1- I-alfabhethi yesiNgisi

1. A a — ibizwa ngokuthi: ay — /eɪ/ — uhlamvu A lubizwa ngokuthi «ey», cishe njengesiqalo segama elithi «ay».

2. B b — ibizwa ngokuthi: bii — /b/ — uhlamvu B lubizwa ngokuthi «bii», kanti umsindo walo ngu /b/ njengasegameni elithi: book.

3. C c — ibizwa ngokuthi: sii — /k/, /s/ — uhlamvu C lubizwa ngokuthi «sii». Umsindo walo ungaba ngu /k/ njengasegameni elithi: cat, noma /s/ njengasegameni elithi: city.

4. D d — ibizwa ngokuthi: dii — /d/ — uhlamvu D lubizwa ngokuthi «dii», kanti umsindo walo ngu /d/ njengasegameni elithi: dog.

5. E e — ibizwa ngokuthi: ii — /iː/ — uhlamvu E lubizwa ngokuthi «ii», njengomsindo osegameni elithi: see.

6. F f — ibizwa ngokuthi: ef — /f/ — uhlamvu F lubizwa ngokuthi «ef», kanti umsindo walo ngu /f/ njengasegameni elithi: fish.

7. G g — ibizwa ngokuthi: jii — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — uhlamvu G lubizwa ngokuthi «jii». Umsindo walo ungaba ngu /ɡ/ njengasegameni elithi: go, noma /dʒ/ njengasegameni elithi: giant.

8. H h — ibizwa ngokuthi: eitch — /h/ — uhlamvu H lubizwa ngokuthi «eitch», kanti umsindo walo ngu /h/ njengasegameni elithi: house.

9. I i — ibizwa ngokuthi: ay — /aɪ/ — uhlamvu I lubizwa ngokuthi «ay», njengasegameni elithi: eye.

10. J j — ibizwa ngokuthi: jey — /dʒ/ — uhlamvu J lubizwa ngokuthi «jey», kanti umsindo walo ngu /dʒ/ njengasegameni elithi: job.

11. K k — ibizwa ngokuthi: key — /k/ — uhlamvu K lubizwa ngokuthi «key», kanti umsindo walo ngu /k/ njengasegameni elithi: key.

12. L l — ibizwa ngokuthi: el — /l/ — uhlamvu L lubizwa ngokuthi «el», kanti umsindo walo ngu /l/ njengasegameni elithi: love.

13. M m — ibizwa ngokuthi: em — /m/ — uhlamvu M lubizwa ngokuthi «em», kanti umsindo walo ngu /m/ njengasegameni elithi: man.

14. N n — ibizwa ngokuthi: en — /n/ — uhlamvu N lubizwa ngokuthi «en», kanti umsindo walo ngu /n/ njengasegameni elithi: name.

15. O o — ibizwa ngokuthi: ow — /oʊ/ — uhlamvu O lubizwa ngokuthi «ow», kanti umsindo walo ngu /oʊ/ njengasegameni elithi: go.

16. P p — ibizwa ngokuthi: pii — /p/ — uhlamvu P lubizwa ngokuthi «pii», kanti umsindo walo ngu /p/ njengasegameni elithi: pen.

17. Q q — ibizwa ngokuthi: kyuu — /k/ — uhlamvu Q lubizwa ngokuthi «kyuu», futhi ngokuvamile lilandelwa uhlamvu U, njengasegameni elithi: queen.

18. R r — ibizwa ngokuthi: ar — /r/ — uhlamvu R lubizwa ngokuthi «ar», kanti umsindo walo ngu /r/ njengasegameni elithi: red.

19. S s — ibizwa ngokuthi: es — /s/, /z/ — uhlamvu S lubizwa ngokuthi «es». Umsindo walo ungaba ngu /s/ njengasegameni elithi: sun, noma /z/ njengasegameni elithi: rose.

20. T t — ibizwa ngokuthi: tii — /t/ — uhlamvu T lubizwa ngokuthi «tii», kanti umsindo walo ngu /t/ njengasegameni elithi: ten.

21. U u — ibizwa ngokuthi: yuu — /juː/, /ʌ/ — uhlamvu U lubizwa ngokuthi «yuu» /juː/, futhi lungaba nomsindo /ʌ/ njengasegameni elithi: cup.

22. V v — ibizwa ngokuthi: vii — /v/ — uhlamvu V lubizwa ngokuthi «vii», kanti umsindo walo ngu /v/ njengasegameni elithi: very.

23. W w — ibizwa ngokuthi: dabulu-yuu — /w/ — uhlamvu W lubizwa ngokuthi «dabulu-yuu», kanti umsindo walo ngu /w/ njengasegameni elithi: water.

24. X x — ibizwa ngokuthi: eks — /ks/ — uhlamvu X lubizwa ngokuthi «eks», futhi ngokuvamile umsindo walo ngu /ks/ njengasegameni elithi: box.

25. Y y — ibizwa ngokuthi: way — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — uhlamvu Y lubizwa ngokuthi «way». Umsindo walo ungaba ngu /j/ njengasegameni elithi: yes, noma /ɪ/ njengasegameni elithi: happy, noma /aɪ/ njengasegameni elithi: my.

26. Z z — libizwa ngokuthi: zii* — /z/ — uhlamvu Z lubizwa ngokuthi «zii» esiNgisini saseMelika. EsiNgisini saseBrithani ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi «zed» (zed). Umsindo walo ngu /z/ njengasegameni elithi: zoo.

2- Ukuhleleka kwamagama (U-ORDHA WAMAGAMA)

1. Umusho oyisisekelo — Umenzi + isenzo — Sabjekthi + Vebhu — I sleep. — Ay sliip — Ngiyalala.

2. Umenziwa oqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I read a book. — Ay riid e buk — Ngifunda incwadi.

3. Umenziwa ongaqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa ongaqondile + umenziwa oqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I give him a book. — Ay giv him e buk — Ngimnika incwadi.

4. Umzuzi — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + for + umuntu — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + for + Beyefishiyari — I buy a book for him. — Ay bay e buk for him — Ngimthengela incwadi.

5. Isabizwana sikamenziwa ongaqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + isabizwana sikamenziwa ongaqondile + umenziwa oqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Indayirekthi Objekthi Phronawuni + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I give her a book. — Ay giv her e buk — Ngimnika incwadi.

6. Isiphawulo — Umenzi + be + isiphawulo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Adjekthivu — The book is big. — Dhe buk iz big — Incwadi inkulu.

7. Isandiso sendlela — Umenzi + isenzo + isandiso — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Adverbi — He reads quickly. — Hii riidz kwikli — Ufunda ngokushesha.

8. Umenziwa oqondile + isandiso — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + isandiso — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Adverbi — I read a book quickly. — Ay riid e buk kwikli — Ngifunda incwadi ngokushesha.

9. Isandiso sesikhathi — Umenzi + isenzo + isandiso sesikhathi — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Thaym Adverbi — I work today. — Ay werk thudey — Ngisebenza namuhla.

10. Isandiso sendawo — Umenzi + isenzo + isandiso sendawo — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Pleyis Adverbi — She lives there. — Shii livz dhear — Uhlala lapho.

11. Ibinzana elinesabizwana sokwandulela — Umenzi + be + ibinzana elinesabizwana sokwandulela — Sabjekthi + Bii + Prepozishonali Phreyiz — The book is on the table. — Dhe buk iz on dhe teybul — Incwadi iphezu kwetafula.

12. Umenziwa oqondile + indawo — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + indawo — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Pleyis Phrayiz — I put a book on the table. — Ay put e buk on dhe teybul — Ngibeka incwadi phezu kwetafula.

13. Isicacisi + ibizo — Isicacisi + ibizo — Dithamina + Naun — This book is new. — Dhis buk iz nyuu — Le ncwadi yintsha.

14. Isicacisi + isiphawulo + ibizo — Isicacisi + isiphawulo + ibizo — Dithamina + Adjekthivu + Naun — This big book is new. — Dhis big buk iz nyuu — Le ncwadi enkulu yintsha.

15. Inombolo + ibizo — Inombolo + ibizo — Nyumerali + Naun — Two books are new. — Tuu buks ar nyuu — Izincwadi ezimbili zintsha.

16. Ukuhlanganisa — Umenzi + isenzo + and + umenzi + isenzo — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + end + Sabjekthi + Vebhu — I read and he writes. — Ay riid end hii rayts — Ngiyafunda futhi uyabhala.

17. Ukuhlanganisa okunomenziwa — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + and + umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + end + Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I read a book and he writes a letter. — Ay riid e buk end hii rayts e letter — Ngifunda incwadi futhi ubhala incwadi.

18. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa — Umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii — The book is read. — Dhe buk iz red — Incwadi iyafundwa.

19. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa + umenzi wesenzo — Umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + by + umenzi wesenzo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + bay + Eyjent — The book is read by the teacher. — Dhe buk iz red bay dhe tiicher — Incwadi ifundwa uthisha.

20. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa + umenziwa ongaqondile — Umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + to + umenziwa ongaqondile — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi — The book is given to him. — Dhe buk iz givən tuu him — Incwadi unikwa yona.

21. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa + umenziwa ongaqondile + umenzi wesenzo — Umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + to + umenziwa ongaqondile + by + umenzi wesenzo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + bay + Eyjent — The book is given to him by the teacher. — Dhe buk iz givən tuu him bay dhe tiicher — Incwadi unikwa yona uthisha.

22. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa + isandiso — Umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + isandiso — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + Adverbi — The book is read now. — Dhe buk iz red naw — Incwadi iyafundwa manje.

23. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa + indawo — Umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + indawo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + Lokesheni — The book is put on the table. — Dhe buk iz put on dhe teybul — Incwadi ibekwa phezu kwetafula.

24. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa + umenzi wesenzo + isandiso sesikhathi — Umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + by + umenzi wesenzo + isandiso sesikhathi — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + bay + Eyjent + Thaym Adverbi — The book is read by the teacher today. — Dhe buk iz red bay dhe tiicher thudey — Incwadi ifundwa uthisha namuhla.

25. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa + umenziwa ongaqondile + umenzi wesenzo + isandiso sesikhathi — Umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + to + umenziwa ongaqondile + by + umenzi wesenzo + isandiso sesikhathi — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + bay + Eyjent + Thaym Adverbi — The book is given to the student by the teacher today. — Dhe buk iz givən tuu dhe styudent bay dhe tiicher thudey — Incwadi inikwa umfundi uthisha namuhla.

26. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa sesikhathi esiphelele samanje — Umenzi + has/have been + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo — Sabjekthi + Haz/Hav Bin + Vii Thrii — The book has been read. — Dhe buk haz bin red — Incwadi isifundiwe.

27. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa esiphelele + umenzi wesenzo — Umenzi + has/have been + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + by + umenzi wesenzo — Sabjekthi + Haz/Hav Bin + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eyjent — The book has been read by the teacher. — Dhe buk haz bin red bay dhe tiicher — Incwadi isifundwe uthisha.

28. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa sesikhathi esizayo — Umenzi + will be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + isikhathi — Sabjekthi + Wil Bii + Vii Thrii + Thaym — The book will be read tomorrow. — Dhe buk wil bii red tumoro — Incwadi izofundwa kusasa.

29. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa sesikhathi esizayo + umenzi wesenzo — Umenzi + will be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + by + umenzi wesenzo + isikhathi — Sabjekthi + Wil Bii + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eyjent + Thaym — The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. — Dhe buk wil bii red bay dhe tiicher tumoro — Incwadi izofundwa uthisha kusasa.

30. Isakhiwo sokwenziwa esinemodi yesenzo — Umenzi + isenzo semodi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo — Sabjekthi + Modal Vebhu + Bii + Vii Thrii — The book must be read. — Dhe buk mast bii red — Incwadi kufanele ifundwe.

31. Isimo sokuphika — Umenzi + isenzo esisizayo + not + isenzo — Sabjekthi + Oksiliyari Vebhu + Not + Vebhu — I do not read a book. — Ay duu not riid e buk — Angifundi incwadi.

32. Isimo sokuphika esakhiweni sokwenziwa — Umenzi + be + not + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + by + umenzi wesenzo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Not + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eyjent — The book is not read by the teacher. — Dhe buk iz not red bay dhe tiicher — Incwadi ayifundwa uthisha.

33. Umbuzo othi yebo noma cha — Isenzo esisizayo + umenzi + isenzo? — Oksiliyari Vebhu + Sabjekthi + Vebhu? — Do you read a book? — Duu yuu riid e buk? — Ingabe ufunda incwadi?

34. Umbuzo esakhiweni sokwenziwa — be + umenzi + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo? — Bii + Sabjekthi + Vii Thrii? — Is the book being read? — Iz dhe buk biiing red? — Ingabe incwadi iyafundwa?

35. Umbuzo ngomenzi — who + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile? — Huu + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi? — Who reads the book? — Huu riidz dhe buk? — Ubani ofunda incwadi?

36. Umbuzo ngomenziwa ongaqondile — who/whom + isenzo esisizayo + umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + to? — Huu/Huum + Oksiliyari Vebhu + Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Tuu? — Who do you give the book to? — Huu duu yuu giv dhe buk tuu? — Unika bani incwadi?

37. Isimo somyalo — Isenzo + ...! — Vebhu + ...! — Read! — Riid! — Funda!

38. Umyalo + umenziwa ongaqondile — Isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + to + umenziwa ongaqondile! — Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi! — Give the book to him! — Giv dhe buk tuu him! — Mnike incwadi!

39. Umyalo esakhiweni sokwenziwa — let + umenziwa oqondile + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo! — Let + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii! — Let the book be read! — Let dhe buk bii red! — Yenza ukuba incwadi ifundwe!

40. I-infinitive — to + isenzo — Tuu + Vebhu — to read — Tuu riid — ukufunda.

41. I-infinitive + umenziwa oqondile — to + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile — Tuu + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi — to read a book — Tuu riid e buk — ukufunda incwadi.

42. I-infinitive + umenziwa oqondile othile — to + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile othile — Tuu + Vebhu + Spesifikhi Dayirekthi Objekthi — to read the book — Tuu riid dhe buk — ukufunda le ncwadi.

43. Inhloso — Umenzi + isenzo + to + isenzo — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Tuu + Vebhu — I eat to play. — Ay iit tuu pley — Ngiyadla ukuze ngidlale.

44. Umusho ohlobene — Ibizo + igama elihlobanisayo + umushwana — Naun + Relativ Werd + Kloz — The book that I read is interesting. — Dhe buk dhat ay riid iz intristing — Incwadi engiyifundayo iyathakazelisa.

45. Umusho ohlobene esakhiweni sokwenziwa — Ibizo + igama elihlobanisayo + isakhiwo sokwenziwa — Naun + Relativ Werd + Voyis — The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. — Dhe buk dhat iz biiing red bay dhe tiicher iz intristing — Incwadi efundwa uthisha iyathakazelisa.

46. Umbandela — if + umushwana, umenzi + isenzo — If + Kloz, Sabjekthi + Vebhu — If I have time, I read. — If ay hav thaym, ay riid — Uma nginesikhathi, ngiyafunda.

47. Umbandela + isakhiwo sokwenziwa — if + umenzi + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo, umenzi + isenzo — If + Sabjekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii, Sabjekthi + Vebhu — If the book is read, he learns. — If dhe buk iz red, hii lernz — Uma incwadi ifundwa, uyafunda.

48. Inkulumo ebikiwe — Umenzi + isenzo + that + umenzi + isenzo — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dhat + Sabjekthi + Vebhu — He said that he was reading. — Hii sed dhat hii woz riiding — Wathi wayefunda.

49. Umbuzo obikiwe — Umenzi + isenzo + if/whether + umenzi + isenzo — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + If/Wedher + Sabjekthi + Vebhu — He asked if I was reading. — Hii askt if ay woz riiding — Wabuza ukuthi ngangifunda yini.

50. Umyalo noma isicelo esibikiwe — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa + to + isenzo — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Objekthi + Tuu + Vebhu — He asked me to read. — Hii askt mii tuu riid — Wangicela ukuba ngifunde.

Izandiso:

1. Indlela (Manner): Isandiso sendlela sivela ngemva kwesenzo noma umenziwa. Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa + isandiso. I read the book quickly. — Ay riid dhe buk kwikli. — Ngifunda incwadi ngokushesha.

2. Indawo (Place): Isandiso sendawo sivela ngemva kwesenzo noma umenziwa. Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa + indawo. I read the book at home. — Ay riid dhe buk et houm. — Ngifunda incwadi ekhaya.

3. Isikhathi (Time): Isandiso sesikhathi ngokuvamile sivela ekugcineni noma ekuqaleni komusho. Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa + isikhathi. I read the book yesterday. — Ay riid dhe buk yestərdey. — Ngifunde incwadi izolo.

4. Imvamisa (Frequency): Isandiso semvamisa sivame ukuza ngaphambi kwesenzo esiyinhloko. Umenzi + isandiso semvamisa + isenzo. I often read books. — Ay ofən riid buks. — Ngivame ukufunda izincwadi.

5. Imvamisa + be (Frequency + be): Isandiso semvamisa siza ngemva kwesenzo esithi be. Umenzi + isenzo esithi be + isandiso semvamisa. He is always happy. — Hii iz olweyz hapi. — Uhlala ejabule.

6. Imvamisa + isenzo esisizayo (Frequency + auxiliary): Isandiso semvamisa siza ngemva kwesenzo sokuqala esisizayo. Umenzi + isenzo esisizayo + isandiso semvamisa + isenzo. I have never seen it. — Ay hav never siin it. — Angikaze ngikubone.

7. Izinga (Degree): Isandiso sezinga siza ngaphambi kwesiphawulo noma isandiso esisichazayo. Umenzi + isandiso sezinga + isiphawulo/isandiso. It is very good. — It iz veri gud. — Kuhle kakhulu.

8. Izinga + isenzo (Degree + verb): Kuya ngesandiso esisetshenzisiwe ukuthi isandiso sezinga siza ngaphambi noma ngemva kwesenzo. Umenzi + isenzo + isandiso. I really like it. — Ay riyeli layk it. — Ngikuthanda ngempela.

9. Isandiso somusho (Sentence adverb): Singavela ekuqaleni, phakathi noma ekugcineni komusho futhi siveze umbono wesikhulumi ngomusho wonke. Isandiso + umusho. Fortunately, I won. — Forchənətli, ay won. — Ngenhlanhla, nginqobile.

10. Isandiso sokuphawula (Comment adverb): Sivame ukuvela ekuqaleni komusho futhi siveze umbono noma ukuphawula kwesikhulumi. Isandiso + umusho. Honestly, I don't know. — Onistli, ay dont nou. — Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, angazi.

11. Isandiso sokuxhumanisa (Linking adverb): Sivame ukuvela ekuqaleni noma phakathi komusho futhi sixhumanise imibono emibili noma imisho emibili. Umusho + isandiso sokuxhumanisa + umusho. I was tired; however, I worked. — Ay woz tayərd; hawever, ay werkt. — Ngangikhathele; nokho, ngasebenza.

12. Indlela eya ngakuyo (Direction): Isandiso sendlela siya ngasendaweni sivela ngemva kwesenzo noma umenziwa. Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa + isandiso sendlela. She went outside. — Shii went awtsayd. — Waphumela ngaphandle.

13. Imvamisa ecacisiwe (Definite frequency): Inkulumo ekhombisa imvamisa ecacisiwe ingavela ekuqaleni noma ekugcineni komusho. Inkulumo yesikhathi + umusho. I go there every day. — Ay gou dhear evri dey. — Ngiya lapho nsuku zonke.

14. Ubude besikhathi (Duration): Inkulumo ekhombisa ubude besikhathi ivame ukuvela ekugcineni komusho. Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa + ubude besikhathi. I studied for two hours. — Ay stadid for tuu awərz. — Ngafunda amahora amabili.

15. Inhloso (Purpose): Inkulumo ekhombisa inhloso ivame ukuvela ekugcineni komusho futhi ichaze isizathu sokwenza isenzo. Umusho + inhloso. I went there to study. — Ay went dhear tuu stadi. — Ngaya lapho ukuze ngifunde.

UMENZIWA ONGAQONDI (INDAYIREKTHI OBJEKTHI)

# Uhlobo — Isakhiwo — Ukuphimisa kwesakhiwo — Isibonelo — Ukuphimisa kwesibonelo — Ukuhumusha

1. Umenziwa ongaqondile ngaphambi komenziwa oqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa ongaqondile + umenziwa oqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I gave him a book. — Ay geyv him e buk — Ngamnika incwadi.

