हुनेछौ। timī khāirāhekā hunechau

He/She will have been eating ऊ खाइरहेको हुनेछ। ū khāirāheko hunecha

We will have been eating हामी खाइरहेका हुनेछौँ। hāmī khāirāhekā hunechaũ

You (polite) will have been eating तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको हुनुहुनेछ। tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko hunuhunechha

They will have been eating उनीहरू खाइरहेका हुनेछन्। unīharū khāirāhekā hunechan

6- PASSIVE TENSES:

Verb stem + एको [iēko] → passive/resultative participle

is written लेखिन्छ (lekhinchha)

is being written लेखिँदै छ (lekhindai cha)

has been written लेखिएको छ (lekhiyeko cha)

was written लेखियो (lekhiyo)

was being written लेखिँदै थियो (lekhindai thiyo)

had been written लेखिएको थियो (lekhiyeko thiyo)

will be written लेखिनेछ (lekhinechha)

will be being written लेखिँदै हुनेछ (lekhindai hunecha)

will have been written लेखिएको हुनेछ (lekhiyeko hunecha)

1 खाइन्छ khāinchha is eaten

2 खाइँदै छ khāĩdai chha is being eaten

3 खाइएको छ khāieko chha has been eaten

4 खाइयो khāiyo was eaten

5 खाइँदै थियो khāĩdai thiyo was being eaten

6 खाइएको थियो khāieko thiyo had been eaten

7 खाइनेछ khāinechha will be eaten

8 खाइएको हुनेछ khāieko hunechha will have been eaten

9 खाइँदै आएको छ khāĩdai āeko chha has been being eaten

7- NEGATION:

I do not eat म खाँदिनँ। ma khā̃dinã

You do not eat तिमी खाँदैनौ। timī khā̃dainau

He does not eat ऊ खाँदैन। ū khā̃daina

We do not eat हामी खाँदैनौँ। hāmī khā̃dainaũ

You (polite) do not eat तपाईं खानुहुन्न। tapāī̃ khānuhunna

They do not eat उनीहरू खाँदैनन्। unīharū khā̃dainan

1 Present Simple म खाँदिनँ। Ma khā̃dinã. I do not eat.

2 Present Continuous म खाइरहेको छैन। Ma khāirahēko chhaina. I am not eating.

3 Present Perfect मैले खाएको छैन। Maile khāeko chhaina. I have not eaten.

4 Present Perfect Continuous मैले खाँदै आएको छैन। Maile khā̃dai āeko chhaina. I have not been eating.

5 Past Simple मैले खाइनँ। Maile khāinã. I did not eat.

6 Past Continuous म खाइरहेको थिइनँ। Ma khāirahēko thiinã. I was not eating.

7 Past Perfect मैले खाएको थिइनँ। Maile khāeko thiinã. I had not eaten.

8 Past Perfect Continuous मैले खाँदै आएको थिइनँ। Maile khā̃dai āeko thiinã. I had not been eating.

9 Future Simple म खानेछैनँ। Ma khānechhainã. I will not eat.

10 Future Continuous म खाइरहेको हुनेछैनँ। Ma khāirahēko hunechhainã. I will not be eating.

11 Future Perfect मैले खाएको हुनेछैन। Maile khāeko hunechhaina. I will not have eaten.

12 Future Perfect Continuous मैले खाँदै आएको हुनेछैन। Maile khā̃dai āeko hunechhaina. I will not have been eating.

1 Present Simple Passive खाना खाइँदैन। Khānā khāĩdaina. The food is not eaten.

2 Present Continuous Passive खाना खाइँदै छैन। Khānā khāĩdai chhaina. The food is not being eaten.

3 Present Perfect Passive खाना खाइएको छैन। Khānā khāieko chhaina. The food has not been eaten.

4 Present Perfect Continuous Passive खाना खाइँदै आएको छैन। Khānā khāĩdai āeko chhaina. The food has not been being eaten.

5 Past Simple Passive खाना खाइएन। Khānā khāiena. The food was not eaten.

6 Past Continuous Passive खाना खाइँदै थिएन। Khānā khāĩdai thiena. The food was not being eaten.

7 Past Perfect Passive खाना खाइएको थिएन। Khānā khāieko thiena. The food had not been eaten.

8 Past Perfect Continuous Passive खाना खाइँदै आएको थिएन। Khānā khāĩdai āeko thiena. The food had not been being eaten.

9 Future Simple Passive खाना खाइनेछैन। Khānā khāinechhaina. The food will not be eaten.

10 Future Continuous Passive खाना खाइँदै हुनेछैन। Khānā khāĩdai hunechhaina. The food will not be being eaten.

11 Future Perfect Passive खाना खाइएको हुनेछैन। Khānā khāieko hunechhaina. The food will not have been eaten.

12 Future Perfect Continuous Passive खाना खाइँदै आएको हुनेछैन। Khānā khāĩdai āeko hunechhaina. The food will not have been being eaten.

1. Present — “am not / is not / are not”

Identity: होइन

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म होइन Ma hoina I am not

You तिमी होइनौ Timī hoinaau You are not

You formal तपाईं हुनुहुन्न Tapāī̃ hunuhunna You are not

He/She ऊ होइन Ū hoina He/She is not

We हामी होइनौँ Hāmī hoinaaũ We are not

They उनीहरू होइनन् Unīharū hoinan They are not

Example:

म डाक्टर होइन।

Ma ḍākṭar hoina.

= I am not a doctor.

State/location: छैन

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म छैन Ma chhaina I am not

You तिमी छैनौ Timī chhainau You are not

You formal तपाईं हुनुहुन्न Tapāī̃ hunuhunna You are not

He/She ऊ छैन Ū chhaina He/She is not

We हामी छैनौँ Hāmī chainaũ We are not

They उनीहरू छैनन् Unīharū chainan They are not

Example:

म घरमा छैन।

Ma gharmā chhaina.

= I am not at home.

2. Present Continuous — “am/is/are not being”

Pattern:

हुँदै + छैन

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुँदैछैनँ Ma hudai chhainã I am not being

You तिमी हुँदैछैनौ Timī hudai chhainau You are not being

He/She ऊ हुँदैछैन Ū hudai chhaina He/She is not being

We हामी हुँदैछैनौँ Hāmī hudai chainaũ We are not being

They उनीहरू हुँदैछैनन् Unīharū hudai chainan They are not being

This form is grammatically possible but uncommon. Nepali normally expresses a state with an adjective instead.

3. Past Simple — “was not / were not”

Pattern:

थिएन / थिइनँ / थिएनौ / थिएनौँ / थिएनन्

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म थिइनँ Ma thiinã I was not

You तिमी थिएनौ Timī thienau You were not

You formal तपाईं हुनुहुन्नथ्यो Tapāī̃ hunuhunnathyo You were not

He/She ऊ थिएन Ū thiena He/She was not

We हामी थिएनौँ Hāmī thienaũ We were not

They उनीहरू थिएनन् Unīharū thienan They were not

Example:

म घरमा थिइनँ।

Ma gharmā thiinã.

= I was not at home.

4. Past Continuous — “was/were not being”

Pattern:

हुँदै + थिएन

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुँदै थिइनँ Ma hudai thiinã I was not being

You तिमी हुँदै थिएनौ Timī hudai thienau You were not being

He/She ऊ हुँदै थिएन Ū hudai thiena He/She was not being

We हामी हुँदै थिएनौँ Hāmī hudai thienaũ We were not being

They उनीहरू हुँदै थिएनन् Unīharū hudai thienan They were not being

Again, this is rarely needed in ordinary speech.

5. Present Perfect — “have/has not been”

Pattern:

भएको + छैन

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म भएको छैन Ma bhaeko chhaina I have not been

You तिमी भएका छैनौ Timī bhaekā chhainau You have not been

He/She ऊ भएको छैन Ū bhaeko chhaina He/She has not been

We हामी भएका छैनौँ Hāmī bhaekā chainaũ We have not been

They उनीहरू भएका छैनन् Unīharū bhaekā chainan They have not been

6. Past Perfect — “had not been”

Pattern:

भएको + थिएन

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म भएको थिइनँ Ma bhaeko thiinã I had not been

You तिमी भएका थिएनौ Timī bhaekā thienau You had not been

He/She ऊ भएको थिएन Ū bhaeko thiena He/She had not been

We हामी भएका थिएनौँ Hāmī bhaekā thienaũ We had not been

They उनीहरू भएका थिएनन् Unīharū bhaekā thienan They had not been

7. Future — “will not be”

Pattern:

हुने + छैन

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म हुनेछैनँ Ma hunechhainã I will not be

You तिमी हुनेछैनौ Timī hunechhainau You will not be

You formal तपाईं हुनुहुनेछैन Tapāī̃ hunuhunechhaina You will not be

He/She ऊ हुनेछैन Ū hunechhaina He/She will not be

We हामी हुनेछैनौँ Hāmī hunechhainaũ We will not be

They उनीहरू हुने छैनन् Unīharū hune chainan They will not be

Example:

म भोलि घरमा हुनेछैनँ।

Ma bholi gharmā hunechhainã.

= I will not be at home tomorrow.

8. Future Perfect — “will not have been”

Pattern:

भएको + हुनेछैन

Pronoun Nepali Transliteration Translation

I म भएको हुनेछैन Ma bhaeko hunechhaina I will not have been

You तिमी भएका हुनेछैनौ Timī bhaekā hunechhainau You will not have been

He/She ऊ भएको हुनेछैन Ū bhaeko hunechhaina He/She will not have been

We हामी भएका हुनेछैनौँ Hāmī bhaekā hunechhainaũ We will not have been

They उनीहरू भएका हुनेछैनन् Unīharū bhaekā hunechanain They will not have been

8- QUESTIONS:

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

There are 2 ways to make one:

1- Same sentence structure, just use intonation and add a question mark:

Timī ghar jānchau. You go home.

Timī ghar jānchau? Do you go home?

2- add के [ke] at the beginning of the sentence:

Ke timī Nepālī bolchau? Do you speak Nepali?

QUESTION WORDS:

who को ko

what के ke

where कहाँ kahā̃

when कहिले kahile

why किन kina

how कसरी kasarī

which कुन kun

how many कति kati

whose कसको kasko

whom कसलाई kaslāī

तिमीले कति किताब किन्यौ? Timīle kati kitāb kinyau? How many books did you buy? (कति + Noun + Verb?)

तिमी कसरी सिक्छौ? Timī kasarī sikchhau? How do you learn? (Subject + कसरी + Verb?)

तिमीले के खायौ? Timīle ke khāyau? What did you eat? (Subject + ले + के/कसलाई + Verb?)

9- ADVERBS:

Nepali Transliteration English

यसरी yasari in this way / like this

त्यसरी tyasari in that way / like that

कसरी kasari how

जसरी jasari in the way that / as

त्यसैगरी tyasaigari similarly / likewise

यसैगरी yasaigari likewise / in this same way

राम्ररी ramrari well / properly

नराम्ररी naramrari badly

छिटो chhito quickly

बिस्तारै bistārai slowly / gradually

सावधानीपूर्वक sāvdhānīpūrvak carefully

ध्यानपूर्वक dhyānapūrvak attentively / carefully

सजिलै sajilai easily

गाह्रोसँग gāhrosanga with difficulty

अचानक achānaka suddenly

चुपचाप chupchāp quietly / silently

खुसीसाथ khusīsāth happily

दुःखसाथ duḥkhasāth sadly

बिस्तारै-बिस्तारै bistārai-bistārai little by little / gradually

मिलेर miler together / cooperatively

छुट्टाछुट्टै chhuṭṭāchhuṭṭai separately

एक्लै eklai alone

सँगसँगै sangasangai together / alongside

स्वतन्त्र रूपमा svatantra rūpmā independently

सामान्यतया sāmānyatayā generally / normally

विशेषगरी viśeṣgarī especially

मुख्यतः mukhyataḥ mainly

पूर्णतः pūrṇataḥ completely

आंशिक रूपमा āṃśik rūpmā partially

2. Adverbs of place

Nepali Transliteration English

यहाँ yahā̃ here

त्यहाँ tyahā̃ there

कहाँ kahā̃ where

जहाँ jahā̃ where / wherever

यता yatā this way / here

उता utā that way / over there

कता katā which way / where

जता jatā where / whichever way

यतै yatai right here / this way

उतै utai right there / that way

कतै katai somewhere / anywhere

जतै jatai wherever

बाहिर bāhira outside

भित्र bhitra inside

माथि māthi above / upstairs

तल tala below / downstairs

अगाडि agāḍi ahead / in front

पछाडि pachhāḍi behind / back

नजिक najik nearby

टाढा ṭāḍhā far away

वरिपरि varipari around

बीचमा bīchmā in the middle

चारैतिर chāraitira all around

जहाँतहाँ jahā̃tahā̃ everywhere

यत्रतत्र yatratatra here and there / everywhere

सर्वत्र sarvatra everywhere

कतै पनि katai pani anywhere

कहीँ kahī̃ somewhere / anywhere

कहीँ पनि kahī̃ pani anywhere

अन्त anta elsewhere / another place

वर vara nearby / this side

पर para farther away / over there

3. Adverbs of time

Nepali Transliteration English

आज āja today

हिजो hijo yesterday

अस्ति asti the day before yesterday / recently

भोलि bholi tomorrow

पर्सि parsi the day after tomorrow

अहिले ahile now

अहिले नै ahile nai right now

आजकल ājakal nowadays

हाल hāl currently

हालै hālai recently

पहिले pahile before / previously

पहिला pahilā previously / earlier

पछि pachhi later / afterwards

फेरि pheri again

सधैँ sadhaĩ always

कहिल्यै kahilyai ever / never

कहिले kahile when

कहिलेकाहीँ kahilekāhī̃ sometimes

प्रायः prāyaḥ usually / often

प्रायजसो prāyajaso usually / most of the time

बारम्बार bārambār repeatedly / frequently

अक्सर aksar often

विरलै viralai rarely

कहिलेकाहीँ kahilekāhī̃ occasionally

तुरुन्त turunta immediately

तुरुन्तै turuntai immediately

छिट्टै chhiṭṭai soon

ढिलो ḍhilo late

ढिलोसम्म ḍhilosamma until late

पहिले नै pahile nai already / beforehand

अहिलेसम्म ahilesamma until now / so far

अझै ajhai still / yet

अझै पनि ajhai pani still

त्यसपछि tyaspachhi after that

त्यसअघि tyasaaghi before that

अन्ततः antataḥ ultimately / finally

अन्तमा antamā finally / at the end

सुरुमा surumā initially / at first

बीचमा bīchmā meanwhile / in the middle

क्रमशः kramaśaḥ gradually / successively

बिस्तारै bistārai gradually

निरन्तर nirantar continuously

सधैँभरि sadhaĩbhari forever / all the time

4. Frequency adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

सधैँ sadhaĩ always

प्रायः prāyaḥ usually / often

प्रायजसो prāyajaso usually

अक्सर aksar often

बारम्बार bārambār repeatedly

पटकपटक paṭakpaṭak again and again

धेरैजसो dhereijaso mostly / most of the time

कहिलेकाहीँ kahilekāhī̃ sometimes

कहिल्यै kahilyai ever / never

विरलै viralai rarely

मुस्किलले muskilē hardly / rarely

एकपटक ekpaṭak once

दुईपटक duīpaṭak twice

धेरैपटक dhereipaṭak many times

प्रायःजसो prāyaḥjaso generally / usually

दैनिक dainik daily

साप्ताहिक रूपमा sāptāhik rūpmā weekly

मासिक रूपमा māsik rūpmā monthly

वार्षिक रूपमा vārṣik rūpmā annually

5. Degree and intensity adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

धेरै dherai very / much / a lot

निकै nikai quite / very

अत्यन्त atyanta extremely

अति ati extremely / too

साह्रै sāhrai very / extremely

एकदम ekdam very / absolutely

ज्यादै jyādai very / excessively

धेरै नै dherai nai very much

अलि ali a little / somewhat

अलिकति alikati a little

थोरै thorai slightly / little

कम kam less

लगभग lagbhag approximately / almost

करिब karib approximately / about

झण्डै jhaṇḍai almost / nearly

करीब-करीब karib-karib approximately / almost

पूर्ण रूपमा pūrṇa rūpmā completely

बिल्कुल bilkul completely / absolutely

बिल्कुलै bilkulai absolutely / completely

पूरै purai entirely / completely

लगभगै lagbhagai almost

अत्यधिक atyadhik excessively / extremely

पर्याप्त paryāpta sufficiently

पर्याप्त रूपमा paryāpta rūpmā sufficiently

जति jati as much/as many

त्यति tyati that much/that many

यति yati this much/this many

कति kati how much/how many

6. Comparative / scalar adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

बढी baḍhī more

धेरै dherai more / much

कम kam less

अझ बढी ajha baḍhī even more

अझ कम ajha kam even less

सबैभन्दा बढी sabaibhanda baḍhī the most

सबैभन्दा कम sabaibhanda kam the least

त्यति tyati that much

यति yati this much

जति jati as much

उति uti that much / correspondingly

7. Question adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

कहाँ kahā̃ where

कहिले kahile when

किन kina why

कसरी kasari how

कति kati how much / how many

कतातिर katātira which way

कहाँबाट kahā̃bāṭa from where

कहाँसम्म kahā̃samma up to where

कति धेरै kati dherai how much / how many

कति पटक kati paṭak how many times

कति छिटो kati chhiṭo how quickly

8. Demonstrative / deictic adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

यहाँ yahā̃ here

त्यहाँ tyahā̃ there

उता utā over there

यता yatā this way

कता katā which way

जता jatā whichever way

यसरी yasari like this

त्यसरी tyasari like that

कसरी kasari how

जसरी jasari as / in the way that

यति yati this much

त्यति tyati that much

कति kati how much

जति jati as much

यस्तो yasto like this / such

त्यस्तो tyasto like that / such

कस्तो kasto how / what kind

9. Affirmative / certainty adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

हो ho yes / indeed

अवश्य avaśya certainly / definitely

पक्कै pakkai definitely / surely

निश्चय niścaya certainly

निश्चय नै niścaya nai certainly

साँच्चै sā̃cchai really / truly

वास्तवमा vāstavmā actually / in fact

वास्तवमै vāstavmai actually

निश्चित रूपमा niścita rūpmā certainly

निःसन्देह niḥsandeha undoubtedly

अवश्य नै avaśya nai certainly

साँच्चिकै sā̃ccikai really / genuinely

पक्कापक्की pakkāpakkī definitely / for sure

10. Negative adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

न na not

होइन hoina not / no

कहिल्यै kahilyai ever / never

कतै पनि katai pani nowhere / anywhere

कहीँ पनि kahī̃ pani nowhere / anywhere

केही पनि kehi pani nothing / anything

कसैलाई पनि kasailāī pani nobody / anybody

कुनै पनि kunai pani any / none

अझै छैन ajhai chhaina still not

कहिल्यै पनि होइन kahilyai pani hoina never

Important: Nepali often uses न ... with another word rather than having a separate negative adverb equivalent to English never or nowhere.

11. Concessive / additive adverbial words

Nepali Transliteration English

पनि pani also / too / even

समेत samet including / even

पनि त pani ta also / after all

मात्र mātra only

मात्रै mātrai only / just

नै nai exactly / indeed / emphasis

समेतै sametai even / including

झन् jhan even more / rather

बरु baru rather / instead

उल्टै ultai instead / conversely

फेरि pheri again / besides

अझ ajha even more / further

अझै ajhai still / even

12. Limiting adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

मात्र mātra only

मात्रै mātrai only

केवल keval only / merely

मात्र पनि mātra pani even only

कम्तीमा kamtīmā at least

बढीमा baḍhīmā at most

लगभग lagbhag approximately

जम्मा jammā only / altogether

खासगरी khāsagarī especially

विशेषतः viśeṣataḥ especially

मुख्यतः mukhyataḥ mainly

13. Probability / uncertainty adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

सायद sāyad perhaps / maybe

सम्भवतः sambhavataḥ probably / possibly

सम्भवतः नै sambhavataḥ nai most probably

शायद śāyad perhaps

होला holā probably / may be

हुनसक्छ hunasakchha may / might / possibly

पक्कै pakkai surely

प्रायः prāyaḥ probably / generally

अनुमानतः anumānataḥ approximately / presumably

करिब karib approximately

जस्तो देखिन्छ jasto dekhinchha apparently / it seems

14. Result / logical adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

त्यसैले tyasaile therefore / so

त्यसकारण tyaskāraṇ therefore

अतः ataḥ therefore / hence

तसर्थ tasartha therefore

फलतः phalataḥ consequently

फलस्वरूप phalasvarūp as a result

यसकारण yaskāraṇ for this reason

यसैले yasailē therefore / for this reason

त्यसपछि tyaspachhi then / afterwards

अन्ततः antataḥ ultimately

अन्तमा antamā finally

15. Focusing adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

नै nai exactly / indeed

पनि pani also / even

समेत samet even / including

झन् jhan even more

खासगरी khāsagarī especially

विशेषगरी viśeṣgarī especially

मुख्यतः mukhyataḥ mainly

केवल keval only

मात्र mātra only

बिल्कुल bilkul absolutely

साँच्चै sā̃cchai really

वास्तवमा vāstavmā actually

कम्तीमा kamtīmā at least

बढीमा baḍhīmā at most

16. Sequential / connective adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

पहिले pahile first / previously

त्यसपछि tyaspachhi then / afterwards

त्यसअघि tyasaaghi before that

त्यसपछि पनि tyaspachhi pani afterwards too

अन्तमा antamā finally

अन्ततः antataḥ ultimately

पहिले नै pahile nai beforehand / already

फेरि pheri again

पुनः punaḥ again

तत्पश्चात् tatpaścāt thereafter

त्यसैबीच tyasaibīch meanwhile

यसबीच yasbīch meanwhile

क्रमशः kramaśaḥ gradually / successively

अन्ततः antataḥ eventually

17. Adverbs of simultaneity / continuity

Nepali Transliteration English

सँगसँगै sangasangai simultaneously / together

एकैसाथ ekaisāth at the same time

सँगै sangai together

लगातार lagātār continuously

निरन्तर nirantar continuously

अझै ajhai still

अहिलेसम्म ahilesamma until now

त्यतिन्जेल tyatinjel until then

यसैबीच yasaibīch meanwhile

त्यसैबीच tyasaibīch meanwhile

एकैचोटि ekaichoti all at once

18. Purpose / intentional adverbial expressions

These are technically adverbial constructions, rather than simple adverbs.

Nepali Transliteration English

त्यसका लागि tyaskā lāgi for that purpose

यसका लागि yaskā lāgi for this purpose

जानाजानी jānājānī deliberately

इच्छापूर्वक icchāpūrvak intentionally

उद्देश्यपूर्वक uddeśyapūrvak purposefully

अनजानमा anajānmā unintentionally / unknowingly

संयोगवश saṃyogavaś accidentally / by coincidence

19. Cause / reason adverbial expressions

Nepali Transliteration English

त्यसैले tyasaile therefore

त्यसकारण tyaskāraṇ therefore

यसैले yasailē therefore

यसकारण yaskāraṇ for this reason

त्यसको कारणले tyasko kāraṇle because of that

यस कारणले yas kāraṇle for this reason

संयोगवश saṃyogavaś accidentally

20. Manner adverbs formed with -री

A very important productive pattern in Nepali is:

adjective/adverbial stem + -री

which can create a manner adverb.

Nepali Transliteration English

राम्ररी rāmrari well

नराम्ररी narāmrari badly

सजिलै sajilai easily

गाह्रो गरी gāhro garī with difficulty

त्यसरी tyasarī in that way

यसरी yasarī in this way

कसरी kasarī how

जसरी jasarī as / in the way that

विशेषगरी viśeṣgarī especially

सामान्यतया sāmānyatayā generally

21. Adverbs of certainty vs uncertainty

Category Nepali Transliteration English

Certainty अवश्य avaśya certainly

Certainty पक्कै pakkai definitely

Certainty निश्चय नै niścaya nai certainly

Certainty साँच्चै sā̃cchai truly

Certainty वास्तवमा vāstavmā actually

Certainty निःसन्देह niḥsandeha undoubtedly

Uncertainty सायद sāyad perhaps

Uncertainty सम्भवतः sambhavataḥ possibly/probably

Uncertainty होला holā probably

Uncertainty हुनसक्छ hunasakchha may/might

Uncertainty अनुमानतः anumānataḥ presumably

22. Common compound adverbs

Nepali Transliteration English

अहिलेसम्म ahilesamma until now

आजसम्म ājasamma until today

अहिलेसम्म पनि ahilesamma pani even until now

त्यसपछि tyaspachhi afterwards

त्यसअघि tyasaaghi before that

त्यसैगरी tyasaigari similarly

यसैगरी yasaigari likewise

कम्तीमा kamtīmā at least

बढीमा baḍhīmā at most

प्रायजसो prāyajaso usually

धेरैजसो dhereijaso mostly

पटकपटक paṭakpaṭak repeatedly

एक्कासि ekkāsi suddenly

एकैचोटि ekaichoti at once

एकैसाथ ekaisāth simultaneously

ठाउँठाउँमा ṭhāũṭhāũmā in various places

घरघरमा ghargharmā in every house

ठाउँ-ठाउँमा ṭhāũ-ṭhāũmā here and there

जहाँतहाँ jahā̃tahā̃ everywhere

यताउता yatāutā here and there

वरिपरि varipari around

अगाडि-पछाडि agāḍi-pachhāḍi back and forth

तलमाथि talamāthi up and down

भित्रबाहिर bhitrabāhira inside and outside

10- CONJUNCTIONS:

Nepali Transliteration English

र ra and

अनि ani and / then

तथा tathā and / as well as

एवं evaṃ and / as well as

साथै sāthai also / as well as

साथै पनि sāthai pani also / as well

समेत samet as well as / including

पनि pani also / too

अनि पनि ani pani and also

र पनि ra pani and also

Example:

राम र सीता आए।

Rām ra Sītā āe.

“Ram and Sita came.”

2. “Also / as well as”

Nepali Transliteration English

पनि pani also / too

साथै sāthai also / as well as

समेत samet including / even

अतिरिक्त atirikta additionally

त्यसमाथि tyasmāthi moreover / besides

यसबाहेक yasbāhek besides this

त्यसबाहेक tyasbāhek besides that

अझ ajha furthermore / even

अझै ajhai furthermore / still

त्यसैगरी tyasaigari likewise

यसैगरी yasaigari likewise

3. Coordinating conjunctions — “or”

Nepali Transliteration English

वा vā or

अथवा athavā or / alternatively

या yā or

कि ki or

कि त ki ta or else

नत्र natra otherwise / or else

नत्र भने natra bhane otherwise

चाहे chāhe whether / whether or not

चाहे ... चाहे chāhe ... chāhe whether ... or

या त ... या त yā ta ... yā ta either ... or

Example:

तिमी चिया वा कफी पिउँछौ?

Timī chiya vā kaphī piũchhau?

“Do you drink tea or coffee?”

4. “But”

Nepali Transliteration English

तर tara but

किन्तु kintu but

तथापि tathāpi however / nevertheless

यद्यपि yadyapi although / nevertheless

परन्तु parantu but / however

तर पनि tara pani but still

तैपनि taipani nevertheless / still

यद्यपि ... तथापि yadyapi ... tathāpi although ... nevertheless

भए पनि bhae pani although / even though

तापनि tāpani nevertheless / even so

बरु baru rather / instead

उल्टै ultai instead / conversely

5. “So / therefore / therefore”

Nepali Transliteration English

त्यसैले tyasaile therefore / so

त्यसकारण tyaskāraṇ therefore

तसर्थ tasartha therefore / hence

अतः ataḥ therefore / hence

यसैले yasailē therefore

यसकारण yaskāraṇ for this reason

फलतः phalataḥ consequently

फलस्वरूप phalasvarūp as a result

त्यसको परिणामस्वरूप tyasko pariṇāmasvarūp consequently

नतिजास्वरूप natijāsvarūp as a result

6. Cause — “because”

Nepali Transliteration English

किनभने kinabhane because

किनकि kinaki because

किनभने कि kinabhane ki because

किनकि ... kinaki ... because

कारण kāraṇ because / reason

कारणले kāraṇle because of

त्यसकारण tyaskāraṇ therefore / because of that

यसकारण yaskāraṇ for this reason

भएकोले bhaekole because / since

भएकाले bhaekāle because / since

भएर bhaera because / having become

हुनाले hunāle because / since

भएकै कारण bhaekai kāraṇ precisely because

Example:

म घरमा बसेँ किनभने पानी परिरहेको थियो।

Ma gharma basẽ kinabhane pānī parirहेको thiyo.

“I stayed home because it was raining.”

7. “Since / as / because”

Nepali Transliteration English

किनकि kinaki since / because

किनभने kinabhane because

भएकाले bhaekāle since / because

भएकोले bhaekole since / because

हुनाले hunāle since / because

हुँदा hudā when / since / because

भएकै कारणले bhaekai kāraṇle because of the fact that

त्यसकारण tyaskāraṇ therefore

8. Purpose — “so that / in order that”

Nepali Transliteration English

ताकि tāki so that

जसले गर्दा jasle gardā so that / whereby

भनेर bhanera so that / saying that

भनेर नै bhanera nai specifically so that

का लागि kā lāgi for / for the purpose of

को लागि ko lāgi for

निम्ति nimti for / for the purpose of

उद्देश्यले uddeśyale with the purpose of

यसका लागि yaskā lāgi for this purpose

त्यसका लागि tyaskā lāgi for that purpose

Example:

उसले पैसा बचत गर्‍यो ताकि घर किन्न सकोस्।

Usle paisā bachata garyo tāki ghar kinn sakos.

“He saved money so that he could buy a house.”

9. Condition — “if”

Nepali Transliteration English

यदि yadi if

अगर agar if

भने bhane if / if so

... भने ... bhane if

यदि ... भने yadi ... bhane if ...

अगर ... भने agar ... bhane if ...

जब ... तब jaba ... taba when/if ... then

जहाँ ... त्यहाँ jahā̃ ... tyahā̃ where ... there

जति ... उति jati ... uti the more ... the more

जति ... त्यति jati ... tyati as much ... so much

Example:

यदि तिमी आउँछौ भने म पनि आउँछु।

Yadi timī āũchhau bhane ma pani āũchhu.

“If you come, I will come too.”

10. “Unless”

Nepali Transliteration English

... बाहेक ... bāhek unless / except

... नगरेसम्म ... nagaresamma unless / until one does not

... नभएसम्म ... nabhaesamma unless / until

... नहुँदासम्म ... nahũdāsamma unless / until

... नभएसम्म ... nabhaesamma until/unless

यदि ... नगरे yadi ... nagare if ... does not

... नत्र ... natra otherwise

Example:

तिमी नआएसम्म म जानेछैनँ।

Timī naāesamma ma jānechainã.

“I will not go unless you come.”

11. Concession — “although / even though”

Nepali Transliteration English

यद्यपि yadyapi although

तापनि tāpani nevertheless / even though

तथापि tathāpi nevertheless

तैपनि taipani even so / nevertheless

भए पनि bhae pani although / even though

भए तापनि bhae tāpani although / even though

जति नै ... भए पनि jati nai ... bhae pani no matter how ...

