1- KYRGYZ ALPHABET

2- WORD ORDER

1 Basic S + V S + V Мен уктайм. Men uktaym. I sleep.

2 Direct object S + DO + V S + DO + V Мен китепти окуйм. Men kitepti okuym. I read the book.

3 Indirect object S + IO + DO + V S + IO + DO + V Мен ага китепти берем. Men aga kitepti berem. I give him the book.

4 Beneficiary S + IO + DO + V S + IO + DO + V Мен ага китеп сатып берем. Men aga kitep satyp berem. I buy a book for him.

5 IO pronoun S + IO + DO + V S + IO + DO + V Мен ага китепти берем. Men aga kitepti berem. I give him the book.

6 Adjective S + Adj S + Adj Китеп чоң. Kitep choñ. The book is big.

7 Adverb S + Adv + V S + Adv + V Ал тез окуйт. Al tez okuyt. He reads quickly.

8 Direct object + adverb S + DO + Adv + V S + DO + Adv + V Мен китепти тез окуйм. Men kitepti tez okuym. I read the book quickly.

9 Time adverb S + Time + V S + Time + V Мен бүгүн иштейм. Men bugün ishteym. I work today.

10 Place adverb S + Place + V S + Place + V Ал жерде жашайт. Al zherde zhashayt. He lives there.

11 Location phrase S + Location S + Location Китеп столдун үстүндө. Kitep stoldun üstündö. The book is on the table.

12 DO + location S + DO + Location + V S + DO + Location + V Мен китепти столдун үстүнө койдум. Men kitepti stoldun üstünö koydum. I put the book on the table.

13 Determiner + noun Dem + N Dem + N Бул китеп жаңы. Bul kitep zhañy. This book is new.

14 Determiner + adjective + noun Dem + Adj + N Dem + Adj + N Бул чоң китеп жаңы. Bul choñ kitep zhañy. This big book is new.

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Num + N Эки китеп жаңы. Eki kitep zhañy. Two books are new.

16 Conjunction Clause + Conj + Clause Clause + Conj + Clause Мен окуйм жана ал жазат. Men okuym jana al zhazat. I read and he writes.

17 Conjunction + objects S + DO + V + Conj + S + DO + V S + DO + V + Conj + S + DO + V Мен китепти окуйм жана ал кат жазат. Men kitepti okuym jana al kat zhazat. I read the book and he writes a letter.

18 Present passive S + passive V S + passive V Китеп окулат. Kitep okulat. The book is read / will be read.

19 Passive + agent S + Agent + passive V S + Agent + passive V Китеп ал тарабынан окулат. Kitep al tarabynan okulat. The book is read by him.

20 Passive + IO S + IO + passive V S + IO + passive V Китеп ага берилет. Kitep aga berilet. The book is given to him.

21 Passive + IO + agent S + IO + Agent + passive V S + IO + Agent + passive V Китеп ага ал тарабынан берилет. Kitep aga al tarabynan berilet. The book is given to her by him.

22 Passive + adverb S + Time + passive V S + Time + passive V Китеп бүгүн окулат. Kitep bugün okulat. The book is read today.

23 Passive + location S + Location + passive V S + Location + passive V Китеп столдун үстүнө коюлат. Kitep stoldun üstünö koyulat. The book is put on the table.

24 Passive + agent + adverb S + Time + Agent + passive V S + Time + Agent + passive V Китеп бүгүн ал тарабынан окулат. Kitep bugün al tarabynan okulat. The book is being read by him today.

25 Passive + agent + IO + adverb S + Time + IO + Agent + passive V S + Time + IO + Agent + passive V Китеп бүгүн окуучуга мугалим тарабынан берилет. Kitep bugün okuuchuga mugalim tarabynan berilet. The book is given to the student by the teacher today.

26 Perfect passive S + passive past S + passive past Китеп окулду. Kitep okuldu. The book has been read / was read.

27 Perfect passive + agent S + Agent + passive past S + Agent + passive past Китеп ал тарабынан окулду. Kitep al tarabynan okuldu. The book has been read by him.

28 Future passive S + passive V + future S + passive V + future Китеп окулат. Kitep okulat. The book will be read.

29 Future passive + agent S + Agent + passive V + future S + Agent + passive V + future Китеп ал тарабынан окулат. Kitep al tarabynan okulat. The book will be read by him.

30 Modal passive S + passive + керек S + passive + kerek Китеп окулушу керек. Kitep okulushu kerek. The book must be read.

31 Negative S + DO + negative V S + DO + negative V Мен китепти окубайм. Men kitepti okubaym. I do not read the book.

32 Negative passive S + Agent + negative passive V S + Agent + negative passive V Китеп ал тарабынан окулбайт. Kitep al tarabynan okulbayt. The book is not read by him.

33 Yes/no question S + DO + V + -бы/-би? S + DO + V + -by/-bi? Сен китепти окуйсуңбу? Sen kitepti okuysuñbu? Do you read the book?

34 Passive question S + passive V + ? S + passive V + ? Китеп окулуп жатабы? Kitep okulup zhataby? Is the book being read?

35 Agent question S + ким тарабынан + passive V? S + kim tarabynan + passive V? Китеп ким тарабынан окулуп жатат? Kitep kim tarabynan okulup zhatat? By whom is the book being read?

36 IO question S + DO + V + кимге? S + DO + V + kimge? Сен китепти кимге бересиң? Sen kitepti kimge beresiñ? To whom do you give the book?

37 Imperative V + DO V + DO Китепти оку! Kitepti oku! Read the book!

38 Imperative + IO V + IO + DO V + IO + DO Ага китепти бер! Aga kitepti ber! Give him the book!

39 Passive imperative S + passive imperative S + passive imperative Китеп окулсун! Kitep okulsun! Let the book be read!

40 Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive окуу okuu to read

41 Infinitive + DO DO + infinitive DO + infinitive китепти окуу kitepti okuu to read the book

42 Passive infinitive Passive stem + -уу Passive stem + -uu окулуу okuluu to be read

43 Purpose S + V + үчүн S + V + üchün Мен ойнош үчүн тамак жейм. Men oynosh üchün tamak zheym. I eat in order to play.

44 Relative clause [Relative clause] + N [Relative clause] + N Мен окуган китеп кызыктуу. Men okughan kitep kyzyktuu. The book that I read is interesting.

45 Passive relative [Passive relative clause] + N [Passive relative clause] + N Ал тарабынан окулган китеп кызыктуу. Al tarabynan okughan kitep kyzyktuu. The book that was read by him is interesting.

46 Conditional -са/-се + clause -sa/-se + clause Эгер убактым болсо, китеп окуйм. Eger ubaktym bolso, kitep okuym. If I have time, I read.

47 Conditional + passive Эгер + passive conditional + clause Eger + passive conditional + clause Эгер китеп окулса, ал үйрөнөт. Eger kitep okулса, al üyrönöt. If the book is read, he learns.

48 Reported speech S + clause + деп + V S + clause + dep + V Ал китеп окуп жатканын айтат. Al kitep okup zhatkanın aytat. He says that he is reading a book.

49 Reported question S + clause + -бы + деп + V S + clause + -by + dep + V Ал мен китеп окуймбу деп сурайт. Al men kitep okuymbu dep surayt. He asks if I read a book.

50 Reported command/request S + person + -дан/-ден + V + -ууну/-үүнү + суранат S + person + -dan/-den + V + -uunu/-üünü + suranat Ал менден китеп окууну суранат. Al menden kitep okuunu suranat. He asks me to read the book.

INDIRECT OBJECT:

Basic IO IO + dative IO + dative ага aga to him/her

IO + DO S + IO + DO + V S + IO + DO + V Мен ага китепти берем. Men aga kitepti berem. I give him the book.

IO question кимге? kimge? Сен кимге бердиң? Sen kimge berdiñ? To whom did you give it?

IO pronoun pronoun + dative pronoun + dative мага maga to me

IO noun noun + dative noun + dative мугалимге mugalimge to the teacher

Beneficiary IO + V IO + V ага сатып берем aga satyp berem I buy it for him

Need IO + керек IO + kerek Мага китеп керек. Maga kitep kerek. I need a book

GENITIVE:

Basic possession GEN + N-POSS GEN + N-POSS Менин китебим. Menin kitebim. My book.

Noun possessor N-GEN + N-POSS N-GEN + N-POSS Баланын китеби. Balanyn kitebi. The child's book.

Plural possessor N-PL-GEN + N-POSS N-PL-GEN + N-POSS Балдардын китеби. Baldardyn kitebi. The children's book.

Plural possessed GEN + N-PL-POSS GEN + N-PL-POSS Менин китептерим. Menin kitepterim. My books.

Both plural N-PL-GEN + N-PL-POSS N-PL-GEN + N-PL-POSS Балдардын китептери. Baldardyn kitepteri. The children's books.

Whose? кимдин + N-POSS kimdin + N-POSS Кимдин китеби? Kimdin kitebi? Whose book?

Of what? эмненин + N-POSS emnenin + N-POSS Эмненин түсү? Emnenin tüsü? The color of what?

INDEPENDENT:

Attributive GEN + N-POSS менин китебим menin kitebim my book

Independent Pronoun + -ники/-дики меники meniki mine

Attributive GEN + N-POSS сенин китебиң senin kitebiñ your book

Independent Pronoun + -ники/-дики сеники seniki yours

Attributive GEN + N-POSS анын китеби anyn kitebi his/her book

Independent Pronoun + -ники/-дики аныкы anyky his/hers

Attributive GEN + N-POSS биздин китебибиз bizdin kitebimiz our book

Independent Pronoun + -ники/-дики биздики bizdiki ours

Attributive GEN + N-POSS алардын китеби alardyn kitebi their book

Independent Pronoun + -ники/-дики алардыкы alardyky theirs

Бул меники. Bul meniki. This is mine.

WAS GOING TO:

was going to V + -мак/-мек/-мок/-мөк + эле V + -mak/-mek/-mok/-mök + ele Мен бармак элем. Men barmak elem. I was going to go.

was about to V + participle + жат- V + participle + zhat- Мен кеткени жаттым. Men ketkeni zhattym. I was about to leave.

was intending to V + -мак... + эле V + -mak/-mek/-mok/-mök + ele Мен көрмөк элем. Men körmök elem. I was intending to see.

was planning to V + -мак... + эле V + -mak/-mek/-mok/-mök + ele Мен бармак элем. Men barmak elem. I was planning to go.

was supposed to V + -ышы/-иши + керек эле V + -yshy/-ishi/-ushu/-üshü + kerek ele Мен барышым керек эле. Men baryshym kerek ele. I was supposed to go.

2- NOUNS

PATTERN 1:- BACK VOWEL + ENDS IN A VOWEL:

Nominative бала bala / балдар baldar

Genitive баланын balanyn / балдардын baldardyn

Dative балага balaga / балдарга baldarga

Accusative баланы balany / балдарды baldardy

Locative балада balada / балдарда baldarda

Ablative баладан baladan / балдардан baldardan

Instrumental бала менен bala menen / балдар менен baldar menen

PATTERN 2:- FRONT VOWEL + ENDS IN A CONSONANT:

Nominative көл köl / көлдөр köldör

Genitive көлдүн köldün / көлдөрдүн köldördün

Dative көлгө kölgö / көлдөргө köldörgö

Accusative көлдү köldü / көлдөрдү köldördü

Locative көлдө köldö / көлдөрдө köldördö

Ablative көлдөн köldön / көлдөрдөн köldördön

Instrumental көл менен köl menen / көлдөр менен köldör menen

PATTERN 3:- BACK VOWEL + ENDS IN A VOICED CONSONANT:

Example:

китеп (kitep) = book

Notice that many suffixes begin with т after a voiceless consonant.

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative китеп kitep

Genitive китептин kiteptin

Dative китепке kitepke

Accusative китепти kitepti

Locative китепте kitepte

Ablative китептен kitepten

Instrumental китеп менен kitep menen

Plural

китептер (kitepter)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative китептер kitepter

Genitive китептердин kitepterdin

Dative китептерге kitepterge

Accusative китептерди kitepterdi

Locative китептерде kitepterde

Ablative китептерден kitepterden

Instrumental китептер менен kitepter menen

PATTERN 4:- FRONT VOWEL + ENDS IN A VOWEL:

Example:

эне (ene) = mother

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative эне ene

Genitive эненин enenin

Dative энеге enege

Accusative энени eneni

Locative энеде enede

Ablative энеден eneden

Instrumental эне менен ene menen

Plural

энелер (eneler) = mothers

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative энелер eneler

Genitive энелердин enelerdin

Dative энелерге enelerge

Accusative энелерди enelerdi

Locative энелерде enelerde

Ablative энелерден enelerden

Instrumental энелер менен eneler menen

PATTERN 5:- ENDS IN A VOICED CONSONANT:

Example:

адам (adam) = person

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative адам adam

Genitive адамдын adamdyn

Dative адамга adamga

Accusative адамды adamdy

Locative адамда adamda

Ablative адамдан adamdan

Instrumental адам менен adam menen

Plural

адамдар (adamdar) = people

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative адамдар adamdar

Genitive адамдардын adamlardyn

Dative адамдарга adamlarga

Accusative адамдарды adamlardy

Locative адамдарда adamlarda

Ablative адамдардан adamlardan

Instrumental адамдар менен adamdar menen

PATTERN 6:- BACK VOWEL + ENDS IN -к [-K]:

Some nouns ending in к undergo voicing before a vowel-initial suffix:

к → г

Example:

жүрөк (jürök) = heart

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative жүрөк jürök

Genitive жүрөктүн jüröktün

Dative жүрөккө jürökkö

Accusative жүрөктү jüröktü

Locative жүрөктө jüröktö

Ablative жүрөктөн jüröktön

Instrumental жүрөк менен jürök menen

Plural:

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative жүрөктөр jüröktör

Genitive жүрөктөрдүн jüröktördün

Dative жүрөктөргө jüröktörgö

Accusative жүрөктөрдү jüröktördü

PATTERN 7:- ENDS IN -г [-G]:

Example: желек (jelek) = flag

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative желек jelek

Genitive желектин jelektin

Dative желекке jelekke

Accusative желекти jelekti

Locative желекте jelekte

Ablative желектен jelekten

Instrumental желек менен jelek menen

Plural

желектер (jelekter)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative желектер jelekter

Genitive желектердин jelekterdin

Dative желектерге jelekterge

Accusative желектерди jelekterdi

Locative желектерде jelekterde

Ablative желектерден jelekterden

Instrumental желектер менен jelekter menen

PATTERN 8:- ENDS IN -н [-N]:

Example: күн (kün) = day

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative күн kün

Genitive күндүн kündün

Dative күнгө küngö

Accusative күндү kündü

Locative күндө kündö

Ablative күндөн kündön

Instrumental күн менен kün menen

Plural

күндөр (kündör)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative күндөр kündör

Genitive күндөрдүн kündördün

Dative күндөргө kündörgö

Accusative күндөрдү kündördü

Locative күндөрдө kündördö

Ablative күндөрдөн kündördön

Instrumental күндөр менен kündör menen

PATTERN 9:- ENDS IN л [-I]:

Example: тил (til) = language

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative тил til

Genitive тилдин tildin

Dative тилге tilge

Accusative тилди tildi

Locative тилде tilde

Ablative тилден tilden

Instrumental тил менен til menen

Plural

тилдер (tilder)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative тилдер tilder

Genitive тилдердин tilderdin

Dative тилдерге tilderge

Accusative тилдерди tilderdi

Locative тилдерде tilderde

Ablative тилдерден tilderden

Instrumental тилдер менен tilder menen

PATTERN 10:- ENDS IN -P [-R]:

Example: шаар (shaar) = city

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative шаар shaar

Genitive шаардын shaardyn

Dative шаарга shaarga

Accusative шаарды shaardy

Locative шаарда shaarda

Ablative шаардан shaardan

Instrumental шаар менен shaar menen

Plural

шаарлар (shaarlar)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative шаарлар shaarlar

Genitive шаарлардын shaarlardyn

Dative шаарларга shaarlarga

Accusative шаарларды shaarlardy

Locative шаарларда shaarlarda

Ablative шаарлардан shaarlardan

Instrumental шаарлар менен shaarlar menen

PATTERN 11:- ENDS IN -й [-Y]:

Example: чай (chay) = tea

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative чай chay

Genitive чайдын chaydyn

Dative чайга chayga

Accusative чайды chaydy

Locative чайда chayda

Ablative чайдан chaydan

Instrumental чай менен chay menen

Plural

чайлар (chaylar)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative чайлар chaylar

Genitive чайлардын chaylardyn

Dative чайларга chaylarga

Accusative чайларды chaylardy

Locative чайларда chaylarda

Ablative чайлардан chaylardan

Instrumental чайлар менен chaylar menen

PATTERN 12:- ENDS IN -ң [-ñ]:

Example: тең (teñ) = equality

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative тең teñ

Genitive теңдин teñdin

Dative теңге teñge

Accusative теңди teñdi

Locative теңде teñde

Ablative теңден teñden

Instrumental тең менен teñ menen

Plural

теңдер (teñder)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative теңдер teñder

Genitive теңдердин teñderdin

Dative теңдерге teñderge

Accusative теңдерди teñderdi

Locative теңдерде teñderde

Ablative теңдерден teñderden

Instrumental теңдер менен teñder menen

PATTERN 13:- ENDS IN -м [-M]:

Example: адам (adam) = person

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative адам adam

Genitive адамдын adamdyn

Dative адамга adamga

Accusative адамды adamdy

Locative адамда adamda

Ablative адамдан adamdan

Instrumental адам менен adam menen

Plural

адамдар (adamdar)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative адамдар adamdar

Genitive адамдардын adamlardyn

Dative адамдарга adamlarga

Accusative адамдарды adamlardy

Locative адамдарда adamlarda

Ablative адамдардан adamlardan

Instrumental адамдар менен adamdar menen

PATTERN 14:- NOUNS ENDING IN ш (-SH):

Example: добуш (dobush) = voice

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative добуш dobush

Genitive добуштун dobushtun

Dative добушка dobushka

Accusative добушту dobushtu

Locative добушта dobushta

Ablative добуштан dobushtan

Instrumental добуш менен dobush menen

Plural

добуштар (dobushtar)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative добуштар dobushtar

Genitive добуштардын dobushtardyn

Dative добуштарга dobushtarga

Accusative добуштарды dobushtardy

Locative добуштарда dobushtarda

Ablative добуштардан dobushtardan

Instrumental добуштар менен dobushtar menen

Pattern 15 — Nouns ending in a long vowel

Example: суу (suu) = water

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative суу suu

Genitive суунун suunun

Dative сууга suuga

Accusative сууну suunu

Locative сууда suuda

Ablative суудан suudan

Instrumental суу менен suu menen

Plural

Although суу ("water") is normally an uncountable noun, a plural form is possible when referring to different bodies, types, or waters.

