1- Ialfabhethi yesiNgesi
1. A a — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: ey — /eɪ/ — Unobumba A ubizwa ngokufana nesandi esithi “ey”, njengakwisiqalo segama elithi “acorn”.
2. B b — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: bii — /b/ — Unobumba B ubizwa ngokuba ngu “bii”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /b/, njengakwigama elithi book.
3. C c — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: sii — /k/, /s/ — Unobumba C ubizwa ngokuba ngu “sii”. Isandi sakhe sinokuba ngu /k/, njengakwigama elithi cat, okanye ngu /s/, njengakwigama elithi city.
4. D d — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: dii — /d/ — Unobumba D ubizwa ngokuba ngu “dii”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /d/, njengakwigama elithi dog.
5. E e — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: ii — /iː/ — Unobumba E ubizwa ngokuba ngu “ii”, njengesandi esikwigama elithi see.
6. F f — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: ef — /f/ — Unobumba F ubizwa ngokuba ngu “ef”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /f/, njengakwigama elithi fish.
7. G g — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: jii — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — Unobumba G ubizwa ngokuba ngu “jii”. Isandi sakhe sinokuba ngu /ɡ/, njengakwigama elithi go, okanye ngu /dʒ/, njengakwigama elithi giant.
8. H h — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: eych — /h/ — Unobumba H ubizwa ngokuba ngu “eych”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /h/, njengakwigama elithi house.
9. I i — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: ay — /aɪ/ — Unobumba I ubizwa ngokuba ngu “ay”, njengakwigama elithi eye.
10. J j — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: jey — /dʒ/ — Unobumba J ubizwa ngokuba ngu “jey”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /dʒ/, njengakwigama elithi job.
11. K k — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: key — /k/ — Unobumba K ubizwa ngokuba ngu “key”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /k/, njengakwigama elithi key.
12. L l — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: el — /l/ — Unobumba L ubizwa ngokuba ngu “el”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /l/, njengakwigama elithi love.
13. M m — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: em — /m/ — Unobumba M ubizwa ngokuba ngu “em”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /m/, njengakwigama elithi man.
14. N n — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: en — /n/ — Unobumba N ubizwa ngokuba ngu “en”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /n/, njengakwigama elithi name.
15. O o — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: oh — /oʊ/ — Unobumba O ubizwa ngokuba ngu “oh”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /oʊ/, njengakwigama elithi go.
16. P p — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: pii — /p/ — Unobumba P ubizwa ngokuba ngu “pii”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /p/, njengakwigama elithi pen.
17. Q q — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: kyuu — /k/ — Unobumba Q ubizwa ngokuba ngu “kyuu”, kwaye udla ngokulandelwa ngunobumba U, njengakwigama elithi queen.
18. R r — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: ar — /r/ — Unobumba R ubizwa ngokuba ngu “ar”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /r/, njengakwigama elithi red.
19. S s — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: es — /s/, /z/ — Unobumba S ubizwa ngokuba ngu “es”. Isandi sakhe sinokuba ngu /s/, njengakwigama elithi sun, okanye ngu /z/, njengakwigama elithi rose.
20. T t — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: tii — /t/ — Unobumba T ubizwa ngokuba ngu “tii”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /t/, njengakwigama elithi ten.
21. U u — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: yuu — /juː/, /ʌ/ — Unobumba U ubizwa ngokuba ngu “yuu” /juː/, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha unokuba nesandi /ʌ/, njengakwigama elithi cup.
22. V v — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: vii — /v/ — Unobumba V ubizwa ngokuba ngu “vii”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /v/, njengakwigama elithi very.
23. W w — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: dabhal-yuu — /w/ — Unobumba W ubizwa ngokuba ngu “double-u”, kwaye isandi sakhe ngu /w/, njengakwigama elithi water.
24. X x — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: eks — /ks/ — Unobumba X ubizwa ngokuba ngu “eks”, kwaye isandi sakhe sidla ngokuba ngu /ks/, njengakwigama elithi box.
25. Y y — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: way — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — Unobumba Y ubizwa ngokuba ngu “way”. Isandi sakhe sinokuba ngu /j/, njengakwigama elithi yes, ngu /ɪ/, njengakwigama elithi happy, okanye ngu /aɪ/, njengakwigama elithi my.
26. Z z — Ibizwa ngokuba ngu: zii* — /z/ — KwisiNgesi saseMelika, unobumba Z ubizwa ngokuba ngu “zee”. KwisiNgesi saseBritani, udla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngu “zed”. Isandi sakhe ngu /z/, njengakwigama elithi zoo.
2- Ulandelelwano lwamagama (WORD ORDER)
1. Isivakalisi esisisiseko — Isihloko + isenzi — Sabjekthi + Vebhi — I sleep. — Ay sliip — Ndiyalala.
2. Into ethe ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I read a book. — Ay riid a buk — Ndifunda incwadi.
3. Into engathanga ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + into engathanga ngqo + into ethe ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I give him a book. — Ay giv him a buk — Ndimnika incwadi.
4. Umntu oxhamlayo — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + for + umntu — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Fo + Umntu — I buy a book for him. — Ay bay a buk fo him — Ndimthengela incwadi.
5. Isimelabizo sento engathanga ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + isimelabizo sento engathanga ngqo + into ethe ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Indayirekthi Objekthi Pronoun + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I give her a book. — Ay giv har a buk — Ndimnika incwadi.
6. Isichazi — Isihloko + be + isichazi — Sabjekthi + Bii + Adjekthivhi — The book is big. — Dha buk iz big — Incwadi inkulu.
7. Isihlomelo — Isihloko + isenzi + isihlomelo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Adverbi — He reads quickly. — Hii riidz kwikli — Ufunda ngokukhawuleza.
8. Into ethe ngqo + isihlomelo — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + isihlomelo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Adverbi — I read a book quickly. — Ay riid a buk kwikli — Ndifunda incwadi ngokukhawuleza.
9. Isihlomelo sexesha — Isihloko + isenzi + isihlomelo sexesha — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Thayim Adverbi — I work today. — Ay wərk thudey — Ndisebenza namhlanje.
10. Isihlomelo sendawo — Isihloko + isenzi + isihlomelo sendawo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Pleys Adverbi — She lives there. — Shii livz dher — Uhlala apho.
11. Ibinzana elinesalathandawo — Isihloko + be + ibinzana elinesalathandawo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Prepazishonali Freizi — The book is on the table. — Dha buk iz on dha teybl — Incwadi iphezu kwetafile.
12. Into ethe ngqo + indawo — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + indawo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Pleys Freizi — I put a book on the table. — Ay put a buk on dha teybl — Ndibeka incwadi phezu kwetafile.
13. Isigqibo + isibizo — Isigqibo + isibizo — Ditemina + Naun — This book is new. — Dhis buk iz nyuu — Le ncwadi intsha.
14. Isigqibo + isichazi + isibizo — Ditemina + Adjekthivhi + Naun — This big book is new. — Dhis big buk iz nyuu — Le ncwadi inkulu intsha.
15. Inani + isibizo — Nyumerali + Naun — Two books are new. — Thuu buks ar nyuu — Iincwadi ezimbini zintsha.
16. Ukudibanisa — Isihloko + isenzi + and + isihloko + isenzi — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Endhi + Sabjekthi + Vebhi — I read and he writes. — Ay riid endhi hii rayts — Ndiyafunda kwaye uyabhala.
17. Ukudibanisa ngezinto — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + and + isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Endhi + Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I read a book and he writes a letter. — Ay riid a buk endhi hii rayts a letər — Ndifunda incwadi kwaye ubhala ileta.
18. Ilizwi lokwenziwa — Isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii — The book is read. — Dha buk iz red — Incwadi iyafundwa.
19. Ilizwi lokwenziwa + umenzi wesenzo — Isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + by + umenzi — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Bay + Eijenthi — The book is read by the teacher. — Dha buk iz red bay dha tiichər — Incwadi ifundwa ngutitshala.
20. Ilizwi lokwenziwa + into engathanga ngqo — Isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + to + into engathanga ngqo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi — The book is given to him. — Dha buk iz givən thu him — Incwadi inikwa yena.
21. Ilizwi lokwenziwa + into engathanga ngqo + umenzi — Isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + to + into engathanga ngqo + by + umenzi — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Bay + Eijenthi — The book is given to him by the teacher. — Dha buk iz givən thu him bay dha tiichər — Incwadi inikwa yena ngutitshala.
22. Ilizwi lokwenziwa + isihlomelo — Isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + isihlomelo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Adverbi — The book is read now. — Dha buk iz red naw — Incwadi iyafundwa ngoku.
23. Ilizwi lokwenziwa + indawo — Isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + indawo — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Lokeishon — The book is put on the table. — Dha buk iz put on dha teybl — Incwadi ibekwa phezu kwetafile.
24. Ilizwi lokwenziwa + umenzi + isihlomelo sexesha — Isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + by + umenzi + isihlomelo sexesha — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Bay + Eijenthi + Thayim Adverbi — The book is read by the teacher today. — Dha buk iz red bay dha tiichər thudey — Incwadi ifundwa ngutitshala namhlanje.
25. Ilizwi lokwenziwa + into engathanga ngqo + umenzi + ixesha — Isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + to + into engathanga ngqo + by + umenzi + ixesha — Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Bay + Eijenthi + Thayim Adverbi — The book is given to the student by the teacher today. — Dha buk iz givən thu dha styudent bay dha tiichər thudey — Incwadi inikwa umfundi ngutitshala namhlanje.
26. Ilizwi lokwenziwa elidlulileyo eligqibeleleyo langoku — Isihloko + has/have been + isimo sesithathu sesenzi — Sabjekthi + Haz/Hav Bin + Vhi Thrii — The book has been read. — Dha buk haz bin red — Incwadi sele ifundiwe.
27. Ilizwi lokwenziwa eligqibeleleyo + umenzi — Isihloko + has/have been + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + by + umenzi — Sabjekthi + Haz/Hav Bin + Vhi Thrii + Bay + Eijenthi — The book has been read by the teacher. — Dha buk haz bin red bay dha tiichər — Incwadi sele ifundiwe ngutitshala.
28. Ilizwi lokwenziwa lexesha elizayo — Isihloko + will be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + ixesha — Sabjekthi + Wil Bii + Vhi Thrii + Thayim — The book will be read tomorrow. — Dha buk wil bii red thumoro — Incwadi iya kufundwa ngomso.
29. Ilizwi lokwenziwa lexesha elizayo + umenzi — Isihloko + will be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + by + umenzi + ixesha — Sabjekthi + Wil Bii + Vhi Thrii + Bay + Eijenthi + Thayim — The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. — Dha buk wil bii red bay dha tiichər thumoro — Incwadi iya kufundwa ngutitshala ngomso.
30. Ilizwi lokwenziwa eline-modal — Isihloko + isenzi se-modal + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi — Sabjekthi + Moudali Vebhi + Bii + Vhi Thrii — The book must be read. — Dha buk mast bii red — Incwadi imele ifundwe.
31. Isimo esilandulayo — Isihloko + isenzi esincedisayo + not + isenzi — Sabjekthi + Oksiliyari Vebhi + Nothi + Vebhi — I do not read a book. — Ay du noth riid a buk — Andifundi ncwadi.
32. Ilizwi lokwenziwa elilandulayo — Isihloko + be + not + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + by + umenzi — Sabjekthi + Bii + Nothi + Vhi Thrii + Bay + Eijenthi — The book is not read by the teacher. — Dha buk iz noth red bay dha tiichər — Incwadi ayifundwa ngutitshala.
33. Umbuzo othi ewe okanye hayi — Isenzi esincedisayo + isihloko + isenzi? — Oksiliyari Vebhi + Sabjekthi + Vebhi? — Do you read a book? — Duu yuu riid a buk? — Ngaba ufunda incwadi?
34. Umbuzo kwilizwi lokwenziwa — Be + isihloko + isimo sesenzi? — Bii + Sabjekthi + Vhi Thrii? — Is the book being read? — Iz dha buk bii-ing red? — Ngaba incwadi iyafundwa?
35. Umbuzo malunga nomenzi — Who + isenzi + into ethe ngqo? — Huu + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi? — Who reads the book? — Huu riidz dha buk? — Ngubani ofunda incwadi?
36. Umbuzo malunga nento engathanga ngqo — Who/whom + isenzi esincedisayo + isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + to? — Huu/Huum + Oksiliyari Vebhi + Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Thu? — Who do you give the book to? — Huu duu yuu giv dha buk thu? — Uyinikela kubani incwadi?
37. Umyalelo — Isenzi + ...! — Vebhi + ...! — Read! — Riid! — Funda!
38. Umyalelo + into engathanga ngqo — Isenzi + into ethe ngqo + to + into engathanga ngqo! — Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi! — Give the book to him! — Giv dha buk thu him! — Mnike incwadi!
39. Umyalelo kwilizwi lokwenziwa — Let + into ethe ngqo + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi! — Let + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii! — Let the book be read! — Let dha buk bii red! — Mayifundwe incwadi!
40. I-infinitive — To + isenzi — Thu + Vebhi — to read — thu riid — ukufunda.
41. I-infinitive + into ethe ngqo — To + isenzi + into ethe ngqo — Thu + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — to read a book — thu riid a buk — ukufunda incwadi.
42. I-infinitive + into ethe ngqo ethile — To + isenzi + into ethe ngqo ethile — Thu + Vebhi + Spesifikhi Dayirekthi Objekthi — to read the book — thu riid dha buk — ukufunda incwadi leyo.
43. Injongo — Isihloko + isenzi + to + isenzi — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Thu + Vebhi — I eat to play. — Ay iit thu pley — Ndiyatya ukuze ndidlale.
44. Isivakalisi esinobudlelwane — Isibizo + igama lobudlelwane + igatya — Naun + Relativhi Wodhi + Kloz — The book that I read is interesting. — Dha buk dhat ay riid iz intristing — Incwadi endiyifundayo inomdla.
45. Isivakalisi sobudlelwane kwilizwi lokwenziwa — Isibizo + igama lobudlelwane + ilizwi lokwenziwa — Naun + Relativhi Wodhi + Voyis — The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. — Dha buk dhat iz bii-ing red bay dha tiichər iz intristing — Incwadi efundwa ngutitshala inomdla.
46. Imeko — If + isivakalisi, isihloko + isenzi — If + Kloz, Sabjekthi + Vebhi — If I have time, I read. — If ay hav thaym, ay riid — Ukuba ndinexesha, ndiyafunda.
47. Imeko + ilizwi lokwenziwa — If + isihloko + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi, isihloko + isenzi — If + Sabjekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii, Sabjekthi + Vebhi — If the book is read, he learns. — If dha buk iz red, hii lernz — Ukuba incwadi iyafundwa, uyafunda.
48. Intetho exeliweyo — Isihloko + isenzi + that + isihloko + isenzi — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dhat + Sabjekthi + Vebhi — He said that he was reading. — Hii sed dhat hii waz riiding — Wathi wayefunda.