जतिसुकै ... भए पनि jatisukai ... bhae pani however much / no matter how

जे भए पनि je bhae pani whatever happens / anyway

जसरी भए पनि jasari bhae pani no matter how

जे गरे पनि je gare pani whatever one does

12. “Even if”

Nepali Transliteration English

भए पनि bhae pani even if

भए तापनि bhae tāpani even if

जति नै भए पनि jati nai bhae pani even if/however much

जसरी भए पनि jasari bhae pani however / no matter how

जे भए पनि je bhae pani whatever / even if

जहाँ भए पनि jahā̃ bhae pani wherever

जहिले भए पनि jahile bhae pani whenever

जसले भए पनि jasle bhae pani whoever

13. Time — “when”

Nepali Transliteration English

जब jaba when

जब ... तब jaba ... taba when ... then

जुन बेला jun belā when / at the time when

जबदेखि jabdekhi since when

जहिले jahile whenever

जहिले पनि jahile pani whenever / always

जतिबेला jatibelā whenever / at whatever time

त्यसबेला tyasbelā at that time

त्यसपछि tyaspachhi after that

त्यसअघि tyasaaghi before that

14. “While”

Nepali Transliteration English

जब ... jaba ... while / when

... हुँदा ... hudā while / when

... गर्दै ... gardai while doing

... गर्दागर्दै ... gardāgardai while doing

... गरिरहेको बेला ... garirहेको belā while doing

त्यसैबीच tyasaibīch meanwhile

यसैबीच yasaibīch meanwhile

एकै समयमा ekai samaymā at the same time

15. “Before”

Nepali Transliteration English

अघि aghi before

पहिले pahile before / previously

अगाडि agāḍi before / ahead

... अघि ... aghi before ...

... भन्दा अघि ... bhanda aghi before ...

... गर्नु अघि ... garnu aghi before doing

... गर्नुभन्दा अघि ... garnubhanda aghi before doing

त्यसअघि tyasaaghi before that

पहिले नै pahile nai beforehand

16. “After”

Nepali Transliteration English

पछि pachhi after

त्यसपछि tyaspachhi after that

... पछि ... pachhi after ...

... गरेपछि ... garepachhi after doing

... भएपछि ... bhaepachhi after it happens

... सकिएपछि ... sakie pachhi after finishing

तत्पश्चात् tatpaścāt thereafter

त्यसपश्चात् tyaspachhāt after that

17. “Until”

Nepali Transliteration English

सम्म samma until / up to

... सम्म ... samma until

... हुँदासम्म ... hundāsamma until

... नहुँदासम्म ... nahũdāsamma until / unless

... नगरेसम्म ... nagaresamma until / unless

... नभएसम्म ... nabhaesamma until / unless

जबसम्म jabasamma until / as long as

जहिलेसम्म jahilesamma as long as / until whenever

Example:

म तिमी नआएसम्म पर्खन्छु।

Ma timī naāesamma parkhanchhu.

“I will wait until you come.”

18. “Since”

Nepali Transliteration English

देखि dekhi since / from

जबदेखि jabdekhi since

त्यसबेलादेखि tyasbelādekhi since then

त्यस दिनदेखि tyas din dekhi since that day

... गरेदेखि ... garedekhi since doing

... भएदेखि ... bhaedekhi since becoming/happening

19. “As soon as”

Nepali Transliteration English

... बित्तिकै ... bittikai as soon as

... गरेलगत्तै ... garelagattai immediately after

... हुनासाथ ... hunāsāth as soon as

... गरेपछि तुरुन्तै ... garepachhi turuntai immediately after

लगत्तै lagattai immediately afterward

Example:

ऊ आएबित्तिकै हामी निस्कियौँ।

Ū āebittikai hāmī niskiyaũ.

“As soon as he came, we left.”

20. Comparison conjunctions

Nepali Transliteration English

जस्तो jasto like / as

जस्तै jastai like / just as

जसरी jasari as / in the way that

जति jati as much/as

उति uti that much / correspondingly

त्यति tyati that much

जति ... उति jati ... uti the more ... the more

जति ... त्यति jati ... tyati as ... so

भन्दा bhanda than

भन्दा पनि bhanda pani even more than

जस्तो कि jasto ki such as / just as

मानौँ mānaũ as if / suppose

मानौँ कि mānaũ ki as if

21. “As if / as though”

Nepali Transliteration English

जस्तो jasto as if / like

जस्तो कि jasto ki as if

मानौँ mānaũ as if / suppose

मानौँ कि mānaũ ki as if

... झैँ ... jhaĩ like / as if

... सरह ... saraha like / as

... जस्तो देखिन्छ ... jasto dekhinchha it seems as if

22. “That” clause conjunctions

Nepali commonly uses कि, भनेर, and भन्ने to introduce clauses corresponding to English that.

Nepali Transliteration English

कि ki that

भनेर bhanera saying that / that

भन्ने bhanne that / saying

भन्ने कुरा bhanne kurā the fact that

भनी bhanī saying that

भनिएको bhanieko said that / stated that

भन्दै bhandai saying / while saying

भनिन्छ कि bhaninchha ki it is said that

Example:

उसले आफू बिरामी भएको भन्यो।

Usle āphū birāmī bhaeko bhanyo.

“He said that he was sick.”

23. Indirect-question conjunctions

Nepali Transliteration English

कि ki whether / if

भनेर bhanera whether / wondering whether

के ke whether

के ... कि ke ... ki whether ... or

कसरी kasari how

कहाँ kahā̃ where

कहिले kahile when

किन kina why

कति kati how much/how many

Example:

मलाई थाहा छैन ऊ आउँछ कि आउँदैन।

Malāī thāhā chaina ū āũchha ki āũdaina.

“I don't know whether he will come or not.”

24. Correlative conjunctions

These are especially important in Nepali.

Pattern Transliteration English

यदि ... भने yadi ... bhane if ... then

अगर ... भने agar ... bhane if ... then

जब ... तब jaba ... taba when ... then

जहाँ ... त्यहाँ jahā̃ ... tyahā̃ where ... there

जति ... उति jati ... uti the more ... the more

जति ... त्यति jati ... tyati as ... so

जसरी ... त्यसरी jasari ... tyasari as ... so

जसरी ... त्यसैगरी jasari ... tyasaigari in the same way ...

जस्तो ... त्यस्तो jasto ... tyasto such ... as that

जे ... त्यही je ... tyahī whatever ... that

जो ... ऊ jo ... ū whoever ... he/she

जसले ... उसले jasle ... usle whoever ... that person

जुन ... त्यो jun ... tyo which ... that

जहाँ ... त्यहीँ jahā̃ ... tyahī̃ wherever ... right there

जहिले ... त्यहिले jahile ... tyahile whenever ... at that time

चाहे ... चाहे chāhe ... chāhe whether ... or

या ... या yā ... yā either ... or

न ... न na ... na neither ... nor

न त ... न त na ta ... na ta neither ... nor

कि ... कि ki ... ki either ... or

मात्र होइन ... पनि mātra hoina ... pani not only ... but also

न केवल ... तर पनि na keval ... tara pani not only ... but also

न ... न त na ... na ta neither ... nor

25. “Both ... and”

Nepali Transliteration English

र ... र ra ... ra both ... and

दुवै ... र duvai ... ra both ... and

पनि ... पनि pani ... pani both ... and / also

न केवल ... तर पनि na keval ... tara pani not only ... but also

मात्र होइन ... पनि mātra hoina ... pani not only ... but also

साथै ... साथै sāthai ... sāthai both ... as well as

26. “Neither ... nor”

Nepali Transliteration English

न ... न na ... na neither ... nor

न त ... न त na ta ... na ta neither ... nor

न ... न त na ... na ta neither ... nor

न पनि ... न पनि na pani ... na pani neither ... nor

Example:

ऊ न चिया पिउँछ न कफी।

Ū na chiya piũchha na kaphī.

“He drinks neither tea nor coffee.”

27. “Not only ... but also”

Nepali Transliteration English

न केवल ... तर पनि na keval ... tara pani not only ... but also

मात्र होइन ... पनि mātra hoina ... pani not only ... but also

न मात्र ... साथै na mātra ... sāthai not only ... but also

केवल ... मात्र होइन keval ... mātra hoina not only ...

28. Alternative / either-or

Nepali Transliteration English

या ... या yā ... yā either ... or

या त ... या त yā ta ... yā ta either ... or

कि ... कि ki ... ki either ... or

चाहे ... चाहे chāhe ... chāhe whether ... or

वा ... वा vā ... vā or ... or

अथवा ... अथवा athavā ... athavā alternatively ... or

29. “Whether ... or”

Nepali Transliteration English

चाहे ... चाहे chāhe ... chāhe whether ... or

कि ... कि ki ... ki whether ... or

या ... या yā ... yā whether ... or

... कि ... ... ki ... whether ...

... वा ... ... vā ... whether ... or

30. Conjunction-like postpositional constructions

These are extremely common in Nepali and often perform the same function as English conjunctions.

Nepali Transliteration English

पछि pachhi after

अघि aghi before

सम्म samma until

देखि dekhi since

लागि lāgi for

कारणले kāraṇle because of

बाहेक bāhek except / unless

सँगसँगै sangasangai together with / while

अनुसार anusār according to / as

जस्तै jastai like / such as

सरह saraha like / as

झैँ jhaĩ like / as if

निम्ति nimti for

खातिर khātir for the sake of

क्रममा krammā in the course of

क्रममा krammā as / while

11- PREPOSITIONS:

Nepali Transliteration English

मा mā in, at, on

बाट bāṭa from, by, via

देखि dekhi from, since

सम्म samma until, up to

लाई lāī to, for; marks object/recipient

ले le by, with; agent/instrument marker

को ko of

की kī of

का kā of

सँग saṅga with

संग saṅga with

द्वारा dvārā by, through

मार्फत mārphata through, via

अनुसार anusāra according to

अनुरूप anurūpa according to, in accordance with

बमोजिम bamojima according to, in accordance with

बमोजिमको bamojimako according to the terms of

निम्ति nimti for, for the sake of

लागि lāgi for

का लागि kā lāgi for

को लागि ko lāgi for

खातिर khātira for the sake of

निमित्त nimitta for, for the purpose of

उद्देश्यले uddeśyale with the purpose of

2. Location and position

Nepali Transliteration English

माथि māthi above, on top of

तल tala below, under

मुनि muni underneath, below

भित्र bhitra inside, within

बाहिर bāhira outside

अगाडि agāḍi in front of, ahead of

अघि aghi before, in front of

पछाडि pachhāḍi behind

पछि pachhi behind, after

छेउमा chheu-mā beside, next to

छेउ chheu beside, near

नजिक najika near

नजिकै najikai right near, close to

पर para beyond, far from

टाढा ṭāḍhā far from

बीचमा bīchmā in the middle of, between

बीच bīcha between, among

माझमा mājhamā in the middle of, among

वरिपरि varipari around

चारैतिर chāraitira all around

वर vara above, over

वारिपारि vāripāri across, on both sides

पारि pāri across, beyond

वारि vāri on this side of

आरपार ārapāra across, through

सामु sāmu in front of, before

सामुन्ने sāmunne directly in front of

सम्मुख sammukha facing, opposite

विपरीत viparīta opposite to

अगलबगल agalabagala beside, next to

आसपास āsapāsa around, near

Examples

घरमा — gharmā — in the house

घरको अगाडि — gharko agāḍi — in front of the house

घरको पछाडि — gharko pachhāḍi — behind the house

मेजमुनि — mejamuni — under the table

विद्यालयको नजिक — vidyālayako najika — near the school

3. Direction and movement

Nepali Transliteration English

तिर tira toward, in the direction of

तर्फ tarpha toward, towards

दिशातर्फ diśātarpha toward the direction of

ओर ora toward

सम्मुख sammukha toward/facing

बाट bāṭa from, via

मार्फत mārphata through, via

हुँदै hudaĩ via, through

भएर bhaera through, via

पारि pāri across, beyond

आरपार ārapāra across, through

बाटो हुँदै bāṭo hudaĩ by way of, via

बाटोबाट bāṭobāṭa by way of, via

Examples

काठमाडौँतिर — Kāṭhamāṇḍautira — toward Kathmandu

बजारतर्फ — bājārtarpha — toward the market

घरबाट — gharbāṭa — from the house

बसबाट — basbāṭa — by bus

सहर हुँदै — sahara hudaĩ — via the city

4. Source, origin, and starting point

Nepali Transliteration English

देखि dekhi from, since

बाट bāṭa from

तर्फबाट tarphabāṭa from the side of

तिरबाट tirabāṭa from the direction of

कहाँबाट kahā̃bāṭa from where

यहाँबाट yahā̃bāṭa from here

त्यहाँबाट tyahā̃bāṭa from there

त्यसदेखि tyasdekhi from that point/time

त्यसबेलादेखि tyasbelādekhi since that time

त्यस दिनदेखि tyas din dekhi since that day

सुरुबाट surubāṭa from the beginning

5. Time

Nepali Transliteration English

अघि aghi before

अगाडि agāḍi before

पहिले pahile before, previously

पछि pachhi after

त्यसपछि tyaspachhi after that

देखि dekhi since, from

सम्म samma until, up to

बेलासम्म belāsamma until the time

बीचमा bīchmā during, in the middle of

क्रममा krammā during, in the course of

अवधिभरि avadhībhari throughout the period

भरि bhari throughout, all over

सँगसँगै saṅgasaṅgai alongside, simultaneously

लगत्तै lagattai immediately after

बित्तिकै bittikai immediately upon

नजिकिँदै najikĩdai approaching, as ... approaches

Important temporal constructions

Nepali Transliteration English

खाना खानुअघि khānā khānuaaghi before eating

खाना खाएपछि khānā khāepachhi after eating

ऊ आएदेखि ū āedekhi since he came

ऊ नआएसम्म ū naāesamma until he comes

बिहानदेखि bihāndekhi since morning

बेलुकासम्म belukāsamma until evening

6. Instrument, means, and accompaniment

Nepali Transliteration English

ले le by, with

द्वारा dvārā by, through

मार्फत mārphata through, via

सँग saṅga with

संग saṅga with

साथ sātha with, alongside

साथमा sāthamā with, along with

मार्फत् mārphat through, via

प्रयोग गरेर prayoga garera by using

प्रयोगद्वारा prayogadvārā through the use of

Examples

कलमले लेखेँ।

kalamele lekhẽ.

“I wrote with a pen.”

उससँग गएँ।

usanga gaẽ.

“I went with him/her.”

इन्टरनेटमार्फत पठाएँ।

iṇṭaraneṭmārphata paṭhāẽ.

“I sent it through the Internet.”

7. Possession and relation

Nepali uses the genitive forms as possessive/relational markers.

Nepali Transliteration English

को ko of

की kī of

का kā of

कोसँग kosaṅga with whom / who has

कसको kasko whose

जसको jasko whose

त्यसको tyasko of that

यसको yasko of this

तिनको tinko of them

The choice को / की / का agrees with the possessed noun:

रामको घर — Rāmko ghara — Ram's house

रामकी बहिनी — Rāmkī bahinī — Ram's sister

रामका साथीहरू — Rāmkā sāthīharū — Ram's friends

8. Benefactive / purpose

Nepali Transliteration English

लागि lāgi for

का लागि kā lāgi for

को लागि ko lāgi for

निम्ति nimti for

निमित्त nimitta for the sake/purpose of

खातिर khātira for the sake of

उद्देश्यले uddeśyale with the purpose of

प्रयोजनका लागि prayojanakā lāgi for the purpose of

हितमा hitmā for the benefit of

पक्षमा pakṣamā in favor of, for

Examples:

तिम्रो लागि — timro lāgi — for you

देशका लागि — deśkā lāgi — for the country

उसको खातिर — usko khātira — for his/her sake

9. Cause and reason

Nepali Transliteration English

कारणले kāraṇle because of

कारण kāraṇ because of, due to

का कारण kā kāraṇ because of

को कारण ko kāraṇ because of

का कारणले kā kāraṇle because of

को कारणले ko kāraṇle because of

चलते chalte because of, due to

गर्दा gardā because of, due to; when doing

हुनाले hunāle because of, since

भएकोले bhaekole because, since

भएकाले bhaekāle because, since

फलस्वरूप phalasvarūp as a result of

परिणामस्वरूप pariṇāmasvarūp as a result of

नतिजास्वरूप natijāsvarūp as a result of

वर्षाका कारण — varṣākā kāraṇ — because of the rain

उसको कारणले — usko kāraṇle — because of him/her

10. Exception and exclusion

Nepali Transliteration English

बाहेक bāheka except, apart from

बाहेकको bāhekako excluding

बिना binā without

विना vinā without

सिवाय sivāya except, apart from

बाहेक अरू bāhek arū other than

बाहेक अरू सबै bāhek arū sabai everyone/everything except

अतिरिक्त atirikta besides, in addition to

बाहेक पनि bāhek pani besides, apart from

बाहेक bāheka except

रहित rahita without, free from

Examples:

तिमीबाहेक सबै आए।

timībāhek sabai āe.