суулар (suular)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative суулар suular

Genitive суулардын suulardyn

Dative сууларга suularga

Accusative сууларды suulardy

Locative сууларда suularda

Ablative суулардан suulardan

Instrumental суулар менен suular menen

Pattern 16 — китеп (kitep) = book

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative китеп kitep

Genitive китептин kiteptin

Dative китепке kitepke

Accusative китепти kitepti

Locative китепте kitepte

Ablative китептен kitepten

Instrumental китеп менен kitep menen

Plural — китептер (kitepter)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative китептер kitepter

Genitive китептердин kitepterdin

Dative китептерге kitepterge

Accusative китептерди kitepterdi

Locative китептерде kitepterde

Ablative китептерден kitepterden

Instrumental китептер менен kitepter menen

Pattern 17 — кулак (kulak) = ear

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative кулак kulak

Genitive кулактын kulaktyn

Dative кулакка kulakka

Accusative кулакты kulakty

Locative кулакта kulakta

Ablative кулактан kulaktan

Instrumental кулак менен kulak menen

Plural — кулактар (kulaktar)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative кулактар kulaktar

Genitive кулактардын kulaktardyn

Dative кулактарга kulaktarga

Accusative кулактарды kulaktardy

Locative кулактарда kulaktarda

Ablative кулактардан kulaktardan

Instrumental кулактар менен kulaktar menen

Pattern 18 — ат (at) = horse

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative ат at

Genitive аттын attyn

Dative атка atka

Accusative атты atty

Locative атта atta

Ablative аттан attan

Instrumental ат менен at menen

Plural — аттар (attar)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative аттар attar

Genitive аттардын attardyn

Dative аттарга attarga

Accusative аттарды attardy

Locative аттарда attarda

Ablative аттардан attardan

Instrumental аттар менен attar menen

Pattern 19 — жыгач (jygach) = tree

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative жыгач jygach

Genitive жыгачтын jygachtyn

Dative жыгачка jygachka

Accusative жыгачты jygachty

Locative жыгачта jygachta

Ablative жыгачтан jygachtan

Instrumental жыгач менен jygach menen

Plural — жыгачтар (jygachtar)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative жыгачтар jygachtar

Genitive жыгачтардын jygachtardyn

Dative жыгачтарга jygachtarga

Accusative жыгачтарды jygachtardy

Locative жыгачтарда jygachtarda

Ablative жыгачтардан jygachtardan

Instrumental жыгачтар менен jygachtar menen

Pattern 20 — ооз (ooz) = mouth

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative ооз ooz

Genitive ооздун oozdun

Dative оозго oozgo

Accusative оозду oozdu

Locative ооздо oozdo

Ablative ооздон oozdon

Instrumental ооз менен ooz menen

Plural — ооздор (oozdor)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative ооздор oozdor

Genitive ооздордун oozdordun

Dative ооздорго oozdorgo

Accusative ооздорду oozdordu

Locative ооздордо oozdordo

Ablative ооздордон oozdordon

Instrumental ооздор менен oozdor menen

Pattern 21 — жооп (joop) = answer

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative жооп joop

Genitive жооптун jooptun

Dative жоопко joopko

Accusative жоопту jooptu

Locative жоопто joopto

Ablative жооптон joopton

Instrumental жооп менен joop menen

Plural — жооптор (jooptor)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative жооптор jooptor

Genitive жооптордун jooptordun

Dative жоопторго jooptorgo

Accusative жоопторду jooptordu

Locative жооптордо jooptordo

Ablative жооптордон jooptordon

Instrumental жооптор менен jooptor menen

Pattern 22 — тоо (too) = mountain

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative тоо too

Genitive тоонун toonun

Dative тоого toogo

Accusative тоону toonu

Locative тоодо toodo

Ablative тоодон toodon

Instrumental тоо менен too menen

Plural — тоолор (toolor)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative тоолор toolor

Genitive тоолордун toolordun

Dative тоолорго toolorgo

Accusative тоолорду toolordu

Locative тоолордо toolordo

Ablative тоолордон toolordon

Instrumental тоолор менен toolor menen

Pattern 23 — сарай (saray) = palace

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative сарай saray

Genitive сарайдын saraydyn

Dative сарайга sarayga

Accusative сарайды saraydy

Locative сарайда sarayda

Ablative сарайдан saraydan

Instrumental сарай менен saray menen

Plural — сарайлар (saraylar)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative сарайлар saraylar

Genitive сарайлардын saraylardyn

Dative сарайларга saraylarga

Accusative сарайларды saraylardy

Locative сарайларда saraylarda

Ablative сарайлардан saraylardan

Instrumental сарайлар менен saraylar menen

Pattern 24 — үй (üy) = house

Singular

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative үй üy

Genitive үйдүн üydün

Dative үйгө üygö

Accusative үйдү üydü

Locative үйдө üydö

Ablative үйдөн üydön

Instrumental үй менен üy menen

Plural — үйлөр (üylör)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration

Nominative үйлөр üylör

Genitive үйлөрдүн üylördün

Dative үйлөргө üylörgö

Accusative үйлөрдү üylördü

Locative үйлөрдө üylördö

Ablative үйлөрдөн üylördön

Instrumental үйлөр менен üylör menen

Subject + Indirect Object (Dative) + Direct Object + Verb

I give the child a book. Мен балага китеп берем. Men balaga kitep berem.

Possessor (Genitive) + Possessed Noun (Possessive suffix)

The child's book is new. Баланын китеби жаңы. Balanyn kitebi jañy.

3- ADJECTIVES:

Attributive adjective adjective + noun жакшы адам jakshy adam good person

Predicate adjective noun + adjective Адам жакшы Adam jakshy The person is good

TO BE VERB:

1. Present — “am / is / are”

Kyrgyz usually does not use болуу for a simple present identity or description.

Instead, it uses copular endings.

Formation

Subject + noun/adjective + copular ending

Person Ending Example Transliteration Translation

Мен -мын/-мин/-мун/-мүн Мен студентмин Men studentmin I am a student

Сен -сың/-сиң/-суң/-сүң Сен студентсиң Sen studentsiñ You are a student

Ал — Ал студент Al student He/she is a student

Биз -быз/-биз/-буз/-бүз Биз студентпиз Biz studentpiz We are students

Силер -сыңар/-сиңер/-суңар/-сүңөр Силер студентсиңер Siler studentsiñer You are students

Алар usually plural noun Алар студенттер Alar studentter They are students

With adjectives

Мен бактылуумун.

Men baktyluumun.

= I am happy.

Сен бактылуусуң.

Sen baktyluusuñ.

= You are happy.

Ал бактылуу.

Al baktyluu.

= He/she is happy.

2. Present Negative — “am not / is not / are not”

Use:

эмес (emes)

with the appropriate copular ending.

Person Kyrgyz Transliteration Translation

Мен мен ... эмесмин men ... emesmin I am not

Сен сен ... эмессиң sen ... emessiñ you are not

Ал ал ... эмес al ... emes he/she is not

Биз биз ... эмеспиз biz ... emespiz we are not

Силер силер ... эмессиңер siler ... emessiñer you are not

Алар алар ... эмес alar ... emes they are not

Example:

Мен мугалим эмесмин.

Men mugalim emesmin.

= I am not a teacher.

3. Past — “was / were”

The past copula is:

эле (ele)

It receives person endings.

Person Kyrgyz Transliteration Translation

Мен элем elem I was

Сен элең eleñ you were

Ал эле ele he/she was

Биз элек elek we were

Силер элеңер eleñer you were

Алар эле ele they were

Examples

Мен студент элем.

Men student elem.

= I was a student.

Сен студент элең.

Sen student eleñ.

= You were a student.

Ал студент эле.

Al student ele.

= He/she was a student.

Биз студент элек.

Biz student elek.

= We were students.

4. Past Negative — “was not / were not”

Formation:

noun/adjective + эмес + past copula

Examples

Мен студент эмес элем.

Men student emes elem.

= I was not a student.

Сен студент эмес элең.

Sen student emes eleñ.

= You were not a student.

Ал студент эмес эле.

Al student emes ele.

= He/she was not a student.

Биз студент эмес элек.

Biz student emes elek.

= We were not students.

5. Future — “will be”

For future “to be,” use:

бол- (bol-)

The verb болуу (boluu) can mean to be / to become.

Conjugation

Person Kyrgyz Transliteration Translation

Мен болом bolom I will be

Сен болосуң bolosuñ you will be

Ал болот bolot he/she will be

Биз болобуз bolobuz we will be

Силер болосуңар bolosuñar you will be

Алар болушат bolushat they will be

Examples

Мен мугалим болом.

Men mugalim bolom.

= I will be a teacher.

Ал дарыгер болот.

Al daryger bolot.

= He/she will be a doctor.

6. Future Negative — “will not be”

Use:

болбо- (bolbo-)

Person Kyrgyz Transliteration Translation

Мен болбойм bolboym I will not be

Сен болбойсуң bolboysuñ you will not be

Ал болбойт bolboyt he/she will not be

Биз болбойбуз bolboybuz we will not be

Силер болбойсуңар bolboysuñar you will not be

Алар болушпайт bolushpayt they will not be

Example:

Мен мугалим болбойм.

Men mugalim bolboym.

= I will not be a teacher.

7. Perfect / Resultative — “have been / was”

Kyrgyz commonly expresses completed/resultative states with:

болгон (bolgon)

болгон (bolgon) = been / became / was

Examples:

Мен ал жерде болгонмун.

Men al zherde bolgonmun.

= I have been / was there.

Ал мугалим болгон.

Al mugalim bolgon.

= He/she was a teacher / has been a teacher.

8. Perfect Negative

Use:

болгон эмес

= has not been / was not

Мен ал жерде болгон эмесмин.

Men al zherde bolgon emesmin.

= I have not been there.

9. Pluperfect — “had been”

A common formation is:

болгон + эле

болгон эле (bolgon ele)

Example:

Мен мугалим болгон элем.

Men mugalim bolgon elem.

= I had been a teacher.

Another example:

Ал мурда бул жерде болгон эле.

Al murda bul zherde bolgon ele.

= He/she had been here before.

10. Future Perfect — “will have been”

A common way to express this is:

болгон болом

Example:

Мен эртең бул жерде болгон болом.

Men erteñ bul zherde bolgon bolom.

= By tomorrow, I will have been here.

The exact interpretation depends heavily on context because Kyrgyz does not map one-to-one onto the English perfect system.

11. Conditional — “if I am / if I become”

Use:

бол- + -со/-се

Person Kyrgyz Transliteration Translation

Мен болсом bolsom if I am/become

Сен болсоң bolsoñ if you are/become

Ал болсо bolso if he/she is/becomes

Биз болсок bolsok if we are/become

Силер болсоңор bolsoñor if you are/become

Алар болушса bolushsa if they are/become

Example:

Эгер мен мугалим болсом, балдарга жардам берем.

Eger men mugalim bolsom, baldarga zhardam berem.

= If I am/become a teacher, I will help the children.

12. “Would Be”

For hypothetical “would be,” Kyrgyz commonly uses:

болмок

болмок (bolmok) = would be / would become

With personal endings:

Person Kyrgyz Transliteration Translation

Мен болмокмун bolmokmun I would be

Сен болмоксуң bolmoksuñ you would be

Ал болмок bolmok he/she would be

Биз болмокпуз bolmokpuz we would be

Силер болмоксуңар bolmoksuñar you would be

Алар болушмак bolushmak they would be

Example:

Мен бай болсом, бактылуу болмокмун.

Men bay bolsom, baktyluu bolmokmun.

= If I were rich, I would be happy.

13. “Would Not Be”

Use the negative form:

болмок эмес

Example:

Бул туура болмок эмес.

Bul tuura bolmok emes.

= That would not be right.

14. “Must Be”

For must be, use:

болушу керек

bolushu kerek

= must be

Example:

Ал үйдө болушу керек.

Al üyдө bolushu kerek.

= He/she must be at home.

15. “Should Be”

The same construction can express should be:

болушу керек

bolushu kerek

Example:

Бул даяр болушу керек.

Bul dayar bolushu kerek.

= This should/must be ready.

16. “Want to Be”

Use:

болгум келет

bolgum kelet

= I want to be

Full pattern:

Person Kyrgyz Transliteration

Мен болгум келет bolgum kelet

Сен болгуң келет bolguñ kelet

Ал болгусу келет bolgusu kelet

Биз болгубуз келет bolgubuz kelet

Силер болгуңар келет bolguñar kelet

Алар болгулары келет bolgulary kelet

Example:

Мен дарыгер болгум келет.

Men daryger bolgum kelet.

= I want to be a doctor.

17. “There Is / There Are”

For existence, Kyrgyz uses:

бар (bar)

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

Китеп бар. Kitep bar. There is a book.

Китептер бар. Kitepter bar. There are books.

Negative:

жок (zhok)

Китеп жок.

Kitep zhok.

= There is no book.

18. “Have”

Kyrgyz also uses бар for possession.

I have a book.

Менде китеп бар.

Mende kitep bar.

Literally:

“A book exists with me.”

I don't have a book.

Менде китеп жок.

Mende kitep zhok.

4- PRONOUNS:

1. Personal Pronouns (Жактама ат атоочтор)

Singular Pronouns

English Nominative Transliteration

I мен men

you (informal) сен sen

you (formal) сиз siz

he/she ал al

Plural Pronouns

English Nominative Transliteration

we биз biz

you (plural/formal) силер siler

you (formal plural) сиздер sizder

they алар alar

2. Nominative Case (Атооч жөндөмө)

Function: subject (who does the action)

No ending.

English Kyrgyz Transliteration

I мен men

you сен sen

he/she ал al

we биз biz

they алар alar

Example:

Мен иштейм.

Men ishteym.

= I work.

3. Genitive Case (Илик жөндөмө)

Meaning: possession

Questions:

кимдин? = whose?

Endings:

-нын/-нин/-нун/-нүн

English Kyrgyz Transliteration

my менин menin

your сенин senin

your (formal) сиздин sizdin

his/her анын anyn

our биздин bizdin

your plural силердин silerdin

their алардын alardyn

Examples:

My book

Менин китебим

Menin kitebim

= My book

Their house

Алардын үйү

Alardyn üyü

= Their house

4. Dative Case (Барыш жөндөмө)

Meaning: to / for someone

Questions:

кимге? = to whom?

Endings:

-га/-ге/-го/-гө

-ка/-ке/-ко/-кө

English Kyrgyz Transliteration

to me мага maga

to you сага saga

to you (formal) сизге sizge

to him/her ага aga

to us бизге bizge

to them аларга alarga

Examples:

Give me a book.

Мага китеп бер.

Maga kitep ber.

= Give me a book.

I speak to him.

Мен ага сүйлөйм.

Men aga süylöym.