2. Umenziwa oqondile + to + umenziwa ongaqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + to + umenziwa ongaqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi — I gave a book to him. — Ay geyv e buk tuu him — Ngamnika incwadi.

3. Umenziwa ongaqondile ngaphambi komenziwa oqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa ongaqondile + umenziwa oqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — She sent me a letter. — Shii sent mii e letter — Wangithumelela incwadi.

4. Umenziwa oqondile + to + umenziwa ongaqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + to + umenziwa ongaqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi — She sent a letter to me. — Shii sent e letter tuu mii — Wangithumelela incwadi.

5. Umenziwa ongaqondile ngaphambi komenziwa oqondile nge-for — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa ongaqondile + umenziwa oqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I bought her a gift. — Ay bot her e gift — Ngamthengela isipho.

6. Umenziwa oqondile + for + umenziwa ongaqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + for + umenziwa ongaqondile — Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + For + Indayirekthi Objekthi — I bought a gift for her. — Ay bot e gift for her — Ngamthengela isipho.

7. Umenziwa ongaqondile esakhiweni sokwenziwa — Umenziwa ongaqondile + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + umenziwa oqondile — Indayirekthi Objekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + Dayirekthi Objekthi — He was given a book. — Hii woz givən e buk — Wanikezwa incwadi.

8. Umenziwa oqondile esakhiweni sokwenziwa + to + umenziwa ongaqondile — Umenziwa oqondile + be + uhlobo lwesithathu lwesenzo + to + umenziwa ongaqondile — Dayirekthi Objekthi + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi — A book was given to him. — E buk woz givən tuu him — Incwadi yanikwa yena.

9. Umbuzo ngomenziwa ongaqondile — Igama lombuzo + isenzo esisizayo + umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + to? — Huu + Duu/Daz/Did + Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Tuu? — Who did you give it to? — Huu did yuu giv it tuu? — Wayinika bani?

10. Umbuzo osemthethweni ngomenziwa ongaqondile — To whom + isenzo esisizayo + umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile? — Tuu Huum + Oksiliyari + Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi? — To whom did you give it? — Tuu huum did yuu giv it? — Wayinika bani?

UBUNIKAZI / UBUHLOBO (JENITHIVU)

# Uhlobo — Isakhiwo — Ukuphimisa kwesakhiwo — Isibonelo — Ukuphimisa kwesibonelo — Ukuhumusha

1. Ubunikazi bomuntu oyedwa — Ibizo + 's + ibizo — Naun + Iz + Naun — John's car — Jonz kar — Imoto kaJohn.

2. Ubunikazi obusebenzisa u-of — Ibizo + of + ibizo — Naun + Ov + Naun — the car of John — Dhe kar ov Jon — Imoto kaJohn.

3. Ubunikazi bobuningi obujwayelekile — Ibizo lobuningi + ' + ibizo — Plural Naun + Apostrofi + Naun — students' books — Styudents buks — Izincwadi zabafundi.

4. Ubunikazi bobuningi obungajwayelekile — Ibizo + 's + ibizo — Naun + Iz + Naun — children's toys — Childrənz toyz — Amathoyizi ezingane.

5. Ubunikazi obusebenzisa u-of — Ibizo + of + ibizo — Naun + Ov + Naun — the roof of the house — Dhe ruuf ov dhe haus — Uphahla lwendlu.

6. Isicacisi sobunikazi — Isicacisi sobunikazi + ibizo — Posesiv Dithamina + Naun — my car — May kar — Imoto yami.

7. Isabizwana sobunikazi esizimele — Isabizwana sobunikazi esizimele — Posesiv Phronawun — The car is mine. — Dhe kar iz mayn — Imoto ingeyami.

8. Ubunikazi obusebenzisa u-of + isabizwana sobunikazi esizimele — Ibizo + of + isabizwana sobunikazi esizimele — Naun + Ov + Posesiv Phronawun — a friend of mine — E frend ov mayn — Umngane wami.

9. Ubunikazi besikhathi — Ibizo lesikhathi + 's + ibizo — Thaym Naun + Iz + Naun — today's news — Thudeyz nyuuz — Izindaba zanamuhla.

10. Ubunikazi besikhathi esibaliwe — Inombolo + iyunithi yokulinganisa + ' + ibizo — Nyumerali + Yunithi + Apostrofi + Naun — two weeks' vacation — Tuu wiiks vekeyshən — Iholide lamasonto amabili.

11. Umbuzo ngobunikazi — whose + ibizo? — Huuz + Naun? — Whose book? — Huuz buk? — Incwadi kabani?

12. Ubunikazi emushweni ohlobene — whose + ibizo + umushwana — Huuz + Naun + Kloz — the man whose car... — Dhe man huuz kar... — Indoda enemoto...

13. Ubunikazi obuhlanganyelwe — Ibizo lokuqala + and + ibizo lesibili + 's + ibizo — Naun + End + Naun + Iz + Naun — John and Mary's house — Jon end Meriz haus — Indlu kaJohn noMary ngokuhlanganyela.

14. Ubunikazi obuhlukene — Ibizo lokuqala + 's + and + ibizo lesibili + 's + ibizo — Naun + Iz + End + Naun + Iz + Naun — John's and Mary's houses — Jonz end Meriz hauziz — Izindlu zikaJohn nezikaMary ngokwehlukana.

UBUNIKAZI OBUZIMELE (INDEPENDENT)

Umuntu — Isicacisi sobunikazi — Ukuphimisa kwesicacisi sobunikazi — Isabizwana sobunikazi esizimele — Ukuphimisa kwesabizwana sobunikazi — Isibonelo esiphelele — Ukuphimisa kwesibonelo — Ukuhumusha

I = mina — my — may — mine — mayn — This book is mine. — Dhis buk iz mayn — Le ncwadi ingeyami.

you = wena — your — yor — yours — yorz — This book is yours. — Dhis buk iz yorz — Le ncwadi ngeyakho.

he = yena — his — hiz — his — hiz — This book is his. — Dhis buk iz hiz — Le ncwadi ngeyakhe.

she = yena — her — her — hers — herz — This book is hers. — Dhis buk iz herz — Le ncwadi ngeyakhe.

it = yona, into engeyena umuntu — its — its — asikho isabizwana sobunikazi esizimele esisetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile — — The dog hurt its leg. — Dhe dog hert its leg — Inja ilimaze umlenze wayo.

we = thina — our — awər — ours — awərz — This book is ours. — Dhis buk iz awərz — Le ncwadi ngeyethu.

they = bona — their — dheər — theirs — dheərz — This book is theirs. — Dhis buk iz dheərz — Le ncwadi ngeyabo.

The book is the boy's. = Incwadi ingeyomfana.

The book is for the boy. = Incwadi ingeyomfana / yenzelwe umfana.

WAS GOING TO: Ngangizokwenza / kwakuhloswe ukuba ngenze

Isabizwana — Isakhiwo — Ukuphimisa kwesakhiwo — Isibonelo — Ukuphimisa kwesibonelo — Incazelo

I = mina — mina + was going to + isenzo — Ay + woz gouing tuu + Vebhu — I was going to eat. — Ay woz gouing tuu iit — Ngangizodla.

you = wena — wena + were going to + isenzo — Yuu + wer gouing tuu + Vebhu — You were going to eat. — Yuu wer gouing tuu iit — Wawuzodla.

he = yena — yena + was going to + isenzo — Hii + woz gouing tuu + Vebhu — He was going to eat. — Hii woz gouing tuu iit — Wayezodla.

she = yena — yena + was going to + isenzo — Shii + woz gouing tuu + Vebhu — She was going to eat. — Shii woz gouing tuu iit — Wayezodla.

it = yona, into engeyena umuntu — yona + was going to + isenzo — It + woz gouing tuu + Vebhu — It was going to rain. — It woz gouing tuu reyn — Kwakuzonetha.

we = thina — thina + were going to + isenzo — Wii + wer gouing tuu + Vebhu — We were going to eat. — Wii wer gouing tuu iit — Sasizodla.

they = bona — bona + were going to + isenzo — Dhey + wer gouing tuu + Vebhu — They were going to eat. — Dhey wer gouing tuu iit — Babezo dla.

[Woz ebawt tuu / Wer ebawt tuu] — was about to / were about to kusetshenziswa futhi.

Was about to = Into ethile yayisizokwenzeka.

Was supposed to = Kwakufanele kwenziwe okuthile, kodwa kukhona okwaphazamisa lokho noma kwenzeka okunye.

I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. = Bekufanele ngihlanze namuhla, kodwa ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi, angikwazi ukukwenza.

2- Amabizo (NAUNZ)

Umqondo wolimi — Isakhiwo — Isibonelo — Ukuphimisa — Incazelo

Ubuningi — Ibizo + s — [s] books — buks — Izincwadi

Ubuningi — Ibizo + es [iz] — boxes — boksiz — Amabhokisi

Ibizo elilodwa elinesicacisi esiqondile — the [dhe] + ibizo — the book — dhe buk — Incwadi

Ibizo lobuningi elinesicacisi esiqondile — the [dhe] + ibizo lobuningi — the books — dhe buks — Izincwadi

Ibizo elilodwa elingenasicacisi esiqondile — a [e] + ibizo — a book — e buk — Incwadi

Ibizo elilodwa elingenasicacisi esiqondile (uma igama elilandelayo liqala ngomsindo wonkamisa) — an [en] + ibizo — an apple — en epəl — I-apula

Umenziwa ongaqondile — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa ongaqondile + umenziwa oqondile — I give him the book. — Ay giv him dhe buk — Ngimnika incwadi.

Umenziwa ongaqondile osebenzisa u-to — Umenzi + isenzo + umenziwa oqondile + to [tuu] + umenziwa ongaqondile — I give the book to him. — Ay giv dhe buk tuu him — Ngimnika incwadi.

Ubunikazi — Ibizo lomnikazi + 's [iz] + ibizo lento yakhe — John's car — Jonz kar — Imoto kaJohn.

Ubunikazi bobuningi — Ibizo lobuningi labanikazi + s' [s] + ibizo lento yabo — the boys' books — Dhe boyz buks — Izincwadi zabafana.

Ubunikazi obusebenzisa u-of — Ibizo lento ephethwe + of [ov] + ibizo lomnikazi — the door of the house — Dhe dor ov dhe haus — Umnyango wendlu.

Ukuphela kwegama — Yini esiyengezayo? — Isibonelo — Ukuphimisa

Amagama amaningi — -s — book → books — buk → buks

s — -es — bus → buses — bas → basiz

ss — -es — class → classes — klas → klasiz

sh — -es — dish → dishes — dish → dishiz

ch — -es — watch → watches — wach → wachiz

x — -es — box → boxes — boks → boksiz

z — -es — quiz → quizzes — kwiz → kwiziz

Ungwaqa + y — -ies — baby → babies — beybi → beybiz

Unkamisa + y — -s — boy → boys — boy → boyz

Amanye amagama agcina ngo-f/fe — -ves — knife → knives — nayf → nayvz

Amanye amagama agcina ngo-f/fe — -s — roof → roofs — ruuf → ruufs

Uma ubuningi bungacacile, ibizo lingase libe elilodwa elibalekayo noma libe ibizo elingabaleki.

UMENZIWA ONGAQONDI (INDAYIREKTHI OBJEKTHI)

Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo zokubeka umenziwa ongaqondile esiNgisini:

1- Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi

I give a boy a book. = Nginika umfana incwadi.

2- Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi

I give a book to a boy. = Nginika umfana incwadi.

3- Sabjekthi + Vebhu + Tuu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi

I give to a boy a book. = Nginika umfana incwadi.

Le ndlela izwakala ingajwayelekile esiNgisini sanamuhla; indlela yokuqala neyesibili zisetshenziswa kakhulu.

UBUNIKAZI (JENITHIVU)

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuveza ubunikazi esiNgisini:

1- Umnikazi + 's + into ephethwe

The boy's book = Incwadi yomfana.

2- Into ephethwe + of + umnikazi

The book of the boy = Incwadi yomfana.

3- Izichasiso (ADJECTIVES)

Uhlobo Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiZulu Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

Isichasiso esichazayo Isichasiso + ibizo Adjekthivu + Naun a beautiful house Ä bheutiful haus Indlu enhle

Isichasiso sobuningi Okuningi + ibizo Mani + Naun many books Meni buks Izincwadi eziningi

Isichasiso senombolo Inombolo + ibizo Nambha + Naun three books Thrii buks Izincwadi ezintathu

Isichasiso sokukhomba this/that/these/those + ibizo Dis/Dhat/Diiz/Dhouz + Naun this book Dis buk Le ncwadi

Isichasiso sobumnini my/your/his/her/its/our/their + ibizo Mai/Yor/Hiz/Her/Its/Auar/Dheir + Naun my car Mai khaa Imoto yami

Isichasiso sokubuza which/what/whose + ibizo Which/What/Whose + Naun which book? Which buk? Yiphi incwadi?

Isichasiso esingacacile Indlela yokukhuluma ngokungacacile + ibizo Indefinit Werd + Naun some books Sam buks Ezinye izincwadi

Isichasiso sokwaba each/every/either/neither + ibizo Iich/Every/Either/Neither + Naun each student Iich styudent Umfundi ngamunye

Isichasiso esivela egameni eliyisibizo Ibizo elikhethekile → isichasiso Proper Naun → Adjekthivu English language Inglish Langwიჯ Ulimi lwesiNgisi

Isichasiso esiyinhlanganisela Igama + igama Werd + Werd a well-known actor Ä wel-noun akter Umlingisi owaziwayo

Isichasiso esivela esenzweni samanje noma esedlule V-ing / V-ed Vii-ing / Vii-ed a boring movie Ä boring muuvi Ifilimu eyisicefe

Isichasiso sokuqhathanisa Isichasiso + er / more + isichasiso Adjekthivu + Er / Mor + Adjekthivu bigger house Bigər haus Indlu enkulu kunenye

Isichasiso sezinga eliphakeme kakhulu Isichasiso + est / most + isichasiso Adjekthivu + Est / Moust + Adjekthivu the biggest house Dha bigist haus Indlu enkulu kunazo zonke

Izichasiso ezihlanganiswe ngokhefana Isichasiso + ukhefana + isichasiso + ibizo Adjekthivu + Koma + Adjekthivu + Naun a long, difficult journey Ä long, difikalt jerni Uhambo olude nolunzima

Isichasiso esingaphambi kwebizo Isichasiso + ibizo Adjekthivu + Naun a red car Ä red khaa Imoto ebomvu

Isichasiso esilandela isenzo sokuba Umenzi + ukuba + isichasiso Sabjekthi + Bii + Adjekthivu The car is red. Dha khaa iz red Imoto ibomvu.

Isichasiso esingemva kwebizo Ibizo + isichasiso Naun + Adjekthivu something interesting Samthing intristing Into ethakazelisayo

Isichasiso esizimele Isichasiso Adjekthivu perfect Perfikt Kuphelele / kuphelele ngokuphelele

Isichasiso sokugcizelela Isichasiso + ibizo Adjekthivu + Naun my own car Mai oun khaa Imoto yami uqobo

Isichasiso sokubabaza what + isichasiso + ibizo What + Adjekthivu + Naun What a beautiful day! What ä byuutiful dei! Yeka usuku oluhle!

1. Isikhathi samanje esilula — Present Simple

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + am/is/are + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Am/Iz/Aa + Kompliment

Izabizwana Indlela yokwakha Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I am I am happy. Ai am hepi Ngijabule.

You You are You are happy. Yuu aa hepi Ujabule.

He He is He is happy. Hii iz hepi Ujabule.

She She is She is happy. Shii iz hepi Ujabule.

It It is It is cold. It iz kould Kuyabanda.

We We are We are happy. Wii aa hepi Sijabule.

You You are You are happy. Yuu aa hepi Nijabule.

They They are They are happy. Dhei aa hepi Bajabule.

2. Isikhathi esedlule esilula — Past Simple

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + was/were + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Woz/Wer + Kompliment

Izabizwana Indlela yokwakha Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I was I was happy. Ai woz hepi Ngangijabule.

You You were You were happy. Yuu wer hepi Wawujabule.

He He was He was happy. Hii woz hepi Waye ajabule.

She She was She was happy. Shii woz hepi Waye ajabule.

It It was It was cold. It woz kould Kwakubanda.

We We were We were happy. Wii wer hepi Sasijabule.

You You were You were happy. Yuu wer hepi Nanijabule.

They They were They were happy. Dhei wer hepi Babejabule.

3. Isikhathi esizayo esilula — Future Simple

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + will be + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Wil Bii + Kompliment

Izabizwana Indlela yokwakha Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will be I will be happy. Ai wil bii hepi Ngizojabula.

You You will be You will be happy. Yuu wil bii hepi Uzojabula.

He He will be He will be happy. Hii wil bii hepi Uzojabula.

She She will be She will be happy. Shii wil bii hepi Uzojabula.

It It will be It will be cold. It wil bii kould Kuzobanda.

We We will be We will be happy. Wii wil bii hepi Sizojabula.

You You will be You will be happy. Yuu wil bii hepi Nizojabula.

They They will be They will be happy. Dhei wil bii hepi Bazojabula.

4. Isikhathi samanje esiqhubekayo — Present Continuous

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + am/is/are being + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Am/Iz/Aa Biing + Kompliment

Izabizwana Indlela yokwakha Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I am being I am being careful. Ai am biing keerful Ngiyaqikelela.

You You are being You are being careful. Yuu aa biing keerful Uyaqikelela.

He He is being He is being careful. Hii iz biing keerful Uyaqikelela.

She She is being She is being careful. Shii iz biing keerful Uyaqikelela.

It It is being It is being repaired. It iz biing ripeerd Iyalungiswa.

We We are being We are being careful. Wii aa biing keerful Siyazama ukuqikelela.

You You are being You are being careful. Yuu aa biing keerful Niyaqikelela.

They They are being They are being careful. Dhei aa biing keerful Bayaqikelela.

5. Isikhathi esedlule esiqhubekayo — Past Continuous

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + was/were being + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Woz/Wer Biing + Kompliment

Izabizwana Indlela yokwakha Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I was being I was being careful. Ai woz biing keerful Ngangiqikelela.

You You were being You were being careful. Yuu wer biing keerful Wawuqikelela.

He He was being He was being careful. Hii woz biing keerful Wayeqikelela.

She She was being She was being careful. Shii woz biing keerful Wayeqikelela.

It It was being It was being repaired. It woz biing ripeerd Yayilungiswa.

We We were being We were being careful. Wii wer biing keerful Sasiqikelela.

You You were being You were being careful. Yuu wer biing keerful Naniqikelela.

They They were being They were being careful. Dhei wer biing keerful Babeqikelela.

6. Isikhathi esizayo esiqhubekayo — Future Continuous

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + will be being + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Wil Bii Biing + Kompliment

Izabizwana Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will be being careful. Ai wil bii biing keerful Ngizobe ngiqikelela.

You You will be being careful. Yuu wil bii biing keerful Uzobe uqikelela.

He He will be being careful. Hii wil bii biing keerful Uzobe eqikelela.

She She will be being careful. Shii wil bii biing keerful Uzobe eqikelela.

It It will be being repaired. It wil bii biing ripeerd Kuzobe kulungiswa.

We We will be being careful. Wii wil bii biing keerful Sizobe siqikelela.

You You will be being careful. Yuu wil bii biing keerful Nizobe niqikelela.

They They will be being careful. Dhei wil bii biing keerful Bazobe beqikelela.

Lesi sikhathi silungile ngokohlelo lolimi, kodwa asivamile kakhulu esiNgisini semvelo.

7. Isikhathi samanje esiphelele — Present Perfect

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + have/has been + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Hav/Haz Bin + Kompliment

Izabizwana Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I have been happy. Ai hav bin hepi Sengijabule.

You You have been happy. Yuu hav bin hepi Sewujabule.

He He has been happy. Hii haz bin hepi Sekuyisikhathi ejabule.

She She has been happy. Shii haz bin hepi Sekuyisikhathi ejabule.

It It has been cold. It haz bin kould Sekuyisikhathi kubanda.

We We have been happy. Wii hav bin hepi Sesijabule.

You You have been happy. Yuu hav bin hepi Senijabule.

They They have been happy. Dhei hav bin hepi Sebejabule.

8. Isikhathi esedlule esiphelele — Past Perfect

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + had been + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Had Bin + Kompliment

Izabizwana Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I had been happy. Ai had bin hepi Ngangijabule ngaphambi kwalokho.

You You had been happy. Yuu had bin hepi Wawujabule ngaphambi kwalokho.