“Everyone came except you.”

पानीबिना बाँच्न गाह्रो छ।

pānībinā bā̃chnā gāhro cha.

“It is difficult to live without water.”

11. Comparison and similarity

Nepali Transliteration English

जस्तो jasto like, as

जस्तै jastai like, such as

झैँ jhaĩ like, as if

सरह saraha like, similar to

अनुसार anusāra according to

अनुरूप anurūpa in accordance with

बराबर barābara equal to

समान samāna equal/similar to

भन्दा bhanda than

भन्दा पनि bhanda pani even more than

तुलनामा tulanāmā compared with

अपेक्षामा apekṣāmā in comparison with

Examples:

तिमी जस्तै — timī jastai — like you

उसले भनेजस्तै — usle bhanējastai — just as he/she said

मभन्दा अग्लो — mabhanda aglo — taller than me

12. Opposition and contrast

Nepali Transliteration English

विरुद्ध viruddha against

विरुद्धमा viruddhamā against

विपरीत viparīta opposite to, contrary to

विरुद्धतर्फ viruddhatarpha toward the opposite side

विपक्षमा vipakṣamā against, in opposition to

पक्षमा pakṣamā in favor of

सामु sāmu before, in front of

सामुन्ने sāmunne in front of

प्रतिकूल pratikūla contrary to, unfavorable to

प्रतिविरुद्ध prativiruddha opposed to

13. According to / conformity

Nepali Transliteration English

अनुसार anusāra according to

बमोजिम bamojima according to

मुताबिक mutābika according to

अनुरूप anurūpa in accordance with

अनुरूपमा anurūpamā in accordance with

हिसाबले hisāble according to, by the reckoning of

हिसाबमा hisābmā according to

आधारमा ādhāramā on the basis of

आधारमा आधारित ādhāramā ādhārita based on

नियमअनुसार niyamānusāra according to the rules

कानुनबमोजिम kānunbamojima according to the law

14. About / concerning

Nepali Transliteration English

बारे bāre about

बारेमा bāremā about, concerning

विषयमा viṣaymā about, concerning

सम्बन्धमा sambandhamā regarding, concerning

सम्बन्धी sambandhī concerning, related to

सम्बन्धमा sambandhamā regarding

विषयक viṣayaka concerning, pertaining to

सन्दर्भमा sandarbhamā in the context of

सम्बन्धित sambandhita related to

यस विषयमा — yas viṣaymā — about this matter

नेपालको बारेमा — Nepālko bāremā — about Nepal

15. Duration / extent

Nepali Transliteration English

सम्म samma until, up to

भरि bhari throughout

अवधिभर avadhībhara throughout the period

दिनभरि dinbhari throughout the day

रातभरि rātbharī throughout the night

जीवनभरि jīvanbharī throughout one's life

वर्षभरि varṣabharī throughout the year

बीचसम्म bīchsamma until the middle

अन्तसम्म antasamma until the end

सुरुदेखि surudekhi from the beginning

अन्तदेखि antadekhi from the end

16. Relation, connection, and association

Nepali Transliteration English

सँग saṅga with

संग saṅga with

साथ sātha with, alongside

सँगै saṅgai together with

सम्बन्धमा sambandhamā in relation to

सम्बन्धित sambandhita related to

बीच bīcha between, among

बीचमा bīchmā between, among

माझमा mājhamā among, amid

पक्षमा pakṣamā on the side of

तर्फ tarpha toward/on the side of

तिर tira toward/in the direction of

17. Formal / Sanskrit-derived preposition-like forms

These occur particularly in formal, literary, academic, administrative, or written Nepali.

Nepali Transliteration English

प्रति prati per, toward, against, each

निमित्त nimitta for, for the purpose of

हेतु hetu for the sake/purpose of

हेतुले hetule because of, for the reason of

कारणवश kāraṇavaśa because of

वश vaśa due to, under the influence of

माध्यमबाट mādhyamabāṭa through the medium of

माध्यमले mādhyamle by means of

मार्फत mārphata via, through

द्वारा dvārā by, through

अधीनमा adhīnamā under

अन्तर्गत antargata under, within

मातहत mātahata under the authority of

अधीन adhīna under, subject to

मध्यमा madhyamā amid, among

सन्दर्भमा sandarbhamā in the context of

परिप्रेक्ष्यमा pariprekṣyamā in the context of

दृष्टिले dṛṣṭile from the perspective of

हिसाबले hisāble according to, in terms of

दृष्टिकोणबाट dṛṣṭikoṇabāṭa from the viewpoint of

18. Complex postpositional phrases

Nepali frequently creates multi-word postpositions.

Nepali Transliteration English

को अगाडि ko agāḍi in front of

को पछाडि ko pachhāḍi behind

को माथि ko māthi above

को तल ko tala below

को मुनि ko muni under

को भित्र ko bhitra inside

को बाहिर ko bāhira outside

को छेउमा ko chheumā beside

को नजिक ko najika near

को वरिपरि ko varipari around

को बीचमा ko bīchmā between/among

को तर्फ ko tarpha toward

को पक्षमा ko pakṣamā in favor of

को विरुद्ध ko viruddha against

को कारणले ko kāraṇle because of

को आधारमा ko ādhāramā on the basis of

को अनुसार ko anusāra according to

को बमोजिम ko bamojima according to

को सम्बन्धमा ko sambandhamā concerning

को बारेमा ko bāremā about

को सट्टामा ko saṭṭāmā instead of

को सट्टा ko saṭṭā instead of

को ठाउँमा ko ṭhāũmā instead of/in place of

को बदलामा ko badalāmā in exchange for

को सट्टामा ko saṭṭāmā in place of

को माध्यमबाट ko mādhyamabāṭa through the medium of

को सहयोगमा ko sahayogmā with the help of

को साथमा ko sāthamā together with

को तुलनामा ko tulanāmā compared with

19. Instead of / replacement

Nepali Transliteration English

सट्टा saṭṭā instead of

सट्टामा saṭṭāmā instead of, in place of

ठाउँमा ṭhāũmā in place of

बदलामा badalāmā in exchange for, instead of

सट्टामा राखेर saṭṭāmā rākhēra putting in place of

को ठाउँमा ko ṭhāũmā instead of

चियाको सट्टा कफी

chiyāko saṭṭā kaphī

“Coffee instead of tea.”

20. Under / authority / control

Nepali Transliteration English

अन्तर्गत antargata under, within

अधीनमा adhīnamā under

अधीन adhīna under, subject to

मातहत mātahata under the authority of

नियन्त्रणमा niyantraṇmā under the control of

संरक्षणमा saṃrakṣaṇmā under the protection of

नेतृत्वमा netṛtvamā under the leadership of

निगरानीमा nigarānīmā under surveillance/supervision

21. Per / each

Nepali Transliteration English

प्रति prati per, each

प्रतिव्यक्ति prativyakti per person

प्रतिदिन pratidina per day/daily

प्रतिवर्ष prativarṣa per year/annually

प्रतिमहिना pratimahinā per month

प्रतिघण्टा pratighaṇṭā per hour

प्रति व्यक्ति — prati vyakti — per person

प्रति दिन — prati dina — per day

22. Negative / absence

Nepali Transliteration English

बिना binā without

विना vinā without

बिन bina without

रहित rahita without, free from

विहीन vihīna devoid of, without

मुक्त mukta free from

बाहेक bāheka except

पैसाबिना — paisābinā — without money

पानीविना — pānīvinā — without water

भयमुक्त — bhayamukta — free from fear

23. Compound forms with -बाट

बाट is extremely productive.

Nepali Transliteration English

घरबाट gharbāṭa from the house

यहाँबाट yahā̃bāṭa from here

त्यहाँबाट tyahā̃bāṭa from there

मबाट mabāṭa from me

तिमीबाट timībāṭa from you

उसबाट usabāṭa from him/her

उनीहरूबाट unīharūbāṭa from them

नेपालबाट Nepālabāṭa from Nepal

इन्टरनेटबाट iṇṭaraneṭbāṭa through/from the Internet

बाट can therefore express:

source — घरबाट gharbāṭa = from the house

route — पोखराबाट Pokharābāṭa = via/from Pokhara

means — बसबाट basbāṭa = by bus

agent/source — उसबाट usabāṭa = from/by him/her

24. Compound forms with -सम्म

Nepali Transliteration English

यहाँसम्म yahā̃samma up to here

त्यहाँसम्म tyahā̃samma up to there

घरसम्म gharsamma up to the house

काठमाडौँसम्म Kāṭhamāṇḍausamma up to Kathmandu

अन्तसम्म antasamma until the end

अहिलेसम्म ahilesamma until now

भोलिसम्म bholisamma until tomorrow

बिहानसम्म bihānsamma until morning

जीवनभरिसम्म jīvanbharisamma throughout one's lifetime

25. Compound forms with -देखि

Nepali Transliteration English

यहाँदेखि yahā̃dekhi from here

त्यहाँदेखि tyahā̃dekhi from there

आजदेखि ājdekhi from today

हिजोदेखि hijodekhi since yesterday

बिहानदेखि bihāndekhi since morning

सोमबारदेखि sombārbāṭa / sombārdekhi since Monday

बाल्यकालदेखि bālyakāldekhi since childhood

त्यसबेलादेखि tyasbelādekhi since then

26. Compound forms with -सँग

Nepali Transliteration English

मसँग masaṅga with me

तिमीसँग timīsaṅga with you

उसँग usaṅga with him/her

उहाँसँग uhā̃saṅga with him/her (hon.)

उनीहरूसँग unīharūsaṅga with them

कससँग kasasaṅga with whom

कसैसँग kasaisaṅga with someone

12- DETERMINERS

Nepali Transliteration English

यो yo this

यी yī these

यस yasa this (oblique form)

यसै yasai this very

यो नै yo nai this very / this exact

त्यो tyo that

ती tī those

त्यस tyasa that (oblique form)

त्यसै tyasai that very

त्यो नै tyo nai that very / that exact

उ u that/he/she (distal)

ऊ ū that person/he/she

यी सबै yī sabai all these

ती सबै tī sabai all those

यी दुई yī duī these two

ती दुई tī duī those two

Examples

यो किताब — yo kitāb — this book

त्यो घर — tyo ghara — that house

यी किताबहरू — yī kitābharū — these books

ती घरहरू — tī gharharū — those houses

2. Possessive determiners

Nepali possessive forms normally come before the noun.

Nepali Transliteration English

मेरो mero my

तेरो tero your (informal)

तिम्रो timro your

तपाईंको tapāī̃ko your (polite)

उसको usko his/her

उहाँको uhā̃ko his/her (hon.)

हाम्रो hāmro our

हामीहरूको hāmīharūko our / of us

तिमीहरूको timīharūko your (plural)

उनीहरूको unīharūko their

तिनीहरूको tinīharūko their

तपाईंहरूको tapāī̃harūko your (plural/polite)

आफ्नो āphno one's own

आफ्नै āphnai one's very own

कसको kasko whose

जसको jasko whose / of which

यसको yasko of this

त्यसको tyasko of that

Examples

मेरो किताब — mero kitāb — my book

तिम्रो घर — timro ghara — your house

उसको कार — usko kāra — his/her car

आफ्नो घर — āphno ghara — one's own house

3. Interrogative determiners

These ask which, what, whose, how many, how much.

Nepali Transliteration English

कुन kuna which

कुनचाहिँ kunachāhī̃ which one / which

कुन-कुन kuna-kuna which ones / which (various)

के ke what

कस्तो kasto what kind of / what sort of

कस्ता kastā what kinds of

कस्ती kastī what kind of (feminine)

कति kati how much / how many

कतिको katiko how much / to what extent

कसको kasko whose

कसैको kasaiko someone's

क-कसको ka-kaskō whose (of which people)

कति वटा kati vaṭā how many (things)

कति जना kati janā how many people

कति वटा kati vaṭā how many items

कति ओटा kati oṭā how many

कति थान kati thāna how many pieces/items

Examples

कुन किताब? — kuna kitāb? — which book?

कस्तो घर? — kasto ghara? — what kind of house?

कति किताब? — kati kitāb? — how many books?

कसको कार? — kasko kāra? — whose car?

4. Indefinite determiners

These refer to an unspecified person, thing, amount, or choice.

Nepali Transliteration English

कुनै kunai any / some

कुनै एक kunai eka a certain one

कुनै पनि kunai pani any

केही kehi some / any

केही वटा kehi vaṭā some

केही जना kehi janā some people

कोही kohī someone / anyone

कोही पनि kohī pani anyone

कसै kasai some person

कसैले kasaille someone / somebody

कसैको kasaiko someone's

कुनै-कुनै kunai-kunai some / certain

केही-काहीँ kehi-kahī̃ some, occasionally

एक eka one / a certain

एउटा euta one / a

एउटी euṭī one / a (female)

एकजना ekajanā one person / a person

एकथरी ekatharī one kind/type

एउटा मात्र euta mātra only one

कुनै एउटा kunai euta some one / a certain

Example

एउटा किताब — euta kitāb — a book / one book

कुनै किताब — kunai kitāb — some book / any book

केही किताबहरू — kehi kitābharū — some books

5. Universal determiners

These express every, each, all, whole, entire.

Nepali Transliteration English

हरेक hareka every

प्रत्येक pratyeka each / every

प्रत्येकको pratyekako each one's

सबै sabai all

सबैको sabaiko everyone's / of all

सबैभन्दा sabaibhanda the most / above all

सम्पूर्ण sampūrṇa entire / whole

सारा sārā all / whole

समस्त samasta all / entire

सग्लो saglo whole / entire

पूरै purai whole / entire

प्रत्येकजना pratyekajanā each person

हरेकजना harekajanā every person

सबैजना sabaijanā everyone

हरेकथरी harekatharī every kind

सबैथरी sabaitharī all kinds

प्रत्येकपटक pratyekapaṭaka every time

हरेकपटक harekapaṭaka every time

Examples

हरेक विद्यार्थी — hareka vidyārthī — every student

प्रत्येक मानिस — pratyeka mānisa — each person

सबै विद्यार्थीहरू — sabai vidyārthīharū — all students

सम्पूर्ण देश — sampūrṇa deśa — the entire country

6. Quantifier determiners — large quantity

Nepali Transliteration English

धेरै dherai many / much / a lot of

थुप्रै thuprै numerous / many

प्रशस्त praśasta plenty of / ample

पर्याप्त paryāpta sufficient / enough

बग्रेल्ती bagreltī plentiful / abundant

असंख्य asaṅkhya countless

अनगिन्ती anagintī innumerable

अनन्त ananta countless / infinite

असीमित asīmita unlimited

प्रशस्त मात्रामा praśasta mātrāmā in ample quantities

धेरैजसो dhereijaso most / mostly

अधिकांश adhikāṃśa most / the majority of

बहुसंख्यक bahusaṅkhyaka the majority of / numerous

धेरै मानिसहरू — dherai mānisaharū — many people

अधिकांश विद्यार्थी — adhikāṃśa vidyārthī — most students

7. Quantifier determiners — small quantity

Nepali Transliteration English

थोरै thorai few / little

केही kehi some / a few

अलिकति alikati a little

अलि ali a little / somewhat

न्यून nyūna little / minimal

न्यूनतम nyūnatama minimum

कम kama less / few

थोरैजसो thoraijaso rather few

केहीजति kehi jati some amount

जति jati as much/many as

त्यति tyati that much/many

यति yati this much/many

कति kati how much/many

8. Approximate quantity determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

करिब kariba about / approximately

करीब karība about / approximately

लगभग lagabhaga approximately / about

झण्डै jhaṇḍai nearly / almost

झन्डै jhaṇḍai nearly / almost

आसपास āsapāsa around/about

केही kehi some / several

करिब-करीब kariba-karība approximately

लगभग सबै lagabhaga sabai almost all

झण्डै सबै jhaṇḍai sabai nearly all

करिब दस जना — kariba dasa janā — about ten people

लगभग सय किताब — lagabhaga saya kitāb — approximately one hundred books

9. Numeral determiners

Numbers can function directly before nouns.