49. Umbuzo oxeliweyo — Isihloko + isenzi + if/whether + isihloko + isenzi — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + If/Wedher + Sabjekthi + Vebhi — He asked if I was reading. — Hii askt if ay waz riiding — Wabuza ukuba ndandifunda na.
50. Umyalelo okanye isicelo esixeliweyo — Isihloko + isenzi + into + to + isenzi — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Objekthi + Thu + Vebhi — He asked me to read. — Hii askt mii thu riid — Wathi mandifunde.
Izihlomelo:
1. Indlela (Manner): Isihlomelo sendlela silandela isenzi okanye into eyenziwayo. Isihloko + isenzi + into + isihlomelo. I read the book quickly. — Ay riid dha buk kwikli. — Ndifunda incwadi ngokukhawuleza.
2. Indawo (Place): Isihlomelo sendawo sidla ngokulandela isenzi okanye into eyenziwayo. Isihloko + isenzi + into + indawo. I read the book at home. — Ay riid dha buk at hoom. — Ndifunda incwadi ekhaya.
3. Ixesha (Time): Isihlomelo sexesha sidla ngokubekwa ekupheleni okanye ekuqaleni kwesivakalisi. Isihloko + isenzi + into + ixesha. I read the book yesterday. — Ay riid dha buk yestərdey. — Ndifunde incwadi izolo.
4. Ukuphindaphinda (Frequency): Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda sidla ngokubekwa phambi kwesenzi esiphambili. Isihloko + isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isenzi. I often read books. — Ay ofən riid buks. — Ndihlala ndifunda iincwadi.
5. Ukuphindaphinda + be (Frequency + be): Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda silandela isenzi esithi be. Isihloko + isenzi be + isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda. He is always happy. — Hii iz olwեյz hapi. — Uhlala onwabile.
6. Ukuphindaphinda + isenzi esincedisayo (Frequency + auxiliary): Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda silandela isenzi sokuqala esincedisayo. Isihloko + isenzi esincedisayo + isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isenzi. I have never seen it. — Ay hav nevər siin it. — Andizange ndiyibone.
7. Ubungakanani (Degree): Isihlomelo sobungakanani sibekwa phambi kwesichazi okanye isihlomelo esisichazayo. Isihloko + isihlomelo sobungakanani + isichazi/isihlomelo. It is very good. — It iz veri gud. — Ilunge kakhulu.
8. Ubungakanani + isenzi (Degree + verb): Ngokuxhomekeke kwisihlomelo, sinokuza phambi okanye emva kwesenzi. Isihloko + isenzi + isihlomelo. I really like it. — Ay riili layk it. — Ndiyithanda ngokwenene.
9. Isihlomelo sesivakalisi (Sentence adverb): Sinokuvela ekuqaleni, embindini okanye ekupheleni kwesivakalisi, kwaye sibonisa uluvo lwesithethi ngesivakalisi sonke. Isihlomelo + isivakalisi. Fortunately, I won. — Fortshənətli, ay wan. — Ngethamsanqa, ndiphumelele.
10. Isihlomelo sokuphawula (Comment adverb): Sidla ngokuvela ekuqaleni kwesivakalisi kwaye sibonise uluvo okanye izimvo zesithethi. Isihlomelo + isivakalisi. Honestly, I don't know. — Onistli, ay dont noo. — Ukuthetha inyani, andazi.
11. Isihlomelo esidibanisayo (Linking adverb): Sidla ngokuvela ekuqaleni okanye embindini wesivakalisi, sidibanise iingcamango okanye izivakalisi ezibini. Isivakalisi + isihlomelo esidibanisayo + isivakalisi. I was tired; however, I worked. — Ay waz tayərd; hawevər, ay werkt. — Ndandidiniwe; nangona kunjalo, ndasebenza.
12. Indlela eya ngakuyo (Direction): Isihlomelo sendlela sidla ngokulandela isenzi okanye into eyenziwayo. Isihloko + isenzi + into + isihlomelo sendlela. She went outside. — Shii went awtsayd. — Uye ngaphandle.
13. Ukuphindaphinda okuqinisekileyo (Definite frequency): Ibinzana elichaza ukuphindaphinda okuthile linokuvela ekuqaleni okanye ekupheleni kwesivakalisi. Ibinzana lexesha + isivakalisi. I go there every day. — Ay goo dher evri dey. — Ndiya apho yonke imihla.
14. Ixesha elichithiweyo (Duration): Ibinzana lexesha lidla ngokubekwa ekupheleni kwesivakalisi. Isihloko + isenzi + into + ixesha. I studied for two hours. — Ay stadid fo thuu awərz. — Ndifunde iiyure ezimbini.
15. Injongo (Purpose): Ibinzana lenjongo lidla ngokubekwa ekupheleni kwesivakalisi kwaye lichaza isizathu sesenzo. Isivakalisi + injongo. I went there to study. — Ay went dher thu stadi. — Ndaya apho ukuze ndifunde.
INDIRECT OBJECT: Into engathanga ngqo
# Uhlobo — Ukwakhiwa — Indlela yokubiza ukwakhiwa — Umzekelo — Indlela yokubiza umzekelo — Intsingiselo
1. Into engathanga ngqo phambi kwento ethe ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + into engathanga ngqo + into ethe ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I gave him a book. — Ay geyv him a buk — Ndimnike incwadi.
2. Into ethe ngqo + to + into engathanga ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + to + into engathanga ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi — I gave a book to him. — Ay geyv a buk thu him — Ndimnike incwadi.
3. Into engathanga ngqo phambi kwento ethe ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + into engathanga ngqo + into ethe ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — She sent me a letter. — Shii sent mii a letər — Undithumelele ileta.
4. Into ethe ngqo + to + into engathanga ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + to + into engathanga ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi — She sent a letter to me. — Shii sent a letər thu mii — Undithumelele ileta.
5. Into engathanga ngqo kuqala, kusetyenziswa for — Isihloko + isenzi + into engathanga ngqo + into ethe ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi — I bought her a gift. — Ay bawt har a gift — Ndimthengele isipho.
6. Into ethe ngqo + for + into engathanga ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + for + into engathanga ngqo — Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Fo + Indayirekthi Objekthi — I bought a gift for her. — Ay bawt a gift fo har — Ndimthengele isipho.
7. Into engathanga ngqo kwilizwi lokwenziwa — Into engathanga ngqo + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + into ethe ngqo — Indayirekthi Objekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Dayirekthi Objekthi — He was given a book. — Hii waz givən a buk — Wanikwa incwadi.
8. Into ethe ngqo kwilizwi lokwenziwa + to + into engathanga ngqo — Into ethe ngqo + be + isimo sesithathu sesenzi + to + into engathanga ngqo — Dayirekthi Objekthi + Bii + Vhi Thrii + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi — A book was given to him. — A buk waz givən thu him — Incwadi yanikwa yena.
9. Umbuzo malunga nento engathanga ngqo — Igama lombuzo + isenzi esincedisayo + isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + to? — Huu + Duu/Daz/Did + Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Thu? — Who did you give it to? — Huu did yuu giv it thu? — Uyinikile kubani?
10. Umbuzo osesikweni malunga nento engathanga ngqo — To whom + isenzi esincedisayo + isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo? — Thu Huum + Oksiliyari + Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi? — To whom did you give it? — Thu huum did yuu giv it? — Uyinikile kubani?
GENITIVE: Ubunini nobudlelwane
# Uhlobo — Ukwakhiwa — Indlela yokubiza ukwakhiwa — Umzekelo — Indlela yokubiza umzekelo — Intsingiselo
1. Ubunini bomntu omnye — Isibizo + 's + isibizo — Naun + Iz + Naun — John's car — Jonz kar — Imoto kaJohn.
2. Ubunini kusetyenziswa of — Isibizo + of + isibizo — Naun + Ov + Naun — the car of John — Dha kar ov Jon — Imoto kaJohn.
3. Ubunini besininzi esiqhelekileyo — Isibizo sesininzi + ' + isibizo — Plural Naun + Apostrofi + Naun — students' books — Styudents buks — Iincwadi zabafundi.
4. Ubunini besininzi esingaqhelekanga — Isibizo + 's + isibizo — Naun + Iz + Naun — children's toys — Tshildrenz toyz — Izinto zokudlala zabantwana.
5. Ubunini kusetyenziswa of — Isibizo + of + isibizo — Naun + Ov + Naun — the roof of the house — Dha ruuf ov dha haws — Uphahla lwendlu.
6. Isigqibo sobunini — Isigqibo sobunini + isibizo — Pazesiv Ditemina + Naun — my car — May kar — Imoto yam.
7. Isimelabizo sobunini esizimeleyo — Isimelabizo sobunini esizimeleyo — Pazesiv Pronawn — The car is mine. — Dha kar iz mayn — Imoto yeyam.
8. Ubunini obudibeneyo — Isibizo + of + isimelabizo sobunini esizimeleyo — Naun + Ov + Pazesiv Pronawn — a friend of mine — A frend ov mayn — Umhlobo wam.
9. Ubunini bexesha — Isibizo sexesha + 's + isibizo — Thayim Naun + Iz + Naun — today's news — Thudeyz nyuuz — Iindaba zanamhlanje.
10. Ubunini bexesha elibalwayo — Inani + iyunithi yomlinganiselo + ' + isibizo — Nyumerali + Yuunithi + Apostrofi + Naun — two weeks' vacation — Thuu wiiks vekeyshən — Ikhefu leeveki ezimbini.
11. Umbuzo ngobunini — Whose + isibizo? — Huuz + Naun? — Whose book? — Huuz buk? — Yincwadi kabani?
12. Ubunini kwisivakalisi esinobudlelwane — Whose + isibizo + igatya — Huuz + Naun + Kloz — the man whose car... — Dha man huuz kar... — Indoda enemoto...
13. Ubunini obudibeneyo — Isibizo sokuqala + and + isibizo sesibini + 's + isibizo — Naun + Endhi + Naun + Iz + Naun — John and Mary's house — Jon endhi Meriz haws — Indlu kaJohn noMary ekwabelwana ngayo.
14. Ubunini obahlukileyo — Isibizo sokuqala + 's + and + isibizo sesibini + 's + isibizo — Naun + Iz + Endhi + Naun + Iz + Naun — John's and Mary's houses — Jonz endhi Meriz hawziz — Izindlu zikaJohn nezikaMary ezahlukileyo.
INDEPENDENT: Izimelabizo zobunini ezizimeleyo
Umntu — Isigqibo sobunini — Indlela yokubiza isigqibo sobunini — Isimelabizo sobunini esizimeleyo — Indlela yokubiza isimelabizo — Umzekelo opheleleyo — Indlela yokubiza umzekelo — Intsingiselo
I = mna — my — May — mine — Mayn — This book is mine. — Dhis buk iz mayn — Le ncwadi yeyam.
you = wena — your — Yor — yours — Yorz — This book is yours. — Dhis buk iz yorz — Le ncwadi yeyakho.
he = yena — his — Hiz — his — Hiz — This book is his. — Dhis buk iz hiz — Le ncwadi yeyakhe.
she = yena — her — Her — hers — Herz — This book is hers. — Dhis buk iz herz — Le ncwadi yeyakhe.
it = yona, xa kuthethwa ngento okanye isilwanyana — its — Its — Akukho simelabizo sobunini esizimeleyo esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo — — The dog hurt its leg. — Dha dog hert its leg — Inja yenzakalise umlenze wayo.
we = thina — our — Awər — ours — Awərz — This book is ours. — Dhis buk iz awərz — Le ncwadi yeyethu.
they = bona — their — Dher — theirs — Dherz — This book is theirs. — Dhis buk iz dherz — Le ncwadi yeyabo.
The book is the boy's. = Incwadi yeyenkwenkwe.
The book is for the boy. = Incwadi yeyenkwenkwe.
WAS GOING TO: Ndandiza kwenza / kwakufuneka ndenze
Isimelabizo — Ukwakhiwa — Indlela yokubiza ukwakhiwa — Umzekelo — Indlela yokubiza umzekelo — Intsingiselo
I = mna — I + was going to + isenzi — Ay + Waz Gow-ing Thu + Vebhi — I was going to eat. — Ay waz gow-ing thu iit — Ndandiza kutya.
you = wena — You + were going to + isenzi — Yuu + Wər Gow-ing Thu + Vebhi — You were going to eat. — Yuu wər gow-ing thu iit — Wawuzokutya.
he = yena — He + was going to + isenzi — Hii + Waz Gow-ing Thu + Vebhi — He was going to eat. — Hii waz gow-ing thu iit — Wayeza kutya.
she = yena — She + was going to + isenzi — Shii + Waz Gow-ing Thu + Vebhi — She was going to eat. — Shii waz gow-ing thu iit — Wayeza kutya.
it = yona — It + was going to + isenzi — It + Waz Gow-ing Thu + Vebhi — It was going to rain. — It waz gow-ing thu reyn — Kwakubonakala ngathi kuza kunetha.
we = thina — We + were going to + isenzi — Wii + Wər Gow-ing Thu + Vebhi — We were going to eat. — Wii wər gow-ing thu iit — Sasiza kutya.
they = bona — They + were going to + isenzi — Dhey + Wər Gow-ing Thu + Vebhi — They were going to eat. — Dhey wər gow-ing thu iit — Babeza kutya.
[Was about to / Were about to] — La mabinzana asetyenziswa xa into yayiza kwenzeka kungekudala.
Was about to = Into yayiza kwenzeka kungekudala.
Was supposed to = Kwakulindeleke ukuba umntu enze into, kodwa kukho into eyamthintelayo okanye kwenzeka enye into.
I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. = Bekufuneka ndicoce namhlanje, kodwa ngenxa yemozulu embi andizukwenza njalo.
2- Izibizo (NOUNS)
Intsingiselo — Ukwakhiwa — Umzekelo — Indlela yokubiza ngesiNgesi — Intsingiselo yesiXhosa
Isininzi — Isibizo + s — books — Buks — Iincwadi
Isininzi — Isibizo + es — boxes — Boksiz — Iibhokisi
Isibizo esinye esichaziweyo — the + isibizo — the book — Dha buk — Incwadi leyo
Isininzi esichaziweyo — the + isibizo sesininzi — the books — Dha buks — Iincwadi ezo
Isibizo esinye esingachaziwanga — a + isibizo — a book — A buk — Incwadi
Xa igama elilandelayo liqala ngesandi sesikhamiso, kusetyenziswa an — an + isibizo — an apple — An appl — I-apile
Into engathanga ngqo — Isihloko + isenzi + umntu ofumana into + into ethe ngqo — I give him the book. — Ay giv him dha buk — Ndimnika incwadi.
Into engathanga ngqo kunye no-to — Isihloko + isenzi + into ethe ngqo + to + umntu ofumana into — I give the book to him. — Ay giv dha buk thu him — Ndimnika incwadi.
Ubunini — Isibizo somnini + 's + into yakhe — John's car — Jonz kar — Imoto kaJohn.