He He had been happy. Hii had bin hepi Wayevele ejabule.

She She had been happy. Shii had bin hepi Wayevele ejabule.

It It had been cold. It had bin kould Kwakukade kubanda.

We We had been happy. Wii had bin hepi Sasivele sijabule.

You You had been happy. Yuu had bin hepi Nanivele nijabule.

They They had been happy. Dhei had bin hepi Babevele bejabule.

9. Isikhathi esizayo esiphelele — Future Perfect

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + will have been + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Wil Hav Bin + Kompliment

Izabizwana Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will have been happy. Ai wil hav bin hepi Ngiyobe sengijabule.

You You will have been happy. Yuu wil hav bin hepi Uyobe usujabule.

He He will have been happy. Hii wil hav bin hepi Uyobe esejabule.

She She will have been happy. Shii wil hav bin hepi Uyobe esejabule.

It It will have been cold. It wil hav bin kould Kuyobe sekubande.

We We will have been happy. Wii wil hav bin hepi Siyobe sesijabule.

You You will have been happy. Yuu wil hav bin hepi Niyobe senijabule.

They They will have been happy. Dhei wil hav bin hepi Bayobe seb ejabule.

10. Isikhathi samanje esiphelele esiqhubekayo — Present Perfect Continuous

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + have/has been being + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Hav/Haz Bin Biing + Kompliment

Izabizwana Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I have been being careful. Ai hav bin biing keerful Senginesikhathi ngiqikelela.

You You have been being careful. Yuu hav bin biing keerful Sekunesikhathi uqikelela.

He He has been being careful. Hii haz bin biing keerful Sekunesikhathi eqikelela.

She She has been being careful. Shii haz bin biing keerful Sekunesikhathi eqikelela.

It It has been being repaired. It haz bin biing ripeerd Sekunesikhathi ilungiswa.

We We have been being careful. Wii hav bin biing keerful Sekunesikhathi siqikelela.

You You have been being careful. Yuu hav bin biing keerful Sekunesikhathi niqikelela.

They They have been being careful. Dhei hav bin biing keerful Sekunesikhathi beqikelela.

11. Isikhathi esedlule esiphelele esiqhubekayo — Past Perfect Continuous

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + had been being + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Had Bin Biing + Kompliment

Izabizwana Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I had been being careful. Ai had bin biing keerful Ngangichithe isikhathi ngiqikelela.

You You had been being careful. Yuu had bin biing keerful Wawuchithe isikhathi uqikelela.

He He had been being careful. Hii had bin biing keerful Wayeqikelela isikhathi eside.

She She had been being careful. Shii had bin biing keerful Wayeqikelela isikhathi eside.

It It had been being repaired. It had bin biing ripeerd Yayilokhu ilungiswa.

We We had been being careful. Wii had bin biing keerful Sasichithe isikhathi siqikelela.

You You had been being careful. Yuu had bin biing keerful Nanichithe isikhathi niqikelela.

They They had been being careful. Dhei had bin biing keerful Babechithe isikhathi beqikelela.

12. Isikhathi esizayo esiphelele esiqhubekayo — Future Perfect Continuous

Indlela yokwakha: Umenzi + will have been being + umphelelisi

Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + Wil Hav Bin Biing + Kompliment

Izabizwana Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will have been being careful. Ai wil hav bin biing keerful Ngiyobe sengichithe isikhathi ngiqikelela.

You You will have been being careful. Yuu wil hav bin biing keerful Uyobe usuchithe isikhathi uqikelela.

He He will have been being careful. Hii wil hav bin biing keerful Uyobe eseqikelele isikhathi eside.

She She will have been being careful. Shii wil hav bin biing keerful Uyobe eseqikelele isikhathi eside.

It It will have been being repaired. It wil hav bin biing ripeerd Kuyobe sekunesikhathi ilungiswa.

We We will have been being careful. Wii wil hav bin biing keerful Siyobe sesichithe isikhathi siqikelela.

You You will have been being careful. Yuu wil hav bin biing keerful Niyobe senichithe isikhathi niqikelela.

They They will have been being careful. Dhei wil hav bin biing keerful Bayobe seb echithe isikhathi beqikelela.

4- Izabizwana (PRONOUNS)

. Izinhlobo zezabizwana — zonke izinhlobo eziyinhloko

Uhlobo / incazelo ngesiZulu Gama lesakhiwo ngesiZulu Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiZulu Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko I ay mina

Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko you yuu wena / nina

Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko he hii yena (owesilisa)

Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko she shii yena (owesifazane)

Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko it it yona

Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko we wii thina

Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko Isabizwana senhloko they dhey bona

Izibonelo

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I read. ay riid Ngiyafunda.

you You work. yuu wərk Usebenza. / Niyasebenza.

he He sleeps. hii sliips Uyalala.

she She cooks. shii kuks Uyapheka.

it It works. it wərks Iyasebenza.

we We study. wii stadi Siyafunda.

they They live here. dhey liv hiir Bahlala lapha.

2. Izabizwana ezisetshenziswa njengomenziwa oqondile noma ongaqondile

Lezi zisetshenziswa njengomenziwa oqondile noma ongaqondile esenzweni.

Incazelo ngesiZulu Isakhiwo ngesiZulu Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Isabizwana komenziwa Isabizwana komenziwa Object pronoun me mii mina / kimi

Isabizwana komenziwa Isabizwana komenziwa Object pronoun you yuu wena / nina

Isabizwana komenziwa Isabizwana komenziwa Object pronoun him him yena / kuye

Isabizwana komenziwa Isabizwana komenziwa Object pronoun her hər yena / kuye

Isabizwana komenziwa Isabizwana komenziwa Object pronoun it it yona / kuyo

Isabizwana komenziwa Isabizwana komenziwa Object pronoun us as thina / kithi

Isabizwana komenziwa Isabizwana komenziwa Object pronoun them dhem bona / kubo

Izibonelo

Isibonelo Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

She called me. shii koold mii Ungishayele ucingo.

I saw you. ay soo yuu Ngikubonile.

We helped him. wii helpt him Samsiza.

I know her. ay noo hər Ngiyamazi.

I bought it. ay boot it Ngayithenga.

He invited us. hii invaytid as Wasimema.

She called them. shii koold dhem Ubashayele ucingo.

3. Izabizwana zobumnini ezandulela ibizo

Lezi zisetshenziswa njengezichasiso zobumnini futhi ziza ngaphambi kwebizo.

Incazelo ngesiZulu Isakhiwo ngesiZulu Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Ubumnini my + ibizo may + naun my may ami / okwami

Ubumnini your + ibizo yuur + naun your yuur akho / okwenu

Ubumnini his + ibizo hiz + naun his hiz akhe / okwakhe

Ubumnini her + ibizo hər + naun her hər akhe / okwakhe

Ubumnini its + ibizo its + naun its its eyakho / eyayo

Ubumnini our + ibizo auər + naun our auər ethu / okwethu

Ubumnini their + ibizo dheər + naun their dheər abo / okwabo

Izibonelo

Isibonelo Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

My book is new. may buk iz nyuu Incwadi yami yintsha.

Your car is fast. yuur kaar iz faast Imoto yakho iyashesha.

His house is big. hiz haus iz big Indlu yakhe inkulu.

Her phone is new. hər foon iz nyuu Ucingo lwakhe lusha.

Its color is beautiful. its kalər iz byuutifəl Umbala wayo muhle.

Our teacher is nice. auər tiichər iz nays Uthisha wethu muhle.

Their house is large. dheər haus iz laarj Indlu yabo inkulu.

4. Izabizwana zobumnini ezizimele

Lezi zisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulandela ibizo.

Incazelo ngesiZulu Isakhiwo ngesiZulu Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Ubumnini obuzimele mine mayn mine mayn okwami

Ubumnini obuzimele yours yuurz yours yuurz okwakho / okwenu

Ubumnini obuzimele his hiz his hiz okwakhe

Ubumnini obuzimele hers hərz hers hərz okwakhe

Ubumnini obuzimele ours auərz ours auərz okwethu

Ubumnini obuzimele theirs dheərz theirs dheərz okwabo

Qaphela: Isabizwana sobumnini esizimele esivamile asikho ku-it.

Izibonelo

Isibonelo Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

This book is mine. dhis buk iz mayn Le ncwadi ingeyami.

The car is yours. dhə kaar iz yuurz Imoto ingeyakho.

The house is his. dhə haus iz hiz Indlu ingeyakhe.

The bag is hers. dhə bag iz hərz Isikhwama ngesakhe.

The room is ours. dhə ruum iz auərz Igumbi ngelathu.

The books are theirs. dhə buks aar dheərz Izincwadi ngezabo.

5. Izabizwana ezibuyisela isenzo kumenzi waso (REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS)

Zisetshenziswa lapho isenzo sibuyela kumuntu noma entweni eyisenhloko yomusho.

Incazelo ngesiZulu Isakhiwo ngesiZulu Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Esibuyisela kumenzi my + self may + self myself may-self mina ngokwami

Esibuyisela kumenzi your + self yuur + self yourself yuur-self wena ngokwakho

Esibuyisela kumenzi him + self him + self himself him-self yena ngokwakhe

Esibuyisela kumenzi her + self hər + self herself hər-self yena ngokwakhe

Esibuyisela kumenzi it + self it + self itself it-self yona ngokwayo

Esibuyisela kumenzi our + selves auər + selvz ourselves auər-selvz thina ngokwethu

Esibuyisela kumenzi your + selves yuur + selvz yourselves yuur-selvz nina ngokwenu

Esibuyisela kumenzi them + selves dhem + selvz themselves dhem-selvz bona ngokwabo

Izibonelo

Isibonelo Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I hurt myself. ay həర్ట may-self Ngizilimazile.

You did it yourself. yuu did it yuur-self Ukwenze ngokwakho.

He introduced himself. hii intrədyuust him-self Uzethule yena ngokwakhe.

She taught herself English. shii toot hər-self inglish Uzifundise isiNgisi yena ngokwakhe.

The machine turned itself off. dhə məshiin tərnd it-self of Umshini uzicimile wona ngokwawo.

We enjoyed ourselves. wii injoyd auər-selvz Sazijabulisa.

They introduced themselves. dhey intrədyuust dhem-selvz Bazethule bona ngokwabo.

6. Izabizwana zokukhomba (DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS)

Incazelo ngesiZulu Isakhiwo ngesiZulu Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Ukukhomba into eyodwa eseduze this dhis this dhis le / lena

Ukukhomba into eyodwa ekude that dhat that dhat lowo / leyo

Ukukhomba izinto eziningi eziseduze these dhiiz these dhiiz lezi

Ukukhomba izinto eziningi ezikude those dhouz those dhouz lezo

Izibonelo

This is my book.

dhis iz may buk.

Le yincwadi yami.

That is your car.

dhat iz yuur kaar.

Leyo yimoto yakho.

These are my shoes.

dhiiz aar may shuuz.

Lezi izicathulo zami.

Those are their houses.

dhouz aar dheər hauziz.

Lezo yizindlu zabo.

7. Izabizwana zokubuza (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)

Incazelo ngesiZulu Isakhiwo ngesiZulu Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Ukubuza ngomuntu njengomenzi who h’uu who h’uu ubani?

Ukubuza ngomuntu njengomenziwa whom huum whom huum ubani? / ubani owenziwe isenzo kuye?

Ukubuza ngobumnini whose huuz whose huuz ngokabani? / okabani?

Ukubuza ngento noma ukukhetha what wot what wot yini? / ini?

Ukukhetha phakathi kwezinto which witch which witch yiphi? / yikuphi?

Izibonelo

Who called you?

huu koold yuu?

Ubani okushayele ucingo?

Whom did you see?

huum did yuu sii?

Ubani ombonile?

Whose is this?

huuz iz dhis?

Lokhu kungokabani?

What happened?

wot hapənd?

Kwenzekeni?

Which is yours?

witch iz yuurz?

Iyiphi eyakho?

8. Izabizwana ezihlanganisa imisho (RELATIVE PRONOUNS)

Incazelo ngesiZulu Isakhiwo ngesiZulu Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Umuntu who huu who huu lowo / umuntu owenza isenzo

Umuntu njengomenziwa whom huum whom huum lowo / umuntu owenziwe isenzo kuye

Ubumnini whose huuz whose huuz lowo okungokwakhe

Into noma isilwane which witch which witch leyo / into eyenza noma ethintwa isenzo

Umuntu noma into that dhat that dhat lowo / leyo

Izibonelo

The man who works here is my brother.

dhə man huu wərks hiir iz may bradhər.

Indoda esebenza lapha ingumfowethu.

The book which I bought is interesting.

dhə buk witch ay boot iz intrəsting.

Incwadi engiyithengile iyathakazelisa.

The girl whose car was stolen called the police.

dhə gəर्ल huuz kaar wəz stoolən koold dhə pə-liis.

Intombazane eyayintshontshelwe imoto yashayela amaphoyisa ucingo.

9. Izabizwana ezingacacisi umuntu noma into ethile (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)

Lezi zibhekisela kubantu noma ezintweni ezingacacisiwe.

Incazelo ngesiZulu Isabizwana Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

Umuntu ongacacisiwe someone sam-wan umuntu othile

Umuntu ongacacisiwe somebody sam-badi umuntu othile

Umuntu ongacacisiwe emibuzweni noma emishweni ephikayo anyone eni-wan noma ubani

Umuntu ongacacisiwe emibuzweni noma emishweni ephikayo anybody eni-badi noma ubani

Akekho no one no-wan akekho

Akekho nobody no-badi akekho

Wonke umuntu everyone evri-wan wonke umuntu

Wonke umuntu everybody evri-badi wonke umuntu

Into ethile something sam-thing into ethile

Noma yini anything eni-thing noma yini

Akukho lutho nothing nathing akukho lutho

Yonke into everything evri-thing yonke into

5- Izikhathi zezenzo (VERB TENSES)

1. Inkathi yamanje elula (SIMPLE PRESENT)

Ukusetshenziswa: imikhuba, amaqiniso, nezenzo eziphindaphindwayo.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + V1 + ...

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I work. ay wərk Ngiyasebenza.

you You work. yuu wərk Usebenza.

he He works. hii wərks Usebenza.

she She works. shii wərks Usebenza.

it It works. it wərks Iyasebenza.

we We work. wii wərk Siyasebenza.

you You work. yuu wərk Niyasebenza.

they They work. dhey wərk Basebenza.

Ku-he / she / it, kuvamise ukungezwa u -s esenzweni.

2. Inkathi edlule elula (SIMPLE PAST)

Ukusetshenziswa: izenzo ezenzeka zaphela esikhathini esedlule.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + V2 + ...

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I worked. ay wərkt Nasebenza.

you You worked. yuu wərkt Wasebenza.

he He worked. hii wərkt Wasebenza.

she She worked. shii wərkt Wasebenza.

it It worked. it wərkt Yasebenza.

we We worked. wii wərkt Sasebenza.

you You worked. yuu wərkt Nasebenza.

they They worked. dhey wərkt Basebenza.

3. Inkathi ezayo elula (SIMPLE FUTURE)

Ukusetshenziswa: izinto ezizokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + will + V1

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will work. ay wil wərk Ngizosebenza.

you You will work. yuu wil wərk Uzosebenza.

he He will work. hii wil wərk Uzosebenza.

she She will work. shii wil wərk Uzosebenza.

it It will work. it wil wərk Izosebenza.

we We will work. wii wil wərk Sizosebenza.

you You will work. yuu wil wərk Nizosebenza.

they They will work. dhey wil wərk Bazosebenza.

4. Inkathi yamanje eqhubekayo (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo esenzeka manje noma esiqhubekayo njengamanje.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + am/is/are + V-ing

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I am working. ay am wərking Ngiyasebenza manje.

you You are working. yuu aar wərking Usebenza manje.

he He is working. hii iz wərking Usebenza manje.

she She is working. shii iz wərking Usebenza manje.

it It is working. it iz wərking Iyasebenza manje.

we We are working. wii aar wərking Siyasebenza manje.

you You are working. yuu aar wərking Niyasebenza manje.

they They are working. dhey aar wərking Basebenza manje.

5. Inkathi edlule eqhubekayo (PAST CONTINUOUS)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo ebesiqhubeka ngesikhathi esithile esidlule.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + was/were + V-ing

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I was working. ay wəz wərking Ngangisebenza.

you You were working. yuu wər wərking Wawusebenza.

he He was working. hii wəz wərking Wayesebenza.

she She was working. shii wəz wərking Wayesebenza.

it It was working. it wəz wərking Yayisebenza.

we We were working. wii wər wərking Sasisebenza.

you You were working. yuu wər wərking Nanisebenza.

they They were working. dhey wər wərking Babesebenza.

6. Inkathi ezayo eqhubekayo (FUTURE CONTINUOUS)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo esizobe siqhubeka ngesikhathi esithile esizayo.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + will be + V-ing

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will be working. ay wil bii wərking Ngizobe ngisebenza.

you You will be working. yuu wil bii wərking Uzobe usebenza.

he He will be working. hii wil bii wərking Uzobe esebenza.

she She will be working. shii wil bii wərking Uzobe esebenza.

it It will be working. it wil bii wərking Izobe isebenza.

we We will be working. wii wil bii wərking Sizobe sisebenza.

you You will be working. yuu wil bii wərking Nizobe nisebenza.

they They will be working. dhey wil bii wərking Bazobe besebenza.

7. Inkathi yamanje ephelele (PRESENT PERFECT)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo esenzeke esikhathini esedlule kodwa esihlobene nesamanje, ngaphandle kokucacisa isikhathi esiqondile.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + have/has + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I have worked. ay hav wərkt Sengisebenzile.

you You have worked. yuu hav wərkt Ususebenzile.

he He has worked. hii haz wərkt Usebenzile.

she She has worked. shii haz wərkt Usebenzile.

it It has worked. it haz wərkt Sekusebenzile.

we We have worked. wii hav wərkt Sesisebenzile.

you You have worked. yuu hav wərkt Senisebenzile.

they They have worked. dhey hav wərkt Sebesebenzile.

8. Inkathi edlule ephelele (PAST PERFECT)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo esase senzeke ngaphambi kwesinye isenzo esedlule.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + had + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I had worked. ay had wərkt Ngangisengisebenzile.

you You had worked. yuu had wərkt wawususebenzile.

he He had worked. hii had wərkt wayesebenzile.

she She had worked. shii had wərkt wayesebenzile.

it It had worked. it had wərkt yayisisebenzile.

we We had worked. wii had wərkt sasisebenzile.

you You had worked. yuu had wərkt nanisusebenzile.

they They had worked. dhey had wərkt basebesebenzile.

9. Inkathi ezayo ephelele (FUTURE PERFECT)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo esizobe sesiphelile ngaphambi kwesikhathi esithile esizayo.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + will have + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will have worked. ay wil hav wərkt Ngiyobe sengisebenzile.

you You will have worked. yuu wil hav wərkt Uyobe ususebenzile.

he He will have worked. hii wil hav wərkt Uyobe esesebenzile.

she She will have worked. shii wil hav wərkt Uyobe esesebenzile.

it It will have worked. it wil hav wərkt Iyobe isisebenzile.

we We will have worked. wii wil hav wərkt Siyobe sesisebenzile.

you You will have worked. yuu wil hav wərkt Niyobe senisebenzile.

they They will have worked. dhey wil hav wərkt Bayobe sebese benzile.

10. Inkathi yamanje ephelele eqhubekayo (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo esiqale esikhathini esedlule saqhubeka, futhi sisenzeka manje noma sisanda kuphela.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + have/has been + V-ing

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I have been working. ay hav bin wərking Ngibe ngisebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

you You have been working. yuu hav bin wərking Ube usebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

he He has been working. hii haz bin wərking Ube esebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

she She has been working. shii haz bin wərking Ube esebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

it It has been working. it haz bin wərking Ibe isebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

we We have been working. wii hav bin wərking Sibe sisebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

you You have been working. yuu hav bin wərking Nibe nisebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

they They have been working. dhey hav bin wərking Bebe besebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

11. Inkathi edlule ephelele eqhubekayo (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo ebesilokhu siqhubeka isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kwesinye isenzakalo esedlule.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + had been + V-ing

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I had been working. ay had bin wərking Ngangilokhu ngisebenza isikhathi esithile.

you You had been working. yuu had bin wərking Wawulokhu usebenza isikhathi esithile.

he He had been working. hii had bin wərking Wayehlale esebenza isikhathi esithile.

she She had been working. shii had bin wərking Wayehlale esebenza isikhathi esithile.

it It had been working. it had bin wərking Yayilokhu isebenza isikhathi esithile.

we We had been working. wii had bin wərking Sasihlale sisebenza isikhathi esithile.

you You had been working. yuu had bin wərking Nanilokhu nisebenza isikhathi esithile.

they They had been working. dhey had bin wərking Babelokhu besebenza isikhathi esithile.