Cardinal numbers

Nepali Transliteration English

एक eka one

दुई duī two

तीन tīna three

चार chāra four

पाँच pā̃cha five

छ chha six

सात sāta seven

आठ āṭha eight

नौ nau nine

दस dasa ten

सय saya hundred

हजार hajāra thousand

लाख lākha hundred thousand

करोड karoḍa ten million

अरब araba billion

तीन किताब — tīna kitāb — three books

दुई मानिस — duī mānisa — two people

10. Classifier-like numeral determiners

Nepali commonly uses classifier/counter words with numbers.

Nepali Transliteration English

वटा vaṭā items/things

ओटा oṭā items/things

जना janā people

थान thāna pieces/items

वटा जना vaṭā janā people (nonstandard/redundant in many contexts)

जोडी joḍī pairs

गुच्छा gucchā bunches

बण्डल baṇḍala bundles

समूह samūha groups

टुक्रा ṭukrā pieces

पाना pānā sheets/pages

बोतल botal bottles

कप kapa cups

गिलास gilāsa glasses

प्लेट pleṭa plates

तीनवटा किताब — tīnavṭā kitāb — three books

दुईजना मानिस — duījanā mānisa — two people

चारवटा कुर्सी — chārvaṭā kursī — four chairs

11. Partitive / amount determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

केही kehi some

केहीजति kehi jati some amount

जति jati as much/many as

जति पनि jati pani as much/many as / any amount

जति सकिन्छ jati sakincha as much as possible

आधा ādhā half

आधा जति ādhā jati about half

केही भाग kehi bhāga some part

केही हिस्सा kehi hissā some portion

एक भाग eka bhāga one part

धेरैजति dhereijati a large amount

थोरैजति thoraijati a small amount

12. Both / two

Nepali Transliteration English

दुवै duvai both

दुवैजना duvaijanā both people

दुवैवटा duvaivaṭā both things

दुवैको duvaiko both's / of both

दुवै पक्ष duvai pakṣa both sides

दुईवटै duīvaṭai both/two of them

दुवैवटा duvaivaṭā both items

दुईटै duīṭai both/two

दुवै किताब — duvai kitāb — both books

दुवै विद्यार्थी — duvai vidyārthī — both students

13. Each / every individual

Nepali Transliteration English

प्रत्येक pratyeka each

हरेक hareka every

एक-एक eka-eka one each

एकएक ekaeka each one

प्रत्येकजना pratyekajanā each person

हरेकजना harekajanā each person

प्रत्येकवटा pratyekavaṭā each item

एक-एकवटा eka-ekavaṭā one each

प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी — pratyeka vidyārthī — each student

एक-एक किताब — eka-eka kitāb — one book each

14. Free-choice determiners

These mean any, whichever, whatever, whoever, etc.

Nepali Transliteration English

कुनै पनि kunai pani any

जोसुकै josukai whoever / anyone

जो कोही jo kohī anyone / whoever

जसुकै jasukai whatever

जे पनि je pani anything / whatever

जुनसुकै junsukai whichever

जहाँसुकै jahā̃sukai anywhere / wherever

जतिसुकै jatisukai however much/many

जति पनि jati pani however much/many

जसरी पनि jasari pani in any way

जहिले पनि jahile pani whenever

जसको पनि jasko pani anyone's / whichever person's

जुनसुकै पनि junsukai pani absolutely any

जुनसुकै किताब — junsukai kitāb — any book / whichever book

कुनै पनि मानिस — kunai pani mānisa — any person

जसको पनि किताब — jasko pani kitāb — anyone's book

15. Negative determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

कुनै पनि ... होइन kunai pani ... hoina not any

कुनै ... छैन kunai ... chaina there is no / no

कुनै पनि ... छैन kunai pani ... chaina there isn't any

कुनै पनि होइन kunai pani hoina none / not any

एक पनि ... छैन eka pani ... chaina not even one

एउटा पनि ... छैन euṭā pani ... chaina not even one

कोही पनि छैन kohī pani chaina nobody

कसैको पनि होइन kasai ko pani hoina nobody's

केही पनि छैन kehi pani chaina there is nothing

कुनै पनि होइन kunai pani hoina none

Important

Nepali normally uses negative words together with negation:

कुनै किताब छैन।

kunai kitāb chaina.

“There is no book.”

कुनै पनि किताब छैन।

kunai pani kitāb chaina.

“There isn't any book.”

16. "Such / same / other" determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

यस्तो yasto such a / this kind of

यस्ता yastā such / these kinds of

त्यस्तो tyasto such a / that kind of

त्यस्ता tyastā such / those kinds of

कस्तो kasto what kind of

जस्तो jasto such as / like

उस्तै ustai same/similar

यस्तै yastai this same kind

त्यस्तै tyastai that same kind

एउटै euṭai the same one

एउटै प्रकारको euṭai prakārko of the same type

उही uhī the same

उही नै uhī nai that very same

अर्को arko another / other

अर्की arkī another (female)

अरू arū other / more

अरू कुनै arū kunai some other / any other

अर्को कुनै arko kunai another / some other

अन्य anya other

विभिन्न vibhinn various / different

विविध vividh various

अनेक aneka numerous / many

कैयौँ kaiyaũ numerous / many

17. Restrictive determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

मात्र mātra only

मात्रै mātrai only / just

केवल kevala only / merely

नै nai exactly / precisely / emphatic

एक मात्र eka mātra the only one

एकजना मात्र ekajanā mātra only one person

एउटामात्र euṭāmātra only one

यही yahī this very one

त्यही tyahī that very one

उही uhī the same one

एउटा मात्र किताब — euta mātra kitāb — only one book

यही किताब — yahī kitāb — this very book

त्यही मानिस — tyahī mānisa — that very person

18. Emphatic determiner-like forms

Nepali Transliteration English

नै nai exactly / precisely

नै त्यो nai tyo that very

यही yahī this very

त्यही tyahī that very

उही uhī the same very one

आफ्नै āphnai one's very own

आफैंको āphaĩko one's own

सबै नै sabai nai all of them

दुवै नै duvai nai both of them

19. "Whole / entire" determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

पूरै purai whole / entire

सारा sārā all / whole

सम्पूर्ण sampūrṇa entire

समस्त samasta entire / all

सग्लो saglo whole / intact

अखण्ड akhaṇḍa whole / undivided

पूर्ण pūrṇa complete / entire

समग्र samagra entire / overall

कुल kula total / entire

जम्मा jammā total

पूरै दिन — purai dina — the whole day

सम्पूर्ण देश — sampūrṇa deśa — the entire country

सारा संसार — sārā sansāra — the whole world

20. "Many / numerous" determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

धेरै dherai many

थुप्रै thupraia many / numerous

कैयौँ kaiyaũ many / numerous

असंख्य asaṅkhya countless

अनगिन्ती anagintī innumerable

अनेक aneka numerous / many

बहुसंख्यक bahusaṅkhyaka numerous / majority

विभिन्न vibhinn various

विविध vividh diverse / various

बग्रेल्ती bagreltī plentiful

21. "Few / little" determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

थोरै thorai few / little

केही kehi some / a few

अलिकति alikati a little

अलि ali a little

कम kama few / less

न्यून nyūna little / minimal

नगण्य nagaṇya negligible

थोरै मात्र thorai mātra only a few

केही मात्र kehi mātra only some

22. Comparative quantity determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

बढी baḍhī more

धेरै dherai more / much

कम kama less / fewer

अझ बढी ajha baḍhī even more

अझ धेरै ajha dherai even more

त्यति tyati that much/many

यति yati this much/many

जति jati as much/many as

उति uti that much/many

कति kati how much/many

सबैभन्दा धेरै sabaibhanda dherai the most

सबैभन्दा कम sabaibhanda kama the least

23. Distributive determiners

Nepali Transliteration English

प्रत्येक pratyeka each

हरेक hareka every

एक-एक eka-eka one each

दुई-दुई duī-duī two each

तीन-तीन tīna-tīna three each

प्रति prati per / each

प्रतिव्यक्ति prativyakti per person

प्रतिघर pratighara per household

प्रतिदिन pratidina per day

प्रतिवर्ष prativarṣa per year

24. Correlative determiner pairs

Nepali has several very important paired determiner structures.

Nepali Transliteration English

जुन ... त्यो juna ... tyo whichever ... that

जो ... ऊ jo ... ū whoever ... that person

जसको ... उसको jasko ... usko whose ... his/her

जस्तो ... त्यस्तो jasto ... tyasto such ... as that

जसरी ... त्यसरी jasarī ... tyasarī in whatever way ... in that way

जति ... उति jati ... uti the more ... the more

जति ... त्यति jati ... tyati as much ... that much

जहाँ ... त्यहाँ jahā̃ ... tyahā̃ wherever ... there

जहिले ... त्यहिले jahile ... tyahile whenever ... then

जेसुकै ... jesukai ... whatever

जुनसुकै ... junsukai ... whichever

जोसुकै ... josukai ... whoever

जसकोसुकै ... jaskosukai ... whoever's / whichever person's

13- IF CONDITIONAL

Zero Conditional Present + भने + Present Present + bhane + Present पानी परे जमिन भिज्छ। Pānī pare bhane jamin bhijchha. If it rains, the ground gets wet.

First Conditional Present + भने + Future/Present Present + bhane + Future/Present म गएँ भने म भेट्छु। Ma gaẽ bhane ma bheṭchhu. If I go, I will meet (you).

Second Conditional भए + conditional result bhae + conditional result म धनी भएँ भने गाडी किन्थेँ। Ma dhanī bhaẽ bhane gāḍī kinthẽ. If I were rich, I would buy a car.

Third Conditional भएको भए + हुन्थ्यो bhayeko bhae + hunthyo मैले पढेको भए म पास हुन्थेँ। Maile paḍheko bhae ma pās hunthẽ. If I had studied, I would have passed.

If not नभए nabhae छिटो गर, नभए ढिलो हुन्छ। Chiṭo gara, nabhae ḍhilo hunchha. Hurry, otherwise it will be late.

Even if -ए पनि -e pani पानी परे पनि म जान्छु। Pānī pare pani ma jānchhu. Even if it rains, I will go.

Unless -नभएसम्म -nabhēsamma तिमी नआएसम्म म पर्खन्छु। Timī naāesamma ma parkhanchhu. I will wait until/unless you come.

म म खान्थेँ Ma khānthẽ I would eat

तिमी तिमी खान्थ्यौ Timī khāntheu You would eat

ऊ ऊ खान्थ्यो Ū khānthyo He/She would eat

हामी हामी खान्थ्यौँ Hāmī khānthyaũ We would eat

तपाईं तपाईं खानुहुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃ khānuhunthyo You would eat (polite)

उनीहरू उनीहरू खान्थे Unīharū khānthe They would eat

म म हुन्थेँ Ma hunthẽ I would be

तिमी तिमी हुन्थ्यौ Timī hunthau You would be

ऊ ऊ हुन्थ्यो Ū hunthyo He/She would be

हामी हामी हुन्थ्यौँ Hāmī hunthyaũ We would be

तपाईं तपाईं हुनुहुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃ hunuhunthyo You would be (polite)

उनीहरू उनीहरू हुन्थे Unīharū hunthe They would be

मैले मैले खाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Maile khāeko bhae hunthyo I would have eaten

तिमीले तिमीले खाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Timīle khāeko bhae hunthyo You would have eaten

उसले उसले खाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Usle khāeko bhae hunthyo He/She would have eaten

हामीले हामीले खाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Hāmīle khāeko bhae hunthyo We would have eaten

तपाईंले तपाईंले खानुभएको भए हुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃le khānubhayeko bhae hunthyo You would have eaten

उनीहरूले उनीहरूले खाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Unīharūle khāeko bhae hunthyo They would have eaten

म म खाइरहेको हुने थिएँ Ma khāirāheko hune thiẽ I would be eating

तिमी तिमी खाइरहेको हुने थियौ Timī khāirāheko hune thiyau You would be eating

ऊ ऊ खाइरहेको हुने थियो Ū khāirāheko hune thiyo He/She would be eating

हामी हामी खाइरहेका हुने थियौँ Hāmī khāirāhekā hune thiyaũ We would be eating

तपाईं तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको हुने थियो Tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko hune thiyo You would be eating

उनीहरू उनीहरू खाइरहेका हुने थिए Unīharū khāirāhekā hune thiye They would be eating

म म खाइरहेको भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Ma khāirāheko bhayeko bhae hunthyo I would have been eating

तिमी तिमी खाइरहेको भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Timī khāirāheko bhayeko bhae hunthyo You would have been eating

ऊ ऊ खाइरहेको भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Ū khāirāheko bhayeko bhae hunthyo He/She would have been eating

हामी हामी खाइरहेका भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Hāmī khāirāhekā bhayeko bhae hunthyo We would have been eating

तपाईं तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko bhayeko bhae hunthyo You would have been eating

उनीहरू उनीहरू खाइरहेका भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Unīharū khāirāhekā bhayeko bhae hunthyo They would have been eating

म म सधैँ खान्थेँ Ma sadhaĩ khānthẽ I would always eat

तिमी तिमी सधैँ खान्थ्यौ Timī sadhaĩ khāntheu You would always eat

ऊ ऊ सधैँ खान्थ्यो Ū sadhaĩ khānthyo He/She would always eat

हामी हामी सधैँ खान्थ्यौँ Hāmī sadhaĩ khānthyaũ We would always eat

तपाईं तपाईं सधैँ खानुहुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃ sadhaĩ khānuhunthyo You would always eat

उनीहरू उनीहरू सधैँ खान्थे Unīharū sadhaĩ khānthe They would always eat

म म खान्थिनँ Ma khāntinã I would not eat

तिमी तिमी खान्थेनौ Timī khāthenau You would not eat

ऊ ऊ खाँदैनथ्यो Ū khāndainthyo He/She would not eat

हामी हामी खान्थेनौँ Hāmī khāthenaũ We would not eat

तपाईं तपाईं खानुहुन्नथ्यो Tapāī̃ khānuhunnathyo You would not eat (polite)

उनीहरू उनीहरू खान्थेनन् Unīharū khāthenan They would not eat

म म हुने थिइनँ Ma hune thinã I would not be

तिमी तिमी हुने थिएनौ Timī hune thienau You would not be

ऊ ऊ हुने थिएन Ū hune thiena He/She would not be

हामी हामी हुने थिएनौँ Hāmī hune thienaũ We would not be

तपाईं तपाईं हुनुहुने थिएन Tapāī̃ hunuhune thiena You would not be

उनीहरू उनीहरू हुने थिएनन् Unīharū hune thienan They would not be

मैले मैले नखाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Maile nakhāeko bhae hunthyo I would not have eaten

तिमीले तिमीले नखाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Timīle nakhāeko bhae hunthyo You would not have eaten

उसले उसले नखाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Usle nakhāeko bhae hunthyo He/She would not have eaten

हामीले हामीले नखाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Hāmīle nakhāeko bhae hunthyo We would not have eaten

तपाईंले तपाईंले नखानुभएको भए हुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃le nakhānubhayeko bhae hunthyo You would not have eaten

उनीहरूले उनीहरूले नखाएको भए हुन्थ्यो Unīharūle nakhāeko bhae hunthyo They would not have eaten

म म खाइरहेको हुने थिइनँ Ma khāirāheko hune thinã I would not be eating

तिमी तिमी खाइरहेको हुने थिएनौ Timī khāirāheko hune thienau You would not be eating