= I speak to him.

5. Accusative Case (Табыш жөндөмө)

Meaning: direct object

Questions:

кимди? = whom?

эмнени? = what?

Endings:

-ны/-ни/-ну/-нү

English Kyrgyz Transliteration

me мени meni

you сени seni

you (formal) сизди sizdi

him/her аны any

us бизди bizdi

them аларды alardy

Examples:

He sees me.

Ал мени көрөт.

Al meni köröt.

= He sees me.

I know him.

Мен аны билем.

Men any bilem.

= I know him.

6. Locative Case (Жатыш жөндөмө)

Meaning: in / at / on

Questions:

кимде? = in whom?

эмнеде? = in what?

Endings:

-да/-де/-до/-дө

English Kyrgyz Transliteration

in me менде mende

in you сенде sende

in you (formal) сизде sizde

in him/her анда anda

in us бизде bizde

in them аларда alarda

Examples:

I have a book.

Менде китеп бар.

Mende kitep bar.

= I have a book.

(literally: "A book exists in me")

7. Ablative Case (Чыгыш жөндөмө)

Meaning: from / away from

Questions:

кимден? = from whom?

Endings:

-дан/-ден/-дон/-дөн

-тан/-тен/-тон/-төн

English Kyrgyz Transliteration

from me менден menden

from you сенден senden

from you (formal) сизден sizden

from him/her андан andan

from us бизден bizden

from them алардан alardan

Examples:

I received a letter from him.

Мен андан кат алдым.

Men andan kat aldym.

= I received a letter from him.

Full Pronoun Declension Table

"I" (мен — men)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration Meaning

Nominative мен men I

Genitive менин menin my

Dative мага maga to me

Accusative мени meni me

Locative менде mende in me / at me

Ablative менден menden from me

"You" (сен — sen)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration Meaning

Nominative сен sen you

Genitive сенин senin your

Dative сага saga to you

Accusative сени seni you

Locative сенде sende at you

Ablative сенден senden from you

"He/She" (ал — al)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration Meaning

Nominative ал al he/she

Genitive анын anyn his/her

Dative ага aga to him/her

Accusative аны any him/her

Locative анда anda at him/her

Ablative андан andan from him/her

Reflexive Pronouns (Nominative)

English Kyrgyz Transliteration

myself өзүм özüm

yourself (informal) өзүң özüñ

yourself (formal) өзүңүз özüñüz

himself/herself өзү özü

ourselves өзүбүз özübüz

yourselves өзүңөр özüñör

themselves өздөрү özdörü

2. Reflexive Pronouns in Cases

"Myself" (өзүм — özüm)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration Meaning

Nominative өзүм özüm myself

Genitive өзүмдүн özümdün my own

Dative өзүмө özümö to myself

Accusative өзүмдү özümdü myself

Locative өзүмдө özümdö in myself

Ablative өзүмдөн özümдөн from myself

DEMONSTRATIVE:

this бул bul this (near speaker)

that ошол oshol that (near listener / known thing)

that over there тигил tigil that (far away)

this бул bul бул китеп (this book)

that ошол oshol ошол үй (that house)

that over there тигил tigil тигил тоо (that mountain over there)

this (object) муну munu Мен муну көрдүм (I saw this)

that (object) ошону oshonu Мен ошону алдым (I took that)

"This" (бул — bul)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration Meaning

Nominative бул bul this

Genitive мунун munun of this

Dative буга buga to this

Accusative муну munu this (object)

Locative мында mynda in this

Ablative мындан myndan from this

"That" (ошол — oshol)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration Meaning

Nominative ошол oshol that

Genitive ошонун oshonun of that

Dative ошого oshogo to that

Accusative ошону oshonu that (object)

Locative ошондо oshondo in that

Ablative ошондон oshondon from that

"That over there" (тигил — tigil)

Case Kyrgyz Transliteration Meaning

Nominative тигил tigil that

Genitive тигинин tiginin of that

Dative тигиге tigige to that

Accusative тигини tigini that (object)

Locative тигинде tiginde in that

Ablative тигиден tigiden from that

bul adamdar these people

This is my book. Бул менин китебим. Bul menin kitebim.

5- VERB TENSES:

Мен окуйм okuym I read

Сен окуйсуң okuysuñ you read

Ал окуйт okuyt he/she reads

Биз окуйбуз okuybuz we read

Силер окуйсуңар okuysuñar you (pl.) read

Алар окушат okuşat they read

Мен окуп жатам okup jatam I am reading

Сен окуп жатасың okup jatasyñ you are reading

Ал окуп жатат okup jatat he/she is reading

Биз окуп жатабыз okup jatabyz we are reading

Силер окуп жатасыңар okup jatasyñar you are reading

Алар окуп жатышат okup jatyşat they are reading

Мен окудум okudum I read / studied

Сен окудуң okuduñ You read

Ал окуду okudu He/She read

Биз окудук okuduk We read

Силер окудуңар okuduñar You read

Алар окушту okuştu They read

Мен окуп жаттым okup jattym I was reading

Сен окуп жаттың okup jattyñ You were reading

Ал окуп жаткан okup jatkan He/She was reading

Биз окуп жатканбыз okup jatkanbyz We were reading

Силер окуп жаткансыңар okup jatkansıñar You were reading

Алар окуп жатышкан okup jatyşkan They were reading

Мен окучумун okuçumun I used to read

Сен окучусуң okuçusuñ You used to read

Ал окучу okuçu He/She used to read

Биз окучубуз okuçubuz We used to read

Силер окучусуңар okuçusuñar You used to read

Алар окушчу okuşçu They used to read

Мен окуганмын okuganmyn I have read / Apparently I read

Сен окугансың okugansıñ You have read

Ал окуган okugan He/She has read

Биз окуганбыз okuganbyz We have read

Силер окугансыңар okugansıñar You have read

Алар окуган okugan They have read

Мен окуйм okuym I will read

Сен окуйсуң okuysuñ You will read

Ал окуйт okuyt He/She will read

Биз окуйбуз okuybuz We will read

Силер окуйсуңар okuysuñar You will read

Алар окушат okuşat They will read

Мен окумакмын okumakmyn I intend to read

Сен окумаксың okumaksiñ You intend to read

Ал окумак okumak He/She intends to read

Биз окумакпыз okumakpyz We intend to read

Силер окумаксыңар okumaksiñar You intend to read

Алар окумак okumak They intend to read

Мен окуганмын okuganmyn I have read

Сен окугансың okugansıñ You have read

Ал окуган okugan He/She has read

Биз окуганбыз okuganbyz We have read

Силер окугансыңар okugansıñar You have read

Алар окуган okugan They have read

Мен окуган элем okugan elem I had read

Сен окуган элең okugan eleñ You had read

Ал окуган эле okugan ele He/She had read

Биз окуган элек okugan elek We had read

Силер окуган элеңер okugan eleñer You had read

Алар окуган эле okugan ele They had read

Мен окумак элем okumak elem I was going to read

Сен окумак элең okumak eleñ You were going to read

Ал окумак эле okumak ele He/She was going to read

Биз окумак элек okumak elek We were going to read

Силер окумак элеңер okumak eleñer You were going to read

Алар окумак эле okumak ele They were going to read

Мен окуп жүрөм okup jüröm I have been reading / I am reading these days

Сен окуп жүрөсүң okup jürösüñ You have been reading

Ал окуп жүрөт okup jüröt He/She has been reading

Биз окуп жүрөбүз okup jüröbüz We have been reading

Силер окуп жүрөсүңөр okup jürösüñör You have been reading

Алар окуп жүрүшөт okup jürüshöt They have been reading

6- PASSIVE TENSES:

жаз- жазыл- jazyl- be written

оку- окул- okul- be read

айт- айтыл- aytyl- be said

ач- ачыл- achyl- be opened

жаб- жабыл- jabyl- be closed

Мен окулам okulam I am read*

Сен окуласың okulasyñ You are read

Ал окулат okulat He/She/It is read

Биз окулабыз okulabyz We are read

Силер окуласыңар okulasyñar You are read

Алар окулушат okuluşat They are read

Мен окулуп жатам okulup jatam I am being read

Сен окулуп жатасың okulup jatasyñ You are being read

Ал окулуп жатат okulup jatat It is being read

Биз окулуп жатабыз okulup jatabyz We are being read

Силер окулуп жатасыңар okulup jatasyñar You are being read

Алар окулуп жатышат okulup jatyşat They are being read

Мен окулдум okuldum I was read

Сен окулдуң okulduñ You were read

Ал окулду okuldu It was read

Биз окулдук okulduk We were read

Силер окулдуңар okulduñar You were read

Алар окулушту okuluştu They were read

Мен окулуп жаттым okulup jattym I was being read

Сен окулуп жаттың okulup jattyñ You were being read

Ал окулуп жаткан okulup jatkan It was being read

Биз окулуп жатканбыз okulup jatkanbyz We were being read

Силер окулуп жаткансыңар okulup jatkansıñar You were being read

Алар окулуп жатышкан okulup jatyşkan They were being read

Мен окулчу элем okulchu elem I used to be read

Сен окулчу элең okulchu eleñ You used to be read

Ал окулчу эле okulchu ele It used to be read

Биз окулчу элек okulchu elek We used to be read

Силер окулчу элеңер okulchu eleñer You used to be read

Алар окулчу эле okulchu ele They used to be read

Мен окулам okulam I will be read

Сен окуласың okulasyñ You will be read

Ал окулат okulat It will be read

Биз окулабыз okulabyz We will be read

Силер окуласыңар okulasyñar You will be read

Алар окулушат okuluşat They will be read

Мен окулмакмын okulmakmyn I intend to be read

Сен окулмаксың okulmaksyñ You intend to be read

Ал окулмак okulmak It is intended to be read

Биз окулмакпыз okulmakpyz We intend to be read

Силер окулмаксыңар okulmaksyñar You intend to be read

Алар окулмак okulmak They intend to be read

Мен окулганмын okulganmyn I have been read

Сен окулгансың okulgansıñ You have been read

Ал окулган okulgan It has been read

Биз окулганбыз okulganbyz We have been read

Силер окулгансыңар okulgansıñar You have been read

Алар окулган okulgan They have been read

Мен окулган элем okulgan elem I had been read

Сен окулган элең okulgan eleñ You had been read

Ал окулган эле okulgan ele It had been read

Биз окулган элек okulgan elek We had been read

Силер окулган элеңер okulgan eleñer You had been read

Алар окулган эле okulgan ele They had been read

Мен окулмак элем okulmak elem I was going to be read

Сен окулмак элең okulmak eleñ You were going to be read

Ал окулмак эле okulmak ele It was going to be read

Биз окулмак элек okulmak elek We were going to be read

Силер окулмак элеңер okulmak eleñer You were going to be read

Алар окулмак эле okulmak ele They were going to be read

7- NEGATION:

Мен окубайм okubaym I do not read

Сен окубайсың okubaysyñ You do not read

Ал окубайт okubayt He/She does not read

Биз окубайбыз okubaybyz We do not read

Силер окубайсыңар okubaysyñar You do not read

Алар окубайт okubayt They do not read

Мен окуган жокмун okugan jokmun I did not read

Сен окуган жоксуң okugan joksuñ You did not read

Ал окуган жок okugan jok He/She did not read

Биз окуган жокпуз okugan jokpuz We did not read

Силер окуган жоксуңар okugan joksuñar You did not read

Алар окуган жок okugan jok They did not read

эмес emes not

жок jok no; there is not

эмесмин emesmin I am not

эмессиң emessiñ you are not

эмес emes he/she is not

билбейм bilbeym I don't know

болбойт bolboyt impossible; not allowed; won't do

эч ким ech kim nobody

эч нерсе ech nerse nothing

эч качан ech kachan never

эч жерде ech jerde nowhere

эч кандай ech kanday no, none of any kind

8- QUESTIONS:

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

The particle has four forms due to vowel harmony:

-бы (-by)

-би (-bi)

-бу (-bu)

-бү (-bü)

After voiceless consonants, it becomes:

-пы (-py)

-пи (-pi)

-пу (-pu)

-пү (-pü)

Сен окуйсуңбу? Sen okuysuñbu? Do you read?

Ал келдиби? Al keldibi? Did he/she come?

Бул китеппи? Bul kiteppi? Is this a book?

Сен дарыгерсиңби? Sen darygersiñbi? Are you a doctor?

QUESTION WORDS:

Yes/No Сен келесиңби? (Sen kelesiñbi?) – Are you coming?

Who Ким? (Kim?) – Who?

What Эмне? (Emne?) – What?

Where Кайда? (Kayda?) – Where?

When Качан? (Kachan?) – When?

Why Эмне үчүн? (Emne üchün?) – Why?

How Кантип? (Kantip?) – How?

Which Кайсы? (Kaysy?) – Which?

How many/much Канча? (Kancha?) – How many?

Alternative Чайбы же кофе? (Chayby jee kofe?) – Tea or coffee?

Tag Туурабы? (Tuuraby?) – Right?

Negative Сен окубайсыңбы? (Sen okubaysyñby?) – Don't you read?

Класста канча окуучу бар?

Klassta kancha okuuchu bar?

= How many students are in the class?

Сен кантип келдиң?

Sen kantip keldiñ?

= How did you come?

Сен эмне үчүн ыйлап жатасың?

Sen emne üchün ыйлап zhatasyñ?

= Why are you crying?

9- ADVERBS:

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жакшы jakshy well

жаман jaman badly

тез tez quickly

жай jay slowly

акырын akyrın slowly / quietly

шашып shashyп hurriedly

туура tuura correctly

туура эмес tuura emes incorrectly

так tak exactly / precisely

такыр takyr completely / at all

ачык achyk openly / clearly

жашыруун jashyruun secretly

өзгөчө özgöчö especially / particularly

бирге birge together

бөлөк bölök separately

өзүнчө özünчö separately

кайра kayra again

түз tüz directly / straight

түздөн-түз tüzdön-tüz directly

кокустан kokustan accidentally

атайын atayın deliberately / specially

атайылап atayıлап deliberately

байкабай baykabai unintentionally

зорго zorgo barely / with difficulty

араң arañ barely

оңой oñoy easily

кыйын kyın with difficulty

кылдат kyldat carefully

этият etiyat carefully

бат bat quickly

жайбаракат jaybarakat calmly / leisurely

тынч tynch quietly / peacefully

катуу katuu loudly / hard

бекем bekem firmly

терең tereñ deeply

жөнөкөй jönököy simply

өзгөчө özgöчö especially

Examples

Ал тез сүйлөйт.

Al tez сүйлöyt.

He/she speaks quickly.

Ал акырын сүйлөдү.

Al akyrın сүйлödü.

He/she spoke quietly/slowly.

Ал кылдат иштейт.

Al kyldat ishteyt.

He/she works carefully.