12. Inkathi ezayo ephelele eqhubekayo (FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS)

Ukusetshenziswa: isenzo esizobe sesiqhubeke isikhathi esithile lapho kufika isikhathi esithile esizayo.

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + will have been + V-ing

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will have been working. ay wil hav bin wərking Ngiyobe sengisebenze isikhathi esithile.

you You will have been working. yuu wil hav bin wərking Uyobe ususebenze isikhathi esithile.

he He will have been working. hii wil hav bin wərking Uyobe esesebenze isikhathi esithile.

she She will have been working. shii wil hav bin wərking Uyobe esesebenze isikhathi esithile.

it It will have been working. it wil hav bin wərking Iyobe isisebenze isikhathi esithile.

we We will have been working. wii wil hav bin wərking Siyobe sesisebenze isikhathi esithile.

you You will have been working. yuu wil hav bin wərking Niyobe senisebenze isikhathi esithile.

they They will have been working. dhey wil hav bin wərking Bayobe sebese benze isikhathi esithile.

6- Izikhathi zesenzo sokwenziwa (PASSIVE VOICE)

1. Inkathi yamanje elula yokwenziwa (SIMPLE PRESENT PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + am/is/are + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + am/is/are + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I am written about. ay am ritən ə-baut Kukhulunywa ngami.

you You are written about. yuu aar ritən ə-baut Kukhulunywa ngawe.

he He is written about. hii iz ritən ə-baut Kukhulunywa ngaye.

she She is written about. shii iz ritən ə-baut Kukhulunywa ngaye.

it It is written about. it iz ritən ə-baut Kukhulunywa ngayo.

we We are written about. wii aar ritən ə-baut Kukhulunywa ngathi.

you You are written about. yuu aar ritən ə-baut Kukhulunywa ngani.

they They are written about. dhey aar ritən ə-baut Kukhulunywa ngabo.

Isibonelo esivame kakhulu:

The book is written in English.

dhə buk iz ritən in inglish.

Incwadi ibhalwe ngesiNgisi.

2. Inkathi edlule elula yokwenziwa (SIMPLE PAST PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + was/were + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + was/were + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I was invited. ay wəz invaytid Ngamenywa.

you You were invited. yuu wər invaytid Wamenywa.

he He was invited. hii wəz invaytid Wamenywa.

she She was invited. shii wəz invaytid Wamenywa.

it It was invited. it wəz invaytid Yamenywa.

we We were invited. wii wər invaytid Samenywa.

you You were invited. yuu wər invaytid Namenywa.

they They were invited. dhey wər invaytid Bamenywa.

3. Inkathi ezayo elula yokwenziwa (SIMPLE FUTURE PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + will be + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + will be + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will be invited. ay wil bii invaytid Ngizomenywa.

you You will be invited. yuu wil bii invaytid Uzomenywa.

he He will be invited. hii wil bii invaytid Uzomenywa.

she She will be invited. shii wil bii invaytid Uzomenywa.

it It will be invited. it wil bii invaytid Izomenywa.

we We will be invited. wii wil bii invaytid Sizomenywa.

you You will be invited. yuu wil bii invaytid Nizomenywa.

they They will be invited. dhey wil bii invaytid Bazomenywa.

4. Inkathi yamanje eqhubekayo yokwenziwa (PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + am/is/are being + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + am/is/are being + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I am being watched. ay am biiing wotcht Ngiyaqashwa manje.

you You are being watched. yuu aar biiing wotcht Uyaqashwa manje.

he He is being watched. hii iz biiing wotcht Uyaqashwa manje.

she She is being watched. shii iz biiing wotcht Uyaqashwa manje.

it It is being watched. it iz biiing wotcht Iyaqashwa manje.

we We are being watched. wii aar biiing wotcht Siyabhekwa manje.

you You are being watched. yuu aar biiing wotcht niyaqashwa manje.

they They are being watched. dhey aar biiing wotcht Bayaqashwa manje.

5. Inkathi edlule eqhubekayo yokwenziwa (PAST CONTINUOUS PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + was/were being + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + was/were being + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I was being watched. ay wəz biiing wotcht Ngangibhekwa.

you You were being watched. yuu wər biiing wotcht Wawubhekwa.

he He was being watched. hii wəz biiing wotcht Wayeqashwa.

she She was being watched. shii wəz biiing wotcht Wayeqashwa.

it It was being watched. it wəz biiing wotcht Yayiqashwa.

we We were being watched. wii wər biiing wotcht Sasibhekwa.

you You were being watched. yuu wər biiing wotcht Nanibhekwa.

they They were being watched. dhey wər biiing wotcht Babebhekwa.

6. Inkathi ezayo eqhubekayo yokwenziwa (FUTURE CONTINUOUS PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + will be being + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + will be being + V3

Lesi sakhiwo asivamile kakhulu esiNgisini sanamuhla.

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will be being watched. ay wil bii biiing wotcht Ngiyobe ngiqashwa.

you You will be being watched. yuu wil bii biiing wotcht Uyobe uqashwa.

he He will be being watched. hii wil bii biiing wotcht Uyobe eqashwa.

she She will be being watched. shii wil bii biiing wotcht Uyobe eqashwa.

it It will be being watched. it wil bii biiing wotcht Iyobe iqashwa.

we We will be being watched. wii wil bii biiing wotcht Siyobe siqashwa.

you You will be being watched. yuu wil bii biiing wotcht Niyobe niqashwa.

they They will be being watched. dhey wil bii biiing wotcht Bayobe beqashwa.

7. Inkathi yamanje ephelele yokwenziwa (PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + have/has been + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + have/has been + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I have been invited. ay hav bin invaytid Ngimenyiwe.

you You have been invited. yuu hav bin invaytid Umenyiwe.

he He has been invited. hii haz bin invaytid Umenyiwe.

she She has been invited. shii haz bin invaytid Umenyiwe.

it It has been invited. it haz bin invaytid Simenyiwe.

we We have been invited. wii hav bin invaytid Simenyiwe.

you You have been invited. yuu hav bin invaytid Nimenyiwe.

they They have been invited. dhey hav bin invaytid Bamenyiwe.

8. Inkathi edlule ephelele yokwenziwa (PAST PERFECT PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + had been + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + had been + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I had been invited. ay had bin invaytid Ngangimenyiwe.

you You had been invited. yuu had bin invaytid Wawumenyiwe.

he He had been invited. hii had bin invaytid Wayemenyiwe.

she She had been invited. shii had bin invaytid Wayemenyiwe.

it It had been invited. it had bin invaytid Yayimenyiwe.

we We had been invited. wii had bin invaytid Sasimenyiwe.

you You had been invited. yuu had bin invaytid Nanisimenyiwe.

they They had been invited. dhey had bin invaytid Babemenyiwe.

9. Inkathi ezayo ephelele yokwenziwa (FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + will have been + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + will have been + V3

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will have been invited. ay wil hav bin invaytid Ngiyobe sengimenyiwe.

you You will have been invited. yuu wil hav bin invaytid Uyobe usumenyiwe.

he He will have been invited. hii wil hav bin invaytid Uyobe esemenyiwe.

she She will have been invited. shii wil hav bin invaytid Uyobe esemenyiwe.

it It will have been invited. it wil hav bin invaytid Iyobe isimenyiwe.

we We will have been invited. wii wil hav bin invaytid Siyobe sesimenyiwe.

you You will have been invited. yuu wil hav bin invaytid Niyobe senimenyiwe.

they They will have been invited. dhey wil hav bin invaytid Bayobe sebemenyiwe.

10. Inkathi yamanje ephelele eqhubekayo yokwenziwa (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + have/has been being + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + have/has been being + V3

Lesi sakhiwo siyivelakancane kakhulu futhi asivamile ngokohlelo lolimi; izindlela eziningi zemisho zizwakala zingokwemvelo kakhulu.

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I have been being watched. ay hav bin biiing wotcht Bengilokhu ngiqashwa kuze kube manje.

you You have been being watched. yuu hav bin biiing wotcht Ubulokhu uqashwa kuze kube manje.

he He has been being watched. hii haz bin biiing wotcht Ubelokhu eqashwa kuze kube manje.

she She has been being watched. shii haz bin biiing wotcht Ubelokhu eqashwa kuze kube manje.

it It has been being watched. it haz bin biiing wotcht Ibelokhu iqashwa kuze kube manje.

we We have been being watched. wii hav bin biiing wotcht Besilokhu siqashwa kuze kube manje.

you You have been being watched. yuu hav bin biiing wotcht Benilokhu niqashwa kuze kube manje.

they They have been being watched. dhey hav bin biiing wotcht Bebelokhu beqashwa kuze kube manje.

11. Inkathi edlule ephelele eqhubekayo yokwenziwa (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + had been being + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + had been being + V3

Lesi sakhiwo asivamile kakhulu.

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I had been being watched. ay had bin biiing wotcht Ngangilokhu ngiqashwa.

you You had been being watched. yuu had bin biiing wotcht Wawulokhu uqashwa.

he He had been being watched. hii had bin biiing wotcht Wayelokhu eqashwa.

she She had been being watched. shii had bin biiing wotcht Wayelokhu eqashwa.

it It had been being watched. it had bin biiing wotcht Yayilokhu iqashwa.

we We had been being watched. wii had bin biiing wotcht Sasihlala siqashwa.

you You had been being watched. yuu had bin biiing wotcht Nanilokhu niqashwa.

they They had been being watched. dhey had bin biiing wotcht Babelokhu beqashwa.

12. Inkathi ezayo ephelele eqhubekayo yokwenziwa (FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE)

Isakhiwo: Inhloko + will have been being + V3

Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo: Inhloko + will have been being + V3

Lesi sakhiwo asivamile kakhulu esiNgisini.

Isabizwana Isisho Ukubizwa ngesiZulu Incazelo

I I will have been being watched. ay wil hav bin biiing wotcht Ngiyobe ngilokhu ngiqashwa.

you You will have been being watched. yuu wil hav bin biiing wotcht Uyobe ulokhu uqashwa.

he He will have been being watched. hii wil hav bin biiing wotcht Uyobe elokhu eqashwa.

she She will have been being watched. shii wil hav bin biiing wotcht Uyobe elokhu eqashwa.

it It will have been being watched. it wil hav bin biiing wotcht Iyobe ilokhu iqashwa.

we We will have been being watched. wii wil hav bin biiing wotcht Siyobe silokhu siqashwa.

you You will have been being watched. yuu wil hav bin biiing wotcht Niyobe nilokhu niqashwa.

they They will have been being watched. dhey wil hav bin biiing wotcht Bayobe belokhu beqashwa.

7- Ukuphika (NEGATION)

. Inkathi yamanje elula — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + do/does + not + V1

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I do not work. Ay du not wərk Angisebenzi.

You You do not work. Yu du not wərk Awusebenzi.

He He does not work. Hi daz not wərk Akasebenzi.

She She does not work. Shi daz not wərk Akasebenzi.

It It does not work. It daz not wərk Ayisebenzi.

We We do not work. Wi du not wərk Asisebenzi.

They They do not work. They du not wərk Abasebenzi.

Izifinyezo:

do not → don't — duwnt

does not → doesn't — daznt

⚠️ Ngemva kuka-doesn't, sebenzisa u-V1:

He doesn't work. ✅

He doesn't works. ❌

2. Inkathi edlule elula — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + did + not + V1

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I did not work. Ay did not wərk Angisebenzanga.

You You did not work. Yu did not wərk Awusebenzanga.

He He did not work. Hi did not wərk Akasebenzanga.

She She did not work. Shi did not wərk Akasebenzanga.

It It did not work. It did not wərk Ayisebenzanga.

We We did not work. Wi did not wərk Asisebenzanga.

They They did not work. They did not wərk Abasebenzanga.

did not → didn't — didnt

⚠️ Ngemva kuka-didn't, sebenzisa u-V1:

I didn't work. ✅

I didn't worked. ❌

3. Inkathi ezayo elula — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + will + not + V1

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I will not work. Ay wil not wərk Ngeke ngisebenze.

You You will not work. Yu wil not wərk Ngeke usebenze.

He He will not work. Hi wil not wərk Ngeke asebenze.

She She will not work. Shi wil not wərk Ngeke asebenze.

It It will not work. It wil not wərk Ngeke isebenze.

We We will not work. Wi wil not wərk Ngeke sisebenze.

They They will not work. They wil not wərk Ngeke basebenze.

will not → won't — wont

Inkathi ezayo eqhubekayo

4. Inkathi yamanje eqhubekayo — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + am/is/are + not + V-ing

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I am not working. Ay am not wərk-ing Angisebenzi njengamanje.

You You are not working. Yu ar not wərk-ing Awusebenzi njengamanje.

He He is not working. Hi iz not wərk-ing Akasebenzi njengamanje.

She She is not working. Shi iz not wərk-ing Akasebenzi njengamanje.

It It is not working. It iz not wərk-ing Ayisebenzi njengamanje.

We We are not working. Wi ar not wərk-ing Asisebenzi njengamanje.

They They are not working. They ar not wərk-ing Abasebenzi njengamanje.

Izifinyezo:

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — arnt

am not → I'm not — ay'm not

5. Inkathi edlule eqhubekayo — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + was/were + not + V-ing

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I was not working. Ay waz not wərk-ing Ngangingasebenzi ngaleso sikhathi.

You You were not working. Yu wər not wərk-ing wawungasebenzi ngaleso sikhathi.

He He was not working. Hi waz not wərk-ing Wayengasebenzi ngaleso sikhathi.

She She was not working. Shi waz not wərk-ing Wayengasebenzi ngaleso sikhathi.

It It was not working. It waz not wərk-ing Ayisebenzi ngaleso sikhathi.

We We were not working. Wi wər not wərk-ing Sasingasebenzi ngaleso sikhathi.

They They were not working. They wər not wərk-ing Babengasebenzi ngaleso sikhathi.

Izifinyezo:

was not → wasn't — waznt

were not → weren't — wərnt

6. Inkathi ezayo eqhubekayo — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + will + not + be + V-ing

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I will not be working. Ay wil not bi wərk-ing Ngeke ngibe ngisebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

You You will not be working. Yu wil not bi wərk-ing Ngeke ube usebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

He He will not be working. Hi wil not bi wərk-ing Ngeke abe esebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

She She will not be working. Shi wil not bi wərk-ing Ngeke abe esebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

It It will not be working. It wil not bi wərk-ing Ngeke ibe iyasebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

We We will not be working. Wi wil not bi wərk-ing Ngeke sibe sisebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

They They will not be working. They wil not bi wərk-ing Ngeke babe besebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

Inkathi ezayo ephelele

7. Inkathi yamanje ephelele — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + have/has + not + V3

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I have not worked. Ay hav not wərk-t Angikasebenzi.

You You have not worked. Yu hav not wərk-t Awukasebenzi.

He He has not worked. Hi haz not wərk-t Akakasebenzi.

She She has not worked. Shi haz not wərk-t Akakasebenzi.

It It has not worked. It haz not wərk-t Ayikasebenzi.

We We have not worked. Wi hav not wərk-t Asikasebenzi.

They They have not worked. They hav not wərk-t Abakasebenzi.

Izifinyezo:

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. Inkathi edlule ephelele — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + had + not + V3

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I had not worked. Ay had not wərk-t Ngangingasebenzanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

You You had not worked. Yu had not wərk-t Wawungasebenzanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

He He had not worked. Hi had not wərk-t Wayengasebenzanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

She She had not worked. Shi had not wərk-t Wayengasebenzanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

It It had not worked. It had not wərk-t Yayingasebenzanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

We We had not worked. Wi had not wərk-t Sasingasebenzanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

They They had not worked. They had not wərk-t Babengasebenzanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. Inkathi ezayo ephelele — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + will + not + have + V3

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I will not have worked. Ay wil not hav wərk-t Ngeke ngibe sengiqedile ukusebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

You You will not have worked. Yu wil not hav wərk-t Ngeke ube usuqedile ukusebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

He He will not have worked. Hi wil not hav wərk-t Ngeke abe eseqedile ukusebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

She She will not have worked. Shi wil not hav wərk-t Ngeke abe eseqedile ukusebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

It It will not have worked. It wil not hav wərk-t Ngeke ibe isiqedile ukusebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

We We will not have worked. Wi wil not hav wərk-t Ngeke sibe sesiqedile ukusebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

They They will not have worked. They wil not hav wərk-t Ngeke babe sebeqedile ukusebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

Inkathi ezayo ephelele eqhubekayo

10. Inkathi yamanje ephelele eqhubekayo — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I have not been working. Ay hav not bin wərk-ing Angikaze ngibe ngisebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

You You have not been working. Yu hav not bin wərk-ing Awukaze ube usebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

He He has not been working. Hi haz not bin wərk-ing Akakaze abe esebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

She She has not been working. Shi haz not bin wərk-ing Akakaze abe esebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

It It has not been working. It haz not bin wərk-ing Ayikaze isebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

We We have not been working. Wi hav not bin wərk-ing Asikaze sisebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

They They have not been working. They hav not bin wərk-ing Abakaze basebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje.

11. Inkathi edlule ephelele eqhubekayo — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + had + not + been + V-ing

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I had not been working. Ay had not bin wərk-ing Ngangingazange ngisebenze ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

You You had not been working. Yu had not bin wərk-ing Wawungazange usebenze ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

He He had not been working. Hi had not bin wərk-ing Wayengazange asebenze ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

She She had not been working. Shi had not bin wərk-ing Wayengazange asebenze ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

It It had not been working. It had not bin wərk-ing Yayingazange isebenze ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

We We had not been working. Wi had not bin wərk-ing Sasingazange sisebenze ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

They They had not been working. They had not bin wərk-ing Babengazange basebenze ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yileso sikhathi.

12. Inkathi ezayo ephelele eqhubekayo — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka: Isihloko + will + not + have + been + V-ing

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I will not have been working. Ay wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ngeke ngibe sengisebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

You You will not have been working. Yu wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ngeke ube ususebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

He He will not have been working. Hi wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ngeke abe esesebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

She She will not have been working. Shi wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ngeke abe esesebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

It It will not have been working. It wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ngeke ibe isisebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

We We will not have been working. Wi wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ngeke sibe sesisebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

They They will not have been working. They wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ngeke babe sebe benze umsebenzi isikhathi esithile kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

. Inkathi yamanje elula yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + am/is/are + not + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + am/iz/ar + not + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I am not invited. Ay am not invaytid Angimenyiwe.

You You are not invited. Yu ar not invaytid Awumenyiwe.

He He is not invited. Hi iz not invaytid Akamenyiwe.

She She is not invited. Shi iz not invaytid Akamenyiwe.

It It is not used. It iz not yuzd Ayisetshenziswa.

We We are not invited. Wi ar not invaytid Asimenyiwe.

They They are not invited. They ar not invaytid Abamenyiwe.

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — arnt

2. Inkathi edlule elula yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + was/were + not + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + waz/wər + not + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I was not invited. Ay waz not invaytid Angizange ngimenywe.

You You were not invited. Yu wər not invaytid Awuzange umenywe.

He He was not invited. Hi waz not invaytid Akazange amenywe.

She She was not invited. Shi waz not invaytid Akazange amenywe.

It It was not used. It waz not yuzd Ayizange isetshenziswe.

We We were not invited. Wi wər not invaytid Asizange simenywe.

They They were not invited. They wər not invaytid Abazange bamenywe.

was not → wasn't — waznt

were not → weren't — wərnt

3. Inkathi ezayo elula yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + will + not + be + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + wil + not + bi + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I will not be invited. Ay wil not bi invaytid Ngeke ngimenywe.

You You will not be invited. Yu wil not bi invaytid Ngeke umenywe.

He He will not be invited. Hi wil not bi invaytid Ngeke amenywe.

She She will not be invited. Shi wil not bi invaytid Ngeke amenywe.

It It will not be used. It wil not bi yuzd Ngeke isetshenziswe.

We We will not be invited. Wi wil not bi invaytid Ngeke simenywe.