ऊ ऊ खाइरहेको हुने थिएन Ū khāirāheko hune thiena He/She would not be eating

हामी हामी खाइरहेका हुने थिएनौँ Hāmī khāirāhekā hune thienaũ We would not be eating

तपाईं तपाईं खाइरहनुभएको हुने थिएन Tapāī̃ khāirahanu-bhayeko hune thiena You would not be eating

उनीहरू उनीहरू खाइरहेका हुने थिएनन् Unīharū khāirāhekā hune thienan They would not be eating

म म कहिल्यै खान्थिनँ Ma kahilyai khāntinã I would never eat

तिमी तिमी कहिल्यै खान्थेनौ Timī kahilyai khāthenau You would never eat

ऊ ऊ कहिल्यै खाँदैनथ्यो Ū kahilyai khāndainthyo He/She would never eat

हामी हामी कहिल्यै खान्थेनौँ Hāmī kahilyai khāthenaũ We would never eat

उनीहरू उनीहरू कहिल्यै खान्थेनन् Unīharū kahilyai khāthenan They would never eat

me मलाई गरिन्थ्यो Malāī garinthyo It would be done to/for me*

you तिमीलाई गरिन्थ्यो Timīlāī garinthyo It would be done to/for you

him/her उसलाई गरिन्थ्यो Uslāī garinthyo It would be done to/for him/her

us हामीलाई गरिन्थ्यो Hāmīlāī garinthyo It would be done to/for us

you (polite) तपाईंलाई गरिन्थ्यो Tapāī̃lāī garinthyo It would be done to/for you

them उनीहरूलाई गरिन्थ्यो Unīharūlāī garinthyo It would be done to/for them

me मलाई गरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Malāī gariyeko bhae hunthyo It would have been done to/for me

you तिमीलाई गरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Timīlāī gariyeko bhae hunthyo It would have been done to/for you

him/her उसलाई गरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Uslāī gariyeko bhae hunthyo It would have been done to/for him/her

us हामीलाई गरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Hāmīlāī gariyeko bhae hunthyo It would have been done to/for us

you (polite) तपाईंलाई गरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃lāī gariyeko bhae hunthyo It would have been done to/for you

them उनीहरूलाई गरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Unīharūlāī gariyeko bhae hunthyo It would have been done to/for them

me मलाई गरिँदै हुने थियो Malāī garindai hune thiyo It would be being done to/for me

you तिमीलाई गरिँदै हुने थियो Timīlāī garindai hune thiyo It would be being done to/for you

him/her उसलाई गरिँदै हुने थियो Uslāī garindai hune thiyo It would be being done to/for him/her

us हामीलाई गरिँदै हुने थियो Hāmīlāī garindai hune thiyo It would be being done to/for us

you (polite) तपाईंलाई गरिँदै हुने थियो Tapāī̃lāī garindai hune thiyo It would be being done to/for you

them उनीहरूलाई गरिँदै हुने थियो Unīharūlāī garindai hune thiyo It would be being done to/for them

to me मलाई गरिँदै भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Malāī garindai bhayeko bhae hunthyo It would have been being done to me.

to you (informal) तिमीलाई गरिँदै भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Timīlāī garindai bhayeko bhae hunthyo It would have been being done to you.

to him/her उसलाई गरिँदै भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Uslāī garindai bhayeko bhae hunthyo It would have been being done to him/her.

to us हामीलाई गरिँदै भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Hāmīlāī garindai bhayeko bhae hunthyo It would have been being done to us.

to you (polite) तपाईंलाई गरिँदै भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃lāī garindai bhayeko bhae hunthyo It would have been being done to you (polite).

to them उनीहरूलाई गरिँदै भएको भए हुन्थ्यो Unīharūlāī garindai bhayeko bhae hunthyo It would have been being done to them.

me मलाई गरिँदैनथ्यो Malāī garindainthyo It would not be done to me.

you तिमीलाई गरिँदैनथ्यो Timīlāī garindainthyo It would not be done to you.

him/her उसकोलाई गरिँदैनथ्यो Uslāī garindainthyo It would not be done to him/her.

us हामीलाई गरिँदैनथ्यो Hāmīlāī garindainthyo It would not be done to us.

you (polite) तपाईंलाई गरिँदैनथ्यो Tapāī̃lāī garindainthyo It would not be done to you.

them उनीहरूलाई गरिँदैनथ्यो Unīharūlāī garindainthyo It would not be done to them.

me मलाई नगरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Malāī nagariyeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been done to me.

you तिमीलाई नगरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Timīlāī nagariyeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been done to you.

him/her उसलाई नगरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Uslāī nagariyeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been done to him/her.

us हामीलाई नगरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Hāmīlāī nagariyeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been done to us.

you (polite) तपाईंलाई नगरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃lāī nagariyeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been done to you.

them उनीहरूलाई नगरिएको भए हुन्थ्यो Unīharūlāī nagariyeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been done to them.

me मलाई गरिँदै नहुने थियो Malāī garindai nahune thiyo It would not be being done to me.

you तिमीलाई गरिँदै नहुने थियो Timīlāī garindai nahune thiyo It would not be being done to you.

him/her उसलाई गरिँदै नहुने थियो Uslāī garindai nahune thiyo It would not be being done to him/her.

us हामीलाई गरिँदै नहुने थियो Hāmīlāī garindai nahune thiyo It would not be being done to us.

you (polite) तपाईंलाई गरिँदै नहुने थियो Tapāī̃lāī garindai nahune thiyo It would not be being done to you.

them उनीहरूलाई गरिँदै नहुने थियो Unīharūlāī garindai nahune thiyo It would not be being done to them.

me मलाई गरिँदै नभएको भए हुन्थ्यो Malāī garindai nabhayeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been being done to me.

you तिमीलाई गरिँदै नभएको भए हुन्थ्यो Timīlāī garindai nabhayeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been being done to you.

him/her उसलाई गरिँदै नभएको भए हुन्थ्यो Uslāī garindai nabhayeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been being done to him/her.

us हामीलाई गरिँदै नभएको भए हुन्थ्यो Hāmīlāī garindai nabhayeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been being done to us.

you (polite) तपाईंलाई गरिँदै नभएको भए हुन्थ्यो Tapāī̃lāī garindai nabhayeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been being done to you.

them उनीहरूलाई गरिँदै नभएको भए हुन्थ्यो Unīharūlāī garindai nabhayeko bhae hunthyo It would not have been being done to them.

if यदि yadi Formal "if" यदि तिमी आयौ भने म खुसी हुन्छु। Yadi timī āyau bhane ma khusī hunchhu. If you come, I will be happy.

if भने bhane Most common "if" तिमी आयौ भने म जान्छु। Timī āyau bhane ma jānchhu. If you come, I will go.

if भए bhae If it were / if it happened म धनी भए गाडी किन्थेँ। Ma dhanī bhae gāḍī kinthẽ. If I were rich, I would buy a car.

if...had भएको भए bhayeko bhae Third conditional मैले पढेको भए पास हुन्थेँ। Maile paḍheko bhae pās hunthẽ. If I had studied, I would have passed.

if not / otherwise नभए nabhae Otherwise छिटो गर, नभए ढिलो हुन्छ। Chiṭo gara, nabhae ḍhilo hunchha. Hurry, otherwise it will be late.

even if -ए पनि -e pani Even if आए पनि म जान्छु। Āe pani ma jānchhu. Even if he comes, I will go.

even though भए पनि bhae pani Even though / even if धनी भए पनि ऊ विनम्र छ। Dhanī bhae pani ū vinamra chha. Even though he is rich, he is humble.

unless नभएसम्म nabhaesamma Unless तिमी नआएसम्म म पर्खन्छु। Timī naāesamma ma parkhanchhu. I will wait unless/until you come.

until सम्म samma Until बेलुकासम्म बस। Belukāsamma basa. Stay until evening.

provided that यदि...भने yadi...bhane Provided that यदि तिमी मेहनत गर्‍यौ भने सफल हुन्छौ। Yadi timī mehanat garyau bhane saphal hunchhau. Provided that you work hard, you will succeed.

in case यदि yadi In case यदि वर्षा भयो भने छाता ल्याऊ। Yadi barṣā bhayo bhane chātā lyāū. In case it rains, bring an umbrella.

whether कि ki Whether ऊ आउँछ कि आउँदैन? Ū āũchha ki āũdaina? Whether he comes or not?

whether or not कि नकि ki naki Whether or not ऊ आउँछ कि नकि, म जान्छु। Ū āũchha ki naki, ma jānchhu. Whether or not he comes, I will go.

only if मात्र...भने mātra...bhane Only if तिमी पढ्यौ भने मात्र पास हुन्छौ। Timī paḍhyau bhane mātra pās hunchhau. Only if you study will you pass.

as long as जबसम्म jabasamma As long as तिमी यहाँ छौ जबसम्म म बस्छु। Timī yahā̃ chau jabasamma ma baschhu. As long as you are here, I will stay.

so long as जबसम्म jabasamma So long as नियम पालना गर्यौ भने जबसम्म समस्या हुँदैन। Niyam pālanā garyau bhane jabasamma samasyā hũdaina. So long as you follow the rules, there

when जब jaba When जब ऊ आयो, म खुसी भएँ। Jaba ū āyo, ma khusī bhaẽ. When he came, I was happy.

whenever जहिले पनि jahile pani Whenever जहिले पनि आउन सक्छौ। Jahile pani āuna sakchhau. You can come whenever you like.

when(ever) जुन बेला jun belā At the time when जुन बेला चाहियो, मलाई भन। Jun belā chāhiyo, malāī bhana. Tell me whenever you need.

as soon as लगत्तै lagattai Immediately after ऊ आइपुग्नेबित्तिकै म जान्छु। Ū āipugnebittikai ma jānchhu. As soon as he arrives, I will go.

as soon as -नेबित्तिकै -nebittikai Verb suffix meaning "as soon as" पुगेनेबित्तिकै फोन गर। Pugnebittikai phōn gara. Call as soon as you arrive.

once एकपटक ekapaṭak Once एकपटक पुगेपछि मलाई खबर गर। Ekapaṭak pugepachhi malāī khabar gara. Once you arrive, let me know.

after पछि pachhi After खाएपछि सुत। Khāepachhi suta. Sleep after eating.

before अघि aghi Before जानुअघि मलाई भेट। Jānūaghi malāī bheṭa. Meet me before leaving.

14- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

Positive Adjective Adjective ठूलो ṭhūlo big

Comparative — more Noun + भन्दा + Adjective Noun + bhanda + Adjective मभन्दा ठूलो mabhanda ṭhūlo bigger than me

Comparative — less Noun + भन्दा + कम + Adjective Noun + bhanda + kam + Adjective मभन्दा कम ठूलो mabhanda kam ṭhūlo less big than me

Superlative — most सबैभन्दा + Adjective sabaibhanda + Adjective सबैभन्दा ठूलो sabaibhanda ṭhūlo the biggest

Superlative — least सबैभन्दा कम + Adjective sabaibhanda kam + Adjective सबैभन्दा कम ठूलो sabaibhanda kam ṭhūlo the least big

Equal जत्तिकै + Adjective jattikai + Adjective म जत्तिकै ठूलो ma jattikai ṭhūlo as big as me

Not equal जत्तिकै + Adjective + छैन jattikai + Adjective + chhaina म जत्तिकै ठूलो छैन ma jattikai ṭhūlo chhaina not as big as me

More and more झन् + Adjective jhan + Adjective झन् ठूलो jhan ṭhūlo bigger and bigger / even bigger

Much more धेरै + Comparative dherai + comparative धेरै ठूलो dherai ṭhūlo much bigger

Slightly more अलि + Adjective ali + Adjective अलि ठूलो ali ṭhūlo slightly bigger

Same उस्तै ustai उस्तै ustai the same / alike

Different भन्दा फरक bhanda pharak त्योभन्दा फरक tyobhanda pharak different from that

Increasingly झन् झन् + Adjective jhan jhan + Adjective झन् झन् राम्रो jhan jhan rāmrō increasingly better

Less and less झन् झन् कम + Adjective jhan jhan kam + Adjective झन् झन् कम राम्रो jhan jhan kam rāmrō less and less good

ऊ मभन्दा छिटो दौडन्छ।

Ū mabhanda chiṭo dauḍanchha.

= He runs faster than me.

Formation

Subject + comparison + adverb + verb

ऊ + मभन्दा + छिटो + दौडन्छ

Ū + mabhanda + chiṭo + dauḍanchha

ऊ (ū) = he

मभन्दा (mabhanda) = than me

छिटो (chiṭo) = fast / faster

दौडन्छ (dauḍanchha) = runs

ऊ मभन्दा ठूलो छ।

Ū mabhanda ṭhūlo chha.

= He is bigger than me.

Formation

Subject + Noun/Pronoun + भन्दा + Adjective + छ

ऊ + मभन्दा + ठूलो + छ

Ū + mabhanda + ṭhūlo + chha

ऊ (ū) = he

मभन्दा (mabhanda) = than me

ठूलो (ṭhūlo) = big / bigger

छ (chha) = is

15- RELATIVE CLAUSES

Who जो + clause jo + clause जो मानिस the man who...

Which/That जुन + noun + clause jun + noun + clause जुन किताब the book that...

Whom जसलाई + clause jaslāī + clause जसलाई मैले देखेँ whom I saw

Whose जसको + noun jasko + noun जसको घर whose house

Where जहाँ + clause jahā̃ + clause जहाँ म बस्छु where I live

When जब + clause jaba + clause जब ऊ आयो when he came

What जे + clause je + clause जे तिमी चाहन्छौ what you want

Whoever जोसुकै + clause josukai + clause जोसुकै आउ whoever comes

Whichever जुनसुकै + noun junsukai + noun जुनसुकै किताब whichever book

Wherever जहाँसुकै jahā̃sukai जहाँसुकै जाऊ go wherever

Whenever जबसुकै jabasukai जबसुकै आउ come whenever

As much/many as जति + clause jati + clause जति सक्छौ as much as you can

ANOTHER WAY TO MAKE RELATIVE CLAUSES:

the book that I bought Verb + एको + Noun Verb + eko + Noun मैले किनेको किताब Maile kineko kitāb

the man who is running Verb + इरहेको + Noun Verb + irāheko + Noun दौडिरहेको मानिस Dauḍirāheko mānis

the person who will come Verb + ने + Noun Verb + ne + Noun आउने मानिस Āune mānis

the house that was built Passive participle + Noun Passive + iyeko + Noun बनाइएको घर Banāiyeko ghar

the place where I lived Verb + एको + ठाउँ Verb + eko + ṭhāũ म बसेको ठाउँ Ma baseko ṭhāũ

the day when I came Verb + एको + दिन Verb + eko + din मैले आएको दिन Maile āeko din

the reason why I cried Verb + एको + कारण Verb + eko + kāraṇ मैले रोएको कारण Maile roeko kāraṇ

the way you did it Verb + एको + तरिका Verb + eko + tarīkā तिमीले गरेको तरिका Timīle gareko tarīkā

16- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech "..." + भन्यो "..." + bhanyo "म जान्छु," भन्यो। "I am going," he said.

Reported Speech:

statement Clause + भनेर भन्यो Clause + bhanera bhanyo ऊ जान्छ भनेर भन्यो। Ū jānchha bhanera bhanyo. He said that he was going.

Yes/No question Clause + कि + भनेर सोध्यो Clause + ki + bhanera sodhyo ऊ आउँछ कि भनेर सोध्यो। Ū āũchha ki bhanera sodhyo. He asked whether he was coming.

WH question WH + clause + भनेर सोध्यो WH + clause + bhanera sodhyo कहाँ जान्छ भनेर सोध्यो। Kahā̃ jānchha bhanera sodhyo. He asked where he was going.

Command Infinitive + भनेर भन्यो Infinitive + bhanera bhanyo बस्न भनेर भन्यो। Basna bhanera bhanyo. He told (someone) to sit.

Request Infinitive + अनुरोध गर्यो Infinitive + anurodh garyo आउन अनुरोध गर्यो। Āuna anurodh garyo. He requested (someone) to come.