2. Time adverbs — When?

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бүгүн bügün today

кечээ kechee yesterday

эртең erteñ tomorrow

бүрсүгүнү bürsügünü the day after tomorrow

мурун murun before / previously

мурда murda previously

азыр azyr now

эми emi now / from now on

жаңы эле jañy ele just now

жаңыдан jañydan newly / again

кийин kiyin later / afterward

кийинчерээк kiyinchereek later

андан кийин andan kiyin after that

ошондон кийин oshondon kiyin after that

кийинчерээк kiyinchereek later

дароо darоо immediately

заматта zamatta instantly

ошол замат oshol zamat immediately

эрте erte early

кеч kech late

кечинде kechinde in the evening

эртең менен erteñ menen in the morning

түндө tündö at night

күнүгө künügö every day

күн сайын kün sayın every day

жума сайын juma sayın every week

ай сайын ay sayın every month

жыл сайын jyl sayın every year

акырында akyrynda finally / at the end

башында bashynda at first / in the beginning

алгач algach first / initially

адегенде adegende at first / first

биринчи birinchi first

кийин kiyin afterward

акыры akyry finally / eventually

акырында akyrynda finally

жакында jakynda recently / soon

жакында эле jakynda ele just recently

азырынча azyryncha for now / so far

азыркыга чейин azırkyga cheyin until now

буга чейин buga cheyin before this / until now

ошого чейин oshogo cheyin until then

түбөлүккө tübölükkö forever

түбөлүк tübölük forever

убактылуу ubaktyluu temporarily

3. Frequency adverbs — How often?

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ар дайым ar dayım always

дайыма dayıma always

ар убакта ar ubakta always / at all times

көбүнчө köbünchö usually / mostly

адатта adatta usually

көп учурда köp uchurda often / frequently

көп köp often / much

бат-бат bat-bat frequently

кээде keede sometimes

кээ-кээде kee-keede sometimes

анда-санда anda-sanda occasionally

сейрек seýrek rarely

сейрек кездешет seýrek kezdeshet rarely occurs

эч качан ech kachan never

такыр takyr never / not at all

кайра-кайра kayra-kayra again and again

күн сайын kün sayın every day

күнүгө künügö daily

жума сайын juma sayın weekly

ай сайын ay sayın monthly

жыл сайын jyl sayın yearly

саат сайын saat sayın every hour

ар бир жолу ar bir jolу every time

бир жолу bir jolu once

эки жолу eki jolu twice

үч жолу üch jolu three times

4. Degree / intensity adverbs — How much?

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

абдан abdan very

өтө ötö very / extremely

эң eñ most / extremely

аябай ayabay very / extremely

өтө эле ötö ele very / excessively

бир топ bir top quite a lot

көп köp much / a lot

аз az little

бир аз bir az a little

азыраак azyraak less / somewhat less

көбүрөөк köbürөөk more

дээрлик deyerlik almost

дээрлик эле deyerlik ele almost

эптеп eпtep barely / somehow

такыр takyr completely / at all

таптакыр taptakyr completely / absolutely

толук tolik completely / fully

толугу менен tolugu menen completely

дээрлик толугу менен deyerlik tolugu menen almost completely

бир кыйла bir kıyla considerably

бир аздап bir azdap somewhat

анчалык anchalyk that much

ошончо oshoncho that much

мынчалык mynchalyk this much

ушунчалык ushunchalyk so much / so

канчалык kanchalyk how much / how

Important

эң eñ is especially important with superlatives:

эң жакшы

eñ jakshy

the best / very good

абдан жакшы

abdan jakshy

very good

5. Place / location adverbs — Where?

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бул жерде bul jerde here

мында mında here

ушул жерде ushul jerde here

тигил жерде tigil jerde there

тиги жерде tigi jerde there

анда anda there

ошол жерде oshol jerde there

кайда kayda where

бардык жерде bardyk jerde everywhere

ар жерде ar jerde everywhere

эч жерде ech jerde nowhere

кайдадыр kaydadır somewhere

жакында jakynda nearby

алыста alysta far away

ичте ichte inside

ичкери ichkeri inside / inward

сыртта syrtta outside

сыртка syrtka outward / outside

жогору jogoru upward / above

ылдый ıldıy downward / below

алдыда aldyda ahead / in front

артта artta behind

алдыга aldyga forward

артка artka backward

четте chette aside / at the edge

ортодо ortodo in the middle

айланасында aylanasynda around

жанында janynda beside / next to

6. Direction adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жогору jogoru upward

ылдый ıldıy downward

алдыга aldyga forward

артка artka backward

ичкери ichkeri inward

сыртка syrtka outward

ары ary farther / over there

бери beri this way / hereward

ары-бери ary-beri back and forth

тике tike straight

түз tüz straight

тегерете tegerete around

кайда kayda where

кайдадыр kaydadır somewhere

барды-жокту bardy-joktu around/about

7. Question adverbs

These are especially important grammatical adverbs.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

качан? kachan? when?

кайда? kayda? where?

кайдан? kaydan? from where?

кайда? kayda? where?

кантип? kantip? how?

кандайча? kandaycha? how? / in what way?

эмне үчүн? emne üchün? why?

эмнеге? emnege? why?

канча? kancha? how much/many?

канчалык? kanchalyk? how much / to what degree?

кайсы жерде? kaysy jerde? where?

кайсы жакта? kaysy jakta? on which side/where?

Examples

Ал качан келет?

Al kachan kelet?

When will he come?

Сен кайда барасың?

Sen kayda barasyñ?

Where are you going?

Муну кантип кылдың?

Munu kantip kyldyñ?

How did you do this?

Эмне үчүн келдиң?

Emne üchün keldiñ?

Why did you come?

8. Certainty adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

албетте albetте certainly / of course

сөзсүз sözsüz certainly / definitely

шексиз sheksiz undoubtedly

талашсыз talashsyz unquestionably

чын эле chyn ele really / indeed

чындыгында chyndygında actually / in fact

чынында chynında really / actually

анык anyk clearly / definitely

так tak exactly

ырасында ırasında indeed

чын chyn truly

9. Probability / uncertainty adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

балким balkim perhaps / maybe

мүмкүн mümkün possibly / maybe

балким да balkim da perhaps

мүмкүн да mümkün da perhaps / possibly

кыязы kıyazy apparently / evidently

сыягы syyagy apparently / seemingly

окшойт okshoyt apparently / seems

мүмкүн mümkün possible

ыктымал ıktımal probable / likely

ыктымалдуу ıktımalduu probable

балким, мүмкүн balkim, mümkün perhaps / possibly

Examples

Балким, ал эртең келет.

Balkim, al erteñ kelet.

Maybe he will come tomorrow.

Мүмкүн, алар кечигишет.

Mümkün, alar kechigishет.

They may be late.

10. Negative adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

эч качан ech kachan never

такыр takyr not at all

таптакыр taptakyr absolutely not / not at all

эч жерде ech jerde nowhere

эч жакта ech jakta nowhere

эч качан да ech kachan da never ever

эми эмес emi emes no longer

мындан ары эмес mından ary emes no longer

Мен эч качан барбайм.

Men ech kachan barmaym.

I never go.

11. Restrictive adverbs

These mean only, merely, just, exclusively.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

гана gana only

эле ele just / only

болгону bolgonu only / merely

жалаң jalañ only / exclusively

гана эмес gana emes not only

бир гана bir gana only one

ушул гана ushul gana only this

ошол гана oshol gana only that

Example

Мен гана барам.

Men gana baram.

Only I will go.

12. Additive adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

да / де da / de also / too

дагы dagy also / again

ошондой эле oshondoy ele also / likewise

мындан тышкары mından tyshkary besides / additionally

андан тышкары andan tyshkary besides / furthermore

ошондой эле oshondoy ele likewise

дагы бир жолу dagy bir jolu once again

Мен да барам.

Men da baram.

I will go too.

13. Repetition adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

кайра kayra again

дагы dagy again

кайрадан kayradan again

кайра-кайра kayra-kayra again and again

кайрадан кайра kayradan kayra again and again

кайрадан kayradan anew

жаңыдан jañydan anew / again

Ал кайра келди.

Al kayra keldi.

He/she came again.

14. Continuation adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

дагы эле dagy ele still

али ali still / yet

азырынча azyryncha still / for now

ушуга чейин ushuga cheyin until now

буга чейин buga cheyin until now

ошого чейин oshogo cheyin until then

азыркыга чейин azırkyga cheyin up to now

Ал али иштеп жатат.

Al ali ishtep jatat.

He/she is still working.

15. Already / completion

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

эбак ebak long ago / already

буга чейин buga cheyin already / before now

мурун эле murun ele already / previously

эбак эле ebak ele long ago

азыртадан azyrtadan already / from now

A particularly common construction is:

эбак эле

ebak ele

already / long ago

16. Suddenness

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

капысынан kapysynan suddenly

күтүүсүздөн kütüüsüzdön unexpectedly

бир заматта bir zamatta suddenly / instantly

дароо darоо immediately

заматта zamatta instantly

кокустан kokustan accidentally

17. Quickness

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

тез tez quickly

бат bat quickly

дароо darоо immediately

заматта zamatta instantly

тездик менен tez-dik menen quickly

шашып shashyп hurriedly

18. Slowness

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жай jay slowly

акырын akyrın slowly

жайлап jaylap slowly

шашпай shashpay without hurrying

акырындык менен akyryndyk menen slowly

19. Carefulness

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

кылдат kyldat carefully

этият etiyat carefully

абайлап abaylap carefully

көңүл коюп köñül koyup attentively

так tak precisely

туура tuura correctly

20. Intentionally / accidentally

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

атайын atayın intentionally / specially

атайылап atayıлап deliberately

атайын түрдө atayın türdö deliberately

кокустан kokustan accidentally

байкабай baykabai unintentionally

эрксизден erksizden involuntarily

билип туруп bilip turup knowingly / deliberately

21. Together / separately

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бирге birge together

чогуу choguu together

биргелешип birgeleshıp jointly

өзүнчө özünчö separately

бөлөк bölök separately / separately

өз-өзүнчө öz-özünчö separately / individually

бирден birden one by one

катар-катар katar-katar in rows / one after another

22. Directly / indirectly

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

түз tüz directly

түздөн-түз tüzdön-tüz directly

түз эле tüz ele directly / straight

кыйыр түрдө kıyır türdö indirectly

кыйырынан kıyırınan indirectly

23. Approximation

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

болжол менен boljol menen approximately

чамалуу chamaluu approximately

дээрлик deyerlik almost

чамасында chamasynda approximately / around

болжолдуу boljolduu approximate

орто эсеп менен orto esep menen on average / approximately

24. Comparison adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

көбүрөөк köbürөөk more

азыраак azyraak less

эң eñ most

эң аз eñ az least

ошончолук oshonchолuk to that extent

мынчалык mynchalyk to this extent

ушунчалык ushunchalyk so much / to such an extent

канчалык kanchalyk to what extent

ошондой oshondoy similarly / like that

бирдей birdey equally / the same

25. Result / consequence adverbials

These are often treated as connective adverbs or adverbial expressions, rather than simple adverbs.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ошондуктан oshondūktan therefore

ошого байланыштуу oshogo baylanyshtuu therefore / in connection with that

демек demek therefore / so

натыйжада natıyjada as a result

ошентип oshentip thus / in this way

ошонун натыйжасында oshonun natıjasynda as a result of that

ушундан улам ushundan ulam because of this / therefore

ошондон улам oshondon ulam because of that

26. Contrast adverbials

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бирок birok however / but

ошентсе да oshentse da nevertheless

ошого карабастан oshogo karabastan nevertheless / despite that

ага карабастан aga karabastan despite that

ошого карабай oshogo karabay nevertheless

тескерисинче teskerisinche conversely / on the contrary

бир жагынан bir jagynan on the one hand

экинчи жагынан ekinchi jagynan on the other hand

27. Purpose-related adverbial expressions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

атайын atayın specially / deliberately

атайын түрдө atayın türdö deliberately

максаттуу maksattuu purposefully

максат менен maksat menen intentionally / with the purpose

... үчүн ... üchün for / in order to

These are more accurately adverbial constructions rather than individual adverbs.

28. “Anyway / anyhow”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

кандай болсо да kanday bolso da anyway / anyhow

канткен менен kantken menen nevertheless / anyway

айтор aytor anyway / in short

баары бир baary bir anyway / nevertheless

кандай болгон күндө да kanday bolgon kündö da in any case

ар кандай болсо да ar kanday bolso da whatever / anyway

29. “Somehow”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

кандайдыр бир жол менен kandaydır bir jol menen somehow

эптеп eпtep somehow / with difficulty

аргасыздан argasyzdan somehow / necessarily

канткенде да kantkende da somehow / in any case

бир жол менен bir jol menen somehow / by some means

30. “At least / at most”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жок дегенде jok degende at least

эң аз дегенде eñ az degende at least

эң көп дегенде eñ köp degende at most

кеминде keminde at least

эң көп eñ köp at most / most

көп дегенде köp degende at most

31. Distribution

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бирден birden one each / one by one

экиден ekiden two each

үчтөн üchtön three each

өз-өзүнчө öz-özünчö separately / individually

ар бири ar biri each one

ар бирден ar birden one each

кезек-кезеги менен kezek-kezeği menen in turn

32. Sequence / order

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

адегенде adegende first

алгач algach first / initially

биринчи birinchi first

андан кийин andan kiyin afterward

ошондон кийин oshondon kiyin after that

кийин kiyin then / later

анан anan then

андан соң andan soñ afterward

соңунда soñunda finally / at the end

акырында akyrynda finally

акыры akyry eventually

33. Emphasis adverbs

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

абдан abdan very

өтө ötö extremely

такыр takyr completely / at all

таптакыр taptakyr absolutely

чындап chyndap really / genuinely

чын эле chyn ele really

так tak exactly

өзгөчө özgöчö especially

дал dal exactly / precisely

дал ошол dal oshol exactly that

так ошол tak oshol exactly that

34. Especially / particularly

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

өзгөчө özgöчö especially

айрыкча ayrıkcha especially / particularly

тактап айтканда taktap aytkanda specifically / namely

баарынан мурда baarınan murda above all / first of all

биринчи кезекте birinchi kezekte primarily / first of all

Айрыкча is particularly useful:

Мен кыргыз тилин айрыкча жакшы көрөм.

Men kyrgyz tilin ayrıkcha jakshy көрöm.

I especially like the Kyrgyz language.

35. Generally / mainly

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

көбүнчө köbünchö mostly

негизинен negizinen mainly / basically

жалпысынан jalpysynan generally / overall

адатта adatta usually

негизинен алганда negizinen alganda generally speaking

жалпысынан алганда jalpysynan alganda generally speaking

көбүнесе köbünösö mostly

36. Fortunately / unfortunately

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бактыга жараша baktyga jarasha fortunately

тилекке каршы tilekke karsy unfortunately

өкүнүчтүүсү ökünüchtüüsü unfortunately

бактылуу түрдө baktyluu türdö fortunately

37. “Together with / additionally” adverbials

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бирге birge together

чогуу choguu together

ошондой эле oshondoy ele also

дагы dagy also

да/де da/de also / too

мындан тышкары mından tyshkary additionally

андан тышкары andan tyshkary furthermore

38. Productive Kyrgyz adverb formation

Kyrgyz creates many adverbs from other words. Therefore, these patterns are extremely important.

A. Adjective used adverbially

сын атооч + verb

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жакшы иштөө jakshy ishtöö to work well

тез сүйлөө tez сүйлöö to speak quickly

жай басуу jay basuu to walk slowly

туура жооп берүү tuura joop berüü to answer correctly

B. -ча / -че

This can form manner-like adverbial meanings.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

кыргызча kyrgyzcha in Kyrgyz / Kyrgyz-style

орусча oruscha in Russian

англисче anglisче in English

башкача bashkacha differently

мындайча mındaycha in this way

тигиндейче tigindeyche in that manner

Example:

Ал кыргызча сүйлөйт.

Al kyrgyzcha сүйлöyt.

He/she speaks Kyrgyz.

39. Reduplicated adverbs

Kyrgyz frequently uses repetition for intensity, frequency, distribution, or manner.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бат-бат bat-bat frequently

кайра-кайра kayra-kayra again and again

кээ-кээде kee-keede sometimes

анда-санда anda-sanda occasionally

ары-бери ary-beri back and forth

өз-өзүнчө öz-özünchö separately

майда-чүйдө mayda-chüyдö in detail / minor things

жай-жай jay-jay slowly / gradually

тез-тез tez-tez frequently

узак-узак uzak-uzak for long periods / repeatedly

40. “Before / after / since / until”

These are often expressed with adverbial or case constructions rather than simple adverbs.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

мурун murun before

мурда murda previously

кийин kiyin after

кийинчерээк kiyinchereek later

андан кийин andan kiyin afterward

андан соң andan soñ afterward

ошондон кийин oshondon kiyin after that

буга чейин buga cheyin until now / before this

ошого чейин oshogo cheyin until then

андан бери andan beri since then

ошондон бери oshondon beri since then

ошондон тартып oshondon tartyp from then on

10- CONJUNCTIONS:

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жана jana and

да / де da / de and / also

дагы dagy also / and

менен menen and / with

же je or

же болбосо je bolboso or else

же ... же ... je ... je ... either ... or ...

же болбосо ... je bolboso ... or else

бирок birok but

а a but / whereas / and

ал эми al emi whereas / while

ошондой эле oshondoy ele and also / likewise

ошондой эле ... да oshondoy ele ... da also / as well

Examples

Мен китеп окудум жана музыка уктум.

Men kitep okudum jana muzyka uktum.

I read a book and listened to music.

Сен чай же кофе ичесиңби?

Sen chay je kofe ichesiñbi?

Do you drink tea or coffee?

Мен баргым келди, бирок убактым болгон жок.

Men bargym keldi, birok ubaktym bolgon jok.

I wanted to go, but I did not have time.

2. “And”

The principal conjunction is:

жана — jana — and

Examples:

Асан жана Үсөн келишти.

Asan jana Üsön kelishti.

Asan and Üsön came.

Ал китеп окуду жана жазды.

Al kitep okudu jana jazdy.

He/she read and wrote.

Other additive/conjunctive forms:

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жана jana and

да / де da / de also / and

дагы dagy also

ошондой эле oshondoy ele also / likewise

менен menen and / with

менен is especially important because it can coordinate nouns:

Асан менен Айжан келишти.

Asan menen Ayjan kelishti.

Asan and Ayjan came.

3. “Or”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

же je or

же болбосо je bolboso or else

болбосо bolboso otherwise / or else

же ... же ... je ... je ... either ... or ...

же болбосо ... je bolboso ... or else

Example

Чай же кофе каалайсыңбы?

Chay je kofe kaalaysyñby?

Do you want tea or coffee?

4. “Either ... or”

The standard correlative pattern is:

же ... же ...

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

же ... же ... je ... je ... either ... or ...