Ubunini besininzi — Isibizo sesininzi esingumnini + s' + into ephethwe — the boys' books — Dha boyz buks — Iincwadi zamakhwenkwe.
Ubunini kusetyenziswa of — Into ephethweyo + of + umnini — the door of the house — Dha dor ov dha haws — Ucango lwendlu.
Isiphelo segama — Yintoni esiyongezayo? — Umzekelo — Indlela yokubiza
Amagama amaninzi — -s — book → books — Buk → buks
s — -es — bus → buses — Bas → basiz
ss — -es — class → classes — Klas → klasiz
sh — -es — dish → dishes — Dish → dishiz
ch — -es — watch → watches — Woch → wochiz
x — -es — box → boxes — Boks → boksiz
z — -es — quiz → quizzes — Kwiz → kwiziz
Iconsonanti + y — -ies — baby → babies — Beybi → bey biz
Isikhamiso + y — -s — boy → boys — Boy → boyz
Ezinye izibizo eziphela ngo-f/fe — -ves — knife → knives — Nayf → nayvz
Ezinye izibizo eziphela ngo-f/fe — -s — roof → roofs — Ruuf → ruufs
Xa isibizo singabalekiyo okanye singasetyenziswa njengesininzi, indlela yokusenza isininzi iyahluka ngokohlobo lwesibizo.
INDIRECT OBJECT: Into engathanga ngqo
Kukho iindlela ezintathu ezisisiseko zokubeka into engathanga ngqo kwisiNgesi:
1- Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi
I give a boy a book. = Ndinika inkwenkwe incwadi.
2- Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Dayirekthi Objekthi + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi
I give a book to a boy. = Ndinika inkwenkwe incwadi.
3- Sabjekthi + Vebhi + Thu + Indayirekthi Objekthi + Dayirekthi Objekthi
I give to a boy a book. = Ndinika inkwenkwe incwadi.
Le ndlela ivakala ingaqhelekanga kwisiNgesi sanamhlanje; iindlela zokuqala nezesibini zisetyenziswa ngakumbi.
GENITIVE: Ubunini
Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko zokubonisa ubunini kwisiNgesi:
1- Ownərz + Pazeshən
The boy's book = Incwadi yenkwenkwe.
2- Pazeshən + ov + Ownər
The book of the boy = Incwadi yenkwenkwe.
3- Izichazi (ADJECTIVES)
Uhlobo ngesiXhosa Ulwakhiwo ngesiXhosa Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo lwesiNgesi Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Isichazi esichazayo Isichazi + isibizo Adjekthivhi + Naun a beautiful house A byutiful hausi Indlu entle
Isichazi sobungakanani Ubuninzi + isibizo Kwontithi + Naun many books Meni buks Iincwadi ezininzi
Isichazi samanani Inani + isibizo Nambha + Naun three books Thrii buks Iincwadi ezintathu
Isichazi sokwalatha this/that/these/those + isibizo Dis/Dat/Diiz/Dhouz + Naun this book Dis buk Le ncwadi
Isichazi sobumnini my/your/his/her/its/our/their + isibizo May/Yor/Hiz/Her/Its/Awar/Dher + Naun my car May kha Imoto yam
Isichazi sokubuza which/what/whose + isibizo Wich/Wot/Huuz + Naun which book? Wich buk? Yeyiphi incwadi?
Isichazi esingachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo Igama elingachazwanga + isibizo Indifinit Wod + Naun some books Sam buks Ezinye iincwadi
Isichazi esahlulayo each/every/either/neither + isibizo Iich/Evri/Aidher/Naidher + Naun each student Iich styudent Umfundi ngamnye
Isichazi esivela kwigama eliyisibizo esisiso Isibizo esisiso → isichazi Propər Naun → Adjekthivhi English language Inglish lengwij Ulwimi lwesiNgesi
Isichazi esimbaxa Igama + igama Wod + Wod a well-known actor A wel-noun aktha Umdlali owaziwayo
Isichazi esivela kwisenzi sangoku okanye esadlulayo V-ing / V-ed Vhi-ing / Vhi-ed a boring movie A boring muvi Ifilimu ekruqulayo
Isichazi sokuthelekisa Isichazi + er / more + isichazi Adjekthivhi + Iər / Mor + Adjekthivhi bigger house Bigər hausi Indlu enkulu ngakumbi
Isichazi sowona mlinganiselo uphezulu Isichazi + est / most + isichazi Adjekthivhi + Ist / Moust + Adjekthivhi the biggest house Dha bigist hausi Eyona ndlu inkulu
Izichazi ezilungelelanisiweyo Isichazi + ikhefu + isichazi + isibizo Adjekthivhi + Poz + Adjekthivhi + Naun a long, difficult journey A long, difikalt jərni Uhambo olude nolunzima
Isichazi esiphambi kwesibizo Isichazi + isibizo Adjekthivhi + Naun a red car A red kha Imoto ebomvu
Isichazi esilandela isenzi esidibanisayo Subject + be + adjective Sabjekthi + Bii + Adjekthivhi The car is red. Dha kha iz red Imoto ibomvu.
Isichazi esisemva kwesibizo Isibizo + isichazi Naun + Adjekthivhi something interesting Samthing intristing Into enomdla
Isichazi esizimeleyo Isichazi Adjekthivhi perfect Pərfekt Igqibelele
Isichazi sokugxininisa Isichazi + isibizo Adjekthivhi + Naun my own car May oun kha Imoto yam kanye
Isichazi sesikhuzo what + isichazi + isibizo Wot + Adjekthivhi + Naun What a beautiful day! Wot a byutiful dey! Hayi, imini entle!
1. Ixesha langoku eliqhelekileyo — Present Simple
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + am/is/are + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Am/Iz/Ar + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Ulwakhiwo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I am I am happy. Ay am hepi Ndiyavuya.
You You are You are happy. Yuu ar hepi Uyavuya.
He He is He is happy. Hii iz hepi Uyavuya.
She She is She is happy. Shii iz hepi Uyavuya.
It It is It is cold. It iz kould Kuyabanda.
We We are We are happy. Wii ar hepi Siyavuya.
You You are You are happy. Yuu ar hepi Niyavuya.
They They are They are happy. Dhey ar hepi Bayavuya.
2. Ixesha eladlulayo eliqhelekileyo — Past Simple
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + was/were + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Woz/Wər + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Ulwakhiwo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I was I was happy. Ay woz hepi Ndandivuya.
You You were You were happy. Yuu wər hepi Wawuvuya.
He He was He was happy. Hii woz hepi Wayevuya.
She She was She was happy. Shii woz hepi Wayevuya.
It It was It was cold. It woz kould Kwakubanda.
We We were We were happy. Wii wər hepi Sasivuya.
You You were You were happy. Yuu wər hepi Nanivuyile.
They They were They were happy. Dhey wər hepi Babevuya.
3. Ixesha elizayo eliqhelekileyo — Future Simple
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + will be + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Wil Bii + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Ulwakhiwo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will be I will be happy. Ay wil bii hepi Ndiza kuvuya.
You You will be You will be happy. Yuu wil bii hepi Uya kuvuya.
He He will be He will be happy. Hii wil bii hepi Uya kuvuya.
She She will be She will be happy. Shii wil bii hepi Uya kuvuya.
It It will be It will be cold. It wil bii kould Kuza kubanda.
We We will be We will be happy. Wii wil bii hepi Siza kuvuya.
You You will be You will be happy. Yuu wil bii hepi Niza kuvuya.
They They will be They will be happy. Dhey wil bii hepi Baza kuvuya.
4. Ixesha langoku eliqhubekayo — Present Continuous
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + am/is/are being + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Am/Iz/Ar Bii-ing + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Ulwakhiwo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I am being I am being careful. Ay am bii-ing kerful Ndiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You are being You are being careful. Yuu ar bii-ing kerful Uziphatha ngononophelo.
He He is being He is being careful. Hii iz bii-ing kerful Uziphatha ngononophelo.
She She is being She is being careful. Shii iz bii-ing kerful Uziphatha ngononophelo.
It It is being It is being repaired. It iz bii-ing ripeərd Iyalungiswa.
We We are being We are being careful. Wii ar bii-ing kerful Siziphatha ngononophelo.
You You are being You are being careful. Yuu ar bii-ing kerful Niziphatha ngononophelo.
They They are being They are being careful. Dhey ar bii-ing kerful Baziphatha ngononophelo.
5. Ixesha eladlulayo eliqhubekayo — Past Continuous
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + was/were being + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Woz/Wər Bii-ing + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Ulwakhiwo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I was being I was being careful. Ay woz bii-ing kerful Ndandiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You were being You were being careful. Yuu wər bii-ing kerful Wawuziphatha ngononophelo.
He He was being He was being careful. Hii woz bii-ing kerful Wayeziphatha ngononophelo.
She She was being She was being careful. Shii woz bii-ing kerful Wayeziphatha ngononophelo.
It It was being It was being repaired. It woz bii-ing ripeərd Yayilungiswa.
We We were being We were being careful. Wii wər bii-ing kerful Sasiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You were being You were being careful. Yuu wər bii-ing kerful Naniziphatha ngononophelo.
They They were being They were being careful. Dhey wər bii-ing kerful Babeziziphatha ngononophelo.
6. Ixesha elizayo eliqhubekayo — Future Continuous
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + will be being + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Wil Bii Bii-ing + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will be being careful. Ay wil bii bii-ing kerful Ndiza kuqhubeka ndiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You will be being careful. Yuu wil bii bii-ing kerful Uza kuqhubeka uziphatha ngononophelo.
He He will be being careful. Hii wil bii bii-ing kerful Uza kuqhubeka eziphatha ngononophelo.
She She will be being careful. Shii wil bii bii-ing kerful Uza kuqhubeka eziphatha ngononophelo.
It It will be being repaired. It wil bii bii-ing ripeərd Iza kuqhubeka ilungiswa.
We We will be being careful. Wii wil bii bii-ing kerful Siza kuqhubeka siziphatha ngononophelo.
You You will be being careful. Yuu wil bii bii-ing kerful Niza kuqhubeka niziphatha ngononophelo.
They They will be being careful. Dhey wil bii bii-ing kerful Baza kuqhubeka beziphatha ngononophelo.
Eli xesha lichanekile ngokwegrama, kodwa lisetyenziswa kunqabile kakhulu kwisiNgesi esiqhelekileyo.
7. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo — Present Perfect
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + have/has been + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Hav/Haz Bin + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I have been happy. Ay hav bin hepi Bendivuya.
You You have been happy. Yuu hav bin hepi Ubuvuya.
He He has been happy. Hii haz bin hepi Ebeyonwabile.
She She has been happy. Shii haz bin hepi Ebeyonwabile.
It It has been cold. It haz bin kould Bekubanda.
We We have been happy. Wii hav bin hepi Besivuya.
You You have been happy. Yuu hav bin hepi Benivuya.
They They have been happy. Dhey hav bin hepi Bebevuya.
8. Ixesha eladlulayo eligqibeleleyo — Past Perfect
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + had been + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Had Bin + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I had been happy. Ay had bin hepi Ndandivuya.
You You had been happy. Yuu had bin hepi Wawuvuya.
He He had been happy. Hii had bin hepi Wayevuya.
She She had been happy. Shii had bin hepi Wayevuya.
It It had been cold. It had bin kould Kwakubanda.
We We had been happy. Wii had bin hepi Sasivuya.
You You had been happy. Yuu had bin hepi Nanivuya.
They They had been happy. Dhey had bin hepi Babevuya.
9. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo — Future Perfect
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + will have been + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Wil Hav Bin + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will have been happy. Ay wil hav bin hepi Ndiza kube ndonwabile.
You You will have been happy. Yuu wil hav bin hepi Uza kube wonwabile.
He He will have been happy. Hii wil hav bin hepi Uza kube evuya.
She She will have been happy. Shii wil hav bin hepi Uza kube evuya.
It It will have been cold. It wil hav bin kould Kuza kube kubanda.
We We will have been happy. Wii wil hav bin hepi Siza kube sonwabile.
You You will have been happy. Yuu wil hav bin hepi Niza kube nonwabile.
They They will have been happy. Dhey wil hav bin hepi Baza kube bonwabile.
10. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo — Present Perfect Continuous
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + have/has been being + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Hav/Haz Bin Bii-ing + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I have been being careful. Ay hav bin bii-ing kerful Bendisoloko ndiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You have been being careful. Yuu hav bin bii-ing kerful Ubuziphethe ngononophelo.
He He has been being careful. Hii haz bin bii-ing kerful Ebesoloko eziphatha ngononophelo.
She She has been being careful. Shii haz bin bii-ing kerful Ebesoloko eziphatha ngononophelo.
It It has been being repaired. It haz bin bii-ing ripeərd Ibisoloko ilungiswa.
We We have been being careful. Wii hav bin bii-ing kerful Besiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You have been being careful. Yuu hav bin bii-ing kerful Beniziphatha ngononophelo.
They They have been being careful. Dhey hav bin bii-ing kerful Bebeziphatha ngononophelo.
11. Ixesha eladlulayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo — Past Perfect Continuous
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + had been being + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Had Bin Bii-ing + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I had been being careful. Ay had bin bii-ing kerful Ndandisoloko ndiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You had been being careful. Yuu had bin bii-ing kerful Wawusoloko uziphatha ngononophelo.
He He had been being careful. Hii had bin bii-ing kerful Wayesoloko eziphatha ngononophelo.
She She had been being careful. Shii had bin bii-ing kerful Wayesoloko eziphatha ngononophelo.
It It had been being repaired. It had bin bii-ing ripeərd Yayisoloko ilungiswa.
We We had been being careful. Wii had bin bii-ing kerful Sasiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You had been being careful. Yuu had bin bii-ing kerful Naniziphatha ngononophelo.
They They had been being careful. Dhey had bin bii-ing kerful Babezisoloko beziphatha ngononophelo.
12. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo — Future Perfect Continuous
Ulwakhiwo: Isenzi-sentloko + will have been being + umphelelisi
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + Wil Hav Bin Bii-ing + Kompliment
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will have been being careful. Ay wil hav bin bii-ing kerful Ndiza kube ndiqhubeka ndiziphatha ngononophelo.
You You will have been being careful. Yuu wil hav bin bii-ing kerful Uza kube uqhubeka uziphatha ngononophelo.
He He will have been being careful. Hii wil hav bin bii-ing kerful Uza kube eqhubeka eziphatha ngononophelo.
She She will have been being careful. Shii wil hav bin bii-ing kerful Uza kube eqhubeka eziphatha ngononophelo.
It It will have been being repaired. It wil hav bin bii-ing ripeərd Iza kube iqhubeka ilungiswa.
We We will have been being careful. Wii wil hav bin bii-ing kerful Siza kube siqhubeka siziphatha ngononophelo.
You You will have been being careful. Yuu wil hav bin bii-ing kerful Niza kube niqhubeka niziphatha ngononophelo.
They They will have been being careful. Dhey wil hav bin bii-ing kerful Baza kube beqhubeka beziphatha ngononophelo.