Advice Infinitive + सल्लाह दियो Infinitive + sallāh diyo पढ्न सल्लाह दियो। Paḍhna sallāh diyo. He advised (someone) to study.

Promise Infinitive + वाचा गर्यो Infinitive + vāchā garyo फर्कने वाचा गर्यो। Pharkane vāchā garyo. He promised to return.

17- INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS

to eat (infinitive) खानु Verb + नु (-nu) खानु khānu to eat

to eat (purpose) खान Verb + न (-na) खान जानु khāna jānu go to eat

eating (as noun) खानु Verb + नु (-nu) खानु राम्रो हो Khānu rāmrō ho eating is good

having done खाएर Verb + एर (-era) खाएर गयो Khāera gayo went after eating / ate and went

while doing खाँदै Verb + दै (-dai) खाँदै छ Khā̃dai chha is eating / while eating

without doing नगरी Verb + नगरी (-nagari) नगरी गयो Nagari gayo went without doing

when doing गर्दा Verb + दा (-dā) गर्दा थाहा भयो Gardā thāhā bhayo realized while doing / when doing

planned to do खाने Verb + ने (-ne) खाने योजना Khāne yojanā plan to eat

I am happy seeing you Object + Verb-दा + Subject + Emotion + लाग्छ Object + Verb-dā + Subject + Emotion + lāgchha तिमीलाई देख्दा मलाई खुसी लाग्छ Timīlāī dekhdā malāī khusī lāgchha I am happy seeing you

FORMATION:

you (object) तिमीलाई timīlāī you

seeing देख्दा dekhdā when seeing / while seeing

to me मलाई malāī to me

happiness feels खुसी लाग्छ khusī lāgchha feel happy

I am happy to see you Object + Verb-न + पाउनु (ability/opportunity) + Verb-दा + Subject + Emotion + लाग्छ Object + Verb-na + pāunu + -dā + Subject + Emotion + lāgchha तिमीलाई देख्न पाउँदा मलाई खुसी लाग्छ Timīlāī dekhn pāudā malāī khusī lāgchha I am happy to see you

FORMATION:

you तिमीलाई timīlāī you

to see देख्न dekhnā to see

being able to get पाउँदा pāudā when getting the chance

happy feels खुसी लाग्छ khusī lāgchha feel happy

I like to eat Subject (दative) + Verb-न + मन पर्छ Subject(dative) + Verb-na + man parchha मलाई खान मन पर्छ Malāī khāna man parchha I like to eat

FORMATION:

to me मलाई malāī to me

eat (purpose infinitive) खान khāna to eat

desire मन man mind/wish

is liked पर्छ parchha falls/pleases

I like eating Subject (दative) + Verb-नु + मन पर्छ Subject(dative) + Verb-nu + man parchha मलाई खानु मन पर्छ Malāī khānu man parchha I like eating

FORMATION:

to me मलाई malāī to me

eating खानु khānu eating

like मन पर्छ man parchha like

I see him run Subject + Object + Verb-ेको + देख्नु Subject + Object + Verb-eko + dekhnu म उसलाई दौडेको देख्छु Ma uslāī dauḍeko dekhchhu I see him run

FORMATION:

I म ma I

him उसलाई uslāī him

run (completed action) दौडेको dauḍeko running/ran

see देख्छु dekhchhu see

I see him running Subject + Object + Verb-इरहेको + देख्नु Subject + Object + Verb-irāheko + dekhnu म उसलाई दौडिरहेको देख्छु Ma uslāī dauḍirāheko dekhchhu I see him running

FORMATION:

I म ma I

him उसलाई uslāī him

running दौडिरहेको dauḍirāheko being in the action of running

see देख्छु dekhchhu see

I eat to play / in order to play Subject + Purpose Verb-न + को लागि + Main Verb Subject + Purpose Verb-na + ko lāgi + Main Verb म खेल्नको लागि खान्छु Ma khelnako lāgi khānchhu I eat in order to play

FORMATION:

I म ma I

play खेल्न khelnā to play

for the purpose of को लागि ko lāgi in order to / for

eat खान्छु khānchhu eat

18- SUBJUNCTIVE

Wish Verb + ओस् Verb + os ऊ सफल होस् May he succeed

Hope चाहन्छु कि + Verb-ओस् chāhanchhu ki + os ऊ आओस् I want him to come

Let's Verb + औँ Verb + aũ जाऔँ Let's go

Polite command Verb + होस् Verb + hos बस्नुहोस् Please sit

Unreal present भए + past/conditional bhae + conditional म धनी भए किन्थेँ If I were rich, I would buy

Unreal past Verb-ेको भए + हुन्थ्यो -eko bhae + hunthyo पढेको भए पास हुन्थेँ If I had studied, I would have passed

Possibility Verb + सक्छ -na sakchha आउन सक्छ Might come

Should Verb-नु + पर्छ -nu parchha जानुपर्छ Should go

Negative wish न + Verb-ओस् na + os नआओस् May he not come

19- TAG QUESTIONS

होइन? hoina? isn't it?

हैन? haina? right?

हो? ho? is it? / right?

हो नि? ho ni? right?

होइन र? hoina ra? isn't it?

हैन त? haina ta? isn't it then?

You are happy, aren't you? Positive + होइन? तिमी खुसी छौ, होइन? Timī khusī chau, hoina? You are happy, aren't you?

He came, didn't he? Past + हैन? ऊ आयो, हैन? Ū āyo, haina? He came, didn't he?

It is good, isn't it? Statement + हो नि? यो राम्रो छ, हो नि? Yo rāmrō chha, ho ni? It is good, right?

You can do it, can't you? Ability + हैन? तिमी गर्न सक्छौ, हैन? Timī garna sakchau, haina? You can do it, can't you?

It isn't easy, is it? Negative + हो? यो सजिलो छैन, हो? Yo sajilo chaina, ho? It isn't easy, is it?

20- MODAL WORDS

Nepali Transliteration English

सक्छु sakchhu I can

सक्छस् sakchas you can (informal)

सक्छौ sakchhau you can

सक्छ sakchha he/she/it can

सक्छौँ sakchhaũ we can

सक्छौँ sakchhaũ we can

सक्छन् sakchan they can

सक्नु saknu to be able to

सक्ने sakne able to

सकिन्छ sakinchha can be done / is possible

सकिँदैन sakĩdaina cannot be done

सक्दिनँ sakdinã I cannot

सक्दैन sakdaina he/she cannot

सक्दैनौँ sakdainaũ we cannot

सक्दैनन् sakdainanan they cannot

Formation

Subject + verb stem + सक्नु

म नेपाली बोल्न सक्छु।

ma Nepālī bolna sakchhu.

“I can speak Nepali.”

2. Possibility — may / might / possibly

Nepali Transliteration English

सक्छ sakchha may / might

सक्छन् sakchan may / might

हुन सक्छ huna sakchha may / might be

हुनसक्छ hunasakchha may / might

हुन सक्छ कि huna sakchha ki it may be that

सायद sāyada perhaps / maybe

होला holā probably / may be

सम्भवतः sambhavataḥ possibly / probably

सम्भव छ sambhava cha it is possible

सम्भव हुन सक्छ sambhava huna sakchha it may be possible

हुनसक्ला hunasaklā might possibly

हुन सक्छन् huna sakchan may be

सायद ऊ आउँछ।

sāyada ū āũchha.

“Perhaps he/she will come.”

ऊ आउन सक्छ।

ū āuna sakchha.

“He/she may come.”

3. Necessity — must / have to

The most important Nepali construction is:

पर्नु + auxiliary

Nepali Transliteration English

पर्नु parnu to have to

पर्छ parchha must / have to

पर्छु parchhu I have to

पर्छस् parchas you have to

पर्छौ parchhau you have to

पर्छ parchha he/she has to

पर्छौँ parchhaũ we have to

पर्छन् parchan they have to

पर्नुपर्छ parnuparchha must / have to

पर्नैपर्छ parnaiparchha absolutely must

पर्न सक्छ parna sakchha may have to

पर्न सक्छन् parna sakchan may have to

म जानुपर्छ।

ma jānुपarchha.

“I must go / I have to go.”

तिमीले काम गर्नुपर्छ।

timīle kāma garnuparchha.

“You must do the work.”

4. Strong obligation — must / absolutely have to

Nepali Transliteration English

अनिवार्य छ anivārya cha it is mandatory

अनिवार्य रूपमा anivārya rūpmā obligatorily

अनिवार्य anivārya mandatory

जरुरी छ jarurī cha it is necessary

आवश्यक छ āvaśyaka cha it is necessary

अत्यावश्यक छ atyāvaśyaka cha it is essential

पर्नैपर्छ parnaiparchha absolutely must

गर्नैपर्छ garnaiparchha must do

जानैपर्छ jānaiparchha must go

अनिवार्यतः anivāryataḥ necessarily/mandatorily

5. Need — need to

Nepali Transliteration English

आवश्यक छ āvaśyaka cha need / be necessary

जरुरी छ jarurī cha need / be necessary

आवश्यकता छ āvaśyakatā cha there is a need

खाँचो छ khā̃cho cha there is a need

आवश्यक पर्छ āvaśyaka parchha is necessary

जरुरी पर्छ jarurī parchha is needed

चाहिन्छ chāhinchha is needed

चाहिन्छु chāhinchhu I need

चाहिँदैन chāhĩdaina is not needed

आवश्यक छैन āvaśyaka chaina is not necessary

जरुरी छैन jarurī chaina is not necessary

मलाई जानु आवश्यक छ।

malāī jānu āvaśyaka cha.

“I need to go.”

तिमीलाई आराम चाहिन्छ।

timīlāī ārāma chāhinchha.

“You need rest.”

6. Lack of necessity — do not have to / need not

Nepali Transliteration English

पर्दैन pardaina do not have to

पर्नुपर्दैन parnu pardaina do not have to

आवश्यक छैन āvaśyaka chaina it is not necessary

जरुरी छैन jarurī chaina it is not necessary

चाहिँदैन chāhĩdaina it is not needed

गर्नुपर्दैन garnu pardaina do not have to do

जानुपर्दैन jānu pardaina do not have to go

गर्न आवश्यक छैन garna āvaśyaka chaina do not need to do

तिमीले जानुपर्दैन।

timīle jānu pardaina.

“You don't have to go.”

7. Permission — may / be allowed to

Nepali Transliteration English

पाउनु pāunu to be allowed to / get

पाउँछु pāũchhu I may / am allowed to

पाउँछ pāũchha may / is allowed to

पाउँछन् pāũchan may / are allowed to

अनुमति छ anumati cha permission is given

अनुमति दिनु anumati dinu to give permission

अनुमति पाउनु anumati pāunu to receive permission

अनुमति लिनु anumati linu to obtain permission

अनुमति हुन सक्छ anumati huna sakchha permission may be possible

मिल्छ milchha it is okay / one may

मिल्दैन mildaina it is not allowed / cannot

हुन्छ hunchha okay / may

हुँदैन hudaina not allowed / cannot

म यहाँ बस्न पाउँछु?

ma yahā̃ basna pāũchhu?

“May I stay here?”

यहाँ फोटो खिच्न मिल्छ।

yahā̃ phoṭo khichna milchha.

“You may take photos here.”

8. Prohibition — must not / may not

Nepali Transliteration English

हुँदैन hudaina must not / may not

मिल्दैन mildaina not allowed

पाइँदैन pāĩdaina is not allowed

पाउँदैन pāũdaina is not allowed to

निषेध छ niṣedha cha it is prohibited

निषेधित छ niṣedhita cha it is prohibited

वर्जित छ varjita cha it is forbidden

प्रतिबन्धित छ pratibandhita cha it is prohibited/restricted

गर्न हुँदैन garna hudaina must not do

जान हुँदैन jāna hudaina must not go

यहाँ धूम्रपान गर्न हुँदैन।

yahā̃ dhūmrapāna garna hudaina.

“You must not smoke here.”

9. Advice — should / ought to

Nepali does not have one exact equivalent of English should. Several constructions are used.

Nepali Transliteration English

पर्छ parchha should / have to

पर्नुपर्छ parnuparchha should / ought to

गर्नुपर्छ garnuparchha should / have to do

गर्नुपर्ला garnuparlā should probably / may need to do

राम्रो हुन्छ rāmro hunchha it would be good

राम्रो होला rāmro holā it would probably be good

उचित हुन्छ uchita hunchha it would be appropriate

उचित होला uchita holā it would probably be appropriate

उचित छ uchita cha it is appropriate

गर्न उचित हुन्छ garna uchita hunchha one should do

गर्नुपर्छ जस्तो लाग्छ garnuparchha jasto lāgchha I think one should do

गर्नु राम्रो हुन्छ garnu rāmro hunchha it is better to do

गर्नु राम्रो होला garnu rāmro holā it would probably be better to do

गर्नैपर्छ garnaiparchha really must / absolutely should

तिमीले आराम गर्नुपर्छ।

timīle ārāma garnuparchha.

“You should rest.”

10. Recommendation — had better

Nepali Transliteration English

राम्रो हुन्छ rāmro hunchha you'd better / it is better

राम्रो होला rāmro holā it would be better

बरु ... गर्नु राम्रो हुन्छ baru ... garnu rāmro hunchha you'd better ...

... गर्नु उचित हुन्छ ... garnu uchita hunchha it would be advisable to ...

... गर्नु बेस हुन्छ ... garnu bes hunchha it would be better to ...

11. Desire / want

These are modal-like constructions rather than strict modal auxiliaries.

Nepali Transliteration English

चाहनु chāhanu to want

चाहन्छु chāhanchhu I want

चाहन्छ chāhanchha he/she wants

चाहन्छन् chāhanchan they want

चाहियो chāhiyo wanted / needed

चाहिन्छ chāhinchha want/need

मन लाग्नु mana lāgnu feel like / want

इच्छा हुनु icchā hunu to wish

इच्छा छ icchā cha wish/want

इच्छा गर्नु icchā garnu to desire

रहर हुनु rahara hunu to have a desire

मन गर्नु mana garnu to want / feel inclined

म जान चाहन्छु।

ma jāna chāhanchhu.

“I want to go.”

12. Would like — polite desire

Nepali Transliteration English

चाहन्छु chāhanchhu I would like / want

चाहन्छु कि chāhanchhu ki I would like that

चाहन्थेँ chāhanthẽ I would like / I wanted

इच्छा छ icchā cha I would like / I wish

मन छ mana cha I feel like / would like

मन लाग्छ mana lāgchha I feel like / would like

मन लाग्यो mana lāgyo I felt like / wanted to

13. Intention — intend / plan / going to

Nepali Transliteration English

योजना गर्नु yojanā garnu to plan

योजना छ yojanā cha plan to

योजना बनाउनु yojanā banāunu to make a plan

इरादा हुनु irādā hunu intend

इरादा छ irādā cha intend to

विचार गर्नु vichāra garnu consider/intend

सोच्नु sochnu intend/think of

सोचिरहेको छु sochirहेको chhu I am planning/intending

लाग्नु lāgnu be about to / seem likely

वाला हुनु vālā hunu be about to / intended to

“Going to”

म जान लागेको छु।

ma jāna lāgeko chhu.

“I am going to go / I am about to go.”

म जानेवाला छु।

ma jānevālā chhu.

“I am going to go.”