же ... же болбосо ... je ... je bolboso ... either ... or else ...

Example:

Же сен барасың, же мен барам.

Je sen barasyñ, je men baram.

Either you go, or I go.

5. “Neither ... nor”

Kyrgyz commonly uses:

да ... да эмес

or negative coordination patterns.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

да ... да ... эмес da ... da ... emes neither ... nor ...

эч ... да ... эмес ech ... da ... emes neither ... nor ...

да эмес, да эмес da emes, da emes neither ... nor ...

Example:

Ал да, анын досу да келген жок.

Al da, anyn dosu da kelgen jok.

Neither he nor his friend came.

6. Contrast conjunctions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бирок birok but

а a but / whereas

ал эми al emi whereas / while

ошентсе да oshentse da nevertheless

ошого карабастан oshogo karabastan nevertheless / despite that

ошого карабай oshogo karabay nevertheless

тескерисинче teskerisinche on the contrary

бирок ошого карабастан birok oshogo karabastan but nevertheless

Example

Ал жаш, бирок абдан акылдуу.

Al jash, birok abdan akylduu.

He/she is young, but very intelligent.

7. “Whereas / while”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ал эми al emi whereas / while

а a whereas / but

бирок birok but / however

Example:

Мен чай ичем, ал эми ал кофе ичет.

Men chay ichem, al emi al kofe ichet.

I drink tea, whereas he/she drinks coffee.

8. Cause conjunctions — “because”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

анткени antkeni because

себеби sebebi because

анткени ... antkeni ... because

ошондуктан oshondūktan therefore / because of that

ушундан улам ushundan ulam because of this

ошондон улам oshondon ulam because of that

себептүү sebeptüü because of / due to

Example

Мен келген жокмун, анткени ооруп калдым.

Men kelgen jokmun, antkeni oorup kaldym.

I did not come because I became ill.

Ал кечигип калды, себеби автобус келген жок.

Al kechigip kaldy, sebebi avtobus kelgen jok.

He/she was late because the bus did not come.

9. Result / consequence conjunctions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ошондуктан oshondūktan therefore / so

демек demek therefore / so

натыйжада natıyjada as a result

ошентип oshentip thus

ушундан улам ushundan ulam therefore / consequently

ошондон улам oshondon ulam consequently

ошого байланыштуу oshogo baylanyshtuu therefore / consequently

Example:

Жамгыр жаады, ошондуктан биз үйдө калдык.

Jamgyr jaady, oshondūktan biz üydö kaldyk.

It rained, so we stayed home.

10. Conditional conjunctions — “if”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

эгер eger if

эгерде egerde if

эгер ... болсо eger ... bolso if

эгерде ... болсо egerde ... bolso if

болсо bolso if / when

-са / -се -sa / -se if

The -са/-се conditional suffix is especially important.

Examples

Эгер убактым болсо, барам.

Eger ubaktym bolso, baram.

If I have time, I will go.

Убактың болсо, кел.

Ubaktyñ bolso, kel.

If you have time, come.

11. “Unless”

Kyrgyz generally expresses unless with a negative conditional construction.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

эгер ... болбосо eger ... bolboso unless / if ... not

...баса / -бесе ...basa / -bese unless / if not

болбосо bolboso otherwise / if not

Example:

Эгер жамгыр жаабаса, барабыз.

Eger jamgyr jaabasa, barabyz.

We will go unless it rains.

12. “Even if”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

эгер ... болсо да eger ... bolso da even if

...са да / -се да ...sa da / -se da even if

кандай болсо да kanday bolso da whatever / however

канча ... болсо да kancha ... bolso da however much/many

ким болсо да kim bolso da whoever

эмне болсо да emne bolso da whatever

Example:

Эгер жамгыр жааса да, мен барам.

Eger jamgyr jaasa da, men baram.

Even if it rains, I will go.

13. “Even though / although”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

...са да / -се да ...sa da / -se da although / even though

карабастан karabastan despite / although

...га карабастан ...ga karabastan despite

ошого карабастан oshogo karabastan nevertheless / despite that

ошого карабай oshogo karabay despite that

Example:

Жамгыр жааса да, алар чыгышты.

Jamgyr jaasa da, alar chygyshty.

Although it was raining, they went out.

14. Time conjunctions — “when”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

качан kachan when

качан ... болсо kachan ... bolso when

...ганда / -генде ...ganda / -gende when

...гандан кийин ...gandan kiyin after

...гандан мурун ...gandan murun before

...ганга чейин ...ganga cheyin until / before

...ганча ...gancha until

...майынча ...mayyncha until / unless

...кезде ...kezde when / while

ошол учурда oshol uchurda at that time

The -ганда/-генде construction is especially important.

Ал келгенде, мен үйдө болчумун.

Al kelgende, men üydö bolchumun.

When he/she came, I was at home.

15. “While”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

...ганда ...ganda while / when

...ып жатканда ...yp jatkanda while doing

...п жатканда ...p jatkanda while doing

...кезде ...kezde while / when

ошол учурда oshol uchurda at that time

Example:

Мен тамак жасап жатканда, ал китеп окуп жатты.

Men tamak jasap jatkanda, al kitep okup jattu.

While I was cooking, he/she was reading a book.

16. “Before”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

мурун murun before

...гандан мурун ...gandan murun before doing

...ганга чейин ...ganga cheyin before / until

буга чейин buga cheyin before this / until now

Example:

Уктаардан мурун китеп окудум.

Uktardan murun kitep okudum.

I read a book before sleeping.

17. “After”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

кийин kiyin after

...гандан кийин ...gandan kiyin after doing

андан кийин andan kiyin after that

ошондон кийин oshondon kiyin after that

андан соң andan soñ afterward

Example:

Тамак жегенден кийин уктадым.

Tamak jegenden kiyin uktadym.

I slept after eating.

18. “As soon as”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

...ары менен ...ary menen as soon as

...ганда эле ...ganda ele as soon as / when

...ары менен эле ...ary menen ele immediately after

дароо darоо immediately

Example:

Ал келгенде эле, биз чыгып кеттик.

Al kelgende ele, biz chygyp kettik.

As soon as he came, we left.

19. “Until”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

...ганга чейин ...ganga cheyin until

...ганча ...gancha until

...майынча ...mayyncha until

чейин cheyin until / up to

ошого чейин oshogo cheyin until then

буга чейин buga cheyin until now

Example:

Сен келгенге чейин күтөм.

Sen kelgenge cheyin күтöm.

I will wait until you come.

20. “Since”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

...гандан бери ...gandan beri since

ошондон бери oshondon beri since then

андан бери andan beri since then

...гандан тартып ...gandan tartyp from the time that

ошондон тартып oshondon tartyp from then on

Example:

Ал келгенден бери бул жерде жашайт.

Al kelgenden beri bul jerde jashайт.

He/she has lived here since he/she came.

21. Purpose conjunctions — “so that / in order that”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

үчүн üchün for / in order to

... үчүн ... üchün in order to

деп dep so that / saying / in order to

...сын деп / -син деп ...syn dep / -sin dep so that

ошол үчүн oshol üchün for that reason

Example:

Жакшы окуш үчүн көп эмгектенем.

Jakshy okuush üchün köp emgektenem.

I work hard in order to study well.

Ал угуп калбасын деп, акырын сүйлөдүм.

Al ugup kalbasyn dep, akyrın сүйлödüm.

I spoke quietly so that he would not hear.

22. “So that” — деп

деп is extremely important in Kyrgyz and has several functions:

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

деп dep so that

...сын деп ...syn dep so that he/she...

...сын деп ...syn dep in order that

деп ойлойм dep oylойм I think that

деп айтты dep aytty said that

Example:

Ал келсин деп күттүм.

Al kelsin dep küttüm.

I waited so that he/she would come.

23. Comparison conjunctions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

сыяктуу syyaktuu like / as

сыяктуу эле syyaktuu ele just like

сыяктуу ... syyaktuu ... as / like

сыяктанган syyaktangan seeming like

караганда karaganda compared with / than

...га караганда ...ga karaganda compared with

...дан көрө ...dan körö rather than

көрө körö rather than

ошондой эле oshondoy ele likewise

Example:

Ал сендей эле иштейт.

Al sendeý ele ishteyt.

He/she works just like you.

Бул андан көрө жакшы.

Bul andan körö jakshy.

This is better than that.

24. “As if / as though”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

сыяктуу syyaktuu as if / like

...гандай ...ganday as if / as though

...гансып ...gansyp as though / pretending that

...дай болуп ...day bolup as if / as though

Example:

Ал эч нерсе болбогондой сүйлөдү.

Al ech nerse bolbogonday сүйлödü.

He/she spoke as if nothing had happened.

25. Correlative conjunctions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

же ... же ... je ... je ... either ... or ...

да ... да ... da ... da ... both ... and ...

да ... да эмес da ... da emes neither ... nor ...

бирде ... бирде ... birde ... birde ... sometimes ... sometimes ...

биресе ... биресе ... birese ... birese ... sometimes ... sometimes ...

канча ... ошончо ... kancha ... oshoncho ... the more/many ... the more/many

канчалык ... ошончолук ... kanchalyk ... oshonchолuk ... the more ... the more

кандай ... ошондой ... kanday ... oshondoy ... as ... so ...

ким ... ошол ... kim ... oshol ... whoever ... that person

эмне ... ошол ... emne ... oshol ... whatever ... that ...

Example

Канчалык көп окусаң, ошончолук көп билесиң.

Kanchalyk köp okusañ, oshonchолuk köp bilesiñ.

The more you study, the more you know.

26. “Both ... and”

The common structure is:

да ... да

Example:

Асан да, Айжан да келишти.

Asan da, Ayjan da kelishti.

Both Asan and Ayjan came.

27. “Not only ... but also”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

гана эмес ... да gana emes ... da not only ... but also

... гана эмес, ... да ... gana emes, ... da not only ... but also

Example:

Ал кыргызча гана эмес, орусча да сүйлөйт.

Al kyrgyzcha gana emes, oruscha da сүйлöyt.

He/she speaks not only Kyrgyz but also Russian.

28. “The more ... the more”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

канчалык ... ошончолук ... kanchalyk ... oshonchолuk ... the more ... the more

канча ... ошончо ... kancha ... oshoncho ... the more ... the more

канчалык ... ошончолук көбүрөөк ... kanchalyk ... oshonchолuk köbürөөk ... the more ... the more

Example:

Канчалык көп иштесең, ошончолук көп табасың.

Kanchalyk köp ishteseñ, oshonchолuk köp tabasyñ.

The more you work, the more you earn.

29. “Instead of”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ордуна orduna instead of

...нын ордуна ...nyn orduna instead of

анын ордуна anyn orduna instead of that/him/her

мунун ордуна munun orduna instead of this

Example:

Чайдын ордуна кофе ичтим.

Chaydyn orduna kofe ichтим.

I drank coffee instead of tea.

30. “Besides / except”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

башка башка besides / except / other than

...дан башка ...dan bashka besides / except

андан тышкары andan tyshkary besides

мындан тышкары mından tyshkary besides

кошумча koshumcha additionally

мындан бөлөк mından bölök besides / apart from

Example:

Сенден башка эч ким келген жок.

Senden bashka ech kim kelgen jok.

Nobody came except you.

31. “As long as / provided that”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

эгер ... болсо eger ... bolso provided that / if

...са / -се ...sa / -se if / provided

шарты менен sharty menen provided that

... шартында ... shartynda on condition that

эгерде ... болсо egerde ... bolso provided that

32. “Even”

да/де can contribute an even meaning depending on context.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

да / де da / de even / also

атүгүл atügül even

ал тургай al turgay even

жада калса jada kalsa even

Examples

Ал атүгүл кыргызча сүйлөйт.

Al atügül kyrgyzcha сүйлöyt.

He/she even speaks Kyrgyz.

Ал жада калса мени тааныбайт.

Al jada kalsa meni taanбайt.

He/she does not even recognize me.

33. “That” as a clause linker

Kyrgyz frequently uses деп and экенин / экендигин constructions rather than a direct equivalent of English that in every context.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

деп dep that / saying that

экенин ekenin that ... is

экендигин ekendigin that ... is

деген degen that / called / which says

дегенде degende when saying / when it comes to

Example:

Мен анын келгенин билем.

Men anyn kelgenin bilem.

I know that he/she came.

34. Indirect-question conjunctions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

-бы / -би / -бу / -бү -by / -bi / -bu / -bü whether

же je whether/or

...же жокпу ...je jokpu whether or not

деп dep whether / that

Example:

Ал келеби же жокпу, билбейм.

Al kelebi je jokpu, bilbeym.

I don't know whether he/she will come or not.

35. “Whether ... or”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

же ... же ... je ... je ... whether ... or ...

...бы же ...бы ...by je ...by whether ... or ...

...бы же жокпу ...by je jokpu whether ... or not

Example:

Ал келеби же келбейби, билбейм.

Al kelebi je kelbeybi, bilbeym.

I don't know whether he/she will come or not.

11- POSTPOSITIONS:

# Kyrgyz Transliteration English

1 үчүн üchün for

2 менен menen with; by

3 жөнүндө zhönündö about; concerning

4 тууралуу tuuraluu about; regarding

5 боюнча boyuncha according to; concerning; by

6 карата karata toward; regarding; with respect to

7 каршы karshy against

8 карабастан karabastan despite; regardless of

9 башка bashka besides; except; other than

10 сырткары syrtkary besides; outside of; apart from

11 тышкары tyshkary outside; besides

12 кийин kiyin after

13 мурун murun before; ago

14 чейин cheyin until; up to

15 бери beri since; from

16 карай karay toward; in the direction of

17 дейре deyre until; up to

18 баштап bashtap starting from

19 бою boyu throughout; during

20 ичинде ichinde inside; within; during

21 арасында arasynda among; between

22 ортосунда ortosunda in the middle of; between

23 жанында zhanynda beside; next to

24 алдында aldynda in front of; before

25 артында artynda behind

26 үстүндө üstündö on; above

27 астында astynda under; below

28 ичинде ichinde inside; within

29 сыртында syrtynda outside

30 четинде chetinde at the edge of

31 айланасында aylanasynda around

32 жанында zhanynda beside; by

33 артынан artynan behind; following

34 артынан artynan after; following

35 ордуна orduna instead of

36 себептүү sebeptüü because of; due to

37 улам ulam because of; due to; as a result of

38 караштуу karashtuu belonging to; related to

39 тийиштүү tiyeshtüü pertaining to; appropriate to

40 ылайык yılayık according to; suitable for

Note: Forms such as алдында, артында, үстүндө, астында, жанында are historically/grammatically based on nouns plus case endings, but they function as postpositional/relational expressions in modern Kyrgyz.

2. үчүн — üchün — for

Usually follows a noun/pronoun in the genitive or a noun phrase.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

мен үчүн men üchün for me

сен үчүн sen üchün for you

балдар үчүн baldar üchün for the children

окуу үчүн okuu üchün for studying

Example:

Бул белек сен үчүн.

Bul belek sen üchün.

This gift is for you.

3. менен — menen — with / by

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

мен менен men menen with me

сен менен sen menen with you

досум менен dosum menen with my friend

машина менен mashina menen by car

калем менен kalem menen with a pen

Example:

Мен досум менен келдим.

Men dosum menen keldim.

I came with my friend.

4. жөнүндө — zhönündö — about

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ал жөнүндө al zhönündö about him/her

Кыргызстан жөнүндө Kyrgyzstan zhönündö about Kyrgyzstan

китеп жөнүндө kitep zhönündö about the book

бул жөнүндө bul zhönündö about this

Example:

Биз Кыргызстан жөнүндө сүйлөштүк.

Biz Kyrgyzstan zhönündö сүйлöштük.

We talked about Kyrgyzstan.

5. тууралуу — tuuraluu — about / regarding

Very similar to жөнүндө.

Бул маселе тууралуу сүйлөштүк.

Bul masele tuuraluu süylöshtük.

We talked about this issue.

6. боюнча — boyuncha — according to / concerning / by

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

мыйзам боюнча myyzam boyuncha according to the law

план боюнча plan boyuncha according to the plan

менин оюм боюнча menin oyun boyuncha according to my opinion

тема боюнча tema boyuncha concerning the topic

Example:

Мыйзам боюнча бул туура.

Myyzam boyuncha bul tuura.

According to the law, this is correct.

7. карата — karata — toward / regarding

Usually follows a dative-marked noun.

Ага карата мамилеси жакшы.

Aga karata mamilesi zhakshy.

His/her attitude toward him/her is good.

Бул маселеге карата пикири башка.

Bul maselege karata pikiri bashka.

His/her opinion regarding this issue is different.

8. каршы — karshy — against

Мен бул чечимге каршымын.

Men bul chechimge karshymyn.

I am against this decision.

Ал мага каршы сүйлөдү.

Al maga karshy süylödü.

He/she spoke against me.