4- Izimelabizo (PRONOUNS)
. Izimelabizo zoqobo — zonke iimeko ezisisiseko
Imeko / ingqiqo yesiXhosa Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiNgesi Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Imeko yomenzi Isimelabizo somenzi Subject pronoun I Ayi Mna
Imeko yomenzi Isimelabizo somenzi Subject pronoun you Yuu Wena / nina
Imeko yomenzi Isimelabizo somenzi Subject pronoun he Hii Yena (indoda)
Imeko yomenzi Isimelabizo somenzi Subject pronoun she Shii Yena (ibhinqa)
Imeko yomenzi Isimelabizo somenzi Subject pronoun it Iti Yona (into okanye isilwanyana)
Imeko yomenzi Isimelabizo somenzi Subject pronoun we Wii Thina
Imeko yomenzi Isimelabizo somenzi Subject pronoun they Dheyi Bona
Imizekelo
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I read. Ayi riid Ndiyafunda.
you You work. Yuu werk Usebenza / niyasebenza.
he He sleeps. Hii sliips Uyalala.
she She cooks. Shii kuks Uyapheka.
it It works. Iti werks Iyasebenza.
we We study. Wii stadi Siyafunda.
they They live here. Dheyi liv hiir Bahlala apha.
2. Imeko yomenziwa — izimelabizo ezisetyenziswa njengento
Ezi zimelabizo zisetyenziswa njengento ethe ngqo okanye engathanga ngqo kwisivakalisi.
Ingqiqo Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiNgesi Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Imeko yomenziwa Isimelabizo sento Object pronoun me Mii Mna / kum
Imeko yomenziwa Isimelabizo sento Object pronoun you Yuu Wena / nina
Imeko yomenziwa Isimelabizo sento Object pronoun him Him Yena / kuye (indoda)
Imeko yomenziwa Isimelabizo sento Object pronoun her Har Yena / kuye (ibhinqa)
Imeko yomenziwa Isimelabizo sento Object pronoun it Iti Yona (into okanye isilwanyana)
Imeko yomenziwa Isimelabizo sento Object pronoun us As Thina / kuthi
Imeko yomenziwa Isimelabizo sento Object pronoun them Dhem Bona / kubo
Imizekelo
Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
She called me. Shii koold mii Uyandifowunela.
I saw you. Ayi soo yuu Ndakubona.
We helped him. Wii helpt him Samnceda.
I know her. Ayi noo har Ndiyamazi.
I bought it. Ayi boot iti Ndiyithengile.
He invited us. Hii invaytid as Wasimema.
She called them. Shii koold dhem Wabafowunela.
3. Izimelabizo zobumnini eziza phambi kwesibizo
Ezi zimelabizo zibonisa ukuba into yeyabani kwaye ziza phambi kwesibizo.
Ingqiqo Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiNgesi Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Ubumnini my + noun Mayi + naun my Mayi Eyam / yam
Ubumnini your + noun Yor + naun your Yor Eyakho / yenu
Ubumnini his + noun Hiz + naun his Hiz Eyakhe (indoda)
Ubumnini her + noun Har + naun her Har Eyakhe (ibhinqa)
Ubumnini its + noun Its + naun its Its Eyayo (into okanye isilwanyana)
Ubumnini our + noun Awar + naun our Awar Eyethu
Ubumnini their + noun Dheyar + naun their Dheyar Eyabo
Imizekelo
Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
My book is new. Mayi buk iz nyuu Incwadi yam intsha.
Your car is fast. Yor kaar iz fast Imoto yakho iyakhawuleza.
His house is big. Hiz haus iz big Indlu yakhe inkulu.
Her phone is new. Har foon iz nyuu Ifowuni yakhe intsha.
Its color is beautiful. Its kalar iz byuutiful Umbala wayo mhle.
Our teacher is nice. Awar tiichar iz nayis Utitshala wethu unobubele.
Their house is large. Dheyar haus iz laarj Indlu yabo inkulu.
4. Izimelabizo zobumnini ezizimeleyo
Ezi zimelabizo zisetyenziswa ngaphandle kokulandela isibizo.
Ingqiqo Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiNgesi Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Ubumnini obuzimeleyo mine Mayin mine Mayin Eyam / yeyam
Ubumnini obuzimeleyo yours Yorz yours Yorz Eyakho / yeyenu
Ubumnini obuzimeleyo his Hiz his Hiz Eyakhe
Ubumnini obuzimeleyo hers Harz hers Harz Eyakhe
Ubumnini obuzimeleyo ours Awarz ours Awarz Eyethu
Ubumnini obuzimeleyo theirs Dheyarz theirs Dheyarz Eyabo
Qaphela: Isimelabizo sobumnini esizimeleyo esithi “its” asiqhelekanga ukusetyenziswa ngesiNgesi.
Imizekelo
Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
This book is mine. Dhis buk iz mayin Le ncwadi yeyam.
The car is yours. Dha kaar iz yorz Imoto yeyakho.
The house is his. Dha haus iz hiz Indlu yeyakhe.
The bag is hers. Dha bag iz harz Isingxobo sesakhe.
The room is ours. Dha ruum iz awarz Eli gumbi lelethu.
The books are theirs. Dha buks aar dheyarz Iincwadi zezo zabo.
5. Izimelabizo eziguqulayo (REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS)
Zisetyenziswa xa umenzi esenza isenzo kuye ngokwakhe.
Ingqiqo Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiNgesi Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Eziguqulayo my + self Mayi + self myself Mayi-self Mna ngokwam
Eziguqulayo your + self Yor + self yourself Yor-self Wena ngokwakho
Eziguqulayo him + self Him + self himself Him-self Yena ngokwakhe (indoda)
Eziguqulayo her + self Har + self herself Har-self Yena ngokwakhe (ibhinqa)
Eziguqulayo it + self Iti + self itself Iti-self Yona ngokwayo (into okanye isilwanyana)
Eziguqulayo our + selves Awar + selves ourselves Awar-selvz Thina ngokwethu
Eziguqulayo your + selves Yor + selves yourselves Yor-selvz Nina ngokwenu
Eziguqulayo them + selves Dhem + selves themselves Dhem-selvz Bona ngokwabo
Imizekelo
Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I hurt myself. Ayi hert mayi-self Ndizenzakalise.
You did it yourself. Yuu did iti yor-self Uyenze ngokwakho.
He introduced himself. Hii introdyuust him-self Wazazisa.
She taught herself English. Shii toot har-self Ing-glish Wazifundisa isiNgesi.
The machine turned itself off. Dha mashiin ternd iti-self of Umatshini wazicima ngokwawo.
We enjoyed ourselves. Wii enjויד awar-selvz Sonwabile.
They introduced themselves. Dheyi introdyuust dhem-selvz Bazazisa.
6. Izimelabizo zokwalatha
Ingqiqo Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiNgesi Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Ukukhomba into enye ekufutshane this Dhis this Dhis Le / lo / eli
Ukukhomba into enye ekude that Dhat that Dhat Leya / lowo / elo
Ukukhomba izinto ezininzi ezikufutshane these Dhiiiz these Dhiiiz Ezi / aba
Ukukhomba izinto ezininzi ezikude those Dhooz those Dhooz Ezo / abo
Imizekelo
This is my book.
Dhis iz mayi buk.
Le yincwadi yam.
That is your car.
Dhat iz yor kaar.
Le yileyo moto yakho.
These are my shoes.
Dhiiiz aar mayi shuuz.
Ezi zizihlangu zam.
Those are their houses.
Dhooz aar dheyar hauziz.
Ezo zizindlu zabo.
7. Izimelabizo zokubuza
Ingqiqo Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiNgesi Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Ukubuza ngomntu who Huu who Huu Ngubani?
Ukubuza ngomntu owenziwa isenzo whom Huum whom Huum Ngubani? / Ngubani owenziwa isenzo?
Ukubuza ngobumnini whose Huuz whose Huuz Yekabani?
Ukubuza ngento okanye ukhetho what Wot what Wot Yintoni?
Ukukhetha phakathi kwezinto which Wich which Wich Yeyiphi?
Imizekelo
Who called you?
Huu koold yuu?
Ngubani okufowuneleyo?
Whom did you see?
Huum did yuu sii?
Ubani ombonileyo?
Whose is this?
Huuz iz dhis?
Yekabani le nto?
What happened?
Wot hapend?
Kwenzeke ntoni?
Which is yours?
Wich iz yorz?
Yeyiphi eyakho?
8. Izimelabizo ezidibanisayo (RELATIVE PRONOUNS)
Ingqiqo Indlela yokwakha Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka ngesiNgesi Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Umntu owenza isenzo who Huu who Huu Owenza / lowo
Umntu owenziwa isenzo whom Huum whom Huum Owenziwa isenzo
Ubumnini whose Huuz whose Huuz Ongowakhe / ekabani
Into okanye isilwanyana which Wich which Wich Eyo / leyo
Umntu okanye into that Dhat that Dhat O / leyo
Imizekelo
The man who works here is my brother.
Dha man huu werks hiir iz mayi bradhar.
Indoda esebenza apha ngumntakwethu.
The book which I bought is interesting.
Dha buk wich ayi boot iz intresting.
Incwadi endiyithengileyo inomdla.
The girl whose car was stolen called the police.
Dha gerl huuz kaar woz stoolen koold dha poliis.
Intombazana eyayibiwe imoto yayo yafowunela amapolisa.
9. Izimelabizo ezingachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS)
Ezi zibhekisa kubantu okanye kwizinto ezingachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo.
Ingqiqo Isimelabizo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
Umntu ongachazwanga someone Sam-wan Umntu othile
Umntu ongachazwanga somebody Sam-badi Umntu othile
Umntu ongachazwanga, ngakumbi kwimibuzo okanye kwizivakalisi eziphikisayo anyone Eni-wan Nabani na
Umntu ongachazwanga, ngakumbi kwimibuzo okanye kwizivakalisi eziphikisayo anybody Eni-badi Nabani na
Akukho mntu no one Noo-wan Akukho mntu
Akukho mntu nobody Noo-badi Akukho mntu
Wonke umntu everyone Evri-wan Wonke umntu
Wonke umntu everybody Evri-badi Wonke umntu
Into ethile something Sam-thing Into ethile
Nantoni na anything Eni-thing Nantoni na
Akukho nto nothing Nathing Akukho nto
Yonke into everything Evri-thing Yonke into
5- Amaxesha ezenzi (VERB TENSES)
1. Ixesha langoku elilula (Present Simple)
Ukusetyenziswa: imikhwa, iinyani, kunye neziganeko ezenzeka rhoqo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + V1 + ...
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I work. Ayi werk Ndiyasebenza.
you You work. Yuu werk Uyasebenza / niyasebenza.
he He works. Hii werks Uyasebenza.
she She works. Shii werks Uyasebenza.
it It works. Iti werks Iyasebenza.
we We work. Wii werk Siyasebenza.
you You work. Yuu werk Niyasebenza.
they They work. Dheyi werk Bayasebenza.
Ku-he / she / it, isenzi sidla ngokufumana u -s.
2. Ixesha elidlulileyo elilula (Past Simple)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo esenzekileyo nesigqityiweyo kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + V2 + ...
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I worked. Ayi werkt Ndasebenza.
you You worked. Yuu werkt Wasebenza / nasebenza.
he He worked. Hii werkt Wasebenza.
she She worked. Shii werkt Wasebenza.
it It worked. Iti werkt Yasebenza.
we We worked. Wii werkt Sasebenza.
you You worked. Yuu werkt Nasebenza.
they They worked. Dheyi werkt Basebenza.
3. Ixesha elizayo elilula (Future Simple)
Ukusetyenziswa: into eza kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + will + V1
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will work. Ayi wil werk Ndiya kusebenza.
you You will work. Yuu wil werk Uya kusebenza / niya kusebenza.
he He will work. Hii wil werk Uya kusebenza.
she She will work. Shii wil werk Uya kusebenza.
it It will work. Iti wil werk Iya kusebenza.
we We will work. Wii wil werk Siza kusebenza.
you You will work. Yuu wil werk Niya kusebenza.
they They will work. Dheyi wil werk Baza kusebenza.
4. Ixesha langoku eliqhubekayo (Present Continuous)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo esenzeka ngoku, ngeli xesha.
Ukwakheka: Subject + am/is/are + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I am working. Ayi am werking Ndiyasebenza ngoku.
you You are working. Yuu aar werking Usebenza ngoku / niyasebenza ngoku.
he He is working. Hii iz werking Uyasebenza ngoku.
she She is working. Shii iz werking Uyasebenza ngoku.
it It is working. Iti iz werking Iyasebenza ngoku.
we We are working. Wii aar werking Siyasebenza ngoku.
you You are working. Yuu aar werking Niyasebenza ngoku.
they They are working. Dheyi aar werking Bayasebenza ngoku.
5. Ixesha elidlulileyo eliqhubekayo (Past Continuous)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo ebesiqhubeka ngexesha elithile kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + was/were + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I was working. Ayi woz werking Bendisebenza.
you You were working. Yuu wer werking Busebenza / benisebenza.
he He was working. Hii woz werking Besebenza.
she She was working. Shii woz werking Besebenza.
it It was working. Iti woz werking Besebenza / ibisebenza.
we We were working. Wii wer werking Besisasebenza.
you You were working. Yuu wer werking Benisebenza.
they They were working. Dheyi wer werking Babesebenza.
6. Ixesha elizayo eliqhubekayo (Future Continuous)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo esiya kube siqhubeka ngexesha elithile kwixesha elizayo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + will be + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will be working. Ayi wil bii werking Ndiya kube ndisebenza.
you You will be working. Yuu wil bii werking Uya kube usebenza.
he He will be working. Hii wil bii werking Uya kube esebenza.
she She will be working. Shii wil bii werking Uya kube esebenza.
it It will be working. Iti wil bii werking Iya kube isebenza.
we We will be working. Wii wil bii werking Siza kube sisebenza.
you You will be working. Yuu wil bii werking Niya kube nisebenza.
they They will be working. Dheyi wil bii werking Baza kube besebenza.
7. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo (Present Perfect)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo esenzeke kwixesha elidlulileyo esinesiphumo okanye unxulumano nexesha langoku, ngaphandle kokuchaza ixesha elithile.
Ukwakheka: Subject + have/has + V3
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I have worked. Ayi hav werkt Sendisebenzile.
you You have worked. Yuu hav werkt Usele usebenzile.
he He has worked. Hii haz werkt Sewusebenzile.
she She has worked. Shii haz werkt Sewusebenzile.
it It has worked. Iti haz werkt Isebenzile.
we We have worked. Wii hav werkt Sisebenzile.
you You have worked. Yuu hav werkt Nisebenzile.
they They have worked. Dheyi hav werkt Basebenzile.