They They will not be invited. They wil not bi invaytid Ngeke bamenywe.

will not → won't — wont

4. Inkathi yamanje eqhubekayo yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + am/is/are + not + being + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + am/iz/ar + not + bi-ing + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I am not being invited. Ay am not bi-ing invaytid Angimenywa njengamanje.

You You are not being invited. Yu ar not bi-ing invaytid Awumenywa njengamanje.

He He is not being invited. Hi iz not bi-ing invaytid Akamenywa njengamanje.

She She is not being invited. Shi iz not bi-ing invaytid Akamenywa njengamanje.

It It is not being used. It iz not bi-ing yuzd Ayisetshenziswa njengamanje.

We We are not being invited. Wi ar not bi-ing invaytid Asimenyiwe njengamanje.

They They are not being invited. They ar not bi-ing invaytid Abamenywa njengamanje.

5. Inkathi edlule eqhubekayo yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + was/were + not + being + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + waz/wər + not + bi-ing + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I was not being invited. Ay waz not bi-ing invaytid Ngangingamenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

You You were not being invited. Yu wər not bi-ing invaytid Awungamenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

He He was not being invited. Hi waz not bi-ing invaytid Wayengamenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

She She was not being invited. Shi waz not bi-ing invaytid Wayengamenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

It It was not being used. It waz not bi-ing yuzd Yayingasetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi.

We We were not being invited. Wi wər not bi-ing invaytid Sasingamenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

They They were not being invited. They wər not bi-ing invaytid Babengamenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

6. Inkathi ezayo eqhubekayo yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + will + not + be + being + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + wil + not + bi + bi-ing + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I will not be being invited. Ay wil not bi bi-ing invaytid Ngeke ngibe sesimenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

You You will not be being invited. Yu wil not bi bi-ing invaytid Ngeke ube usumenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

He He will not be being invited. Hi wil not bi bi-ing invaytid Ngeke abe esemenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

She She will not be being invited. Shi wil not bi bi-ing invaytid Ngeke abe esemenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

We We will not be being invited. Wi wil not bi bi-ing invaytid Ngeke sibe sesimenyiwa ngaleso sikhathi.

They They will not be being invited. They wil not bi bi-ing invaytid Ngeke babe sebemenywa ngaleso sikhathi.

⚠️ Lesi sakhiwo sivumelekile ngokohlelo lolimi, kodwa asivamile kakhulu esiNgisini sanamuhla. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa indlela elula yokusho umqondo ofanayo.

7. Inkathi yamanje ephelele yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + have/has + not + been + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + hav/haz + not + bin + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I have not been invited. Ay hav not bin invaytid Angimenyiwe kuze kube manje.

You You have not been invited. Yu hav not bin invaytid Awumenyiwe kuze kube manje.

He He has not been invited. Hi haz not bin invaytid Akamenyiwe kuze kube manje.

She She has not been invited. Shi haz not bin invaytid Akamenyiwe kuze kube manje.

It It has not been used. It haz not bin yuzd Ayikasetshenziswa.

We We have not been invited. Wi hav not bin invaytid Asimenyiwe kuze kube manje.

They They have not been invited. They hav not bin invaytid Abamenyiwe kuze kube manje.

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. Inkathi edlule ephelele yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + had + not + been + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + had + not + bin + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I had not been invited. Ay had not bin invaytid Ngangingamenywanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

You You had not been invited. Yu had not bin invaytid Wawungamenywanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

He He had not been invited. Hi had not bin invaytid Wayengamenywanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

She She had not been invited. Shi had not bin invaytid Wayengamenywanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

We We had not been invited. Wi had not bin invaytid Sasingamenywanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

They They had not been invited. They had not bin invaytid Babengamenywanga ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. Inkathi ezayo ephelele yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + will + not + have + been + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + wil + not + hav + bin + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I will not have been invited. Ay wil not hav bin invaytid Ngeke ngibe sengimenyiwe ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi esizayo.

You You will not have been invited. Yu wil not hav bin invaytid Ngeke ube usumenyiwe ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi esizayo.

He He will not have been invited. Hi wil not hav bin invaytid Ngeke abe esemenyiwe ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi esizayo.

She She will not have been invited. Shi wil not hav bin invaytid Ngeke abe esemenyiwe ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi esizayo.

We We will not have been invited. Wi wil not hav bin invaytid Ngeke sibe sesimenyiwe ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi esizayo.

They They will not have been invited. They wil not hav bin invaytid Ngeke babe sebemenyiwe ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi esizayo.

10. Inkathi yamanje ephelele eqhubekayo yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + have/has + not + been + being + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + hav/haz + not + bin + bi-ing + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I have not been being invited. Ay hav not bin bi-ing invaytid Angiqhubekanga nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi kuze kube manje.

You You have not been being invited. Yu hav not bin bi-ing invaytid Awukaqhubeki nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi kuze kube manje.

He He has not been being invited. Hi haz not bin bi-ing invaytid Akakaqhubeki nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi kuze kube manje.

She She has not been being invited. Shi haz not bin bi-ing invaytid Akakaqhubeki nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi kuze kube manje.

We We have not been being invited. Wi hav not bin bi-ing invaytid Asikaqhubeki nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi kuze kube manje.

They They have not been being invited. They hav not bin bi-ing invaytid Abakaqhubeki nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi kuze kube manje.

⚠️ Lesi sakhiwo asivamile kakhulu esiNgisini sanamuhla futhi ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa enye indlela yokusho umqondo ofanayo.

11. Inkathi edlule ephelele eqhubekayo yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + had + not + been + being + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + had + not + bin + bi-ing + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I had not been being invited. Ay had not bin bi-ing invaytid Ngangingaqhubekanga nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi esedlule.

You You had not been being invited. Yu had not bin bi-ing invaytid Wawungaqhubekanga nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi esedlule.

He He had not been being invited. Hi had not bin bi-ing invaytid Wayengaqhubekanga nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi esedlule.

She She had not been being invited. Shi had not bin bi-ing invaytid Wayengaqhubekanga nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi esedlule.

We We had not been being invited. Wi had not bin bi-ing invaytid Sasingaqhubekanga nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi esedlule.

They They had not been being invited. They had not bin bi-ing invaytid Babengaqhubekanga nokumenywa phakathi naleso sikhathi esedlule.

⚠️ Lesi sakhiwo asivamile kakhulu.

12. Inkathi ezayo ephelele eqhubekayo yesakhiwo sokwenziwa — Isimo sokuphika

Ukwakheka

NgesiZulu: Isihloko + will + not + have + been + being + V3

Ukuphimisela ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + wil + not + hav + bin + bi-ing + vi thri

Isabizwana Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

I I will not have been being invited. Ay wil not hav bin bi-ing invaytid Ngeke ngibe sengiqhubeka nokumenywa kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

You You will not have been being invited. Yu wil not hav bin bi-ing invaytid Ngeke ube usuqhubeka nokumenywa kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

He He will not have been being invited. Hi wil not hav bin bi-ing invaytid Ngeke abe eseqhubeka nokumenywa kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

She She will not have been being invited. Shi wil not hav bin bi-ing invaytid Ngeke abe eseqhubeka nokumenywa kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

We We will not have been being invited. Wi wil not hav bin bi-ing invaytid Ngeke sibe sesiqhubeka nokumenywa kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

They They will not have been being invited. They wil not hav bin bi-ing invaytid Ngeke babe sebeqhubeka nokumenywa kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo.

⚠️ Lesi sakhiwo siyivelakancane kakhulu; kuvamise ukusetshenziswa enye indlela elula yokusho umqondo ofanayo.

no + noun

Incazelo ngesiZulu Ukwakheka Ukuphimisela Isibonelo Ukuphimisela Incazelo

Ibizo elibalekayo ebunyeni no + ibizo elibalekayo ebunyeni no + nawn no book no buk Ayikho incwadi.

Ibizo elibalekayo ebuningini no + ibizo elibalekayo ebuningini no + balawral nawn no books no buks Azikho izincwadi.

Ibizo elingabaleki no + ibizo elingabaleki no + an-kawntabl nawn no wotar Awekho amanzi.

Ukubonisa ukuthi into ayikho there is + no + ibizo elisebunyeni/elingabaleki dheər iz + no + nawn There is no book. dheər iz no buk Ayikho incwadi.

Ukubonisa ukuthi izinto azikho there are + no + ibizo elisebuningini dheər ar + no + balawral nawn There are no books. dheər ar no buks Azikho izincwadi.

Ubunikazi have/has + no + ibizo hav/haz + no + nawn I have no books. Ay hav no buks Anginazo izincwadi.

8- Imibuzo (QUESTIONS)

1 Inkathi yamanje elula Do/Does + Isihloko + V1...? — du/daz + sabjekthi + vi wan? — Do you work? — du yu wərk? — Ingabe uyasebenza?

2 Inkathi edlule elula Did + Isihloko + V1...? — did + sabjekthi + vi wan? — Did you work? — did yu wərk? — Ingabe wasebenza?

3 Inkathi ezayo elula Will + Isihloko + V1...? — wil + sabjekthi + vi wan? — Will you work? — wil yu wərk? — Ingabe uzosebenza?

4 Inkathi yamanje eqhubekayo Am/Is/Are + Isihloko + V-ing...? — am/iz/ar + sabjekthi + vi ing? — Are you working? — ar yu wərk-ing? — Ingabe uyasebenza njengamanje?

5 Inkathi edlule eqhubekayo Was/Were + Isihloko + V-ing...? — waz/wər + sabjekthi + vi ing? — Were you working? — wər yu wərk-ing? — Ingabe wawusebenza ngaleso sikhathi?

6 Inkathi ezayo eqhubekayo Will + Isihloko + be + V-ing...? — wil + sabjekthi + bi + vi ing? — Will you be working? — wil yu bi wərk-ing? — Ingabe uzobe usebenza?

7 Inkathi yamanje ephelele Have/Has + Isihloko + V3...? — hav/haz + sabjekthi + vi thri? — Have you worked? — hav yu wərk-t? — Ingabe ususebenzile?

8 Inkathi edlule ephelele Had + Isihloko + V3...? — had + sabjekthi + vi thri? — Had you worked? — had yu wərk-t? — Ingabe wawususebenzile ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi?

9 Inkathi ezayo ephelele Will + Isihloko + have + V3...? — wil + sabjekthi + hav + vi thri? — Will you have worked? — wil yu hav wərk-t? — Ingabe uyobe usuqedile ukusebenza?

10 Inkathi yamanje ephelele eqhubekayo Have/Has + Isihloko + been + V-ing...? — hav/haz + sabjekthi + bin + vi ing? — Have you been working? — hav yu bin wərk-ing? — Ingabe ubusebenza isikhathi esithile kuze kube manje?

11 Inkathi edlule ephelele eqhubekayo Had + Isihloko + been + V-ing...? — had + sabjekthi + bin + vi ing? — Had you been working? — had yu bin wərk-ing? — Ingabe wawusebenza isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi?

12 Inkathi ezayo ephelele eqhubekayo Will + Isihloko + have + been + V-ing...? — wil + sabjekthi + hav + bin + vi ing? — Will you have been working? — wil yu hav bin wərk-ing? — Ingabe uyobe ususebenze isikhathi esithile kuze kufike leso sikhathi esizayo?

Incazelo ngesiZulu Ukwakheka Ukuphimisela ukwakheka ngesiNgisi kusetshenziswa izinhlamvu zesiLatini

Umbuzo ngento What + auxiliary + subject + verb? — wat + oksilieri + sabjekthi + vərb?

Umbuzo ngomuntu oyisihloko Who + verb? — hu + vərb?

Umbuzo ngomuntu oyisenzo esithintwayo Who/Whom + auxiliary + subject + verb? — hu/hum + oksilieri + sabjekthi + vərb?

Umbuzo ngendawo Where + auxiliary + subject + verb? — wer + oksilieri + sabjekthi + vərb?

Umbuzo ngesikhathi When + auxiliary + subject + verb? — wen + oksilieri + sabjekthi + vərb?

Umbuzo ngesizathu Why + auxiliary + subject + verb? — way + oksilieri + sabjekthi + vərb?

Umbuzo ngokukhetha Which + noun + auxiliary + subject + verb? — wich + nawn + oksilieri + sabjekthi + vərb?

Umbuzo ngobunikazi Whose + noun...? — huz + nawn...?

Umbuzo ngendlela How + auxiliary + subject + verb? — haw + oksilieri + sabjekthi + vərb?

Umbuzo ngenani lezinto ezibalekayo How many + plural noun...? — haw meni + balawral nawn...?

Umbuzo ngobuningi bento engabaleki How much + uncountable noun...? — haw mach + an-kawntabl nawn...?

Umbuzo ngobude besikhathi How long...? — haw long...?

Umbuzo ngokuthi kwenzeka kangaki How often...? — haw ofən...?

Umbuzo ngebanga How far...? — haw far...?

Umthetho oyisisekelo wemibuzo

Imibuzo eminingi ye-WH ilandela le ndlela:

WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?

Ukuphimisela: dabliyu-eytch wərd + oksilieri + sabjekthi + mein vərb?

Isibonelo:

Where + do + you + live?

wer + du + yu + liv?

= Uhlala kuphi?

Kodwa uma i-WH-word uqobo iyisihloko somusho, ngokuvamile akusetshenziswa u-do/does/did:

Who works here?

hu wərks hir?

= Ubani osebenza lapha?

Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwale mibuzo emibili:

Who did you see? → hu did yu si? → Ubani ombonile?

8- Izandiso (ADVERBS)

1. Izandiso zokuphindaphinda

Uhlobo | Ukwakheka | Ukuphinyiselwa kwesakhiwo | Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

Ukuphindaphinda njalo | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | always | olwéyz | njalo

Ukuphindaphinda cishe njalo | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | usually | yúzhuali | ngokuvamile

Ukuphindaphinda okuvamile | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | normally | nórmali | ngokuvamile / ngendlela ejwayelekile

Ukuphindaphinda okuvamile | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | generally | джénrali | ngokujwayelekile

Ukuphindaphinda kaningi | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | frequently | fríkwentli | njalo nje

Ukuphindaphinda ngezikhathi ezithile | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | often | ófen | kaningi / ngokuvamile

Ukuphindaphinda ngezikhathi ezithile | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | sometimes | sámtaymz | ngezinye izikhathi

Ukuphindaphinda ngezikhathi ezingavamile | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | occasionally | akéyzhənali | ngezikhathi ezithile

Ukuphindaphinda ngezikhathi ezingavamile | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | rarely | réərli | kuyaqabukela

Ukuphindaphinda okungavamile kakhulu | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | seldom | séldəm | kuyaqabukela

Ukungaphindaphindi | Isandiso sokuphindaphinda + umusho | Adverb of frequency + sentence | never | néver | neze

Isibonelo:

I always study English.

Ay olwéyz stadi Ínglish.

Ngihlala ngifunda isiNgisi.

2. Izandiso zesikhathi

Uhlobo | Ukwakheka | Ukuphinyiselwa kwesakhiwo | Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

Isikhathi samanje | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | now | náw | manje

Isikhathi samanje | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | currently | kárentli | njengamanje

Isikhathi samanje | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | presently | prézentli | njengamanje

Isikhathi esedlule muva nje | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | recently | ríisentli | muva nje

Isikhathi esedlule | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | yesterday | yésterday | izolo

Isikhathi esedlule | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | before | bifór | ngaphambili

Isikhathi esedlule | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | previously | príiviasli | ngaphambilini

Isikhathi esedlule | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | formerly | fórmerli | kudala / ngaphambilini

Isikhathi esiqhubekayo | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | still | stil | namanje / kusenjalo

Isikhathi esizayo | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | soon | súun | maduze

Isikhathi esizayo | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | later | léyter | kamuva

Isikhathi esizayo | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | eventually | ivéntshuali | ekugcineni / ekugcineni kwesikhathi

Isikhathi sokuqala | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | early | érli | kusenesikhathi

Isikhathi sekwephuzile | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | late | léyt | sekwephuzile

Ukuqala | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | first | férst | okokuqala

Ukuphetha | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | finally | fáynali | ekugcineni

Isikhathi esifanayo | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | meanwhile | míinwayl | okwamanje / phakathi naleso sikhathi

Ukulandelana | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | then | den | bese / emva kwalokho

Ukulandelana | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | afterward | áfterwərd | ngemva kwalokho

Ukulandelana | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | afterwards | áfterwərdz | ngemva kwalokho

Ukulandelana | Isandiso sesikhathi | Time adverb | subsequently | sábsekwentli | kamuva / ngemva kwalokho

3. Izandiso zesikhathi ezibonisa ukuthi into yenzeke nini noma ukuthi isaqhubeka yini

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

already | olrédi | kakade

yet | yet | okwamanje / kuze kube manje

still | stil | namanje

just | dדזשast | nje / kusanda kwenzeka

ever | éver | noma nini / wake waba

never | néver | neze

once | wáns | kanye / ngesinye isikhathi

twice | twáys | kabili

again | agén | futhi

again and again | agén and agén | ngokuphindaphindiwe

forever | foréver | kuze kube phakade

temporarily | témpərerili | okwesikhashana

permanently | pérmənentli | unomphela

Isibonelo:

She has already finished.

Shi haz olrédi fínisht.

Useqedile kakade.

4. Izandiso zendawo

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

here | híər | lapha

there | dhéər | lapho

everywhere | évriwér | yonke indawo

somewhere | sámwér | kwenye indawo

anywhere | éniwér | noma kuphi

nowhere | nóuwér | akukho ndawo

abroad | abród | kwelinye izwe

overseas | óuver síiz | phesheya kwezilwandle / kwelinye izwe

nearby | níərbay | eduze

close | klóus | eduze

far | fáar | kude

away | awéy | kude

back | bak | emuva / abuyele emuva

forward | fórwərd | phambili

backward | bákwərd | emuva

indoors | índórz | ngaphakathi endlini

outdoors | áwt dóórz | ngaphandle

upstairs | ápstérz | esitezi esiphezulu

downstairs | dáwnstérz | esitezi esingezansi

inside | insáyd | ngaphakathi

outside | áwtsáyd | ngaphandle

5. Izandiso zezinga

Lezi zandiso zibonisa izinga noma ubukhulu besenzo, isichasiso noma esinye isandiso.

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

very | vérī | kakhulu

really | ríəli | ngempela / kakhulu

extremely | ikstrímli | ngokwedlulele

highly | háyli | ngezinga eliphezulu

absolutely | ábsəlútli | ngokuphelele

completely | kəmp líitli | ngokuphelele

totally | tóutəli | ngokuphelele

entirely | intáyərli | ngokuphelele

fully | fúli | ngokuphelele

quite | kwáyt | impela / ngezinga elithile

rather | ráadher | kancane / impela

fairly | férli | ngokulingene

pretty | príti | impela / kakhulu

somewhat | sámwot | ngezinga elithile

slightly | sláytli | kancane

a little | ə lítəl | kancane

too | túu | ngokweqile / kakhulu

enough | ináf | ngokwanele

almost | óulmoust | cishe

nearly | níərli | cishe

barely | béərli | ngokulambisa

hardly | hárdli | cishe akunjalo / ngokulambisa

scarcely | skéərsli | ngokulambisa

deeply | díipli | ngokujulile

greatly | ग्रéytli | kakhulu / ngezinga elikhulu

so | sóu | kakhulu / ngaleyo ndlela

such | sátsh | okunjalo / kakhulu

a lot | ə lát | kakhulu / ngobuningi

a bit | ə bít | kancane

a little bit | ə lítəl bít | kancane kakhulu

Isibonelo:

The movie is extremely interesting.

Dha múuvi iz ikstrímli íntresting.

Ifilimu iyathakazelisa kakhulu.

6. Izandiso zamathuba nokuqiniseka

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

certainly | sərtənli | ngokuqinisekile

definitely | définətli | nakanjani

surely | shúrli | ngokuqinisekile

probably | próbabli | cishe / kungenzeka kakhulu

possibly | pósəbli | mhlawumbe / kungenzeka

perhaps | pərháps | mhlawumbe

maybe | méybi | mhlawumbe

apparently | apérentli | ngokusobala / kubonakala sengathi

evidently | évədəntli | ngokusobala

clearly | klíərli | ngokusobala

obviously | óbviəsli | ngokusobala

presumably | prizúməbli | cishe / ngokucatshangelwa

supposedly | səpóuzədli | kuthiwa / ngokwalokho okucatshangwayo

undoubtedly | andáwtədli | ngaphandle kokungabaza

arguably | árgjuəbli | kungaphikiswana ngokuthi

likely | láykli | cishe / kungenzeka

unlikely | anl áykli | akunakwenzeka kakhulu

7. Izandiso zesimo sengqondo nesombono wesikhulumi

Lolu hlobo lubizwa ngokuthi sentence adverbs noma stance adverbs. Lukhombisa umbono noma isimo sengqondo sesikhulumi ngomusho wonke.