9. карабастан — karabastan — despite / regardless of

Usually with the dative.

Жамгырга карабастан, биз бардык.

Zhamgyrga karabastan, biz bardyk.

Despite the rain, we went.

10. башка — bashka — except / besides / other than

Сенден башка баары келди.

Sendен bashka baary keldi.

Everyone except you came.

Мындан башка жол жок.

Myndan bashka zhol zhok.

There is no other way besides this.

11. сырткары — syrtkary — besides / outside of

Мындан сырткары дагы бир маселе бар.

Myndan syrtkary dagy bir masele bar.

Besides this, there is another issue.

12. кийин — kiyin — after

Usually follows an ablative form.

Сабактан кийин үйгө барам.

Sabaktan kiyin üyгө baram.

I will go home after class.

Тамактан кийин чай ичтим.

Tamaktan kiyin chay ichтим.

I drank tea after the meal.

13. мурун — murun — before / ago

Сабактан мурун китеп окудум.

Sabaktan murun kitep okudum.

I read a book before class.

Үч күн мурун келдим.

Üch kün murun keldim.

I came three days ago.

14. чейин — cheyin — until / up to

Кечкиге чейин иштейм.

Kechkige cheyin ishteym.

I will work until evening.

Саат бешке чейин күтөм.

Saat beshke cheyin kütöm.

I will wait until five o'clock.

15. бери — beri — since / from

Үч күндөн бери ооруп жатам.

Üch kündön beri oorup zhatam.

I have been sick for three days.

Кечээтен бери жамгыр жаап жатат.

Kechээten beri zhamgyr zhaap zhatat.

It has been raining since yesterday.

16. карай — karay — toward / in the direction of

Шаарга карай жөнөдүк.

Shaarga karay zhönödük.

We headed toward the city.

Үйгө карай басып баратам.

Üygö karay basyp baratam.

I am walking toward home.

17. дейре — deyre — until / up to

Кечке дейре иштедим.

Kechke deyre ishtedim.

I worked until evening.

It is similar to чейин, although usage and stylistic preferences can differ.

18. баштап — bashtap — starting from

Бүгүнтөн баштап спорт менен машыгам.

Bügüntön bashtap sport menen mashygam.

Starting from today, I will exercise.

19. бою — boyu — throughout / during

Күн бою иштедим.

Kün boyu ishtedim.

I worked all day.

Жыл бою көп саякаттады.

Zhyl boyu köp sayakattady.

He/she traveled a lot throughout the year.

20. Spatial postpositional expressions

These are extremely important in Kyrgyz.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

алдында alynda in front of

артында artynda behind

үстүндө üstündö on; above

астында astynda under; below

ичинде ichinde inside

сыртында syrtynda outside

жанында zhanynda beside; next to

арасында arasynda among; between

ортосунда ortosunda in the middle of; between

айланасында aylanasynda around

четинде chetinde at the edge of

жанында zhanynda beside

артынан artynan behind; following

алдынан aldynan from/in front of

үстүнөн üstünön over; across

астынан astynan from under

ичинен ichinen from inside; through

сыртынан syrtynan from outside

Examples

Үйдүн алдында машина турат.

Üydün alynda mashina turat.

There is a car in front of the house.

Столдун үстүндө китеп бар.

Stoldun üstündö kitep bar.

There is a book on the table.

Үйдүн ичинде адамдар бар.

Üydün ichinde adamdar bar.

There are people inside the house.

Үйдүн артында бак бар.

Üydün artynda bak bar.

There is a garden behind the house.

21. ордуна — orduna — instead of

Мен анын ордуна бардым.

Men anyn orduna bardym.

I went instead of him/her.

Кофенин ордуна чай ичтим.

Kofenin orduna chay ichтим.

I drank tea instead of coffee.

22. улам — ulam — because of / due to

Жамгырдан улам оюн токтотулду.

Zhamgyrdan ulam oyun tokтотuldu.

The game was stopped because of the rain.

23. себептүү — sebeptüü — because of / due to

Оорудан себептүү жумушка барган жок.

Oorudan sebeptüü zhumushka bargan zhok.

He/she did not go to work because of illness.

24. ылайык — ılayık — according to / in accordance with

Эрежеге ылайык иш кыл.

Ereжеge ılayık ish kyl.

Act according to the rules.

25. Important compound postpositional expressions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

менен бирге menen birge together with

менен кошо menen kosho together with; along with

ошого карабастан oshogo karabastan despite that

ушуга карабастан ushuga karabastan despite this

андан башка andan bashka besides him/her; other than him/her

мында тышкары mynda tyshkary besides this

ошондон кийин oshondon kiyin after that

ошондон мурун oshondon murun before that

ошого чейин oshogo cheyin until that

ошондон бери oshondon beri since then

ошондон баштап oshondon bashtap starting from then

ошого карай oshogo karay toward that

анын ичинде anyn ichinde including it/him/her

анын арасында anyn arasynda among them

анын айланасында anyn aylanasynda around it/him/her

анын жанында anyn zhanynda beside it/him/her

26. The most important Kyrgyz postpositional patterns

Kyrgyz commonly uses case + postposition rather than an English-style preposition.

Formation Transliteration Meaning

N + үчүн N + üchün for N

N + менен N + menen with N

N + жөнүндө N + zhönündö about N

N + тууралуу N + tuuraluu about N

N + боюнча N + boyuncha according to N

N + карата N + karata toward/regarding N

N + каршы N + karshy against N

N + карабастан N + karabastan despite N

N + кийин N + kiyin after N

N + мурун N + murun before N

N + чейин N + cheyin until N

N + бери N + beri since/from N

N + карай N + karay toward N

N + дейре N + deyre until/up to N

N + баштап N + bashtap starting from N

N + бою N + boyu throughout N

N + ордуна N + orduna instead of N

N + улам N + ulam because of N

N + ылайык N + ılayık according to N

12- DETERMINERS

# Kyrgyz Transliteration English

1 бул bul this

2 ушул ushul this; this particular

3 ошол oshol that; that particular

4 ал al that; that one

5 тиги tigi that; that one over there

6 тээтиги teetigi that one way over there

7 мындай mynday such; like this

8 ошондой oshondoy such; like that

9 тигиндей tigindey like that one; of that kind

Examples

Бул китеп кызыктуу.

Bul kitep kyzyktuu.

This book is interesting.

Ушул адам менин досум.

Ushul adam menin dosum.

This particular person is my friend.

Ошол үй чоң.

Oshol üy chоң.

That house is big.

Тиги бала менин иним.

Tigi bala menin inim.

That boy over there is my younger brother.

2. Possessive determiners

Kyrgyz uses possessive forms to identify whose noun it is.

# Kyrgyz Transliteration English

1 менин menin my

2 сенин senin your

3 анын anyn his; her; its

4 биздин bizdin our

5 силердин silerдин your (plural/informal)

6 сиздин sizdin your (polite/plural)

7 алардын alardyn their

The possessive determiner normally precedes the noun:

менин китебим

menin kitebim

my book

сенин үйүң

senin üyüң

your house

анын машинасы

anyn mashinasy

his/her car

биздин өлкөбүз

bizdin ölköbüz

our country

3. Indefinite / non-specific determiners

Kyrgyz usually does not have a direct equivalent of English a/an. An indefinite noun can simply appear without a determiner.

Мен китеп окудум.

Men kitep okudum.

I read a book.

However, several words can give an indefinite or non-specific meaning.

# Kyrgyz Transliteration English

1 бир bir one; a certain; a

2 кандайдыр бир kandaydyr bir some; a certain

3 бирөө biröö someone; somebody

4 бир нерсе bir nerse something

5 кайсы бир kaysy bir some particular; a certain

6 кандайдыр kandaydyr some kind of; some

7 кимдир бирөө kimdir biröö someone

8 эмнедир бир нерсе emnedir bir nerse something or other

бир — bir

бир китеп

bir kitep

a book / one book

Бир адам келди.

Bir adam keldi.

A person came. / One person came.

Here бир can mean either the number one or function as an indefinite determiner.

4. Universal determiners

These refer to all members of a group.

# Kyrgyz Transliteration English

1 ар бир ar bir every; each

2 ар ar every; each

3 баардык baardyk all

4 бүт büt all; whole

5 бүткүл bütkül the whole; entire

6 ар кандай ar kanday every kind of; all kinds of

7 ар ким ar kim everyone; each person

8 ар нерсе ar nerse everything; every thing

Examples

Ар бир студент экзамен тапшырды.

Ar bir student ekzamen tapshyrdy.

Every student took the exam.

Бардык адамдар келишти.

Baardyk adamdar kelishti.

All the people came.

Бүт шаар уктап жатат.

Büt shaar uktap zhatat.

The whole city is sleeping.

5. Distributive determiners

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ар бир ar bir each; every

ар бири ar biri each one

бирден birden one each

экиден ekiden two each

үчтөн üchтөн three each

өз-өзүнчө öz-özünchö separately; each individually

ар кимиси ar kimisi each person

Ар бир бала бирден алма алды.

Ar bir bala birden alma aldy.

Each child got one apple each.

6. Negative determiners

These express no / not any.

# Kyrgyz Transliteration English

1 эч бир ech bir no; not a single

2 эч кандай ech kanday no kind of; no

3 эч ким ech kim nobody

4 эч нерсе ech nerse nothing

5 эч кайсы ech kaysy none; no particular

6 эч бирөө ech biröö not a single one

Эч бир студент келген жок.

Ech bir student kelgen zhok.

Not a single student came.

Эч кандай маселе жок.

Ech kanday masele zhok.

There is no problem of any kind.

7. Existential / indefinite determiners

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

кандайдыр бир kandaydyr bir some; a certain

кайсы бир kaysy bir some particular

бир нече bir neche several

бир аз bir az a little; some

бир топ bir top a group of; quite a few

бир катар bir katar a number of; several

кандайдыр kandaydyr some kind of

Кандайдыр бир адам мага чалды.

Kandaydyr bir adam maga chaldy.

Some person called me.

Бир нече студент келди.

Bir neche student keldi.

Several students came.

8. Quantifying determiners

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

көп köp many; much

аз az few; little

бир аз bir az a little; some

көптөгөн köptögön numerous; many

көпчүлүк köpchülük most; the majority of

бир топ bir top quite a few; a group of

бир катар bir katar a number of

жетиштүү zhetishtüü enough; sufficient

ар кандай сандагы ar kanday sandagy of various quantities

толтура toltura plenty of; full of

сансыз sansyz countless

Examples

Көп адам келди.

Köp adam keldi.

Many people came.

Аз убакыт калды.

Az ubakyt kaldy.

Little time remains.

Көптөгөн адамдар бул жерге келишет.

Köptögön adamdar bul zherge kelishet.

Many people come here.

9. “Most” and majority

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

көпчүлүк köpchülük most; majority

көпчүлүк адамдар köpchülük adamdar most people

адамдардын көбү adamdardyn köbү most of the people

көпчүлүк студенттер köpchülük studentter most students

Көпчүлүк студенттер келди.

Köpchülük studentter keldi.

Most students came.

10. Interrogative determiners

These are used before nouns in questions.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

кайсы kaysy which

кандай kanday what kind of; what

канча kancha how many; how much

нече neche how many

кандайдыр бир kandaydyr bir some kind of

канча бир kancha bir how many of a certain group

Examples

Кайсы китепти окудуң?

Kaysy kitepti okuduң?

Which book did you read?

Кандай китеп керек?

Kanday kitep kerek?

What kind of book is needed?

Канча китеп бар?

Kancha kitep bar?

How many books are there?

Нече студент келди?

Neche student keldi?

How many students came?

11. Relative / qualitative determiners

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ар кандай ar kanday every kind of; various

кандай kanday what kind of

ошондой oshondoy such

мындай mynday such; this kind of

тигиндей tigindey that kind of

өзгөчө özgöchö special; particular

белгилүү бир belgilüü bir a certain; particular

тиешелүү tieshelüü relevant; corresponding

Ар кандай адамдар бул жерде жашайт.

Ar kanday adamdar bul zherde zhashayt.

Various kinds of people live here.

Мындай китеп мага жагат.

Mynday kitep maga zhağat.

I like this kind of book.

12. Specificity / “particular” determiners

Kyrgyz does not have a separate definite article like English the, but specificity can be expressed by demonstratives and other words.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ушул ushul this particular

ошол oshol that particular

тиги tigi that particular one over there

белгилүү бир belgilüü bir a certain; a particular

өзүнүн özünün one's own

так ошол tak oshol exactly that

дал ошол dal oshol precisely that

ушул эле ushul ele this very/same

ошол эле oshol ele that very/same

Так ошол китепти ал.

Tak oshol kitepti al.

Take exactly that book.

13. “Each / every” constructions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ар бир ar bir every

ар кайсы ar kaysy each different; every

ар кандай ar kanday every kind of; various

ар күнү ar künü every day

ар жылы ar zhylы every year

ар жолу ar zholu every time

ар адам ar adam every person

ар бала ar bala every child

14. “Any” determiners

Kyrgyz expresses English any in several ways depending on meaning.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

каалаган kaalagan any; whichever

каалагандай kaalaganday any kind of / as desired

каалаган бир kaalagan bir any one

эч кандай ech kanday any/no, in negative contexts

эч бир ech bir any/no, in negative contexts

ким болбосун kim bolbosun anyone

эмне болбосун emne bolbosun anything

кайсы болбосун kaysy bolbosun whichever; any

Каалаган китепти ал.

Kaalagan kitepti al.

Take any book you want.

Кайсы китеп болбосун жарайт.

Kaysy kitep bolbosun zharayt.

Any book will do.

15. “All / whole / entire” determiners

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

баардык baardyk all

бүт büt whole; all

бүткүл bütkül entire; whole

баары baary everyone; everything; all

түгөл tügöl all; complete; entire

толугу менен tolugu menen completely; in its entirety

Бүткүл дүйнө муну билет.

Bütkül düynö bunu bilet.

The whole world knows this.

Баардык студенттер келди.

Baardyk studentter keldi.

All the students came.

16. “Enough / sufficient”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жетиштүү zhetishtüü enough; sufficient

жетиштүү сандагы zhetishtüü sandagy a sufficient number of

жетиштүү өлчөмдөгү zhetishtüü ölchömdögü a sufficient amount of

Бизде жетиштүү убакыт бар.

Bizde zhetishtüü ubakyt bar.

We have enough time.

17. Numeral determiners

Numbers can function as noun determiners.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бир bir one

эки eki two

үч üch three

төрт tört four

беш besh five

алты alty six

жети zheti seven

сегиз segiz eight

тогуз toguz nine

он on ten

жүз zhüz hundred

миң miң thousand

миллион million million

миллиард milliard billion

Үч китеп сатып алдым.

Üch kitep satyp aldym.

I bought three books.

18. Fractional / quantity expressions

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жарым zharym half

жарым бир zharym bir half of one

үчтөн бир üchтөн bir one third

экиден бир ekiden bir one half

чейрек cheyrek quarter

бир нече bir neche several

бир аз bir az a little

бир топ bir top quite a few

19. “Other / another” determiners

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

башка bashka other

дагы бир dagy bir another; one more

башка бир bashka bir another; a different

ар башка ar башка different; various

башкача bashkacha different; otherwise

Дагы бир китеп сатып алдым.

Dagy bir kitep satyp aldym.

I bought another book.

Башка адам келди.

Bashka adam keldi.

Another/different person came.

20. “Same” determiner

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бирдей birdey same; identical

ошол эле oshol ele the same

ошол эле бир oshol ele bir that same particular

так ошол tak os hol exactly that same

дал ошол dal os hol precisely that same

Биз ошол эле китепти окудук.

Biz o shol ele kitepti okuduk.

We read the same book.

21. Reflexive/own determiner

өз — öz = own / one's own

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

өзүмдүн özümдүн my own

өзүңдүн özүңдүн your own

өзүнүн özünün his/her/its own

өзүбүздүн özүбүздүн our own

өзүңөрдүн özүңөрдүн your own

өзүңүздүн özүңүздүн your own

өздөрүнүн özдөрүнүн their own

Мен өзүмдүн китебимди алдым.

Men özümдүн kitebimdi aldym.

I took my own book.

13- IF CONDITIONAL

Zero Conditional -са/-се + present tense Суу тоңсо, муз болот. Suu toñso, muz bolot. If water freezes, it becomes ice.

First Conditional -са/-се + future/present tense Келсең, барабыз. Kelseñ, barabyz. If you come, we will go.

Second Conditional -са/-се + эле + would (-мак/-мек) Бай болсом эле, саякаттамакмын. Bay bolsom ele, sayakattamakmyn. If I were rich, I would travel.

Third Conditional -ган/-ген + болсо + would (-мак/-мек) Келген болсоң, көрмөксүң. Kelgen bolsoñ, körmöksüñ. If you had come, you would have seen.

Negative Conditional -ба/-бе/-бо/-бө + -са/-се Барбасам. Barbasam. If I don't go.