8. Ixesha elidlulileyo eligqibeleleyo (Past Perfect)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo esigqityiweyo ngaphambi kwesinye isenzo sexesha elidlulileyo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + had + V3
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I had worked. Ayi had werkt Ndaye ndasebenza ngaphambili.
you You had worked. Yuu had werkt Wawusele usebenzile.
he He had worked. Hii had werkt Wayesele esebenzile.
she She had worked. Shii had werkt Wayesele esebenzile.
it It had worked. Iti had werkt Yayisele isebenzile.
we We had worked. Wii had werkt Sasisele sisebenzile.
you You had worked. Yuu had werkt Nani nanisele nisebenzile.
they They had worked. Dheyi had werkt Babesele besebenzile.
9. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo (Future Perfect)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo esiya kube sigqityiwe ngaphambi kwexesha elithile elizayo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + will have + V3
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will have worked. Ayi wil hav werkt Ndiya kube ndisebenzile.
you You will have worked. Yuu wil hav werkt Uya kube usebenzile.
he He will have worked. Hii wil hav werkt Uya kube esebenzile.
she She will have worked. Shii wil hav werkt Uya kube esebenzile.
it It will have worked. Iti wil hav werkt Iya kube isebenzile.
we We will have worked. Wii wil hav werkt Siya kube sisebenzile.
you You will have worked. Yuu wil hav werkt Niya kube nisebenzile.
they They will have worked. Dheyi wil hav werkt Baya kube besebenzile.
10. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo (Present Perfect Continuous)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo esaqala kwixesha elidlulileyo saza saqhubeka de kwaba ngoku, okanye esisasaqhubeka ngoku.
Ukwakheka: Subject + have/has been + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I have been working. Ayi hav bin werking Kudala ndisebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
you You have been working. Yuu hav bin werking Kudala usebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
he He has been working. Hii haz bin werking Kudala esebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
she She has been working. Shii haz bin werking Kudala esebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
it It has been working. Iti haz bin werking Kudala isebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
we We have been working. Wii hav bin werking Kudala sisebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
you You have been working. Yuu hav bin werking Kudala nisebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
they They have been working. Dheyi hav bin werking Kudala besebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
11. Ixesha elidlulileyo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo (Past Perfect Continuous)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo ebesiqhubeka ixesha elithile ngaphambi kwesinye isiganeko sexesha elidlulileyo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + had been + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I had been working. Ayi had bin werking Ndandisebenza ixesha elithile.
you You had been working. Yuu had bin werking Wawusebenza ixesha elithile.
he He had been working. Hii had bin werking Wayesebenza ixesha elithile.
she She had been working. Shii had bin werking Wayesebenza ixesha elithile.
it It had been working. Iti had bin werking Yayisebenza ixesha elithile.
we We had been working. Wii had bin werking Sasisebenza ixesha elithile.
you You had been working. Yuu had bin werking Nanisebenza ixesha elithile.
they They had been working. Dheyi had bin werking Babesebenza ixesha elithile.
12. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo (Future Perfect Continuous)
Ukusetyenziswa: isenzo esiya kube siqhubeke ixesha elithile de kufike ixesha elithile elizayo.
Ukwakheka: Subject + will have been + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will have been working. Ayi wil hav bin werking Ndiya kube ndisebenze ixesha elithile.
you You will have been working. Yuu wil hav bin werking Uya kube usebenze ixesha elithile.
he He will have been working. Hii wil hav bin werking Uya kube esebenze ixesha elithile.
she She will have been working. Shii wil hav bin werking Uya kube esebenze ixesha elithile.
it It will have been working. Iti wil hav bin werking Iya kube isebenze ixesha elithile.
we We will have been working. Wii wil hav bin werking Siya kube sisebenze ixesha elithile.
you You will have been working. Yuu wil hav bin werking Niya kube nisebenze ixesha elithile.
they They will have been working. Dheyi wil hav bin werking Baya kube besebenze ixesha elithile.
6- Amaxesha esenzi kwimo yokwenziwa (PASSIVE VOICE)
1. Ixesha langoku elilula kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + am/is/are + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + am/iz/aar + vii thrii
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I am written about. Ayi am riten abaut Kubhalwa ngam.
you You are written about. Yuu aar riten abaut Kubhalwa ngawe.
he He is written about. Hii iz riten abaut Kubhalwa ngaye.
she She is written about. Shii iz riten abaut Kubhalwa ngaye.
it It is written about. Iti iz riten abaut Kubhalwa ngayo (into okanye isilwanyana).
we We are written about. Wii aar riten abaut Kubhalwa ngathi.
you You are written about. Yuu aar riten abaut Kubhalwa ngani.
they They are written about. Dheyi aar riten abaut Kubhalwa ngabo.
Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngakumbi:
The book is written in English.
Dha buk iz riten in Ing-glish.
Incwadi ibhalwe ngesiNgesi.
2. Ixesha elidlulileyo elilula kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + was/were + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + woz/wer + vii thrii
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I was invited. Ayi woz invaytid Ndamenywa.
you You were invited. Yuu wer invaytid Wamenywa / namenywa.
he He was invited. Hii woz invaytid Wamenywa.
she She was invited. Shii woz invaytid Wamenywa.
it It was invited. Iti woz invaytid Yamenywa.
we We were invited. Wii wer invaytid Samenywa.
you You were invited. Yuu wer invaytid Namenywa.
they They were invited. Dheyi wer invaytid Bamenywa.
3. Ixesha elizayo elilula kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + will be + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + wil bii + vii thrii
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will be invited. Ayi wil bii invaytid Ndiya kumenywa.
you You will be invited. Yuu wil bii invaytid Uya kumenywa / niya kumenywa.
he He will be invited. Hii wil bii invaytid Uya kumenywa.
she She will be invited. Shii wil bii invaytid Uya kumenywa.
it It will be invited. Iti wil bii invaytid Iya kumenywa.
we We will be invited. Wii wil bii invaytid Siza kumenywa.
you You will be invited. Yuu wil bii invaytid Niya kumenywa.
they They will be invited. Dheyi wil bii invaytid Baya kumenywa.
4. Ixesha langoku eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + am/is/are being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + am/iz/aar bii-ing + vii thrii
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I am being watched. Ayi am bii-ing wotcht Ndiya kujongwa ngoku.
you You are being watched. Yuu aar bii-ing wotcht Ujongwa ngoku / nijongwa ngoku.
he He is being watched. Hii iz bii-ing wotcht Uyajongwa ngoku.
she She is being watched. Shii iz bii-ing wotcht Uyajongwa ngoku.
it It is being watched. Iti iz bii-ing wotcht Iyajongwa ngoku.
we We are being watched. Wii aar bii-ing wotcht Siyajongwa ngoku.
you You are being watched. Yuu aar bii-ing wotcht Nijongwa ngoku.
they They are being watched. Dheyi aar bii-ing wotcht Bayajongwa ngoku.
5. Ixesha elidlulileyo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + was/were being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + woz/wer bii-ing + vii thrii
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I was being watched. Ayi woz bii-ing wotcht Ndandijongwa.
you You were being watched. Yuu wer bii-ing wotcht Wawujongwa / nanijongwa.
he He was being watched. Hii woz bii-ing wotcht Wayejongwa.
she She was being watched. Shii woz bii-ing wotcht Wayejongwa.
it It was being watched. Iti woz bii-ing wotcht Yayijongwa.
we We were being watched. Wii wer bii-ing wotcht Sasijongwa.
you You were being watched. Yuu wer bii-ing wotcht Nanijongwa.
they They were being watched. Dheyi wer bii-ing wotcht Babejongwa.
6. Ixesha elizayo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + will be being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + wil bii bii-ing + vii thrii
Le ndlela ayiqhelekanga kakhulu kwisiNgesi sanamhlanje.
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will be being watched. Ayi wil bii bii-ing wotcht Ndiya kube ndijongwa.
you You will be being watched. Yuu wil bii bii-ing wotcht Uya kube ujongwa.
he He will be being watched. Hii wil bii bii-ing wotcht Uya kube ejongwa.
she She will be being watched. Shii wil bii bii-ing wotcht Uya kube ejongwa.
it It will be being watched. Iti wil bii bii-ing wotcht Iya kube ijongwa.
we We will be being watched. Wii wil bii bii-ing wotcht Siya kube sijongwa.
you You will be being watched. Yuu wil bii bii-ing wotcht Niya kube nijongwa.
they They will be being watched. Dheyi wil bii bii-ing wotcht Baya kube bejongwa.
7. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + have/has been + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + hav/haz bin + vii thrii
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I have been invited. Ayi hav bin invaytid Ndimenywe.
you You have been invited. Yuu hav bin invaytid Umenyiwe / nimenywe.
he He has been invited. Hii haz bin invaytid Umenyiwe.
she She has been invited. Shii haz bin invaytid Umenyiwe.
it It has been invited. Iti haz bin invaytid Imenywe.
we We have been invited. Wii hav bin invaytid Simenyiwe.
you You have been invited. Yuu hav bin invaytid Nimenyiwe.
they They have been invited. Dheyi hav bin invaytid Bamenyiwe.
8. Ixesha elidlulileyo eligqibeleleyo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + had been + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + had bin + vii thrii
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I had been invited. Ayi had bin invaytid Ndandimenywe ngaphambili.
you You had been invited. Yuu had bin invaytid Wawumenywe ngaphambili.
he He had been invited. Hii had bin invaytid Wayemenywe ngaphambili.
she She had been invited. Shii had bin invaytid Wayemenywe ngaphambili.
it It had been invited. Iti had bin invaytid Yayimenyiwe ngaphambili.
we We had been invited. Wii had bin invaytid Sasimenyiwe ngaphambili.
you You had been invited. Yuu had bin invaytid Nanisemenyiwe ngaphambili.
they They had been invited. Dheyi had bin invaytid Babemenyiwe ngaphambili.
9. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + will have been + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + wil hav bin + vii thrii
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will have been invited. Ayi wil hav bin invaytid Ndiya kube ndimenyiwe.
you You will have been invited. Yuu wil hav bin invaytid Uya kube umenyiwe.
he He will have been invited. Hii wil hav bin invaytid Uya kube emenyiwe.
she She will have been invited. Shii wil hav bin invaytid Uya kube emenyiwe.
it It will have been invited. Iti wil hav bin invaytid Iya kube imenyiwe.
we We will have been invited. Wii wil hav bin invaytid Siya kube simenyiwe.
you You will have been invited. Yuu wil hav bin invaytid Niya kube nimenyiwe.
they They will have been invited. Dheyi wil hav bin invaytid Baya kube bemenyiwe.
10. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + have/has been being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + hav/haz bin bii-ing + vii thrii
Le ndlela inqabile kakhulu kwaye ayiqhelekanga ngokwendlela yesiNgesi esisetyenziswa mihla le.
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I have been being watched. Ayi hav bin bii-ing wotcht Kudala ndijongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
you You have been being watched. Yuu hav bin bii-ing wotcht Kudala ujongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
he He has been being watched. Hii haz bin bii-ing wotcht Kudala ejongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
she She has been being watched. Shii haz bin bii-ing wotcht Kudala ejongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
it It has been being watched. Iti haz bin bii-ing wotcht Kudala ijongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
we We have been being watched. Wii hav bin bii-ing wotcht Kudala sijongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
you You have been being watched. Yuu hav bin bii-ing wotcht Kudala nijongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
they They have been being watched. Dheyi hav bin bii-ing wotcht Kudala bejongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
11. Ixesha elidlulileyo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + had been being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + had bin bii-ing + vii thrii
Le ndlela inqabile kakhulu.
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I had been being watched. Ayi had bin bii-ing wotcht Ndandijongwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambili.
you You had been being watched. Yuu had bin bii-ing wotcht Wawujongwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambili.
he He had been being watched. Hii had bin bii-ing wotcht Wayejongwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambili.
she She had been being watched. Shii had bin bii-ing wotcht Wayejongwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambili.
it It had been being watched. Iti had bin bii-ing wotcht Yayijongwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambili.
we We had been being watched. Wii had bin bii-ing wotcht Sasijongwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambili.
you You had been being watched. Yuu had bin bii-ing wotcht Nanijongwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambili.
they They had been being watched. Dheyi had bin bii-ing wotcht Babejongwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphambili.
12. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa
Ukwakheka: Subject + will have been being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ukwakheka: Sabjekthi + wil hav bin bii-ing + vii thrii
Le ndlela inqabile kakhulu kwisiNgesi.
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
I I will have been being watched. Ayi wil hav bin bii-ing wotcht Ndiya kube ndijongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
you You will have been being watched. Yuu wil hav bin bii-ing wotcht Uya kube ujongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
he He will have been being watched. Hii wil hav bin bii-ing wotcht Uya kube ejongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
she She will have been being watched. Shii wil hav bin bii-ing wotcht Uya kube ejongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
it It will have been being watched. Iti wil hav bin bii-ing wotcht Iya kube ijongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
we We will have been being watched. Wii wil hav bin bii-ing wotcht Siya kube sijongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
you You will have been being watched. Yuu wil hav bin bii-ing wotcht Niya kube nijongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
they They will have been being watched. Dheyi wil hav bin bii-ing wotcht Baya kube bejongwa ngokuqhubekayo.
7- Isichaso
. Ixesha langoku elilula — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + do/does + not + V1
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I do not work. Ay do not wərk Andisebenzi.
You You do not work. Yu do not wərk Awusebenzi.
He He does not work. Hi daz not wərk Akasebenzi.
She She does not work. Shi daz not wərk Akasebenzi.
It It does not work. It daz not wərk Ayisebenzi.
We We do not work. Wi do not wərk Asisebenzi.
They They do not work. Dhey do not wərk Abasebenzi.
Iindlela ezimfutshane:
do not → don't — dont
does not → doesn't — daznt
⚠️ Emva kuka-doesn't kusetyenziswa i-V1:
He doesn't work. ✅
He doesn't works. ❌
2. Ixesha eladlulayo elilula — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + did + not + V1
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I did not work. Ay did not wərk andizange ndisebenze.
You You did not work. Yu did not wərk Awuzange usebenze.
He He did not work. Hi did not wərk Akazange asebenze.
She She did not work. Shi did not wərk Akazange asebenze.
It It did not work. It did not wərk Asisebenzanga.
We We did not work. Wi did not wərk Asizange sisebenze.
They They did not work. Dhey did not wərk Abazange basebenze.
did not → didn't — didnt
⚠️ Emva kuka-didn't kusetyenziswa i-V1:
I didn't work. ✅
I didn't worked. ❌
3. Ixesha elizayo elilula — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + will + not + V1
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I will not work. Ay wil not wərk andizukusebenza.
You You will not work. Yu wil not wərk Awuzukusebenza.
He He will not work. Hi wil not wərk Akazukusebenza.
She She will not work. Shi wil not wərk Akazukusebenza.
It It will not work. It wil not wərk Ayizukusebenza.
We We will not work. Wi wil not wərk Asizukusebenza.
They They will not work. Dhey wil not wərk Abazukusebenza.
will not → won't — wont
Ixesha eliqhubekayo
4. Ixesha langoku eliqhubekayo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + am/is/are + not + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I am not working. Ay am not wərk-ing andisebenzi ngoku.