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

fortunately | fórtshənətli | ngenhlanhla

unfortunately | anfórtshənətli | ngeshwa

luckily | lákili | ngenhlanhla

sadly | sádli | ngokudabukisayo / ngeshwa

honestly | ónistli | ngokwethembeka / ngokweqiniso

frankly | ფრánkli | ngokusobala / ngokukhuluma iqiniso

personally | pərsənəli | ngokwami / ngokombono wami

seriously | síəriəsli | ngokungathí sina

technically | téknikali | ngokobuchwepheshe / ngokunembile ngokomthetho

basically | béysikali | ngokuyisisekelo

generally | דזשénrəli | ngokujwayelekile

normally | nórmali | ngokuvamile

naturally | nátshərəli | ngokwemvelo / ngokwemvelo yesimo

ideally | aidíəli | ngokufanele kakhulu

theoretically | thiərétikali | ngokombono wethiyori

practically | práctikali | ngokwenza / ngokusebenza

politically | polítikali | kwezepolitiki

economically | íikənómikali | kwezomnotho

personally | pərsənəli | ngokwami

surprisingly | sərpráyzingli | ngokumangalisayo

strangely | stréynджli | ngendlela exakile

interestingly | íntrestingli | okuthakazelisayo

importantly | impórtəntli | okubalulekile / ngokubalulekile

especially | ispéshəli | ikakhulukazi

particularly | pərtíkyələrli | ikakhulukazi / ngokukhethekile

8. Izandiso zokukhawulela nokugcizelela

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

only | óunli | kuphela

just | דזשast | kuphela / nje

even | íivən | ngisho

also | ólsou | futhi

too | túu | futhi

as well | az wél | futhi

mainly | méynli | ikakhulukazi / ngokuyinhloko

mostly | móustli | ikakhulukazi / ingxenye enkulu

merely | míərli | nje / kuphela

simply | símpli | kalula / nje

particularly | pərtíkyələrli | ngokukhethekile

especially | ispéshəli | ikakhulukazi

exactly | igzáktli | ngokunembile

precisely | prisáysli | ngokuqondile / ngokunembile

specifically | spesífikali | ngokukhethekile / ngokucacile

solely | sóulli | kuphela

largely | lárджli | ngezinga elikhulu

even | íivən | ngisho

indeed | indíid | ngempela

Isibonelo:

Only John knows the answer.

Óunli Џón nóuz dhi ánsər.

UJohn kuphela owazi impendulo.

9. Izandiso zokuphika

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

not | nát | hhayi / cha

never | néver | neze

nowhere | nóuwér | akukho ndawo

hardly | hárdli | cishe akunjalo

scarcely | skéərsli | ngokulambisa

barely | béərli | ngokulambisa

rarely | réərli | kuyaqabukela

seldom | séldəm | kuyaqabukela

Qaphela:

not isetshenziswa njengophawu oluyinhloko lokuphika:

I do not work.

Ay duu nát wərk.

Angisebenzi.

10. Izandiso zomphumela nesiphetho

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

therefore | dhérfór | ngakho-ke / ngenxa yalokho

thus | dhás | ngaleyo ndlela / ngakho-ke

consequently | kónsikwentli | ngenxa yalokho

accordingly | akórdינגli | ngokufanele / ngenxa yalokho

hence | hens | ngakho-ke / ngenxa yalokho

otherwise | ádherwáyz | uma kungenjalo / ngenye indlela

Isibonelo:

He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.

Hii wəz sik; dhérfór, hii stéyd hóum.

Wayegula; ngakho-ke, wahlala ekhaya.

11. Izandiso zokwengeza nokuxhumanisa

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

also | ólsou | futhi

too | túu | futhi

additionally | adíshənəli | ngaphezu kwalokho

moreover | móróuver | ngaphezu kwalokho

furthermore | fərdhərmór | ngaphezu kwalokho

besides | bisáydz | ngaphandle kwalokho / futhi

likewise | láykwáyz | ngokufanayo

similarly | símələrli | ngokufanayo

12. Izandiso zokuqhathanisa nokufana

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

similarly | símələrli | ngokufanayo

likewise | láykwáyz | ngokufanayo

equally | íikwəli | ngokulinganayo

similarly | símələrli | ngendlela efanayo

comparatively | kəmpérətivli | ngokuqhathanisa

relatively | rélətivli | ngokwezinga elithile / ngokuqhathaniswa

correspondingly | kórəspondingli | ngokuhambisana nalokho

13. Izandiso zokuhlela nokulandelanisa

Zisetshenziselwa ukuhlela imiqondo nokulandelanisa izitatimende.

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

however | háwéver | nokho / kodwa

therefore | dhérfór | ngakho-ke

moreover | móróuver | ngaphezu kwalokho

furthermore | fərdhərmór | ngaphezu kwalokho

nevertheless | névərdhəlés | noma kunjalo

nonetheless | nán dhəlés | noma kunjalo

meanwhile | míinwáyl | okwamanje / phakathi naleso sikhathi

instead | instéd | esikhundleni salokho

otherwise | ádherwáyz | uma kungenjalo

consequently | kónsikwentli | ngenxa yalokho

subsequently | sábsekwentli | kamuva

alternatively | oltérnətivli | njengenye indlela

finally | fáynali | ekugcineni

firstly | férstli | okokuqala

secondly | sékəndli | okwesibili

thirdly | thərdli | okwesithathu

next | nekst | okulandelayo

then | dhen | bese / emva kwalokho

afterward | áfterwərd | ngemva kwalokho

14. Izandiso zemibuzo

Lezi zisetshenziswa emibuzweni ye-WH nasekubuzweni ngendlela, izinga, ubukhulu nokuphindaphinda.

Igama | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

how | háw | kanjani

when | wén | nini

where | wér | kuphi

why | wáy | ngani

how much | háw ماتsh | kungakanani / malini

how many | háw méni | bangaki / zingaki

how often | háw ófen | kangaki

how long | háw long | isikhathi esingakanani

how far | háw fáar | kukude kangakanani

how soon | háw súun | maduze kangakanani / nini maduze

how well | háw wél | kahle kangakanani

how quickly | háw kwíkli | ngokushesha kangakanani

Isibonelo:

How often do you exercise?

Háw ófen duu yuu éksərsáyz?

Uzivocavoca kangaki?

15. Izandiso zendlela

Zichaza indlela isenzo esenzeka ngayo.

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

quickly | kwíkli | ngokushesha

slowly | slóuli | kancane

carefully | kérfəli | ngokucophelela

easily | íizəli | kalula

badly | bádli | kabi

well | wél | kahle

clearly | klíərli | ngokucacile

quietly | kwáyətli | ngokuthula

loudly | láwdli | kakhulu / ngezwi elikhulu

secretly | síikrətli | ngasese

openly | óupənli | ngokukhululekile / obala

together | təgédher | ndawonye

apart | apárt | ngokwehlukana

directly | diréktli | ngokuqondile

indirectly | indiráktli | ngokungaqondile

deliberately | dilíberətli | ngamabomu

accidentally | aksidéntəli | ngephutha

carefully | kérfəli | ngokucophelela

successfully | səksésfəli | ngempumelelo

differently | dífrəntli | ngendlela ehlukile

16. Izandiso ezibonisa okulindelekile

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

hopefully | hóupfəli | ngethemba

presumably | prizúməbli | ngokucatshangelwa

supposedly | səpóuzədli | ngokwalokho okucatshangwayo

predictably | pridíktəbli | ngendlela ebilindelekile

unexpectedly | anikspektədli | ngokungalindelekile

inevitably | invítəbli | nakanjani / ngokungenakugwenywa

eventually | ivéntshuali | ekugcineni

17. Izandiso zokulandelana

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

first | fərst | okokuqala

firstly | fərstli | okokuqala

second | sékənd | okwesibili

secondly | sékəndli | okwesibili

third | thərd | okwesithathu

thirdly | thərdli | okwesithathu

next | nekst | okulandelayo

then | dhen | bese / emva kwalokho

finally | fáynali | ekugcineni

lastly | lástli | okokugcina

18. Izandiso zokugcizelela

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

certainly | sərtənli | ngokuqinisekile

definitely | définətli | nakanjani

indeed | indíid | ngempela

really | ríəli | ngempela

truly | trúuli | ngeqiniso

absolutely | ábsəlútli | ngokuphelele

actually | ákchuali | empeleni

literally | líterəli | ngokwezwi nezwi

genuinely | דזשényuinli | ngeqiniso / ngobuqotho

clearly | klíərli | ngokucacile

obviously | óbviəsli | ngokusobala

surely | shúrli | ngokuqinisekile

right (iza ngaphambi kwesandiso) | ráyt | kahle / ngqo

19. Izandiso zokucacisa nokuchaza

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

actually | ákchuali | empeleni

really | ríəli | ngempela

rather | ráadher | kunalokho / ngokwezinga elithile

instead | instéd | esikhundleni salokho

specifically | spesífikali | ngokucacile / ngokukhethekile

precisely | prisáysli | ngokuqondile

exactly | igzáktli | ngokunembile

namely | néymli | okungukuthi / ikakhulukazi

simply | símpli | kalula

basically | béysikali | ngokuyisisekelo

20. Izandiso zokulinganisa noma zokusondela enanini

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

almost | óulmoust | cishe

nearly | níərli | cishe

approximately | apróksimətli | cishe

roughly | ráfli | cishe

about | abáwt | cishe / mayelana

around | aráwnd | cishe / nxazonke

virtually | vértshuali | cishe / empeleni

practically | práctikali | cishe / ngokwendlela esebenzayo

roughly | ráfli | ngokulinganisa

21. Izandiso zokukhethela nokukhipha okunye

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

only | óunli | kuphela

merely | míərli | nje / kuphela

solely | sóulli | kuphela

exclusively | iksklúusivli | ngokukhethekile / kuphela

otherwise | ádherwáyz | uma kungenjalo

apart | apárt | ngaphandle / ngokwehlukana

22. Izandiso zokuphelela nokuphelela ngokuphelele

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

altogether | óultəgedher | ngokuphelele / sekukonke

entirely | intáyərli | ngokuphelele

completely | kəmp líitli | ngokuphelele

fully | fúli | ngokuphelele

wholly | hóulli | ngokuphelele

universally | yuunivérsəli | emhlabeni wonke / ngokujwayelekile kubo bonke

23. Izandiso zemisho eziveza ulwazi noma umbono

Lezi yizibonelo zama-sentence adverbs:

Isandiso | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

actually | ákchuali | empeleni

apparently | apérentli | kubonakala sengathi

certainly | sərtənli | ngokuqinisekile

clearly | klíərli | ngokucacile

definitely | définətli | nakanjani

evidently | évədəntli | ngokusobala

fortunately | fórtshənətli | ngenhlanhla

frankly | fráŋkli | ngokukhuluma iqiniso

generally | דזשénrəli | ngokujwayelekile

honestly | ónistli | ngokwethembeka

ideally | aidíəli | ngendlela efanele kakhulu

indeed | indíid | ngempela

naturally | nátshərəli | ngokwemvelo

obviously | óbviəsli | ngokusobala

personally | pərsənəli | ngokwami

perhaps | pərháps | mhlawumbe

probably | próbabli | cishe / kungenzeka kakhulu

seriously | síəriəsli | ngokungathí sina

surely | shúrli | ngokuqinisekile

surprisingly | sərpráyzingli | ngokumangalisayo

theoretically | thiərétikali | ngokombono wethiyori

unfortunately | anfórtshənətli | ngeshwa

Uhlobo | Ukwakheka | Ukuphinyiselwa kwesakhiwo | Isibonelo | Ukuphinyiselwa | Incazelo

Ukwakha isandiso esivela esichasisweni — indlela eyisisekelo | Isichasiso + -ly | Adjective + -ly | quick → quickly | kwik → kwíkli | ngokushesha

Isichasiso esigcina ngo-y | Susa u-y bese ufaka -ily | Adjective − y + ily | happy → happily | hápi → hápili | ngenjabulo

Isichasiso esigcina ngo-le | Susa u-e bese ufaka -y | Adjective − e + y | gentle → gently | джéntəl → джéntli | ngobumnene

Isichasiso esigcina ngo-ic | Isichasiso + -ally | Adjective + -ally | basic → basically | béysik → béysikali | ngokuyisisekelo

Ezinye izichasiso ezigcina ngo-ic | Isichasiso + -ally | Adjective + -ally | dramatic → dramatically | dramátik → dramátikali | ngendlela emangalisayo

Ezinye izichasiso ezigcina ngo-ue | Isichasiso + -ly | Adjective + -ly | true → truly | trúu → trúuli | ngeqiniso

Isichasiso esigcina ngo-ll | Isichasiso + -y | Adjective + -y | full → fully | ful → fúli | ngokuphelele

Isandiso esingashintshi | Igama elifanayo | Same word | fast → fast | fast → fast | ngokushesha

Isandiso esingashintshi | Igama elifanayo | Same word | hard → hard | hard → hard | kanzima

Isandiso esingashintshi | Igama elifanayo | Same word | late → late | leyt → leyt | sekwephuzile

Isandiso esingashintshi | Igama elifanayo | Same word | early → early | érli → érli | kusenesikhathi

Isandiso esingajwayelekile | Indlela ehlukile | Irregular form | good → well | gud → wél | kahle

Isandiso esakhiwe ngebizo | Ibizo + -ward/-wards | Noun + -ward/-wards | home → homeward | hóum → hóumwərd | sibheke ekhaya

Isandiso esakhiwe ngebizo | Ibizo + -wise | Noun + -wise | clock → clockwise | klók → klókwáyz | ngokulandela ukujikeleza kwewashi

Isandiso esiyinhlanganisela | Igama + igama | Word + word | somehow | sámháw | ngandlela thile

Isandiso esiyinhlanganisela | Igama + igama | Word + word | everywhere | évriwér | yonke indawo

Inkulumo eyisandiso | Igama/inkulumo + ibizo noma isakhi sesikhathi | Adverbial phrase | in the morning | in dha mórning | ekuseni

9- Izihlanganiso (CONJUNCTIONS)

. Izihlanganiso ezihlanganisa izinto ezilinganayo ngokohlelo lolimi — Coordinating Conjunctions

Lezi zihlanganiso zixhumanisa izakhi ezilinganayo ngokohlelo lolimi.

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

and ənd na/kanye

but bət kodwa

or ɔr noma

nor nɔr futhi hhayi / noma hhayi

for fɔr ngoba

yet yet kodwa noma kunjalo

so soʊ ngakho-ke

FANBOYS

For — ngoba

And — na

Nor — noma hhayi

But — kodwa

Or — noma

Yet — kodwa noma kunjalo

So — ngakho-ke

I was tired, but I worked.

Ay waz tayərd, bət ay wərkt.

Ngangikhathele, kodwa ngasebenza.

2. Izihlanganiso ezincikile — Subordinating Conjunctions

Lezi zihlanganiso zixhumanisa umushwana oncikile nomusho oyinhloko.

Isizathu

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

because bikawz ngoba

since sins ngoba / kusukela lapho

as az ngoba / njengoba

seeing that siying dhat ngoba kubonakala ukuthi

seeing as siying az njengoba / ngoba

now that naw dhat manje njengoba

given that givən dhat uma kubhekwa ukuthi

considering that kən-sidəring dhat uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi

inasmuch as in-əz-mətsh az ngoba / ngokwezinga lokuthi

insofar as in-so-far az ngokwezinga lokuthi

insomuch as in-so-mətsh az ngokwezinga lokuthi

in that in dhat ngoba / ngokuthi

I stayed home because I was tired.

Ay steyd howm bikawz ay waz tayərd.

Ngahlala ekhaya ngoba ngangikhathele.

3. Izihlanganiso zemibandela

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

if if uma

unless ən-les ngaphandle uma / uma kungesikho ukuthi

provided prə-vay-did kuncike ekutheni

provided that prə-vay-did dhat kuncike ekutheni

providing prə-vay-ding kuncike ekutheni

providing that prə-vay-ding dhat kuncike ekutheni

as long as az long az inqobo nje uma

so long as soʊ long az inqobo nje uma

on condition that on kən-dishən dhat ngombandela wokuthi

in case in keys uma kwenzeka

in the event that in dhi i-vent dhat uma kwenzeka ukuthi

assuming that ə-syu-ming dhat uma sicabanga ukuthi

supposing that sə-pow-zing dhat uma sithi

suppose that sə-powz dhat ake sithi

given that givən dhat uma kubhekwa ukuthi

granted that gran-tid dhat noma kuvunywa ukuthi

granting that gran-ting dhat noma sivuma ukuthi

If you study, you will learn.

If yu stədi, yu wil lərn.

Uma ufunda, uzofunda okuthile.

4. Izihlanganiso zokuvuma naphezu kokuphikisa — Concession and Contrast

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

although awl-dhow nakuba

though dhow nakuba

even though iy-vən dhow noma kunjalo / nakuba

even if iy-vən if noma ngabe

whereas wer-az kanti / kuyilapho

while wayl kanti / kuyilapho

whilst waylst kuyilapho

albeit awl-biy-it nakuba

much as mətsh az noma ngabe

however much haʊ-ever mətsh noma kungakanani

no matter how noʊ ma-tər haʊ noma kanjani

no matter what noʊ ma-tər wət noma yini

no matter who noʊ ma-tər hu noma ubani

no matter where noʊ ma-tər wer noma kuphi

no matter when noʊ ma-tər wen noma nini

no matter which noʊ ma-tər witsh noma yikuphi

Even though he was tired, he continued.

Iy-vən dhow hi waz tayərd, hi kən-tin-yud.

Nakuba ayekhathele, waqhubeka.

5. Izihlanganiso zesikhathi

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

when wen lapho / ngesikhathi

whenever wen-evər noma nini lapho

while wayl kuyilapho

whilst waylst kuyilapho

before bi-for ngaphambi kokuba

after af-tər emva kokuba

until / till / 'til / 'till ən-til / til / til / til kuze kube yilapho

since sins kusukela ngesikhathi

once wəns uma nje / lapho sekuthi

as soon as az sun az ngokushesha nje lapho

as long as az long az inqobo nje uma

so long as soʊ long az inqobo nje uma

by the time bay dhi taym ngesikhathi lapho

every time ev-ri taym ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho

each time iitsh taym ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho

the moment dhi mow-mənt ngaso leso sikhathi lapho

the minute dhi mi-nit ngokushesha nje lapho

the instant dhi in-stənt ngokushesha nje lapho

directly di-rekt-li ngokushesha nje lapho

immediately i-miy-di-ət-li ngokushesha nje lapho

hardly... when hard-li... wen ngokushesha nje lapho

scarcely... when sker-sli... wen ngokushesha nje lapho

no sooner... than noʊ su-nər... dhan ngokushesha nje lapho

Call me when you arrive.

Kawl mi wen yu ə-rayv.

Ngishayele ucingo lapho ufika.

6. Izihlanganiso zenhloso

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

so that soʊ dhat ukuze

in order that in or-dər dhat ukuze

lest lest ukuze kungabi / funa

for fear that for fir dhat ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi

in case in keys uma kwenzeka / uma kwenzeka kudingeka

I studied hard so that I could pass.

Ay stədid hard soʊ dhat ay kud pas.

Ngafunda ngokuzikhandla ukuze ngiphumelele.

7. Izihlanganiso zomphumela

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

so... that soʊ... dhat kangangokuthi

such... that sətsh... dhat ngendlela yokuthi

so that soʊ dhat ngakho / ukuze

such that sətsh dhat ngendlela yokuthi

He was so tired that he slept immediately.

Hi waz soʊ tayərd dhat hi slept i-miy-di-ət-li.

Wayekhathele kakhulu kangangokuthi walala ngokushesha.

8. Izihlanganiso zokuqhathanisa

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

than dhan kuna

as... as az... az njenga- / ngokulingana ne-

not as... as not az... az akalingani ne- / akafani ne-

as if az if ngokungathi

as though az dhow ngokungathi

just as jəst az njengoba nje

the more... the more dhi mor... dhi mor uma... kulapho futhi

the more... the less dhi mor... dhi les uma kwanda... kuncipha

the less... the more dhi les... dhi mor uma kuncipha... kwanda

the less... the less dhi les... dhi les uma kuncipha... kuncipha

She is taller than I am.

Shi iz tawlər dhan ay am.

Ude kunami.