Unless Negative conditional (-баса/-бесе) Келбесең, күтөм. Kelbeseñ, kütöm. Unless you come, I will wait.

Even If / Even Though -са/-се + да Барса да. Barsa da. Even if he/she goes

-са/-се -sa/-se if

-са/-се + эле -sa/-se + ele if it were / if I had

-ган/-ген + болсо -gan/-gen + bolso if had done

-ба/-бе/-бо/-бө + -са/-се -ba/-be/-bo/-bö + sa/se if not

-баса/-бесе -basa/-bese unless

-са/-се + да -sa/-se + da even if

Мен бармакмын barmakmyn I would go

Сен бармаксың barmaksyñ You would go

Сиз бармаксыз barmaksız You would go (formal)

Ал бармак barmak He/she would go

Биз бармакпыз barmakpyz We would go

Силер бармаксыңар barmaksyñar You would go (plural)

Сиздер бармаксыздар barmaksızdar You would go (formal plural)

Алар барышмак baryshmak They would go

PAST HABIT:

Мен барар элем barar elem I would go

Сен барар элең barar eleñ You would go

Сиз барар элеңиз barar eleñiz You would go

Ал барар эле barar ele He/she would go

Биз барар элек barar elek We would go

Силер барар элеңер barar eleñer You would go

Алар барар эле barar ele They would go

Мен баргым келет bargym kelet I would like to go

Сен баргың келет bargyñ kelet You would like to go

Сиз баргыңыз келет bargyñyz kelet You would like to go

Ал баргысы келет bargysy kelet He/she would like to go

Биз баргыбыз келет bargybyz kelet We would like to go

Силер баргыңар келет bargyñar kelet You would like to go

Алар баргылары келет bargylary kelet They would like to go

Мен бармак эмесмин barmak emesmin I would not go

Сен бармак эмессиң barmak emessiñ You would not go

Сиз бармак эмессиз barmak emessiz You would not go (formal)

Ал бармак эмес barmak emes He/she would not go

Биз бармак эмеспиз barmak emespiz We would not go

Силер бармак эмессиңер barmak emessiñer You would not go (plural)

Сиздер бармак эмессиздер barmak emessizder You would not go (formal plural)

Алар барышмак эмес baryshmak emes They would not go

Мен барар эмес элем barar emes elem I would not go (habitually)

Сен барар эмес элең barar emes eleñ You would not go

Сиз барар эмес элеңиз barar emes eleñiz You would not go

Ал барар эмес эле barar emes ele He/she would not go

Биз барар эмес элек barar emes elek We would not go

Силер барар эмес элеңер barar emes eleñer You would not go

Алар барар эмес эле barar emes ele They would not go

Мен баргым келбейт bargym kelbeyt I would not like to go

Сен баргың келбейт bargyñ kelbeyt You would not like to go

Ал баргысы келбейт bargysy kelbeyt He/she would not like to go

Биз баргыбыз келбейт bargybyz kelbeyt We would not like to go

Алар баргылары келбейт bargylary kelbeyt They would not like to go

Мен жазылмакмын jazylmakmyn I would be written (just add the letter L after the verb stem for passive, and get rid of it to make it active)

Сен жазылмаксың jazylmaksyñ You would be written

Сиз жазылмаксыз jazylmaksyz You would be written

Ал жазылмак jazylmak He/she would be written

Биз жазылмакпыз jazylmakpyz We would be written

Силер жазылмаксыңар jazylmaksyñar You would be written

Сиздер жазылмаксыздар jazylmaksyzdar You would be written

Алар жазылышмак jazylyshmak They would be written

Мен жазылар элем jazylar elem I would be written

Сен жазылар элең jazylar eleñ You would be written

Сиз жазылар элеңиз jazylar eleñiz You would be written

Ал жазылар эле jazylar ele He/she would be written

Биз жазылар элек jazylar elek We would be written

Силер жазылар элеңер jazylar eleñer You would be written

Алар жазылар эле jazylar ele They would be written

Мен жазылгым келет jazylgym kelet I would like to be written

Сен жазылгың келет jazylgyñ kelet You would like to be written

Ал жазылгысы келет jazylgysy kelet He/she would like to be written

Биз жазылгыбыз келет jazylgybyz kelet We would like to be written

Алар жазылгылары келет jazylgylary kelet They would like to be written

Мен жазылмак эмесмин jazylmak emesmin I would not be written

Сен жазылмак эмессиң jazylmak emessiñ You would not be written

Сиз жазылмак эмессиз jazylmak emessiz You would not be written

Ал жазылмак эмес jazylmak emes He/she would not be written

Биз жазылмак эмеспиз jazylmak emespiz We would not be written

Силер жазылмак эмессиңер jazylmak emessiñer You would not be written

Сиздер жазылмак эмессиздер jazylmak emessizder You would not be written

Алар жазылышмак эмес jazylyshmak emes They would not be written

Мен жазылар эмес элем jazylar emes elem I would not usually be written

Сен жазылар эмес элең jazylar emes eleñ You would not usually be written

Сиз жазылар эмес элеңиз jazylar emes eleñiz You would not usually be written

Ал жазылар эмес эле jazylar emes ele He/she would not usually be written

Биз жазылар эмес элек jazylar emes elek We would not usually be written

Силер жазылар эмес элеңер jazylar emes eleñer You would not usually be written

Алар жазылар эмес эле jazylar emes ele They would not usually be written

Мен жазылгым келбейт jazylgym kelbeyt I would not like to be written

Сен жазылгың келбейт jazylgyñ kelbeyt You would not like to be written

Ал жазылгысы келбейт jazylgysy kelbeyt He/she would not like to be written

Биз жазылгыбыз келбейт jazylgybyz kelbeyt We would not like to be written

Алар жазылгылары келбейт jazylgylary kelbeyt They would not like to be written

14- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

Positive adjective чоң choñ big

Comparative Adj + -раак/-рээк чоңураак choñuraak bigger

Comparative + than B-дан + comparative менден чоңураак menden choñuraak bigger than me

Compared with B-ге караганда + comparative мага караганда жакшыраак maga karaganda jakshyraak better than me

More көбүрөөк + adjective көбүрөөк кызыктуу köbürөөk kyzyktuu more interesting

Less азыраак + adjective азыраак кызыктуу azyraak kyzyktuu less interesting

Superlative эң + adjective эң чоң eñ choñ biggest

Superlative of group баарынан + adjective баарынан чоң baarınan choñ biggest of all

More nouns көп/көбүрөөк көбүрөөк китеп köbürөөk kitep more books

Fewer nouns аз/азыраак азыраак китеп azyraak kitep fewer books

Most nouns эң көп эң көп китеп eñ köp kitep most books

Fewest nouns эң аз эң аз китеп eñ az kitep fewest books

More action көбүрөөк + verb көбүрөөк иштейт köbürөөk ishteyt works more

Less action азыраак + verb азыраак иштейт azyraak ishteyt works less

More quickly comparative adverb тезирээк tezirээk faster/more quickly

As...as бирдей / ...дай бирдей чоң birdey choñ equally big

More and more барган сайын барган сайын чоң bargan sayın choñ increasingly big

The more..., the more... канчалык + ..., ошончолук + ... канчалык көп..., ошончолук көп... kanchalyk + ..., oshonchоluk + ... the more..., the more...

Бул үй тигил үйдөн чоңураак. Bul üy tigil üydön choñuraak. This house is bigger than that house.

FORMATION:

бул bul this

үй üy house

тигил үйдөн tigil üydön than that house

чоңураак choñuraak bigger

Айбек менден узунураак. Aybek menden uzunuraak. Aibek is taller than me.

FORMATION:

Айбек (Aybek) = Aibek

менден (menden) = than me

узунураак (uzunuraak) = taller

Бул шаардагы эң чоң имарат. Bul shaardagy eñ choñ imarat. This is the biggest building in the city.

FORMATION:

бул bul this

шаардагы shaardagy in the city

эң eñ most

чоң choñ big

имарат imarat building

Менде андан көбүрөөк китеп бар. Mende andan köbürөөk kitep bar. I have more books than him.

FORMATION:

менде mende I have / at me

андан andan than him

көбүрөөк köbürөөk more

китеп kitep book(s)

бар bar exists/there is

Менде андан азыраак китеп бар. Mende andan azyraak kitep bar. I have fewer books than him.

FORMATION:

менде mende I have

андан andan than him

азыраак azyraak fewer/less

китеп kitep books

бар bar exists

Мен агама караганда көбүрөөк окуйм. Men agama karaganda köbürөөk okuym. I study more than my brother.

FORMATION:

мен men I

агама караганда agama karaganda compared to my brother

көбүрөөк köbürөөk more

окуйм okuym study/read

Айбек класста эң көп окуйт. Aybek klassta eñ köp okuйt. Aibek studies the most in the class.

FORMATION:

Айбек Aybek Aibek

класста klassta in the class

эң көп eñ köp the most

окуйт okuйt studies

15- RELATIVE CLAUSES

The man who works Verb + -ган/-ген + noun иштеген адам ishtegen adam working/worked man → the man who works

The book that I read Subject + verb + -ган/-ген + noun мен окуган китеп men okuğan kitep I read book → the book that I read

The place where I live Subject + verb + -ган/-ген + жер мен жашаган жер men zhashagan zher I live place → the place where I live

The person who will come Verb + -а/-е/-й турган + noun келе турган адам kele turgan adam coming/will come person → the person who will come

The thing I did not see Verb + -баган/-беген + noun көрбөгөн нерсе körbögön nerse not-seen thing → the thing I did not see

who works Verb + -ган + noun иштеген адам ishtegen adam

that I read Subject + verb + -ган + noun мен окуган китеп men okuğan kitep

where I live Subject + verb + -ган + place мен жашаган жер men zhashagan zher

when I came Subject + verb + -ган + time мен келген күн men kelgen kün

who will come Verb + турган + noun келе турган адам kele turgan adam

that I did not see Verb + -баган + noun көрбөгөн нерсе körbögön nerse

16- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech: Speaker + - деди + "Exact words" OR: "Exact words" + деп + said

Reported Speech:

Direct statement S + got: “...” Wî got: “Ez baş im.” He said, “I am good.”

Reported statement S + got + ku + clause Wî got ku ew baş e. He said that he was good.

Tell someone S + person + got + ku + clause Wî min re got ku ew dê were. He told me that he would come.

Reported yes/no pirsîn + ka/gelo + clause Wî pirsî ka tu têyî. He asked whether you were coming.

Who pirsîn + kî + clause Wî pirsî kî hat. He asked who came.

What pirsîn + çi + clause Wî pirsî tu çi dikî. He asked what you were doing.

Where pirsîn + li ku derê + clause Wî pirsî tu li ku derê dijî. He asked where you lived.

When pirsîn + kengî + clause Wî pirsî tu kengî têyî. He asked when you were coming.

Why pirsîn + çima + clause Wî pirsî çima hatî. He asked why you came.

Command got + ku + subjunctive Wî got ku ew were. He told him to come.

Negative command got + ku + ne + subjunctive Wî got ku ew neçe. He told him not to go.

Request xwest + ku + subjunctive Wî xwest ku ez alîkarî bikim. He asked me to help.

Advice got + ku + subjunctive Wî got ku ez rawestim. He said I should stop.

Thought difikirîn + ku + clause Ew difikire ku ew rast e. He thinks that he is right.

Conditional got + ku + heke... Wî got ku heke... He said that if...

Future/would got + ku + ê + subjunctive Wî got ku ew ê were. He said he would come.

17- INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS

to write -уу/-үү жазуу jazuu

writing (activity) -ыш/-иш жазыш jazysh

while writing -ып/-ип жазып jazyp

after writing -гандан кийин жазгандан кийин jazgandan kiyin

before writing -ардан мурда жазардан мурда jazardan murda

want to write -гым келет жазгым келет jazgym kelet

I am happy seeing you Сени көргөнүмө кубанычтамын Seni körgönümö kubanychtamyn Verb + -гөн + possessive + -ө

FORMATION:

сени seni you (object)

көргөнүмө körgönümö to my seeing / because I saw

кубанычтамын kubanychtamyn I am happy

I am happy to see you Сени көргөнүмө кубанычтамын Seni körgönümö kubanychtamyn Verb + -гөн + possessive + -ө

FORMATION:

сени seni you (object)

көргөнүмө körgönümö to my seeing / because I saw

кубанычтамын kubanychtamyn I am happy

I plan to eat Мен тамак жегенди пландап жатам Men tamak zhegendi plandap zhatam Verb + -ган + object marker

FORMATION:

мен men I

тамак tamak food

жегенди zhegendi eating

пландап жатам plandap zhatam I am planning

I plan eating Мен тамак жегенди пландап жатам Men tamak zhegendi plandap zhatam Verbal noun

FORMATION:

мен men I

тамак tamak food

жегенди zhegendi eating

пландап жатам plandap zhatam I am planning

I see him run Мен анын чуркаганын көрөм Men anyn churkaganyn köröm Person + -ган + ын + see

FORMATION:

мен men I

анын anyn his

чуркаганын churkaganyn that he runs/ran

көрөм köröm I see

I see him running Мен анын чуркап жатканын көрөм Men anyn churkap zhatkanın köröm Person + -ып жаткан + ын + see

FORMATION:

анын anyn his

чуркап churkap running

жатканын zhatkanın being in the process

көрөм köröm I see

I eat to play Мен ойнош үчүн тамак жейм Men oynosh üçün tamak zheym Verb + -ыш + үчүн

FORMATION:

мен men I

ойнош үчүн oynosh üçün in order to play

тамак tamak food

жейм zheym I eat

18- SUBJUNCTIVE

If I go -са/-се барсам barsam

If I were rich -са + бол бай болсом bay bolsom

I would go -макмын бармакмын barmakmyn

I would have gone -ган болсом + мак барган болсом, бармакмын bargan bolsom, barmakmyn

If only I came -са экен келсем экен kelsem eken

I should go -ышым керек барышым керек baryshym kerek

He may come -ышы мүмкүн келиши мүмкүн kelishi mümkün

If I don't go -басам барбасам barbasam

19- TAG QUESTIONS

You are tired, aren't you? Сен чарчадың, ээ? Sen charchadyñ, ee?

He came, didn't he? Ал келди, ээ? Al keldi, ee?

You will go, won't you? Сен барасың, ээ? Sen barasyñ, ee?

This is good, isn't it? Бул жакшы, туурабы? Bul jakshy, tuuraby?

He is a teacher, isn't he? Ал мугалим эмеспи? Al mugalim emespi?

You know, don't you? Сен билесиң, ээ? Sen bilesiñ, ee?

ээ? (ee?) right? most common spoken tag

туурабы? (tuuraby?) correct? asking confirmation

-бы/-би/-бу/-бү? yes/no? attached question particle

эмеспи? (emespi?) isn't it? stronger confirmation

Don't you work? Сен иштебейсиңби? Sen ishtebeysiñbi?

Aren't you a student? Сен студент эмессиңби? Sen student emessiñbi?

Didn't you go? Сен барбадыңбы? Sen barbadıñby?

Won't you come? Сен келбейсиңби? Sen kelbeysiñbi?

Isn't he a teacher? Ал мугалим эмеспи? Al mugalim emespi?

Isn't there a book? Китеп жокпу? Kitep jokpu?

20- MODAL WORDS

# Kyrgyz Transliteration English

1 керек kerek must; need to; should

2 зарыл zaryl necessary; must

3 тийиш tiyish must; ought to; be supposed to

4 милдеттүү mildettüü obliged; required; mandatory

5 зарылдыгы бар zaryldygy bar there is a need to

6 зарылдыгы жок zaryldygy zhok there is no need to

7 кереги бар keregi bar there is a need

8 кереги жок keregi zhok there is no need

9 мажбур mazhbur forced; obliged

10 аргасыз argsyz compelled; having no choice

керек — kerek

This is one of the most important Kyrgyz modal words.

Мен барышым керек.

Men baryshym kerek.

I must go. / I need to go.

Сен окушуң керек.

Sen okuushuң kerek.

You must study.

Ал бүгүн иштеши керек.

Al bügün ishteshi kerek.

He/she has to work today.

зарыл — zaryl

Бул маселени чечүү зарыл.

Bul maseleni chechüü zaryl.

It is necessary to solve this issue.

тийиш — tiyish

Сен эртең келишиң тийиш.

Sen erten kelişiң tiyish.

You must / are supposed to come tomorrow.

милдеттүү — mildettüü

Ар бир студент экзамен тапшырууга милдеттүү.

Ar bir student ekzamen tapshyruuga mildettüü.

Every student is required to take the exam.