You You are not working. Yu ar not wərk-ing Awusebenzi ngoku.
He He is not working. Hi iz not wərk-ing Akasebenzi ngoku.
She She is not working. Shi iz not wərk-ing Akasebenzi ngoku.
It It is not working. It iz not wərk-ing Ayisebenzi ngoku.
We We are not working. Wi ar not wərk-ing Asisebenzi ngoku.
They They are not working. Dhey ar not wərk-ing Abasebenzi ngoku.
Iindlela ezimfutshane:
is not → isn't — iznt
are not → aren't — arnt
am not → I'm not — ay'm not
5. Ixesha eladlulayo eliqhubekayo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + was/were + not + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I was not working. Ay waz not wərk-ing Ndandingasebenzi ngelo xesha.
You You were not working. Yu wər not wərk-ing Awuzange usebenze ngelo xesha.
He He was not working. Hi waz not wərk-ing Wayengasebenzi ngelo xesha.
She She was not working. Shi waz not wərk-ing Wayengasebenzi ngelo xesha.
It It was not working. It waz not wərk-ing Asizange sisebenze ngelo xesha.
We We were not working. Wi wər not wərk-ing Asizange sisebenze ngelo xesha.
They They were not working. Dhey wər not wərk-ing Abazange basebenze ngelo xesha.
Iindlela ezimfutshane:
was not → wasn't — waznt
were not → weren't — wərnt
6. Ixesha elizayo eliqhubekayo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + will + not + be + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I will not be working. Ay wil not bi wərk-ing andizukube ndisebenza.
You You will not be working. Yu wil not bi wərk-ing Awuzukube usebenza.
He He will not be working. Hi wil not bi wərk-ing Akazukube esebenza.
She She will not be working. Shi wil not bi wərk-ing Akazukube esebenza.
It It will not be working. It wil not bi wərk-ing Ayizukube isebenza.
We We will not be working. Wi wil not bi wərk-ing Asizukube sisebenza.
They They will not be working. Dhey wil not bi wərk-ing Abazukube besebenza.
Ixesha eligqibeleleyo
7. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + have/has + not + V3
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I have not worked. Ay hav not wərk-t andikasebenzi.
You You have not worked. Yu hav not wərk-t Awukasebenzi.
He He has not worked. Hi haz not wərk-t Akakasebenzi.
She She has not worked. Shi haz not wərk-t Akakasebenzi.
It It has not worked. It haz not wərk-t Ayikasebenzi.
We We have not worked. Wi hav not wərk-t Asikasebenzi.
They They have not worked. Dhey hav not wərk-t Abakasebenzi.
Iindlela ezimfutshane:
have not → haven't — havnt
has not → hasn't — haznt
8. Ixesha eladlulayo eligqibeleleyo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + had + not + V3
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I had not worked. Ay had not wərk-t ndandingasebenzanga.
You You had not worked. Yu had not wərk-t wawungasebenzanga.
He He had not worked. Hi had not wərk-t wayengasebenzanga.
She She had not worked. Shi had not wərk-t wayengasebenzanga.
It It had not worked. It had not wərk-t yayingasebenzanga.
We We had not worked. Wi had not wərk-t sasingasebenzanga.
They They had not worked. Dhey had not wərk-t babengasebenzanga.
had not → hadn't — hadnt
9. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + will + not + have + V3
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I will not have worked. Ay wil not hav wərk-t andizukuba sele ndisebenzile.
You You will not have worked. Yu wil not hav wərk-t awuzukuba sele usebenzile.
He He will not have worked. Hi wil not hav wərk-t akazukuba sele esebenzile.
She She will not have worked. Shi wil not hav wərk-t akazukuba sele esebenzile.
It It will not have worked. It wil not hav wərk-t ayizukuba sele isebenzile.
We We will not have worked. Wi wil not hav wərk-t asizukuba sele sisebenzile.
They They will not have worked. Dhey wil not hav wərk-t abazukuba sele besebenzile.
Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo
10. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + have/has + not + been + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I have not been working. Ay hav not bin wərk-ing andikhange ndisebenze ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
You You have not been working. Yu hav not bin wərk-ing awukhange usebenze ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
He He has not been working. Hi haz not bin wərk-ing akakhange asebenze ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
She She has not been working. Shi haz not bin wərk-ing akakhange asebenze ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
It It has not been working. It haz not bin wərk-ing ayikhange isebenze ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
We We have not been working. Wi hav not bin wərk-ing asikhange sisebenze ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
They They have not been working. Dhey hav not bin wərk-ing abakhange basebenze ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
11. Ixesha eladlulayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + had + not + been + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I had not been working. Ay had not bin wərk-ing ndandingasebenzi ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
You You had not been working. Yu had not bin wərk-ing wawungasebenzi ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
He He had not been working. Hi had not bin wərk-ing wayengasebenzi ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
She She had not been working. Shi had not bin wərk-ing wayengasebenzi ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
It It had not been working. It had not bin wərk-ing yayingasebenzi ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
We We had not been working. Wi had not bin wərk-ing sasingasebenzi ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
They They had not been working. Dhey had not bin wərk-ing babengasebenzi ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
12. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo: Intloko yesivakalisi + will + not + have + been + V-ing
Isimelabizo Isivakalisi Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I will not have been working. Ay wil not hav bin wərk-ing andizukuba ndisebenza ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
You You will not have been working. Yu wil not hav bin wərk-ing awuzukuba usebenza ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
He He will not have been working. Hi wil not hav bin wərk-ing akazukuba esebenza ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
She She will not have been working. Shi wil not hav bin wərk-ing akazukuba esebenza ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
It It will not have been working. It wil not hav bin wərk-ing ayizukuba isebenza ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
We We will not have been working. Wi wil not hav bin wərk-ing asizukuba sisebenza ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
They They will not have been working. Dhey wil not hav bin wərk-ing abazukuba besebenza ngokuqhubekayo kangangexesha elithile.
. Ixesha langoku elilula kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
NgesiXhosa: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + am/is/are + not + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + am/iz/ar + not + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I am not invited. Ay am not invaytid andimenywanga.
You You are not invited. Yu ar not invaytid awumenywanga.
He He is not invited. Hi iz not invaytid akamenywanga.
She She is not invited. Shi iz not invaytid akamenywanga.
It It is not used. It iz not yuzd ayisetyenziswa.
We We are not invited. Wi ar not invaytid asimenyiwanga.
They They are not invited. Dhey ar not invaytid abamenywanga.
is not → isn't — iznt
are not → aren't — arnt
2. Ixesha eladlulayo elilula kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + was/were + not + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + waz/wər + not + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I was not invited. Ay waz not invaytid andandingamenywanga.
You You were not invited. Yu wər not invaytid wawungamenywanga.
He He was not invited. Hi waz not invaytid wayengamenywanga.
She She was not invited. Shi waz not invaytid wayengamenywanga.
It It was not used. It waz not yuzd ayizange isetyenziswe.
We We were not invited. Wi wər not invaytid sasingamenywanga.
They They were not invited. Dhey wər not invaytid babengamenywanga.
was not → wasn't — waznt
were not → weren't — wərnt
3. Ixesha elizayo elilula kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + will + not + be + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + wil + not + bi + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I will not be invited. Ay wil not bi invaytid andizumenywa.
You You will not be invited. Yu wil not bi invaytid awuzumenywa.
He He will not be invited. Hi wil not bi invaytid akazumenywa.
She She will not be invited. Shi wil not bi invaytid akazumenywa.
It It will not be used. It wil not bi yuzd ayizukusetyenziswa.
We We will not be invited. Wi wil not bi invaytid asizumenywa.
They They will not be invited. Dhey wil not bi invaytid abazukumenywa.
will not → won't — wont
4. Ixesha langoku eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + am/is/are + not + being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + am/iz/ar + not + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I am not being invited. Ay am not bin invaytid andimenywa ngoku.
You You are not being invited. Yu ar not bin invaytid awumenywa ngoku.
He He is not being invited. Hi iz not bin invaytid akamenywa ngoku.
She She is not being invited. Shi iz not bin invaytid akamenywa ngoku.
It It is not being used. It iz not bin yuzd ayisetyenziswa ngoku.
We We are not being invited. Wi ar not bin invaytid asimenyiwa ngoku.
They They are not being invited. Dhey ar not bin invaytid abamenywa ngoku.
5. Ixesha eladlulayo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + was/were + not + being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + waz/wər + not + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I was not being invited. Ay waz not bin invaytid ndandingamenywa ngelo xesha.
You You were not being invited. Yu wər not bin invaytid wawungamenywa ngelo xesha.
He He was not being invited. Hi waz not bin invaytid wayengamenywa ngelo xesha.
She She was not being invited. Shi waz not bin invaytid wayengamenywa ngelo xesha.
It It was not being used. It waz not bin yuzd yayingasetyenziswa ngelo xesha.
We We were not being invited. Wi wər not bin invaytid sasingamenywa ngelo xesha.
They They were not being invited. Dhey wər not bin invaytid babengamenywa ngelo xesha.
6. Ixesha elizayo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + will + not + be + being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + wil + not + bi + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I will not be being invited. Ay wil not bi bin invaytid andizukube ndisamenywa ngelo xesha.
You You will not be being invited. Yu wil not bi bin invaytid awuzukube usamenywa ngelo xesha.
He He will not be being invited. Hi wil not bi bin invaytid akazukube esamenywa ngelo xesha.
She She will not be being invited. Shi wil not bi bin invaytid akazukube esamenywa ngelo xesha.
We We will not be being invited. Wi wil not bi bin invaytid asizukube sisamenywa ngelo xesha.
They They will not be being invited. Dhey wil not bi bin invaytid abazukube besamenywa ngelo xesha.
⚠️ Olu lwakhiwo luchanekile ngokwegrama, kodwa aluqhelekanga kakhulu kwisiNgesi sanamhlanje. Kudla ngokusetyenziswa iindlela ezilula ngakumbi.
7. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + have/has + not + been + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + hav/haz + not + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I have not been invited. Ay hav not bin invaytid andikamenywa.
You You have not been invited. Yu hav not bin invaytid awukamenywa.
He He has not been invited. Hi haz not bin invaytid akakamenywa.
She She has not been invited. Shi haz not bin invaytid akakamenywa.
It It has not been used. It haz not bin yuzd ayikasetyenziswa.
We We have not been invited. Wi hav not bin invaytid asikamenywa.
They They have not been invited. Dhey hav not bin invaytid abakamenywa.
have not → haven't — havnt
has not → hasn't — haznt
8. Ixesha eladlulayo eligqibeleleyo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + had + not + been + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + had + not + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I had not been invited. Ay had not bin invaytid ndandingamenywanga.
You You had not been invited. Yu had not bin invaytid wawungamenywanga.
He He had not been invited. Hi had not bin invaytid wayengamenywanga.
She She had not been invited. Shi had not bin invaytid wayengamenywanga.
We We had not been invited. Wi had not bin invaytid sasingamenywanga.
They They had not been invited. Dhey had not bin invaytid babengamenywanga.
had not → hadn't — hadnt
9. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + will + not + have + been + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + wil + not + hav + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I will not have been invited. Ay wil not hav bin invaytid andizukuba ndimenyiwe ngelo xesha.
You You will not have been invited. Yu wil not hav bin invaytid awuzukuba umenyiwe ngelo xesha.
He He will not have been invited. Hi wil not hav bin invaytid akazukuba emenyiwe ngelo xesha.
She She will not have been invited. Shi wil not hav bin invaytid akazukuba emenyiwe ngelo xesha.
We We will not have been invited. Wi wil not hav bin invaytid asizukuba simenyiwe ngelo xesha.
They They will not have been invited. Dhey wil not hav bin invaytid abazukuba bemenyiwe ngelo xesha.
10. Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + have/has + not + been + being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + hav/haz + not + bin + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I have not been being invited. Ay hav not bin bin invaytid andikhange ndiqhubeke ndimenyiwe.
You You have not been being invited. Yu hav not bin bin invaytid awukhange uqhubeke umenyiwe.
He He has not been being invited. Hi haz not bin bin invaytid akakhange aqhubeke emenywa.
She She has not been being invited. Shi haz not bin bin invaytid akakhange aqhubeke emenywa.
We We have not been being invited. Wi hav not bin bin invaytid asikhange siqhubeke simenywa.
They They have not been being invited. Dhey hav not bin bin invaytid abakhange baqhubeke bemenywa.
⚠️ Olu lwakhiwo lunqabile kakhulu kwisiNgesi sanamhlanje kwaye ludla ngokuthatyathelwa indawo yindlela elula.
11. Ixesha eladlulayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + had + not + been + being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + had + not + bin + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I had not been being invited. Ay had not bin bin invaytid ndandingaqhubeki ndimenywa.
You You had not been being invited. Yu had not bin bin invaytid wawungaqhubeki umenywa.
He He had not been being invited. Hi had not bin bin invaytid wayengaqhubeki emenywa.
She She had not been being invited. Shi had not bin bin invaytid wayengaqhubeki emenywa.
We We had not been being invited. Wi had not bin bin invaytid sasingaqhubeki simenywa.
They They had not been being invited. Dhey had not bin bin invaytid babengaqhubeki bemenywa.
⚠️ Olu lwakhiwo lunqabile kakhulu.
12. Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo kwimo yokwenziwa — uhlobo oluchasayo
Ulwakhiwo
Ngolwakhiwo: Into ekuthethwa ngayo + will + not + have + been + being + V3
Indlela yokubiza ulwakhiwo: Sabjekthi + wil + not + hav + bin + bin + vi thri
Isimelabizo Umzekelo Ukubizwa kwesivakalisi ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
I I will not have been being invited. Ay wil not hav bin bin invaytid andizukuba ndiqhubeka ndimenywa.
You You will not have been being invited. Yu wil not hav bin bin invaytid awuzukuba uqhubeka umenywa.
He He will not have been being invited. Hi wil not hav bin bin invaytid akazukuba eqhubeka emenywa.
She She will not have been being invited. Shi wil not hav bin bin invaytid akazukuba eqhubeka emenywa.
We We will not have been being invited. Wi wil not hav bin bin invaytid asizukuba siqhubeka simenywa.
They They will not have been being invited. Dhey wil not hav bin bin invaytid abazukuba beqhubeka bemenywa.
⚠️ Olu lwakhiwo lunqabile kakhulu kwaye kusetyenziswa iindlela ezilula endaweni yalo.
no + noun
Intsingiselo Ulwakhiwo Ukubizwa kolwakhiwo Umzekelo Ukubizwa Intsingiselo
Isibizo esibalekayo esikwisinye no + isibizo esikwisinye no + nawn no book no buk Akukho ncwadi.
Isibizo esibalekayo esikwisininzi no + isibizo esikwisininzi no + plərəl nawn no books no buks Akukho zincwadi.
Isibizo esingabalekiyo no + isibizo esingabalekiyo no + ankauntəbl nawn no water no wotər Akukho manzi.