9. Izihlanganiso zendlela nokufanisa

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

as az njenga- / njengoba

as if az if ngokungathi

as though az dhow ngokungathi

just as jəst az njengoba nje

the way dhi way indlela leyo

in the way that in dhi way dhat ngendlela leyo

however haʊ-ever noma kanjani / ngendlela noma ngayiphi

however you haʊ-ever yu noma kanjani wena

He talks as if he knows everything.

Hi tawks az if hi noʊz ev-ri-thing.

Ukhuluma sengathi wazi konke.

10. Izihlanganiso zokukhetha

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

or or noma

either... or iy-dhər... or kungaba... noma

whether... or wedhər... or ukuthi... noma

whether... or not wedhər... or not ukuthi... noma cha

Either you come or I leave.

Iy-dhər yu kəm or ay liyv.

Kuphakathi kokuthi uyeza noma ngiyahamba.

11. Izihlanganiso ezihambisana ngazimbili

Correlative Conjunctions

Isakhiwo Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

both... and bowth... and kokubili... kanye

either... or iy-dhər... or kungaba... noma

neither... nor nay-dhər... nor akukho... futhi akukho

not only... but also not own-li... bət awl-soʊ hhayi nje kuphela... kodwa futhi

whether... or wedhər... or ukuthi... noma

whether... or not wedhər... or not ukuthi... noma cha

rather... than ra-dhər... dhan kunalokho / kunoku-

no sooner... than noʊ su-nər... dhan ngokushesha nje lapho

hardly... when hard-li... wen ngokushesha nje lapho

scarcely... when sker-sli... wen ngokushesha nje lapho

barely... when ber-li... wen ngokushesha nje lapho

the more... the more dhi mor... dhi mor uma... kulapho futhi

the more... the less dhi mor... dhi les uma kwanda... kuncipha

the less... the more dhi les... dhi mor uma kuncipha... kwanda

the less... the less dhi les... dhi les uma kuncipha... kuncipha

12. Izihlanganiso zokwengeza

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

and and na

as well as az wel az kanye futhi / kanye no-

not to mention not tə men-shən ingasaphathwa eyokuthi

besides bi-saydz ngaphandle kwalokho / futhi

let alone let ə-lown ingasaphathwa eyokuthi

much less mətsh les ingasaphathwa eyokuthi

to say nothing of tə sey nə-thing əv ingasaphathwa eyokuthi

apart from ə-part frəm ngaphandle kuka- / ngaphandle kwalokho

aside from ə-sayd frəm ngaphandle kuka- / ngaphandle kwalokho

Amanye ala mazwi angasebenza njengezandiso ezixhumanisayo noma njengezinkulumo ezakhiwe ngesandiso ngebizo, kuye ngokusetshenziswa kwawo. Ngakho-ke, akuzona zonke ezihlukaniswa njengezihlanganiso zangempela.

13. Izihlanganiso zokungafaki okuthile ngaphandle — Exception

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

except that ik-sept dhat ngaphandle kokuthi

except when ik-sept wen ngaphandle kwalapho

except if ik-sept if ngaphandle uma

save that seyv dhat ngaphandle kokuthi

but that bət dhat ngaphandle kokuthi

unless ən-les ngaphandle uma

14. Izihlanganiso zokuqagela

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

assuming that ə-syu-ming dhat uma sicabanga ukuthi

supposing that sə-pow-zing dhat uma sithi

suppose that sə-powz dhat ake sithi

presuming that prə-zyu-ming dhat uma sicabanga ukuthi

provided that prə-vay-did dhat kuncike ekutheni

providing that prə-vay-ding dhat kuncike ekutheni

given that givən dhat uma kubhekwa ukuthi

granting that gran-ting dhat noma sivuma ukuthi

granted that gran-tid dhat noma kuvunywa ukuthi

15. Izihlanganiso zokukhetha umuntu noma into engacacisiwe

Isihlanganiso Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo

whoever hu-evər noma ubani

whomever hu-m-evər noma ubani owenza isenzo kuye

whatever wət-evər noma yini

whichever witsh-evər noma iyiphi

wherever wer-evər noma kuphi

whenever wen-evər noma nini

however haʊ-evər noma kanjani

Whoever comes can enter.

Hu-evər kəmz kan en-tər.

Noma ubani oza angangena.

Whatever you choose is fine.

Wət-evər yu tʃuz iz fayn.

Noma yini oyikhethayo ilungile.

16. Izihlanganiso ezindala nezisemthethweni

Lawa magama ayatholakala esiNgisini, kodwa awavamile kakhulu enkulumweni yansuku zonke:

Igama Indlela yokulibiza Incazelo

albeit awl-biy-it nakuba

albeit that awl-biy-it dhat nakuba kunjalo

albeit when awl-biy-it wen nakuba ngesikhathi

albeit with awl-biy-it with nakuba kuhambisana no-

insofar as in-so-far az ngokwezinga lokuthi

inasmuch as in-əz-mətsh az ngoba / uma kubhekwa ukuthi

insomuch as in-so-mətsh az ngokwezinga lokuthi

notwithstanding that not-with-stan-ding dhat naphezu kokuthi

whereas wer-az kuyilapho

whilst waylst kuyilapho

lest lest funa / ukuze kungabi

save that seyv dhat ngaphandle kokuthi

provided that prə-vay-did dhat kuncike ekutheni

supposing that sə-pow-zing dhat uma sicabanga ukuthi

17. Amagama angase abonakale njengezihlanganiso kodwa ngokuvamile awazona

La magama avame ukuxhumanisa imibono, kodwa ngokohlelo lolimi angaba yizandiso ezixhumanisayo esikhundleni sezihlanganiso zangempela:

Igama Indlela yokulibiza Ukuhlukaniswa okuvamile Incazelo

however haʊ-evər conjunctive adverb noma kunjalo

therefore dher-for conjunctive adverb ngakho-ke

moreover mor-oʊ-vər conjunctive adverb ngaphezu kwalokho

furthermore fər-dhər-mor conjunctive adverb ngaphezu kwalokho

nevertheless nev-ər-dhə-les conjunctive adverb noma kunjalo

nonetheless nən-dhə-les conjunctive adverb noma kunjalo

consequently kon-si-kwent-li conjunctive adverb ngenxa yalokho

otherwise ə-dhər-wayz conjunctive adverb kungenjalo

instead in-sted conjunctive adverb esikhundleni salokho

meanwhile min-wayl conjunctive adverb okwamanje / ngesikhathi esifanayo

thus dhəs conjunctive adverb ngaleyo ndlela / ngakho-ke

hence hens conjunctive adverb ngakho-ke / ngenxa yalokho

Isibonelo:

I was tired; however, I worked.

Ay waz tayərd; haʊ-evər, ay wərkt.

Ngangikhathele; nokho, ngasebenza.

Igama elithi however alisebenzi ngendlela efanayo nelithi but uma lihlanganisa imisho emibili ezimele.

Ungakubhali kanje:

❌ I was tired, however I worked.

Izindlela ezifanele yilezi:

✅ I was tired, but I worked.

Noma:

✅ I was tired; however, I worked.

If only -> ukube nje

If only I played — Ukube nje bengidlala.

Anyway/Anyways -> noma kunjalo / kunoma yikuphi

10- Izandiso zangaphambili (PREPOSITIONS)

Izandiso zangaphambili eziyisisekelo

Isandiso sangaphambili Indlela yokusibiza Incazelo Umusho ophelele Indlela yokubiza umusho Ukuhumusha

about ə-bawt mayelana no- / ngokwe- We talked about the problem. Wi tawkt ə-bawt dhə prob-ləm. Saxoxa ngenkinga.

above ə-bəv ngaphezulu kwe- The lamp is above the table. Dhə lamp iz ə-bəv dhə tey-bəl. Isibani singaphezulu kwetafula.

across ə-kraws ngaphesheya kwe- We walked across the street. Wi wawkt ə-kraws dhə striyt. Sahamba sawela umgwaqo.

after af-tər emva kwe- We met after lunch. Wi met af-tər lənch. Sahlangana ngemva kwesidlo sasemini.

against ə-genst encike ku- / ephikisana no- The ladder is against the wall. Dhə la-dər iz ə-genst dhə wawl. Iladi lincike odongeni.

along ə-long ngasogwini lwe- / ngokulandela We walked along the river. Wi wawkt ə-long dhə ri-vər. Sahamba ngasogwini lomfula.

amid ə-mid phakathi kwe- He stood amid the crowd. Hi stud ə-mid dhə krawd. Wama phakathi kwesixuku.

among ə-məng phakathi kwabantu / kwezinto She was among friends. Shi waz ə-məng frendz. Wayephakathi kwabangane.

around ə-rawnd uzungeze / nxazonke ze- We sat around the table. Wi sat ə-rawnd dhə tey-bəl. Sahlala sizungeze itafula.

at at e- / ku- / endaweni ethile I am at school. Ay am at skul. Ngisesikoleni.

before bi-for ngaphambi kwe- Come before noon. Kəm bi-for nun. Woza ngaphambi kwemini.

behind bi-haynd ngemuva kwe- The car is behind the house. Dhə kar iz bi-haynd dhə haws. Imoto ingemuva kwendlu.

below bi-low ngaphansi kwe- The temperature is below zero. Dhə tem-prə-tʃər iz bi-low zi-row. Izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kukaziro.

beneath bi-nith ngaphansi kwe- The keys are beneath the book. Dhə kiy-z ar bi-nith dhə buk. Izihluthulelo zingaphansi kwencwadi.

beside bi-sayd eceleni kwe- Sit beside me. Sit bi-sayd mi. Hlala eduze kwami.

besides bi-saydz ngaphezu kwalokho / ngaphandle kwe- Besides English, she speaks Arabic. Bi-saydz Ing-glish, shi spiiks A-rə-bik. Ngaphandle kwesiNgisi, ukhuluma nesi-Arabhu.

between bi-twin phakathi kwezinto ezimbili The shop is between two buildings. Dhə shop iz bi-twin tu bil-dingz. Isitolo siphakathi kwezakhiwo ezimbili.

beyond bi-yond ngale kwe- The village is beyond the mountain. Dhə vil-ij iz bi-yond dhə mawn-tən. Idolobhana lingale kwentaba.

by bay ngo- / eduze kwe- / ngaphambi kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe The book was written by her. Dhə buk waz rit-ən bay hər. Incwadi yabhalwa nguye.

concerning kən-sər-ning mayelana no- / ngokuphathelene no- We talked concerning the project. Wi tawkt kən-sər-ning dhə proj-ekt. Saxoxa mayelana nephrojekthi.

despite di-spayt naphezu kwe- Despite the rain, we went out. Di-spayt dhə reyn, wi went awt. Naphezu kwemvula, saphuma.

down dawn ukwehla nge- / ezansi kwe- He walked down the hill. Hi wawkt dawn dhə hil. Wahamba wehla egqumeni.

during du-ring phakathi nesikhathi se- I slept during the flight. Ay slept du-ring dhə flayt. Ngalala ngesikhathi sendiza.

except ik-sept ngaphandle kuka- Everyone came except John. Ev-ri-wən keym ik-sept Jon. Bonke beza ngaphandle kukaJohn.

for for ukuze / okwe- / isikhathi esithile This gift is for you. Dhis gift iz for yu. Lesi sipho ngesakho.

from frəm kuvela ku- / kusukela ku- I came from Kuwait. Ay keym frəm Ku-weyt. Ngaqhamuka eKuwait.

in in ku- / ngaphakathi kwe- She is in the room. Shi iz in dhə rum. Usegumbini.

inside in-sayd ngaphakathi kwe- The keys are inside the bag. Dhə kiy-z ar in-sayd dhə bag. Izihluthulelo zingaphakathi kwesikhwama.

into in-tu ukungena ngaphakathi kwe- He went into the room. Hi went in-tu dhə rum. Wangena egumbini.

like layk njenga- He runs like a professional. Hi rənz layk ə prə-fesh-ə-nəl. Ugijima njengochwepheshe.

near nir eduze kwe- I live near the school. Ay liv nir dhə skul. Ngihlala eduze kwesikole.

of əv ka- / kwe- / okuka- The door of the house is open. Dhə dor əv dhə haws iz ow-pən. Isicabha sendlu sivuliwe.

off awf ukusuka phezu kwe- / kude ne- Take your shoes off the table. Teyk yor shuz awf dhə tey-bəl. Susa izicathulo zakho etafuleni.

on on phezu kwe- The book is on the table. Dhə buk iz on dhə tey-bəl. Incwadi iphezu kwetafula.

onto on-tu ukuya phezu kwe- The cat jumped onto the table. Dhə kat jəmpt on-tu dhə tey-bəl. Ikati lagxumela phezu kwetafula.

opposite op-ə-zit maqondana ne- The bank is opposite the hotel. Dhə bank iz op-ə-zit dhə how-tel. Ibhange libhekene nehhotela.

out awt ngaphandle / ukuya ngaphandle He went out the door. Hi went awt dhə dor. Waphuma ngomnyango.

outside awt-sayd ngaphandle kwe- They are outside the house. Dhey ar awt-sayd dhə haws. Bangaphandle kwendlu.

over ow-vər ngaphezulu kwe- / phezu kwe- The plane flew over the city. Dhə pleyn flu ow-vər dhə si-ti. Indiza yandiza phezu kwedolobha.

past past dlula ku- / udlule e- We walked past the school. Wi wawkt past dhə skul. Sadlula esikoleni sihamba.

regarding ri-gar-ding mayelana no- / ngokuphathelene no- I have a question regarding the plan. Ay hav ə kwes-tʃən ri-gar-ding dhə plan. Nginombuzo mayelana nohlelo.

round rawnd uzungeze / nxazonke ze- We walked round the park. Wi wawkt rawnd dhə park. Sahamba sizungeze ipaki.

since sins kusukela ku- I have lived here since 2020. Ay hav livd hir sins tu-thaw-zənd twen-ti. Ngihlala lapha kusukela ngo-2020.

through thru ngaphakathi kwe- / sidlule phakathi kwe- We walked through the tunnel. Wi wawkt thru dhə tə-nəl. Sahamba sidlula emhubheni.

throughout thru-awt kulo lonke / phakathi naso sonke It rained throughout the day. It reynd thru-awt dhə dey. Imvula yana usuku lonke.

till til kuze kube- Wait till tomorrow. Weyt til tə-mor-oʊ. Linda kuze kube kusasa.

to tu ukuya ku- / ku- I went to school. Ay went tu skul. Ngiye esikoleni.

toward tə-word ukuya ngase- He walked toward me. Hi wawkt tə-word mi. Wahamba eza ngakimi.

towards tə-wordz ukuya ngase- She ran towards the door. Shi ran tə-wordz dhə dor. Wagijima waya ngasemnyango.

under ən-dər ngaphansi kwe- The cat is under the table. Dhə kat iz ən-dər dhə tey-bəl. Ikati lingaphansi kwetafula.

underneath ən-dər-nith ngaphansi kwe- The bag is underneath the chair. Dhə bag iz ən-dər-nith dhə tʃer. Isikhwama singaphansi kwesihlalo.

unlike ən-layk ngokungafani no- Unlike him, I am quiet. Ən-layk him, ay am kwai-ət. Ngokungafani naye, mina ngithule.

until ən-til kuze kube- Stay here until Friday. Stey hir ən-til Fray-dey. Hlala lapha kuze kube uLwesihlanu.

up əp ukhuphuke nge- He walked up the stairs. Hi wawkt əp dhə sterz. Wakhuphuka ngezitebhisi.

upon ə-pon ku- / lapho kwenzeka Upon arrival, call me. Ə-pon ə-ray-vəl, kawl mi. Uma ufika, ngishayele ucingo.

via vay-ə / vi-ə ngendlela edlula e- We traveled via Dubai. Wi tra-vəld vay-ə Du-bay. Sahamba sidlula eDubai.

with with na- / kanye no- / usebenzisa I went with my brother. Ay went with may brə-dhər. Ngahamba nomfowethu.

within wi-dhin ngaphakathi kwesikhathi / ngaphakathi kwe- Finish it within an hour. Fi-nish it wi-dhin ən aw-ər. Kuqede lingakapheli ihora.

without wi-dhawt ngaphandle kwe- He left without his phone. Hi left wi-dhawt hiz fown. Wahamba ngaphandle kocingo lwakhe.

2. Izandiso zangaphambili eziyimisho — Compound Prepositions

Lezi zinkulumo ziqukethe amagama amaningana, kodwa zisebenza njengeyunithi eyodwa.

Inkulumo Indlela yokuyibiza Incazelo Isibonelo Indlela yokubiza isibonelo Ukuhumusha

according to ə-kor-ding tu ngokuka- / ngokusho kuka- According to the report, sales increased. Ə-kor-ding tu dhə ri-port, seylz in-kriyst. Ngokombiko, ukuthengiswa kwenyuka.

ahead of ə-hed əv ngaphambi kuka- / phambi kuka- She arrived ahead of us. Shi ə-rayvd ə-hed əv əs. Wafika ngaphambi kwethu.

along with ə-long with kanye no- / ehambisana no- He came along with his brother. Hi keym ə-long with hiz brə-dhər. Weza nomfowabo.

apart from ə-part frəm ngaphandle kuka- / ngaphandle kwalokho Apart from John, everyone agreed. Ə-part frəm Jon, ev-ri-wən ə-grid. Ngaphandle kukaJohn, bonke bavuma.

as for az for mayelana no- / mina-ke As for me, I agree. Az for mi, ay ə-gri. Mina-ke, ngiyavuma.

as of az əv kusukela ku- / kusukela ngosuku oluthile As of Monday, the rule applies. Az əv Mən-dey, dhə rul ə-playz. Lo mthetho uqala ukusebenza ngoMsombuluko.

as to az tu mayelana no- / ngokuphathelene no- There is uncertainty as to the cause. Dher iz ən-sər-tən-ti az tu dhə kawz. Akucaci ukuthi siyini isizathu.

because of bi-kawz əv ngenxa ye- We stayed home because of the rain. Wi steyd howm bi-kawz əv dhə reyn. Sahlala ekhaya ngenxa yemvula.

by means of bay minz əv ngokusebenzisa / ngosizo lwe- We solved it by means of a computer. Wi solvd it bay minz əv ə kəm-pyu-tər. Sayixazulula sisebenzisa ikhompyutha.

by way of bay way əv ngendlela edlula e- We went by way of London. Wi went bay way əv Lən-dən. Sahamba ngendlela edlula eLondon.

close to klows tu eduze kwe- The school is close to my house. Dhə skul iz klows tu may haws. Isikole siseduze kwendlu yami.

due to du tu ngenxa ye- The flight was delayed due to fog. Dhə flayt waz di-leyd du tu fog. Indiza yabambezeleka ngenxa yenkungu.

except for ik-sept for ngaphandle kuka- Everyone came except for Mary. Ev-ri-wən keym ik-sept for Me-ri. Bonke beza ngaphandle kukaMary.

far from far frəm kude ne- / akusondeli ekubeni The answer is far from simple. Dhi an-sər iz far frəm sim-pəl. Impendulo ayilula neze.

in addition to in ə-di-shən tu ngaphezu kuka- / kanye no- In addition to English, he studies Arabic. In ə-di-shən tu Ing-glish, hi stə-diz A-rə-bik. Ufunda nesi-Arabhu ngaphezu kwesiNgisi.

in case of in keys əv uma kwenzeka / esimweni se- Call me in case of emergency. Kawl mi in keys əv i-mər-jən-si. Ngishayele ucingo uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo.

in front of in frənt əv phambi kwe- The car is in front of the house. Dhə kar iz in frənt əv dhə haws. Imoto iphambi kwendlu.

in place of in pleys əv esikhundleni se- Use this in place of sugar. Yuz dhis in pleys əv shu-gər. Sebenzisa lokhu esikhundleni sikashukela.

in spite of in spayt əv naphezu kwe- In spite of the rain, we left. In spayt əv dhə reyn, wi left. Naphezu kwemvula, sahamba.

in terms of in tərmz əv mayelana ne- / ngokwezinga le- In terms of price, it is cheap. In tərmz əv prays, it iz tʃip. Ngokwentengo, kushibhile.

instead of in-sted əv esikhundleni se- I drank tea instead of coffee. Ay drank ti in-sted əv kaw-fi. Ngangiphuza itiye esikhundleni sekhofi.

next to nekst tu eceleni kwe- Sit next to me. Sit nekst tu mi. Hlala eduze kwami.

on account of on ə-kawnt əv ngenxa ye- The match was canceled on account of rain. Dhə match waz kan-səld on ə-kawnt əv reyn. Umdlalo wahoxiswa ngenxa yemvula.

on behalf of on bi-haf əv egameni lika- I spoke on behalf of the team. Ay spowk on bi-haf əv dhə tim. Ngakhuluma egameni leqembu.

on top of on top əv phezu kwe- / ngaphezu kwalokho The keys are on top of the box. Dhə kiy-z ar on top əv dhə boks. Izihluthulelo ziphezu kwebhokisi.

out of awt əv ngaphandle kwe- / kusuka ku- He walked out of the room. Hi wawkt awt əv dhə rum. Waphuma egumbini.

owing to ow-ing tu ngenxa ye- The event was canceled owing to rain. Dhi i-vent waz kan-səld ow-ing tu reyn. Umcimbi wahoxiswa ngenxa yemvula.

prior to pray-ər tu ngaphambi kwe- Prior to the meeting, we prepared. Pray-ər tu dhə mi-ting, wi pri-perd. Sazilungiselela ngaphambi komhlangano.

regardless of ri-gard-ləs əv ngaphandle kokunaka / kungakhathaliseki ukuthi We will continue regardless of the cost. Wi wil kən-tin-yu ri-gard-ləs əv dhə kost. Sizoqhubeka kungakhathaliseki izindleko.

thanks to thanks tu ngenxa ka- / sibonga u- Thanks to you, we succeeded. Thanks tu yu, wi sək-siy-did. Siphumelele ngenxa yakho.

together with tə-gedh-ər with kanye no- She came together with her friends. Shi keym tə-gedh-ər with hər frendz. Weza nabangane bakhe.

up to əp tu kuze kufike ku- / ku- Up to ten people can enter. Əp tu ten pi-pəl kan en-tər. Kungangena abantu abangafika kwabayishumi.

with regard to with ri-gard tu mayelana no- / ngokuphathelene no- With regard to your question, I agree. With ri-gard tu yor kwes-tʃən, ay ə-gri. Mayelana nombuzo wakho, ngiyavuma.

with respect to with ri-spekt tu mayelana no- / ngokuphathelene no- With respect to this issue, we disagree. With ri-spekt tu dhis ish-u, wi dis-ə-gri. Mayelana nalolu daba, asivumelani.