2. Ability / possibility — “can, be able to”

# Kyrgyz Transliteration English

1 мүмкүн mümkün possible; may; can

2 боло алат bolo alat can; is able to

3 ала алат ala alat can; is able to

4 колунан келет kolunan kelet can; is capable of

5 кыла алат kyla alat can do

6 мүмкүнчүлүгү бар mümkünchülügü bar has the ability/opportunity

7 мүмкүнчүлүгү жок mümkünchülügü zhok is unable to; has no opportunity

мүмкүн — mümkün

Мен бара алам.

Men bara alam.

I can go.

Бул мүмкүн.

Bul mümkün.

This is possible.

Ал муну кыла алат.

Al munu kyla alat.

He/she can do this.

колунан келет — kolunan kelet

Literally something like “it comes from his/her hand,” but idiomatically:

Анын колунан келет.

Anyn kolunan kelet.

He/she can do it. / He/she is capable of it.

3. Permission — “may, can, be allowed to”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

болот bolot may; can; it is allowed

мүмкүн mümkün may; it is possible

уруксат uruksat permission

уруксат берилет uruksat berilet permission is given; may

уруксат бар uruksat bar permission exists

уруксат жок uruksat zhok permission is not given

эркин erkin free/allowed

Бул жерге кирсе болот.

Bul zherge kirse bolot.

You may enter here.

Мен бул жерде отурсам болобу?

Men bul zherde otursam bolobu?

May I sit here?

Бул жерге кирүүгө уруксат жок.

Bul zherge kirüügö uruksat zhok.

Entry here is not permitted.

4. Prohibition — “must not, may not, cannot”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

болбойт bolboyt must not; may not; cannot

болбой калат bolboy kalat it will not be allowed

уруксат жок uruksat zhok not permitted

тыюу салынат tyyuu salynat prohibited

тыюу салынган tyyuu salyngan prohibited; forbidden

болбойт экен bolboyt eken apparently it is not allowed

Бул жерде тамеки тартууга болбойт.

Bul zherde tameki tartuuga bolboyt.

Smoking is not allowed here.

Муну кылууга болбойт.

Munu kyluuga bolboyt.

You must not do this.

5. Probability / possibility — “may, might”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

мүмкүн mümkün may; might; possibly

балким balkim perhaps; maybe

мүмкүн, ... mümkün, ... possibly; it may be that

ыктымал yktymal probable; likely

ыктымал, ... yktymal, ... probably; it is likely

сыягы syyagy apparently; seemingly; probably

кыязы kyyazy apparently; probably

көрсө körsö apparently; it turns out

болушу мүмкүн bolushu mümkün may/might be

болсо керек bolso kerek probably; must be

керек болсо kerek bolso probably/if necessary, depending on context

балким — balkim

Балким, ал бүгүн келет.

Balkim, al bügün kelet.

Maybe he/she will come today.

ыктымал — yktymal

Ал кечигиши ыктымал.

Al kechigishi yktymal.

He/she is likely to be late.

болушу мүмкүн — bolushu mümkün

Ал үйдө болушу мүмкүн.

Al üydö bolushu mümkün.

He/she may be at home.

болсо керек — bolso kerek

Ал азыр үйдө болсо керек.

Al azyr üydö bolso kerek.

He/she is probably at home.

6. Certainty — “certainly, surely, definitely”

These are often classified as modal adverbs/particles rather than modal verbs.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

албетте albetте certainly; of course

сөзсүз sözsüz certainly; definitely

анык anyk certain; definite

шексиз sheksiz undoubtedly

күмөнсүз kümönsüz without doubt

так tak exactly; certainly

чындыгында chyndygynda actually; indeed

чын эле chyn ele really; indeed

албетте да albetте da of course

сөзсүз түрдө sözsüz türdö definitely; necessarily

Албетте, мен барам.

Albetте, men baram.

Of course, I will go.

Ал сөзсүз келет.

Al sözsüz kelet.

He/she will definitely come.

7. Doubt / uncertainty

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

балким balkim perhaps

мүмкүн mümkün maybe; possibly

күмөн kümön doubtful

күмөндүү kümöndüü doubtful; uncertain

шектүү shektüü doubtful; questionable

билбейм bilbeym I don't know

ким билет kim bilet who knows

балким да balkim da perhaps

мүмкүн да mümkün da possibly

Балким, ал келбейт.

Balkim, al kelbeyt.

Maybe he/she won't come.

Бул маалымат күмөндүү.

Bul maalymat kümöndüü.

This information is doubtful.

8. Advice / recommendation — “should, ought to”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

керек kerek should; ought to

тийиш tiyish ought to; should

зарыл zaryl should; necessary

жөн zhön should; it is appropriate

дурус durus better; preferable

туура tuura right; appropriate

жакшы zhakshy it is good/better to

макул makul okay; acceptable

Сен көбүрөөк окушуң керек.

Sen köbürөөk okuushuң kerek.

You should study more.

Муну азыр жасаганың дурус.

Munu azyr zhasaganyn durus.

You had better do this now.

9. Necessity vs. advice

An important distinction:

Kyrgyz Transliteration Typical meaning

керек kerek must / have to / need to / should

зарыл zaryl necessary / must

тийиш tiyish must / ought to / be supposed to

милдеттүү mildettüü obliged / required

дурус durus should / had better

жөн zhön should / appropriate

For example:

Сен барышың керек.

Sen baryshyң kerek.

You must go / You need to go.

Сен барышың тийиш.

Sen baryshyң tiyish.

You ought to go / You are supposed to go.

Сен барганың дурус.

Sen barganyn durus.

You should go / It would be better for you to go.

10. Intention / desire — “want to”

These are not always classified as strict modal words, but they express volitional modality.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

каалайм kaalaym I want

каалайсың kaalaysyң you want

каалайт kaalayt he/she wants

каалайбыз kaalaybyz we want

каалайсыңар kaalaysyңar you want

каалашат kaalashat they want

каалоо kaaloo desire; wanting

ниеттенүү niettenüü intend

ниет кылуу niet kyluu intend

ниети бар nieti bar intends to

Мен үйгө баргым келет.

Men üyгө bargym kelet.

I want to go home.

Ал окугусу келет.

Al okugusu kelet.

He/she wants to study.

11. Intention / planned action

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

ниети бар nieti bar intends to

ниеттенүүдө niettenüüdö intends; is intending

пландоодо plandoodo is planning to

пландаштырууда plandash­tyruuda is planning

максат кылуу maksat kyluu aim/intend to

максаты бар maksaty bar has the goal/intention

Ал кетүүгө ниети бар.

Al ketüügö nieti bar.

He/she intends to leave.

12. Ability expressed with -а/-е/-й + ал-

This is one of the most important Kyrgyz modal constructions.

Formation

Verb stem + -а/-е/-й + ал-

= can / be able to

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бара алам bara alam I can go

бара аласың bara alasyң you can go

бара алат bara alat he/she can go

бара алабыз bara alabyz we can go

бара аласыңар bara alasyңar you can go

бара алышат bara alyshat they can go

Мен кыргызча сүйлөй алам.

Men kyrgyzcha сүйлöy alam.

I can speak Kyrgyz.

13. Inability — “cannot”

The negative of the ability construction is:

Verb + -а/-е/-й + алба-

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

бара албайм bara albaym I cannot go

бара албайсың bara albayсың you cannot go

бара албайт bara albayt he/she cannot go

бара албайбыз bara albaybyz we cannot go

бара албайсыңар bara albayсыңar you cannot go

бара алышпайт bara alyshpayt they cannot go

Мен бүгүн бара албайм.

Men bügün bara albaym.

I cannot go today.

14. Permission with -са/-се болот

This is another major Kyrgyz modal construction.

Formation

Verb + -са/-се + болот

= can / may / be allowed to

Кирсем болобу?

Kirsem bolobu?

May I enter?

Бул жерде отурсам болот.

Bul zherde otursam bolot.

I can/may sit here.

Эртең барсаң болот.

Erteng barsaң bolot.

You can/may go tomorrow.

15. Prohibition with болбойт — bolboyt

Formation

Verb + -ууга/-үүгө + болбойт

= must not / may not

Бул жерге кирүүгө болбойт.

Bul zherge kirüügö bolboyt.

You must not enter here.

Муну айтууга болбойт.

Munu aytuuga bolboyt.

This must not be said.

16. Probability with мүмкүн — mümkün

Formation

Verb + -ышы/-иши + мүмкүн

= may/might

Ал келиши мүмкүн.

Al kelishi mümkün.

He/she may come.

Эртең жамгыр жаашы мүмкүн.

Erteng zhamgyr zhaashy mümkün.

It might rain tomorrow.

17. Probability with керек — kerek

Formation

Verb + -са/-се + керек

or various noun/verb forms + керек

= probably / must presumably

Ал үйдө болсо керек.

Al üydö bolso kerek.

He/she is probably at home.

Ал келген болсо керек.

Al kelgen bolso kerek.

He/she must have come / probably came.

This is different from:

Ал келиши керек.

Al kelishi kerek.

He/she must come.

So:

келиши керек = must come

келген болсо керек = probably came

18. Necessity with керек

Formation

Subject + verb noun/possessive form + керек

Мен барышым керек.

Men baryshym kerek.

I must go.

Сен барышың керек.

Sen baryshyң kerek.

You must go.

Ал барышы керек.

Al baryshy kerek.

He/she must go.

Биз барышыбыз керек.

Biz baryshybyz kerek.

We must go.

19. “Need not / don't have to”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

керек эмес kerek emes don't need to; must not?*

зарыл эмес zaryl emes not necessary

кереги жок keregi zhok there is no need

зарылдыгы жок zaryldygy zhok there is no necessity

* керек эмес normally means “it is not necessary / don't need to”, not prohibition.

Сен бүгүн келишиң керек эмес.

Sen bügün kelişiң kerek emes.

You don't have to come today.

Compare:

Сен бүгүн келишиң керек.

Sen bügün kelişiң kerek.

You must come today.

Сен бүгүн келишиң керек эмес.

Sen bügün kelişiң kerek emes.

You don't have to come today.

Сен бүгүн келбешиң керек.

Sen bügün kelbeshiң kerek.

You must not come today.

20. “Would rather / prefer”

Kyrgyz does not have one direct modal verb equivalent to English would rather, but these expressions can express preference.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

жакшы көрөм zhakshy köröm I prefer / I like

артык көрөм artyk köröm I prefer

каалайм kaalaym I want

жакшы болмок zhakshy болмок it would be better

дурус болмок durus болмok it would be preferable

Үйдө калганым жакшы.

Üydö kalganym zhakshy.

I'd rather stay home.

21. “Should have / ought to have”

Past obligation can be expressed with керек эле, тийиш эле, etc.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

керек эле kerek ele should have / was supposed to

тийиш эле tiyish ele should have / was supposed to

зарыл эле zaryl ele was necessary

Сен эртерээк келишиң керек эле.

Sen erterek kelişiң kerek ele.

You should have come earlier.

Ал бүгүн келиши тийиш эле.

Al bügün kelişi tiyish ele.

He/she was supposed to come today.

22. “Must have / probably”

Kyrgyz commonly uses:

-ган/-ген/-кан/-кен + болсо керек

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

келген болсо керек kelgen bolso kerek must have come / probably came

кеткен болсо керек ketken bolso kerek must have left

уктап жаткан болсо керек uktap zhatkan bolso kerek must probably be sleeping

көргөн болсо керек körgön bolso kerek must have seen

23. “Apparently / it turns out”

These are often treated as modal/evidential words or particles.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

көрсө körsö apparently; it turns out

экен eken apparently; it turns out

экен да eken da apparently; indeed

турбайбы turbayby apparently; as it turns out

көрүнөт körünöt it seems

окшойт okshoyt seems; appears

Көрсө, ал мурун эле кеткен экен.

Körsö, al murun ele ketken eken.

Apparently, he/she had already left.

Ал чарчаган окшойт.

Al chargan okshoyt.

He/she seems to be tired.

Жамгыр жаай турган көрүнөт.

Zhamgyr zhaay turgan körünöt.

It looks like it is going to rain.

24. Appearance / seeming

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

окшойт okshoyt seems; appears

көрүнөт körünöt seems; appears

сыяктуу syyaktuu seems like; like

сыягы syyagy apparently

кыязы kyyazy apparently; probably

өңдөнөт öңдөнöt seems; appears

Бул туура окшойт.

Bul tuura okshoyt.

This seems correct.

25. Volitional modality — “let's / let”

These are not always called modal words, but they express hortative/volitional modality.

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

келгиле kelgile let's come / come!

баралы baraly let's go

келейли keleyli let's come

кылалы kylaly let's do

көрөлү körölü let's see

кой koy let; stop; leave it

койгула koygula let it be / stop

Баралы!

Baraly!

Let's go!

Келгиле, баштайлы.

Kelgile, bashtayly.

Come on, let's begin.

26. “Have to / be forced to”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

мажбур болуу mazhbur boluu have to; be forced to

аргасыз болуу argsyz boluu have no choice but to

мажбур mazhbur forced; obliged

аргасыз argsyz compelled; reluctantly

Мен барууга мажбур болдум.

Men baruuga mazhbur boldum.

I had to go. / I was forced to go.

Ал кетүүгө аргасыз болду.

Al ketüügö argsyz boldu.

He/she had no choice but to leave.

27. “Be supposed to”

Kyrgyz Transliteration English

тийиш tiyish be supposed to

керек kerek have to; be supposed to

милдеттүү mildettüü be required to

Ал саат сегизде келиши тийиш.

Al saat segizde kelişi tiyish.

He/she is supposed to come at eight.

29. The most important modal constructions

Meaning Kyrgyz formation Transliteration English

must V-ышым керек V-yshym kerek I must V

must V-ышың керек V-yshyng kerek you must V

must V-ышы керек V-yshy kerek he/she must V

should V-ышым керек V-yshym kerek I should V

ought to V-ышы тийиш V-yshy tiyish he/she ought to V

be required to V-ууга милдеттүү V-uuga mildettüü be required to V

can V-а/-е/-й ала- V-a/-e/-y ala- can V

cannot V-а/-е/-й алба- V-a/-e/-y alba- cannot V

may V-са болот V-sa bolot may V

may not V-ууга болбойт V-uuga bolboyt may not V

might V-ышы мүмкүн V-yshy mümkün might V

probably V-са керек V-sa kerek probably V

must have V-ган болсо керек V-gan bolso kerek must have V-ed

don't have to V-ышы керек эмес V-yshy kerek emes don't have to V

must not V-беши керек V-beshi kerek must not V

want to V-гым келет V-gym kelet want to V

intend to V-ууга ниети бар V-uuga nieti bar intend to V

be forced to V-ууга мажбур бол- V-uuga mazhbur bol- be forced to V

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

There is a book Китеп бар Kitep bar

There are books Китептер бар Kitepter bar

There is no book Китеп жок Kitep jok

Is there a book? Китеп барбы? Kitep barby?

Was there a book? Китеп бар эле Kitep bar ele

Will there be a book? Китеп болот Kitep bolot

I have a book Менде китеп бар Mende kitep bar

I don't have a book Менде китеп жок Mende kitep jok

I have a book Менде китеп бар Mende kitep bar

I don't have a book Менде китеп жок Mende kitep jok

Do you have a book? Сенде китеп барбы? Sende kitep barby

I had a book Менде китеп бар эле Mende kitep bar ele

I will have a book Менде китеп болот Mende kitep bolot

IMPERATIVES:

You command Verb stem Кел! Kel!

Polite command -ыңыз/-иңиз Келиңиз Keliñiz

You all -ыңыздар Келиңиздер Keliñizder

Let's -алы/-ели/-олу Баралы Baraly

Let him/her -сын/-син Барсын Barsyn

Negative -ба/-бе Барба Barba

Polite negative -баңыз Барбаңыз Barbañyz

Let it be written Жазылсын Jazylsyn Let it be written

Let it not be written Жазылбасын Jazylbasyn Let it not be written

Let's be written Жазылалы Jazylaly Let us be written (rare)

Please let it be written Жазылсынчы Jazylsynchy Please let it be written

Be! бол! bol! Be!

Be! formal болуңуз! boluñuz! Be!

Be! plural болгула! bolgula! Be!

Be! formal plural болуңуздар! boluñuzdar! Be!

Don't be! болбо! bolbo! Don't be!

Don't be! formal болбоңуз! bolboñuz! Don't be!

Don't be! plural болбогула! bolbogula! Don't be!

Let's be! бололу! bololu! Let's be!

Let me be! болоюн! boloyun! Let me be!

Let him/her be! болсун! bolsun! Let him/her be!

Let them be! болушсун! bolushsun! Let them be!

Let him/her not be! болбосун! bolbosun! Let him/her not be!

Бактылуу бол! Baktyluu bol! Be happy! (to one person, informal)

Бактылуу болуңуз! Baktyluu boluñuz! Be happy! (formal)

Бактылуу болгула! Baktyluu bolgula! Be happy! (to several people)

Бактылуу бололу! Baktyluu bololu! Let's be happy!

Бактылуу болсун! Baktyluu bolsun! May he/she be happy!