Ukubonisa ubukho bento enye there is + no + isibizo esikwisinye/esingabalekiyo dher iz + no + nawn There is no book. dher iz no buk Akukho ncwadi.
Ukubonisa ubukho bezinto ezininzi there are + no + isibizo esikwisininzi dher ar + no + plərəl nawn There are no books. dher ar no buks Akukho zincwadi.
Ubunini have/has + no + isibizo hav/haz + no + nawn I have no books. Ay hav no buks Andinazincwadi.
8- Imibuzo
1 Ixesha langoku elilula Do/Does + intloko yesivakalisi + V1...? — Du/Daz + sabjekthi + vi wan? — Do you work? — Du yu wərk? — Ngaba uyasebenza?
2 Ixesha eladlulayo elilula Did + intloko yesivakalisi + V1...? — Did + sabjekthi + vi wan? — Did you work? — Did yu wərk? — Ngaba wasebenza?
3 Ixesha elizayo elilula Will + intloko yesivakalisi + V1...? — Wil + sabjekthi + vi wan? — Will you work? — Wil yu wərk? — Ngaba uza kusebenza?
4 Ixesha langoku eliqhubekayo Am/Is/Are + intloko yesivakalisi + V-ing...? — Am/Iz/Ar + sabjekthi + vi ing? — Are you working? — Ar yu wərk-ing? — Ngaba uyasebenza ngoku?
5 Ixesha eladlulayo eliqhubekayo Was/Were + intloko yesivakalisi + V-ing...? — Waz/Wər + sabjekthi + vi ing? — Were you working? — Wər yu wərk-ing? — Ngaba wawusebenza?
6 Ixesha elizayo eliqhubekayo Will + intloko yesivakalisi + be + V-ing...? — Wil + sabjekthi + bi + vi ing? — Will you be working? — Wil yu bi wərk-ing? — Ngaba uza kube usebenza?
7 Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo Have/Has + intloko yesivakalisi + V3...? — Hav/Haz + sabjekthi + vi thri? — Have you worked? — Hav yu wərk-t? — Ngaba usebenzile?
8 Ixesha eladlulayo eligqibeleleyo Had + intloko yesivakalisi + V3...? — Had + sabjekthi + vi thri? — Had you worked? — Had yu wərk-t? — Ngaba wawusele usebenzile?
9 Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo Will + intloko yesivakalisi + have + V3...? — Wil + sabjekthi + hav + vi thri? — Will you have worked? — Wil yu hav wərk-t? — Ngaba uya kube sele usebenzile?
10 Ixesha langoku eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo Have/Has + intloko yesivakalisi + been + V-ing...? — Hav/Haz + sabjekthi + bin + vi ing? — Have you been working? — Hav yu bin wərk-ing? — Ngaba ubusebenza kangangexesha elithile?
11 Ixesha eladlulayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo Had + intloko yesivakalisi + been + V-ing...? — Had + sabjekthi + bin + vi ing? — Had you been working? — Had yu bin wərk-ing? — Ngaba wawusebenza kangangexesha elithile?
12 Ixesha elizayo eligqibeleleyo eliqhubekayo Will + intloko yesivakalisi + have + been + V-ing...? — Wil + sabjekthi + hav + bin + vi ing? — Will you have been working? — Wil yu hav bin wərk-ing? — Ngaba uya kube usebenza kangangexesha elithile?
Intsingiselo Ulwakhiwo Ukubizwa kolwakhiwo ngoonobumba besiNgesi
Umbuzo malunga nento What + isenzi esincedisayo + intloko yesivakalisi + isenzi esiphambili? Wot + oksiliəri + sabjekthi + mein vərb?
Umbuzo ngomntu owenza isenzo Who + isenzi? Hu + vərb?
Umbuzo ngomntu ochatshazelwa sisenzo Who/Whom + isenzi esincedisayo + intloko yesivakalisi + isenzi? Hu/Hum + oksiliəri + sabjekthi + vərb?
Umbuzo ngendawo Where + isenzi esincedisayo + intloko yesivakalisi + isenzi? Wher + oksiliəri + sabjekthi + vərb?
Umbuzo ngexesha When + isenzi esincedisayo + intloko yesivakalisi + isenzi? Wen + oksiliəri + sabjekthi + vərb?
Umbuzo ngesizathu Why + isenzi esincedisayo + intloko yesivakalisi + isenzi? Way + oksiliəri + sabjekthi + vərb?
Umbuzo wokukhetha Which + isibizo + isenzi esincedisayo + intloko yesivakalisi + isenzi? Wich + nawn + oksiliəri + sabjekthi + vərb?
Umbuzo ngobunini Whose + isibizo...? Huz + nawn...?
Umbuzo ngendlela How + isenzi esincedisayo + intloko yesivakalisi + isenzi? Haw + oksiliəri + sabjekthi + vərb?
Umbuzo ngenani lezinto ezibalekayo How many + isibizo esikwisininzi...? Haw meni + plərəl nawn...?
Umbuzo ngobungakanani bento engabalekiyo How much + isibizo esingabalekiyo...? Haw mach + ankauntəbl nawn...?
Umbuzo ngobude bexesha How long...? Haw long...?
Umbuzo ngokuphindaphinda How often...? Haw ofən...?
Umbuzo ngomgama How far...? Haw far...?
Umgaqo osisiseko
Imibuzo emininzi ene-WH ilandela le ndlela:
WH-word + isenzi esincedisayo + intloko yesivakalisi + isenzi esiphambili?
Indlela yokubiza: dabl-yu-eich wərd + oksiliəri + sabjekthi + mein vərb?
Umzekelo:
Where + do + you + live?
Wher + du + yu + liv?
= Uhlala phi?
Kodwa ukuba igama elithi WH ngokwalo liyintloko yesivakalisi, ngokuqhelekileyo akusetyenziswa u-do/does/did:
Who + works here?
Hu wərks hir?
= Ngubani osebenza apha?
Nantsi umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwale mibuzo mibini:
Who did you see? → Hu did yu si? → Ngubani ombonileyo?
Who saw you? → Hu so yu? → Ngubani okubonileyo?
8- Izihlomelo (Adverbs)
. Izihlomelo zokuphindaphinda
Uhlobo ngesiXhosa Indlela yokwakha ngesiXhosa Ukubizwa kwendlela yokwakha ngesiNgesi Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
Ukuphindaphinda rhoqo Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence always awolweyi rhoqo
Ukuphindaphinda phantse rhoqo Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence usually yuzhuwali ngokuqhelekileyo
Ukuphindaphinda ngokwesiqhelo Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence normally normali ngokuqhelekileyo / ngokwendalo
Ukuphindaphinda ngokubanzi Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence generally jenrali ngokubanzi
Ukuphindaphinda rhoqo Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence frequently frikwentli rhoqo
Ukuphindaphinda ngamanye amaxesha Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence often ofn ngamaxesha amaninzi
Ukuphindaphinda ngamanye amaxesha Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence sometimes samtaymz ngamanye amaxesha
Ukuphindaphinda kunqabile Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence occasionally okeizhenali maxa wambi
Ukuphindaphinda kunqabile Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence rarely rer-li kunqabile
Ukuphindaphinda kunqabile kakhulu Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence seldom seldəm kunqabile
Ukungaphindaphindi Isihlomelo sokuphindaphinda + isivakalisi Adverb of frequency + sentence never never akuzange / soze
Umzekelo:
I always study English.
Ay olweyi stadi Inglish.
Ndifunda isiNgesi rhoqo.
2. Izihlomelo zexesha
Uhlobo ngesiXhosa Indlela yokwakha ngesiXhosa Ukubizwa kwendlela yokwakha ngesiNgesi Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
Ixesha langoku Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb now naw ngoku
Ixesha langoku Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb currently karentli okwangoku
Ixesha langoku Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb presently prezentli okwangoku
Ixesha elidlulileyo kutshanje Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb recently risentli mva nje
Ixesha elidlulileyo Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb yesterday yesterdez izolo
Ixesha elidlulileyo Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb before bifor ngaphambili
Ixesha elidlulileyo Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb previously priviyəsli ngaphambili
Ixesha elidlulileyo Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb formerly formərli kwakudala / ngaphambili
Ixesha eliqhubekayo Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb still stil sekunjalo / nangoku
Ixesha elizayo Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb soon sun kungekudala
Ixesha elizayo Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb later leyter kamva
Ixesha elizayo Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb eventually iventshuali ekugqibeleni / ekugqibeleni kwexesha
Ixesha lokuqala Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb early erli kwangethuba
Ixesha lokufika emva kwexesha Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb late leyt emva kwexesha
Ukuqala Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb first ferst okokuqala
Ukugqibela Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb finally fay-nali ekugqibeleni
Ngeli xesha Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb meanwhile minwayl ngeli xesha
Ulandelelwano Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb then then emva koko
Ulandelelwano Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb afterward afterward emva koko
Ulandelelwano Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb afterwards afterwards emva koko
Ulandelelwano Isihlomelo sexesha Time adverb subsequently sabsekwentli emva koko
3. Izihlomelo zexesha ezibonisa ukugqitywa, ukuqhubeka nokuphindaphinda
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
already olredi sele
yet yet okwangoku / kude kube ngoku
still stil nangoku
just jast ngoku nje / kutsha nje
ever ever ngalo naliphi na ixesha / ngaphambili
never never soze / akuzange
once wans kanye
twice tways kabini
again agen kwakhona
again and again agen and agen ngokuphindaphindiweyo
forever forever ngonaphakade
temporarily temporarily okwethutyana
permanently permanently ngokusisigxina
Umzekelo:
She has already finished.
Shi haz olredi finisht.
Sele egqibile.
4. Izihlomelo zendawo
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
here hir apha
there dher phaya
everywhere evriwer kuyo yonke indawo
somewhere samwer kwindawo ethile
anywhere eniwer kuyo nayiphi na indawo
nowhere nowwer akukho ndawo
abroad abrod phesheya
overseas oversiiz phesheya kolwandle
nearby nirbay kufuphi
close klows kufuphi
far far kude
away awe phesheya / kude nalapha
back bak ngasemva / ubuye
forward forward ukuya phambili
backward bakward ukuya ngasemva
indoors indorz ngaphakathi endlwini
outdoors awtdorz ngaphandle
upstairs apsterz kumgangatho ophezulu
downstairs daونsterz kumgangatho osezantsi
inside insayd ngaphakathi
outside awtsayd ngaphandle
5. Izihlomelo zesidanga
Ezi zihlomelo zibonisa ubungakanani okanye inqanaba lesenzi, isichazi okanye esinye isihlomelo.
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
very veri kakhulu
really rili ngokwenene / kakhulu
extremely ikstrimli kakhulu kakhulu
highly hayli kakhulu / kwinqanaba eliphezulu
absolutely absolutli ngokupheleleyo
completely komplitli ngokupheleleyo
totally totali ngokupheleleyo
entirely entayrli ngokupheleleyo
fully fuli ngokupheleleyo
quite kwayt ngokwaneleyo / kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo
rather radher ngandlel’ ithile / ngokuthe kratya
fairly ferli ngokufanelekileyo / kancinci
pretty priti ngokuthe kratya
somewhat samwat ngandlel’ ithile
slightly slaytli kancinci
a little e litl kancinci
too tu ngokugqithiseleyo
enough inaf ngokwaneleyo
almost olmost phantse
nearly nirli phantse
barely berli ngokulambisa
hardly hardli ngokulambisa
scarcely skersli ngokulambisa
deeply dipli ngokunzulu / kakhulu
greatly greytli kakhulu
so sow kakhulu / ngolo hlobo
such sach olo hlobo / kangako
a lot e lot kakhulu / kakhulu
a bit e bit kancinci
a little bit e litl bit kancinci kakhulu
Umzekelo:
The movie is extremely interesting.
Dhe muvi iz ikstrimli intristing.
Imuvi inomdla kakhulu.
6. Izihlomelo ezinokubonisa ukuqiniseka nokuba nokwenzeka
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
certainly sertənli ngokuqinisekileyo
definitely definitli ngokuqinisekileyo
surely shurli ngokuqinisekileyo
probably probabli mhlawumbi / kunokwenzeka
possibly posibli kunokwenzeka
perhaps perhaps mhlawumbi
maybe meybi mhlawumbi
apparently aparentli kubonakala ngathi
evidently evidentli ngokucacileyo / njengoko kubonakala
clearly klirli ngokucacileyo
obviously obviəsli ngokucacileyo
presumably prizumabli mhlawumbi / ngokucingela
supposedly səpowzidli ngokutsho kwabanye / kuthiwa
undoubtedly andawtidli ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo
arguably argyuəbli kunokuxoxwa ngelithi
likely laykli kusenokwenzeka
unlikely anlaykli akunakwenzeka kakhulu
7. Izihlomelo ezibonisa uluvo lwesithethi malunga nesivakalisi
Olu didi lubizwa ngokuba zii-sentence adverbs okanye ii-stance adverbs, kwaye lubonisa uluvo lwesithethi malunga nesivakalisi siphela.
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
fortunately fortshənətli ngethamsanqa
unfortunately anfortshənətli ngelishwa
luckily lakili ngethamsanqa
sadly sadli ngokulusizi / ngelishwa
honestly onestli ngokunyaniseka
frankly frankli ngokuphandle
personally personali ngokobuqu
seriously siriyəsli ngokunzulu
technically teknikali ngokobuchwephesha
basically beysikali ngokusisiseko
generally jenrali ngokubanzi
normally normali ngokuqhelekileyo
naturally nachərali ngokwendalo
ideally aydiyəli ngokufanelekileyo
theoretically thiyoretikali ngokwethiyori
practically praktikali ngokwenziwayo
politically politikali ngokwezopolitiko
economically ikonamikali ngokwezoqoqosho
personally personali ngokobuqu
surprisingly sərprayzingly ngokumangalisayo
strangely straynjli ngokungaqhelekanga
interestingly intristingli ngendlela enomdla
importantly importantly okubalulekileyo
especially ispeshəli ngokukodwa
particularly partikyulərli ngokukhethekileyo
8. Izihlomelo ezibeka umda okanye ezikhetha into ethile
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
only ownli kuphela
just jast kuphela / nje
even iven nkqu
also olso kwakhona / naye
too tu kwakhona / naye
as well az wel kwakhona / ngokunjalo
mainly meynli ikakhulu
mostly mowstli ubukhulu becala
merely mirli kuphela
simply simpli ngokulula / nje
particularly partikyulərli ngokukhethekileyo
especially ispeshəli ngokukodwa
exactly igzaktli ngokuchanekileyo
precisely prisayzli ngokuchanekileyo
specifically spesifikli ngokukodwa / ngokuthe ngqo
solely sowlli kuphela / ngokukodwa
largely larjli ubukhulu becala
even iven nkqu
indeed indid ngokwenene
Umzekelo:
Only John knows the answer.
Ownli Jon nowz dhe anser.