14. Probability — probably

Nepali Transliteration English

सायद sāyada perhaps / maybe

होला holā probably / may be

सम्भवतः sambhavataḥ probably / possibly

सम्भव छ sambhava cha it is possible

सम्भावना छ sambhāvanā cha there is a possibility

सम्भावित छ sambhāvita cha probable / possible

सम्भवतः नै sambhavataḥ nai most probably

अनुमानतः anumānataḥ presumably / approximately

अनुमान छ anumāna cha it is presumed

लाग्छ lāgchha seems / probably

जस्तो लाग्छ jasto lāgchha seems / appears

देखिन्छ dekhinchha appears / seems

15. Certainty — certainly / definitely

Nepali Transliteration English

अवश्य avaśya certainly

अवश्य नै avaśya nai certainly / definitely

पक्कै pakkai definitely

पक्कै पनि pakkai pani definitely

निश्चय नै niścaya nai certainly

निश्चित रूपमा niścita rūpmā certainly

साँच्चै sā̃cchai really / truly

वास्तवमा vāstavmā actually / in fact

निःसन्देह niḥsandeha undoubtedly

अवश्यै avaśyai certainly

जरुर jarura certainly / surely

जरूर jarūra certainly / surely

निश्चित छ niścita cha it is certain

पक्का छ pakkā cha it is certain

16. Uncertainty — perhaps / maybe

Nepali Transliteration English

सायद sāyada perhaps

होला holā maybe / probably

हुन सक्छ huna sakchha may/might

सम्भवतः sambhavataḥ possibly

हुनसक्छ hunasakchha it may be

के थाहा ke thāhā who knows / perhaps

थाहा छैन thāhā chaina I don't know / uncertain

निश्चित छैन niścita chaina it is uncertain

अनिश्चित aniścita uncertain

17. Obligation from external rules

Nepali Transliteration English

अनिवार्य छ anivārya cha is mandatory

आवश्यक छ āvaśyaka cha is required

जरुरी छ jarurī cha is necessary

बाध्यकारी छ bādhyakārī cha is binding/mandatory

बाध्य हुनु bādhya hunu be obliged

बाध्य हुनुपर्छ bādhya hunuparchha must be obliged

नियमअनुसार गर्नुपर्छ niyamānusāra garnuparchha must do according to the rules

गर्नैपर्छ garnaiparchha must do

18. Ability due to circumstances

Nepali Transliteration English

सक्नु saknu be able to

मिल्नु milnu be possible / be okay

मिल्छ milchha can / is possible

मिल्दैन mildaina cannot / is not possible

सम्भव हुनु sambhava hunu be possible

सम्भव छ sambhava cha it is possible

सम्भव छैन sambhava chaina it is impossible/not possible

अवसर हुनु avasara hunu have an opportunity

मौका पाउनु maukā pāunu get a chance to

19. Capacity / capability

Nepali Transliteration English

क्षमता हुनु kṣamatā hunu have the ability

सक्षम हुनु sakṣama hunu be capable

सक्षम छ sakṣama cha is capable

सामर्थ्य हुनु sāmarthya hunu have the capacity

योग्य हुनु yogya hunu be capable/qualified

समर्थ हुनु samartha hunu be capable

सक्ने sakne capable of

गर्नसक्ने garnasakne capable of doing

20. Permission / authorization

Nepali Transliteration English

अनुमति anumati permission

अनुमति छ anumati cha permission is given

अनुमति छैन anumati chaina permission is not given

स्वीकृति svīkṛti approval/permission

स्वीकृत छ svīkṛta cha approved/permitted

स्वीकृत छैन svīkṛta chaina not approved

अधिकृत adhikṛta authorized

अधिकार छ adhikāra cha have the right/permission

अधिकार छैन adhikāra chaina do not have permission/right

हक छ haka cha have the right

हक छैन haka chaina do not have the right

21. Moral obligation / ought

Nepali Transliteration English

कर्तव्य हो kartavya ho it is one's duty

कर्तव्य छ kartavya cha it is one's duty

कर्तव्य हुन्छ kartavya hunchha it is a duty

उचित छ uchita cha it is proper

उचित हुन्छ uchita hunchha it is appropriate

उचित होला uchita holā it would probably be appropriate

गर्नुपर्छ garnuparchha should / ought to

गर्नुपर्ने garnuparne that must/should be done

गर्नुपर्नेछ garnuparnechha will have to do

गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ garnuparne hunchha one has to/should do

22. Expectation

Nepali Transliteration English

अपेक्षा गर्नु apekṣā garnu expect

अपेक्षा छ apekṣā cha expect

आशा गर्नु āśā garnu hope

आशा छ āśā cha hope

हुनुपर्छ hunuparchha should be / is expected to be

आउनेछ āunechha will come / is expected to come

आउनुपर्छ āunuparchha should come

आउनुपर्ने āunuparne expected/required to come

सम्भावना छ sambhāvanā cha there is a possibility

23. Hypothetical / conditional modality

Nepali Transliteration English

भए bhae if it were / if

भएमा bhaemā if

भए भने bhae bhane if

भए पनि bhae pani even if

भए तापनि bhae tāpani even though/even if

हुनसके hunasake if possible

हुनसकेमा hunasakemā if possible

सके sake if able

सकेसम्म sakesamma as much/as far as possible

गरेमा garemā if one does

गरे भने gare bhane if one does

गर्नसके garnasake if able to do

गर्नसकेमा garnasakemā if able to do

सम्भव भएमा आउनुहोस्।

sambhava bhaemā āunuhos.

“Please come if possible.”

24. “Would” / hypothetical

Nepali does not have one word corresponding exactly to English would. It commonly uses the conditional/subjunctive forms, especially -ला, भए, and conditional constructions.

Nepali Transliteration English

होला holā would probably be

गर्ला garlā would/might do

जाला jālā might/would go

आउला āulā might/would come

हुन्थ्यो hunthyo would be

गर्थ्यो garthyo would do / used to do

जान्थ्यो jānthyo would go / used to go

आउने थियो āune thiyo would come / was going to come

गर्ने थियो garne thiyo would do / was going to do

भए bhae if it were

भएको भए bhaeko bhae if it had been

गर्थेँ garthẽ I would do / used to do

जान्थेँ jānthẽ I would go / used to go

गर्थे garthe they/he/she would do / used to do

25. Past hypothetical / counterfactual

Nepali Transliteration English

गरेको भए gareko bhae if I/he had done

गएको भए gaeko bhae if I/he had gone

भएको भए bhaeko bhae if it had been

गर्न सक्थेँ garna sakthẽ I could have done

जान सक्थेँ jāna sakthẽ I could have gone

गर्न सकिनँ garna sakinã I could not do

गर्नुपर्थ्यो garnuparthyo had to / should have

जानुपर्थ्यो jānuparthyo should have/had to go

गर्नुपर्ने थियो garnuparne thiyo should have done

गर्न सकिन्थ्यो garna sakin̄thyo could be done

हुन सक्थ्यो huna sakthyo could have been / might have been

26. “Could”

Nepali Transliteration English

सक्थेँ sakthẽ I could

सक्थ्यौ sakthyau you could

सक्थ्यो sakthyo he/she could

सक्थ्यौँ sakthyaũ we could

सक्थे sakthe they could

सकिन्थ्यो sakinthyo could be done

गर्न सक्थेँ garna sakthẽ I could do

जान सक्थेँ jāna sakthẽ I could go

गर्न सकिन्थ्यो garna sakin̄thyo it could be done

27. “Could” as polite possibility/request

Nepali Transliteration English

सक्नुहुन्छ? saknuhunchha? could you?

गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ? garna saknuhunchha? could you do?

दिन सक्नुहुन्छ? dina saknuhunchha? could you give?

भन्न सक्नुहुन्छ? bhanna saknuhunchha? could you tell/say?

मिल्छ? milchha? could/may I?

हुन्छ? hunchha? would that be okay?

28. “Might”

Nepali Transliteration English

हुन सक्छ huna sakchha might be

आउन सक्छ āuna sakchha might come

हुनसक्छ hunasakchha might be

होला holā might/probably

आउला āulā might come

गर्ला garlā might do

जाला jālā might go

सायद ... sāyada ... perhaps ...

सम्भवतः ... sambhavataḥ ... possibly ...

29. “Must be” / logical deduction

Nepali Transliteration English

हुनुपर्छ hunuparchha must be

पक्कै हुनुपर्छ pakkai hunuparchha must certainly be

होला holā must/probably is

हुनैपर्छ hunaiparchha must definitely be

हुनैपर्ने hunaiparne that must be

अवश्य हुनुपर्छ avaśya hunuparchha must certainly be

पक्कै हो pakkai ho it must be/is definitely

हुनुपर्छ जस्तो लाग्छ hunuparchha jasto lāgchha it seems it must be

30. Modal adverbs

These are not modal verbs, but they are important modal words.

Nepali Transliteration English

सायद sāyada perhaps

सम्भवतः sambhavataḥ probably/possibly

होला holā probably

अवश्य avaśya certainly

पक्कै pakkai definitely

पक्कै पनि pakkai pani definitely

निश्चय नै niścaya nai certainly

निश्चित रूपमा niścita rūpmā certainly

निःसन्देह niḥsandeha undoubtedly

साँच्चै sā̃cchai really

वास्तवमा vāstavmā actually

सम्भवतः नै sambhavataḥ nai most probably

अनिवार्य रूपमा anivārya rūpmā necessarily

आवश्यक रूपमा āvaśyaka rūpmā necessarily

जानाजानी jānājānī deliberately

अनजानमा anajānmā unintentionally

संयोगवश saṃyogavaśa accidentally

दुर्भाग्यवश durbhāgyavaśa unfortunately

सौभाग्यवश saubhāgyavaśa fortunately

आशा छ āśā cha hopefully / I hope

आशा गरौँ āśā garaũ hopefully / let us hope

31. Modal adjectives / predicate expressions

Nepali Transliteration English

आवश्यक āvaśyaka necessary

अनिवार्य anivārya mandatory

सम्भव sambhava possible

असम्भव asambhava impossible

उचित uchita appropriate

अनुचित anuchita inappropriate

आवश्यक पर्ने āvaśyaka parne necessary/required

सम्भावित sambhāvita possible/probable

निश्चित niścita certain

अनिश्चित aniścita uncertain

बाध्यकारी bādhyakārī obligatory/binding

अनुमत anumata permitted

स्वीकृत svīkṛta approved/permitted

निषेधित niṣedhita prohibited

वर्जित varjita forbidden

उचित हुने uchita hune advisable/appropriate

सम्भव हुने sambhava hune possible

32. “Be supposed to”

Nepali Transliteration English

गर्नुपर्ने garnuparne supposed to do

जानुपर्ने jānuparne supposed to go

हुनुपर्ने hunuparne supposed to be

गर्नुपर्नेछ garnuparnechha will be supposed/required to do

गर्नुपर्ने थियो garnuparne thiyo was supposed to do

गर्नुपर्थ्यो garnuparthyo was supposed to / should have done

अपेक्षित छ apekṣita cha is expected

अपेक्षित थियो apekṣita thiyo was expected

उसले आउनुपर्ने थियो।

usle āunuparne thiyo.

“He/she was supposed to come.”

33. “Used to / would” habitual modality

Nepali Transliteration English

गर्थेँ garthẽ I used to / would do

गर्थ्यौ garthyau you used to / would do

गर्थ्यो garthyo he/she used to / would do

गर्थ्यौँ garthyaũ we used to / would do

गर्थे garthe they used to / would do

जान्थेँ jānthẽ I used to/would go

खान्थेँ khānthẽ I used to/would eat

पढ्थेँ paḍhthẽ I used to/would study

34. Volitional / willingness

Nepali Transliteration English

चाहनु chāhanu want to

इच्छुक हुनु ichchhuka hunu be willing/eager

तयार हुनु tayāra hunu be ready/willing

तयार छु tayāra chhu I am ready/willing

राजी हुनु rājī hunu agree/be willing

राजी छु rājī chhu I am willing

सहमत हुनु sahamata hunu agree

मान्नु mānnu agree/consent

मञ्जुर गर्नु mañjura garnu consent/agree

35. Intention / future-oriented modality

Nepali Transliteration English

लाग्नु lāgnu be about to

लागेको lāgeko about to

गर्न लागेको garna lāgeko about to do

जान लागेको jāna lāgeko about to go

योजना गर्नु yojanā garnu plan to

योजना बनाउनु yojanā banāunu plan to

विचार गर्नु vichāra garnu intend/consider

सोच्नु sochnu plan/intend

इरादा गर्नु irādā garnu intend

इरादा हुनु irādā hunu intend

उद्देश्य हुनु uddeśya hunu intend/purpose

उद्देश्यले uddeśyale with the intention/purpose

36. “Needn't have”

Nepali Transliteration English

गर्नुपर्दैनथ्यो garnu pardainathyo didn't have to do

गर्नुपर्ने थिएन garnuparne thiena did not need to do

गर्नु आवश्यक थिएन garnu āvaśyaka thiena it wasn't necessary to do

गर्न जरुरी थिएन garna jarurī thiena it wasn't necessary to do

गर्नुपरेन garnu parena did not have to do

जानुपरेन jānu parena did not have to go

37. “Have to” across time

Tense/meaning Nepali Transliteration English

Present गर्नुपर्छ garnuparchha have to do

Present negative गर्नुपर्दैन garnu pardaina don't have to do

Past गर्नुपर्‍यो garnuparyo had to do

Past negative गर्नुपरेन garnu parena didn't have to do

Habitual past गर्नुपर्थ्यो garnuparthyo had to/should have done

Future गर्नुपर्नेछ garnuparnechha will have to do

Conditional गर्नुपरे garnu pare if one has to do

Possibility गर्नुपर्न सक्छ garnuparna sakchha may have to do

Strong obligation गर्नैपर्छ garnaiparchha absolutely must do

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

There is Place + मा + noun + छ Place + mā + noun + chha घरमा किताब छ Gharmā kitāb chha There is a book in the house

There are Place + मा + noun + छन् Place + mā + noun + chan घरमा किताबहरू छन् Gharmā kitābharū chan There are books in the house

There isn't Place + मा + noun + छैन Place + mā + noun + chaina घरमा किताब छैन Gharmā kitāb chaina There isn't a book in the house

There aren't Place + मा + noun + छैनन् Place + mā + noun + chainan घरमा मानिसहरू छैनन् Gharmā mānisaharū chainan There aren't people in the house

Is there? Place + मा + noun + छ? Place + mā + noun + chha? पानी छ? Pānī chha? Is there water?

Are there? Place + मा + noun + छन्? Place + mā + noun + chan? मानिसहरू छन्? Mānisaharū chan? Are there people?

I have मसँग + noun + छ Ma-saṅga + noun + chha मसँग किताब छ (Ma-saṅga kitāb chha)

You have तिमीसँग + noun + छ Timī-saṅga + noun + chha तिमीसँग कलम छ (Timī-saṅga kalam chha)

He has ऊसँग + noun + छ Ū-saṅga + noun + chha ऊसँग गाडी छ (Ū-saṅga gāḍī chha)

We have हामीसँग + noun + छ Hāmī-saṅga + noun + chha हामीसँग घर छ (Hāmī-saṅga ghar chha)

They have उनीहरूसँग + noun + छन् Unīharū-saṅga + noun + chan उनीहरूसँग किताबहरू छन् (Unīharū-saṅga kitābharū chan)

Don't have Person + सँग + noun + छैन Person-saṅga + noun + chaina मसँग पैसा छैन (Ma-saṅga paisā chaina)

Had Person + सँग + noun + थियो Person-saṅga + noun + thiyo मसँग समय थियो (Ma-saṅga samaya thiyo)

मसँग समय हुनेछ। Ma-saṅga samaya hunechha. I will have time.

ऊसँग पैसा हुनेछ। Ū-saṅga paisā hunechha. He/She will have money.

Do! (informal) Verb stem Verb stem गर Do!

Please do Verb + नुहोस् Verb + nuhos गर्नुहोस् Please do

Don't do न + verb na + verb नगर Don't do

Please don't न + verb + नुहोस् na + verb + nuhos नगर्नुहोस् Please don't do

Let's do Verb + औँ Verb + aũ गरौँ Let's do

Let him do Verb + ओस् Verb + os गरोस् Let him do

Let it be done Passive + ओस् passive + os गरियोस् Let it be done

Let it be done Passive + ओस् Passive + os गरियोस् Let it be done

May it be done Passive + होस् Passive + hos गरिएको होस् May it be done

Formal instruction Passive + नुहोस् Passive + nuhos गरिनुहोस् Please have it done

Negative passive न + Passive + ओस् na + passive + os नगरियोस् Let it not be done

be played = खेलिनु (khelinu)