3. Izinkulumo ezakhiwe ngezandiso zangaphambili

Inkulumo Indlela yokuyibiza Incazelo

by virtue of bay vər-tʃu əv ngenxa ye- / ngenxa yegunya le-

by dint of bay dint əv ngenxa ye- / ngokuzikhandla

by reason of bay ri-zən əv ngenxa ye-

by courtesy of bay kər-tə-si əv ngenxa yosizo luka- / ngokuhlonipha kuka-

by order of bay or-dər əv ngomyalo ka-

by reference to bay ref-ər-əns tu ngokubhekisela ku-

by means of bay minz əv ngokusebenzisa

by way of bay way əv ngendlela ye- / ngokudlula e-

in accordance with in ə-kor-dəns with ngokuvumelana no-

in comparison with in kəm-per-i-sən with ngokuqhathanisa no-

in connection with in kə-nek-shən with mayelana no- / ngokuphathelene no-

in contrast to in kon-trast tu ngokuphambene no-

in exchange for in iks-tʃeynj for ngokushintshanisa no-

in favor of in fey-vər əv ngokusekela u- / ngokuvuna u-

in lieu of in lu əv esikhundleni se-

in relation to in ri-ley-shən tu mayelana no- / ngokuphathelene no-

in response to in ri-spons tu ekuphenduleni u-

in search of in sərtʃ əv ukufuna / ekufuneni

in view of in vyu əv ngokubheka / ngenxa ye-

on the basis of on dhə bey-sis əv ngokwesisekelo se-

on the grounds of on dhə grawndz əv ngenxa ye- / ngokusekelwe ku-

with a view to with ə vyu tu ngenhloso yoku-

with the exception of with dhi ik-sep-shən əv ngaphandle kuka-

with the help of with dhə help əv ngosizo luka-

with reference to with ref-ər-əns tu ngokubhekisela ku- / mayelana no-

4. Izandiso zangaphambili ezindala, ezingavamile nezisemthethweni

Amanye ala magama atholakala kakhulu esiNgisini esidala, esisemthethweni, sezomthetho noma sezincwadi:

Igama Indlela yokulibiza Incazelo

abaft ə-baft ngemuva kwe- / ngasemuva

alongside ə-long-sayd eceleni kwe-

amidst ə-midst phakathi kwe-

amongst ə-məngst phakathi kwe-

astride ə-strayd phezu kwe- / imilenze isemaceleni amabili

athwart ə-thwort ngaphesheya kwe- / ngokuphambana

atop ə-top phezulu kwe-

barring bar-ing ngaphandle kuka- / ngaphandle kokuthi

circa sər-kə cishe / ngasikhathi sika-

cum kəm kanye no- / osebenza njengaye

ere er ngaphambi kwe-

notwithstanding not-with-stan-ding naphezu kwe- / noma kunjalo

per pər ngamunye / ngokusebenzisa

save seyv ngaphandle kuka-

vis-à-vis vi-zə-vi maqondana no- / mayelana no-

worth wərth okunenani le- / okufanele

Isibonelo:

Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.

Not-with-stan-ding dhə dif-i-kəl-tiz, wi kən-tin-yud.

Naphezu kobunzima, saqhubeka.

5. Ukuhlela izandiso zangaphambili ngokwendawo

Lezi zindlela zingahlelwa ngale ndlela:

Ubudlelwano bendawo Izandiso zangaphambili

ngaphakathi in, inside, within

ukungena ngaphakathi into

ngaphandle out, outside

phezu kwendawo on

ukunyukela phezu kwendawo onto

ngaphezulu above, over, atop, on top of

ngaphansi under, below, beneath, underneath

phambi in front of, before

ngemuva behind

eceleni beside, by, next to, alongside

phakathi kwezinto ezimbili between

phakathi kweqembu among, amongst

eduze near, close to

maqondana opposite, across from

uzungeze around, round

ukunqamula across, through

ngokulandela uhlangothi oluthile along

ngasohlangothini oluthile toward, towards

ukuqhela away from, off

ukudlula past, beyond

6. Izandiso zangaphambili zesikhathi

Ubudlelwano besikhathi Isandiso sangaphambili Isibonelo

isikhathi esiqondile at at 5 o'clock

usuku noma usuku lweviki on on Monday

inyanga / unyaka / inkathi in in 2026

ngaphambi before, prior to, ahead of before lunch

emva after, following after work

ngesikhathi during during the meeting

kusukela since since Monday

isikhathi esithile for for two hours

kuze kube until, till until Friday

kusukela... kuya... from … to from Monday to Friday

sonke isikhathi throughout throughout the year

kungakadluli isikhathi esinqunyiwe by by Friday

isikhathi esinqunyiwe by by 6 p.m.

ngaphakathi kwesikhathi within within two hours

cishe ngesikhathi around, about around noon

eduze nesikhathi esithile near near midnight

7. Izandiso zangaphambili ezibonisa isizathu nenhloso

Isandiso sangaphambili / Inkulumo Indlela yokuyibiza Incazelo

because of bi-kawz əv ngenxa ye-

due to du tu ngenxa ye-

owing to ow-ing tu ngenxa ye-

on account of on ə-kawnt əv ngenxa ye-

as a result of az ə ri-zəlt əv ngenxa yalokho / njengomphumela we-

thanks to thanks tu ngenxa ka- / sibonga u-

for for ngenxa ye- / okwe-

for the sake of for dhə seyk əv ngenxa ye- / ukuze kuzuze u-

with a view to with ə vyu tu ngenhloso yoku-

in order to in or-dər tu ukuze / ngenhloso yoku-

* In order to ivame ukulandelwa yisenzo esisesimweni se-infinitive, ngakho-ke akuyona ngempela isandiso sangaphambili esivamile.

8. Iphuzu elibalulekile: isandiso sangaphambili + yini?

Umthetho oyisisekelo:

Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing

Isandiso sangaphambili + ibizo / isabizwana / isenzo esiphela ngo--ing

Isibonelo:

Isandiso sangaphambili + ibizo

I am in the house.

Ay am in dhə haws.

Ngisendlini.

Isandiso sangaphambili + isabizwana

This gift is for him.

Dhis gift iz for him.

Lesi sipho ngesakhe.

Qaphela:

for him ✅

for he ❌

Ngoba isabizwana esilandela isandiso sangaphambili kufanele sibe sesimweni esisetshenziswa njengomenziwa.

Isandiso sangaphambili + V-ing

She is good at cooking.

Shi iz gud at kuk-ing.

Unekhono lokupheka.

He left without saying goodbye.

Hi left wi-dhawt sey-ing gud-bay.

Wahamba engavalelisanga.

9. Umehluko phakathi kwezandiso zangaphambili ezifanayo

Igama Incazelo eyisisekelo Isibonelo

in ngaphakathi in the room

into ukunyakaza okuya ngaphakathi go into the room

on phezu kwendawo on the table

onto ukunyakaza okuya phezu kwendawo jump onto the table

at indawo ethile at the station

to ukuya endaweni go to school

by eceleni / ngokusebenzisa / ngaphambi komnqamulajuqu by the door / by car / by Friday

with kanye no- / usebenzisa with him / with a knife

from ukuvela endaweni from London

of ubudlelwano / ubunikazi the door of the house

for ngenxa ye- / okwesikhathi esithile / okuhloselwe u- for you / for two hours

since ukuqala ngesikhathi esithile since Monday

during ngaphakathi kwesikhathi during the meeting

until kuze kufike ekupheleni kwesikhathi until Friday

between phakathi kwezinto ezimbili between John and Mary

among phakathi kweqembu among friends

above ngaphezulu above the table

over ngaphezulu / ukunqamula over the bridge

below ngaphansi below the line

under ngaphansi under the table

beside eceleni beside me

besides ngaphezu kwalokho besides English

because of / cause of ngenxa ye- because of rain

despite naphezu kwe- despite the rain

in spite of naphezu kwe- in spite of the rain

aboard -> ngaphakathi / ugibele aboard

11- Izichazi zamabizo (DETERMINERS)

Izichazi zamabizo eziyisisekelo

Isichazi sebizo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo | Isibonelo esiphelele | Indlela yokubiza isibonelo | Ukuhumusha

a | uh | umuntu oyedwa/into eyodwa engacacisiwe | I saw a dog. | ay so uh dog | Ngabona inja.

an | an | umuntu oyedwa/into eyodwa engacacisiwe | She ate an apple. | shi et an apəl | Wadla i-apula.

the | dhə | lowo/leyo into eyaziwayo noma ecacisiwe | I saw the dog. | ay so dhə dog | Ngabona inja leyo.

this | dhis | lo/lena, eduze | This book is useful. | dhis buk iz yusful | Le ncwadi iwusizo.

that | dhat | lowo/leyo, kude | That car is expensive. | dhat kar iz ikspensiv | Leyo moto iyabiza.

these | dhiz | laba/lezi, ubuningi obuseduze | These books are new. | dhiz buks ar nyu | Lezi zincwadi zintsha.

those | dhoʊz | labo/lezo, ubuningi obukude | Those houses are old. | dhoʊz hauziz ar old | Lezo zindlu zindala.

2. Izichazi zobunikazi

Zibekwa ngaphambi kwebizo ukuze zibonise ukuthi into ngekabani.

Isichazi sebizo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo | Isibonelo

my | may | wami/wami ngokobunikazi | My book is here.

your | yor | wakho/wenu | Your car is outside.

his | hiz | wakhe, uma kukhulunywa ngowesilisa | His house is big.

her | her | wakhe, uma kukhulunywa ngowesifazane | Her bag is black.

its | its | okwayo, entweni noma esilwaneni | The dog moved its tail.

our | awər | wethu | Our teacher is kind.

their | dheər | wabo | Their house is beautiful.

Izibonelo

my book = incwadi yami

your car = imoto yakho

his phone = ifoni yakhe

her bag = isikhwama sakhe

our house = indlu yethu

their children = izingane zabo

Kodwa:

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs yizabizwana zobunikazi ezizimele; zingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kwebizo elilandelayo.

This book is mine.

Le ncwadi ngeyami.

3. Izichazi zokukhomba

Isichazi sebizo | Indlela yokubiza | Inombolo | Ibanga | Isibonelo

this | dhis | Ubunye | Eduze | this book

that | dhat | Ubunye | Kude | that book

these | dhiz | Ubuningi | Eduze | these books

those | dhoʊz | Ubuningi | Kude | those books

Imithetho

this + ibizo elisebunyeni

this book

Le ncwadi

these + ibizo elisebuningini

these books

Lezi zincwadi

that + ibizo elisebunyeni

that car

Leyo moto

those + ibizo elisebuningini

those cars

Lezo zimoto

4. Izichazi zenani noma ubuningi

Lezi zichazi zibonisa inani noma ubungako bebizo.

Isichazi sebizo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo | Isibonelo

some | sam | okunye/abathile | I bought some books.

any | eni | noma yikuphi/okuthile | Do you have any questions?

no | noʊ | akukho/akekho | I have no money.

much | mach | okuningi, emabizweni angabaleki | I don't have much time.

many | meni | abaningi/eziningi, emabizweni abalekayo | She has many books.

little | litəl | okuncane | I have little time.

a little | uh litəl | okuncane kodwa okukhona | I have a little time.

few | fyu | abambalwa/ezimbalwa | Few people came.

a few | uh fyu | abambalwa, okungenani abathile | I have a few questions.

enough | inaf | okwanele | We have enough food.

more | mor | okwengeziwe | I need more water.

less | les | okuncane kakhulu/okuncishisiwe | I need less sugar.

fewer | fyuər | inani elincane lezinto ezibalekayo | We need fewer chairs.

all | ol | konke/bonke | All students passed.

both | both | kokubili/bobabili | Both students passed.

half | haf | uhhafu | Half the class left.

most | moʊst | iningi | Most people agreed.

enough | inaf | okwanele | We have enough money.

5. Izichazi zezinombolo

Izinombolo zingabekwa ngaphambi kwebizo ukuze zibonise inani eliqondile.

Izinombolo eziyisisekelo

Inombolo | Indlela yokubiza | Isibonelo

one | wan | one book

two | tu | two books

three | thri | three books

four | for | four books

five | fayv | five books

six | siks | six books

seven | sevən | seven books

eight | eyt | eight books

nine | nayn | nine books

ten | ten | ten books

hundred | handrəd | a hundred books

thousand | thawzənd | a thousand books

million | milyən | a million people

billion | bilyən | a billion dollars

Izinombolo zingabuye zibonise inani eliqondile noma elilinganiselwe lezinto.

6. Izichazi zokusabalalisa

Zibonisa ukuthi into noma isenzo sisebenza kumuntu ngamunye noma entweni ngayinye.

Isichazi sebizo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo | Isibonelo

each | ich | ngamunye/ngayinye | Each student has a book.

every | evri | wonke/ngamunye | Every student passed.

either | iyðər/ayðər | noma yimuphi kulaba ababili | Either answer is acceptable.

neither | nayðər/niðər | akekho kulaba ababili/akukho kulokhu okubili | Neither answer is correct.

Umehluko

each

Each student received a book.

Umfundi ngamunye wathola incwadi.

Kugcizelelwa abantu njengabantu ngabanye.

every

Every student received a book.

Wonke umfundi wathola incwadi.

Kugcizelelwa iqembu lonke.

7. Izichazi zemibuzo

Zisetshenziswa ekubuzeni imibuzo ngebizo.

Isichazi sebizo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo | Isibonelo

what | wot | yini/yiphi | What book do you want?

which | wich | iyiphi/ziphi | Which book do you want?

whose | huz | okabani | Whose book is this?

what kind of | wot kaynd ov | hlobo luni lwe | What kind of car do you want?

which kind of | wich kaynd ov | yiluphi uhlobo lwe | Which kind of food do you prefer?

Izibonelo

Which book do you want?

Iyiphi incwadi oyifunayo?

Whose car is this?

Yimoto kabani lena?

8. Izichazi ezingacacisi

Lezi zisetshenziswa lapho kukhulunywa ngomuntu noma ngento engacacisiwe.

Isichazi sebizo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo

a | uh | umuntu/into eyodwa engacacisiwe

an | an | umuntu/into eyodwa engacacisiwe

some | sam | abathile/okunye

any | eni | noma yikuphi/okuthile

no | noʊ | akekho/akukho

another | uh-nadhər | omunye/enye

other | adhər | abanye/ezinye

such | sach | onjalo/okunjalo

9. another kanye no-other

Lawa magama asetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene.

another

another + ibizo elibalekayo elisebunyeni

I need another book.

Ngidinga enye incwadi.

other

other + ibizo elisebuningini

I need other books.

Ngidinga ezinye izincwadi.

the other

The other book is mine.

Enye incwadi ngeyami.

the other + ubuningi

The other books are mine.

Ezinye izincwadi ngezami.

10. Izichazi zokugcizelela nokufanisa

such

such + a/an + isiphawulo + ibizo elisebunyeni

She is such a nice person.

Ungumuntu omuhle kakhulu.

Ngamabizo asebuningini:

such people

Abantu abanjalo

Ngamabizo angabaleki:

such good advice

Iseluleko esihle kangaka

11. Izichazi zenani elikhulu nezichazi ezibanzi

Isichazi sebizo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo | Isibonelo

all | ol | bonke/konke | all students

both | both | bobabili/kokubili | both books

each | ich | ngamunye/ngayinye | each student

every | evri | wonke/ngamunye | every student

either | iyðər | noma iyiphi kulezi ezimbili | either book

neither | nayðər | ayikho kulezi ezimbili | neither book

enough | inaf | okwanele | enough food

much | mach | okuningi | much water

many | meni | eziningi/abaningi | many books

most | moʊst | iningi | most people

more | mor | okwengeziwe | more time

less | les | okuncane | less water

fewer | fyuər | inani elincane lezinto ezibalekayo | fewer people

half | haf | uhhafu | half the money

plenty of | plentiy ov | inala ye/eziningi | plenty of food

a lot of | uh lot ov | okuningi/abaningi | a lot of people

lots of | lots ov | okuningi/eziningi | lots of books

12. Imishwana ebonisa inani elikhulu

Le misho ingasetshenziswa ukuchaza ubuningi bezinto.

Inkulumo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo

a lot of | uh lot ov | okuningi/abaningi

lots of | lots ov | okuningi/eziningi

plenty of | plentiy ov | inala/okuningi kakhulu

a number of | uh nambər ov | inani elithile le

a great number of | uh greyt nambər ov | inani elikhulu le

a large number of | uh larj nambər ov | inani elikhulu le

a small number of | uh smol nambər ov | inani elincane le

a great deal of | uh greyt dil ov | inani elikhulu le

a large amount of | uh larj amawnt ov | ubungako obukhulu be

a small amount of | uh smol amawnt ov | ubungako obuncane be

a majority of | uh majoreti ov | iningi le

a minority of | uh maynoreti ov | idlanzana le

a pair of | uh per ov | ipheya le/izinto ezimbili ezihambisanayo

a couple of | uh kapəl ov | ezimbalwa/ezimbili

a range of | uh reynj ov | izinhlobo noma ububanzi be

a variety of | uh varayəti ov | izinhlobo ezahlukene ze

a series of | uh siriiz ov | uchungechunge lwe

a set of | uh set ov | iqoqo le

a group of | uh grup ov | iqembu le

a number of | uh nambər ov | inani le

Isibonelo:

A lot of students study English.

Abafundi abaningi bafunda isiNgisi.

13. Izichazi zezingxenye nezingxenyana

Inkulumo | Indlela yokubiza | Incazelo

half | haf | uhhafu

a half | uh haf | uhhafu

quarter | kwortər | ikota/ingxenye yesine

a quarter | uh kwortər | ikota

third | thərd | ingxenye yesithathu

a third | uh thərd | ingxenye yesithathu

two-thirds | tu thərdz | izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu

three-quarters | thri kwortərz | izingxenye ezintathu kwezine

part of | part ov | ingxenye ye

most of | moʊst ov | iningi le

some of | sam ov | okunye/abanye be

all of | ol ov | bonke/konke kwe

none of | nan ov | akekho noyedwa/akukho neyodwa ku

Izibonelo:

Half the students left.

Ingxenye yabafundi yahamba.

Most of the students passed.

Iningi labafundi laphumelela.

14. none kanye no-neither

none

Kusetshenziswa uma kukhulunywa ngeqembu lezinto noma labantu, kungekho noyedwa noma neyodwa.

None of the students came.