9. Izihlomelo zokuphika
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
not not hayi / akunjalo
never never soze / akuzange
nowhere nowwer akukho ndawo
hardly hardli ngokulambisa
scarcely skersli ngokulambisa
barely berli ngokulambisa
rarely rer-li kunqabile
seldom seldəm kunqabile
Qaphela:
“not” ligama eliphambili elisetyenziswa ekwakheni ukuphika.
I do not work.
Ay du not werk.
Andisebenzi.
10. Izihlomelo zesiphumo nesiphelo
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
therefore dherfor ngoko ke / ngenxa yoko
thus dhas ngoko ke / ngale ndlela
consequently konsikwentli ngenxa yoko
accordingly akordingli ngokufanelekileyo / ngenxa yoko
hence hens ngoko ke / ngenxa yoko
otherwise adherwayz kungenjalo
Umzekelo:
He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.
Hi woz sik; dherfor, hi steyd howm.
Wayegula; ngoko ke, wahlala ekhaya.
11. Izihlomelo ezongezelela okanye ezinxulumanisa ulwazi
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
also olso kwakhona / naye
too tu kwakhona / naye
additionally ədishənəli ukongeza koku
moreover morowver ngaphezu koko
furthermore fərdhermor ngaphezu koko
besides bisaydz ngaphandle koko / ukongeza koko
likewise laykwayz ngokunjalo
similarly simələrli ngokufanayo
12. Izihlomelo zokuthelekisa nokufana
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
similarly simələrli ngokufanayo
likewise laykwayz ngokunjalo
equally ikwəli ngokulinganayo
similarly simələrli ngendlela efanayo
comparatively komparətivli ngokuthelekisa
relatively relətivli ngokunxulumene noko
correspondingly korrespondingly ngokuhambelana noko
13. Izihlomelo zokulungelelanisa nokunxulumanisa iingxelo
Zisetyenziselwa ukulungelelanisa iingcamango nokulandelelanisa ingxelo.
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
however hawever nangona kunjalo / kodwa
therefore dherfor ngoko ke
moreover morowver ngaphezu koko
furthermore fərdhermor ukongeza koko
nevertheless neverdheles nangona kunjalo
nonetheless non-dheles nangona kunjalo
meanwhile minwayl ngeli xesha
instead insted endaweni yoko
otherwise adherwayz kungenjalo
consequently konsikwentli ngenxa yoko
subsequently sabsekwentli emva koko
alternatively olternətivli ngenye indlela
finally fay-nali ekugqibeleni
firstly ferstli okokuqala
secondly sekəndli okwesibini
thirdly thərdli okwesithathu
next nekst ngokulandelayo
then dhen emva koko
afterward afterward emva koko
14. Izihlomelo zemibuzo
Ezi zisetyenziswa kwimibuzo ye-WH nakwimibuzo ephathelele indlela, isidanga, ubungakanani nexesha.
Igama Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
how haw kanjani / njani
when wen nini
where wer phi / kuphi
why way kutheni
how much haw mach yimalini / kangakanani
how many haw meni zingaphi / bangaphi
how often haw ofn kaninzi kangakanani
how long haw long ixesha elingakanani
how far haw far kukude kangakanani
how soon haw sun kungekudala kangakanani
how well haw wel ngendlela elungileyo kangakanani
how quickly haw kwikli ngokukhawuleza kangakanani
Umzekelo:
How often do you exercise?
Haw ofn du yu eksersayz?
15. Izihlomelo zendlela
Zichaza indlela isenzo esenzeka ngayo.
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
quickly kwikli ngokukhawuleza
slowly slowli ngokucothayo
carefully kerfəli ngononophelo
easily izili ngokulula
badly badli kakubi
well wel ngokufanelekileyo / kakuhle
clearly klirli ngokucacileyo
quietly kwayətli ngokuzolileyo
loudly lawdli ngokuvakalayo
secretly sikrətli ngokufihlakeleyo
openly owpenli ngokuphandle
together təgedher kunye
apart əpart ngokwahlukeneyo
directly direktli ngokuthe ngqo
indirectly indirektli ngokungathanga ngqo
deliberately dilibərətli ngabom
accidentally aksidentəli ngempazamo
carefully kerfəli ngononophelo
successfully səksesfəli ngempumelelo
differently difrəntli ngendlela eyahlukileyo
16. Izihlomelo ezibonisa ukulindela
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
hopefully howpfəli ngethemba
presumably prizumabli ngokucinga ukuba
supposedly səpowzidli kucingelwa ukuba
predictably pridiktəbli ngendlela ebilindelekile
unexpectedly anekspektidli ngokungalindelekanga
inevitably inevitəbli ngokungenakuthintelwa
eventually iventshuali ekugqibeleni
17. Izihlomelo zolandelelwano
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
first ferst okokuqala
firstly ferstli okokuqala
second sekənd okwesibini
secondly sekəndli okwesibini
third thərd okwesithathu
thirdly thərdli okwesithathu
next nekst ngokulandelayo
then dhen emva koko
finally fay-nali ekugqibeleni
lastly lastli okokugqibela
18. Izihlomelo zogxininiso
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
certainly sertənli ngokuqinisekileyo
definitely definitli ngokuqinisekileyo
indeed indid ngokwenene
really rili ngokwenene
truly truli ngokwenene
absolutely absolutli ngokupheleleyo
actually akchuali enyanisweni
literally literəli ngokwezwi nezwi
genuinely jenyuənli ngokunyanisekileyo / ngokwenene
clearly klirli ngokucacileyo
obviously obviəsli ngokucacileyo
surely shurli ngokuqinisekileyo
right (comes before an adverb) rayt ngokuchanekileyo / kanye
19. Izihlomelo zokucacisa nokunika iinkcukacha
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
actually akchuali enyanisweni
really rili ngokwenene
rather radher kunoko / ngokuthe kratya
instead insted endaweni yoko
specifically spesifikli ngokuthe ngqo
precisely prisayzli ngokuchanekileyo
exactly igzaktli ngokuchanekileyo
namely neymli oko kukuthi / ngokukodwa
simply simpli ngokulula
basically beysikali ngokusisiseko
20. Izihlomelo zokuqikelela ubungakanani
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
almost olmost phantse
nearly nirli phantse
approximately əproksimətli phantse / malunga
roughly rafli ngokumalunga
about əbawt malunga
around ərawnd malunga
virtually vərchuali phantse / ngokwenyani
practically praktikali phantse / ngokwenziwayo
roughly rafli ngokuqikelela
21. Izihlomelo ezibonisa ukubekelwa umda
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
only ownli kuphela
merely mirli kuphela
solely sowlli kuphela / ngokukodwa
exclusively iksklusivli kuphela / ngokukhethekileyo
otherwise adherwayz kungenjalo
apart əpart ngaphandle / ngokwahlukeneyo
22. Izihlomelo ezibonisa ukuphelela
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
altogether oltəgedher ngokupheleleyo / xa zidityanisiwe
entirely entayrli ngokupheleleyo
completely komplitli ngokupheleleyo
fully fuli ngokupheleleyo
wholly howli ngokupheleleyo
universally yunivərsəli ngokubanzi / kwihlabathi liphela
23. Izihlomelo ezinxulumene nesivakalisi nolwazi
Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-sentence adverbs:
Isihlomelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
actually akchuali enyanisweni
apparently aparentli kubonakala ngathi
certainly sertənli ngokuqinisekileyo
clearly klirli ngokucacileyo
definitely definitli ngokuqinisekileyo
evidently evidentli ngokucacileyo
fortunately fortshənətli ngethamsanqa
frankly frankli ngokuphandle
generally jenrali ngokubanzi
honestly onestli ngokunyaniseka
ideally aydiyəli ngokufanelekileyo
indeed indid ngokwenene
naturally nachərali ngokwendalo
obviously obviəsli ngokucacileyo
personally personali ngokobuqu
perhaps perhaps mhlawumbi
probably probabli mhlawumbi / kunokwenzeka
seriously siriyəsli ngokunzulu
surely shurli ngokuqinisekileyo
surprisingly sərprayzingly ngokumangalisayo
theoretically thiyoretikali ngokwethiyori
unfortunately anfortshənətli ngelishwa
Uhlobo ngesiXhosa Indlela yokwakha ngesiXhosa Ukubizwa kwendlela yokwakha ngesiNgesi Umzekelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
Ukwenza isihlomelo ngesichazi ngendlela eqhelekileyo Isichazi + -ly Adjective + -ly quick → quickly kwik → kwikli khawuleza → ngokukhawuleza
Izichazi eziphela ngo-y Susa u-y + -ily Adjective − y + -ily happy → happily hapi → hapili onwabileyo → ngovuyo
Izichazi eziphela ngo-le Susa u-e + -y Adjective − e + -y gentle → gently jentl → jentli ithambileyo → ngobunono
Izichazi eziphela ngo-ic Isichazi + -ally Adjective + -ally basic → basically beysik → beysikali esisiseko → ngokusisiseko
Ezinye izichazi eziphela ngo-ic Isichazi + -ally Adjective + -ally dramatic → dramatically dramətik → dramətikali edrama → ngendlela yedrama
Ezinye izichazi eziphela ngo-ue Isichazi + -ly Adjective + -ly true → truly tru → truli yinyani → ngokwenene
Izichazi eziphela ngo-ll Isichazi + -y Adjective + -y full → fully ful → fuli egcweleyo → ngokupheleleyo
Isihlomelo esingaguqukiyo Igama alitshintshi Same word fast → fast fast → fast ngokukhawuleza
Isihlomelo esingaguqukiyo Igama alitshintshi Same word hard → hard hard → hard ngamandla / nzima
Isihlomelo esingaguqukiyo Igama alitshintshi Same word late → late leyt → leyt emva kwexesha
Isihlomelo esingaguqukiyo Igama alitshintshi Same word early → early erli → erli kwangethuba
Isihlomelo esinemilo engaqhelekanga Imilo ekhethekileyo Irregular form good → well gud → wel kakuhle
Isihlomelo esenziwe ngesibizo Isibizo + -ward/-wards Noun + -ward/-wards home → homeward howm → howmward ekhaya → ukuya ekhaya
Isihlomelo esenziwe ngesibizo Isibizo + -wise Noun + -wise clock → clockwise klok → klokwayz ngokwewotshi / kwicala elijikeleza iwotshi
Isihlomelo esidityanisiweyo Igama + igama Word + word somehow sam-haw ngandlela ithile
Isihlomelo esidityanisiweyo Igama + igama Word + word everywhere evriwer kuyo yonke indawo
Amabinzana ezihlomelo Ibinzana + isibizo okanye isalathandawo Adverbial phrase in the morning in dhe morning ekuseni
9- Izihlanganisi (CONJUNCTIONS)
1. Izihlanganisi ezilungelelanisayo — Coordinating Conjunctions
Ezi zihlanganisi zidibanisa izinto ezilinganayo ngokwegrama.
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza ngesiXhosa — Intsingiselo
and — and — kunye / no-
but — bat — kodwa
or — oor — okanye
nor — nor — kananjalo akunjalo / okanye akunjalo
for — for — kuba / ngenxa yokuba
yet — yet — kodwa / nangona kunjalo
so — sou — ngoko / ngenxa yoko
FANBOYS
For — for — kuba
And — and — kunye / kwaye
Nor — nor — kananjalo akunjalo
But — bat — kodwa
Or — oor — okanye
Yet — yet — nangona kunjalo
So — sou — ngoko
I was tired, but I worked.
Ndand tired, kodwa ndasebenza.
Ndandidiniwe, kodwa ndasebenza.
2. Izihlanganisi ezixhomekekileyo — Subordinating Conjunctions
Ezi zihlanganisi zidibanisa igatya elixhomekekileyo nesivakalisi esiphambili.
Isizathu
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
because — bikoz — kuba / ngenxa yokuba
since — sins — kuba / ekubeni / ukusukela oko
as — az — kuba / njengoko
seeing that — siiing dhat — ekubeni / ngenxa yokuba
seeing as — siiing az — ekubeni / njengoko
now that — naw dhat — ngoku ekubeni
given that — givən dhat — xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba
considering that — kən-sidəring dhat — xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba
inasmuch as — in-əz-matsh az — kuba / kangangokuba
insofar as — in-sə-faar az — ngokokude / ngokomlinganiselo wokuba
insomuch as — in-sə-matsh az — kangangokuba
in that — in dhat — kuba / ngenxa yokuba
I stayed home because I was tired.
3. Izihlanganisi zemiqathango
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
if — if — ukuba
unless — ən-les — ngaphandle kokuba / ukuba akunjalo
provided — prə-vai-did — ukuba nje / phantsi komqathango wokuba
provided that — prə-vai-did dhat — phantsi komqathango wokuba
providing — prə-vai-ding — ukuba nje
providing that — prə-vai-ding dhat — phantsi komqathango wokuba
as long as — az long az — logama nje / ukuba nje
so long as — sou long az — logama nje
on condition that — on kən-di-shən dhat — phantsi komqathango wokuba
in case — in keis — xa kunokwenzeka ukuba / xa kunokwenzeka imeko ethile
in the event that — in dhi i-vent dhat — ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba
assuming that — ə-suu-ming dhat — sicinga ukuba / xa sicinga ukuba
supposing that — sə-pou-zing dhat — masithi / sicinga ukuba
suppose that — sə-pouz dhat — masithi ukuba
given that — givən dhat — xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba
granted that — gran-tid dhat — nangona sivuma ukuba
granting that — gran-ting dhat — nangona sivuma ukuba
If you study, you will learn.
Ukuba uyafunda, uya kufunda izinto ezintsha.
4. Izihlanganisi zokuvuma nangona kukho umqobo
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
although — ol-dhou — nangona
though — dhou — nangona
even though — ii-vən dhou — nangona kunjalo
even if — ii-vən if — nokuba
whereas — weər-az — kanti / ngoxa
while — wail — ngoxa / ngeli xesha
whilst — wailst — ngoxa
albeit — ol-bii-it — nangona
much as — matsh az — nangona kakhulu / nangona
however much — hau-e-vər matsh — nokuba kungakanani na
no matter how — nou ma-tər hau — nokuba njani na
no matter what — nou ma-tər wot — nokuba yintoni na
no matter who — nou ma-tər huu — nokuba ngubani na
no matter where — nou ma-tər weər — nokuba kuphi na
no matter when — nou ma-tər wen — nokuba nini na
no matter which — nou ma-tər witsh — nokuba yeyiphi na
Even though he was tired, he continued.
Nangona wayediniwe, waqhubeka.
5. Izihlanganisi zexesha
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
when — wen — xa
whenever — wen-e-vər — nanini na / ngalo lonke ixesha
while — wail — ngoxa
whilst — wailst — ngoxa
before — bi-for — ngaphambi kokuba
after — af-tər — emva kokuba
until / till / 'til / 'till — ən-til / til — de kube / kude kube
since — sins — ukususela oko
once — wans — xa sele / nje ukuba
as soon as — az suun az — nje ukuba
as long as — az long az — logama nje
so long as — sou long az — logama nje
by the time — bai dhi taim — ngexesha lokuba
every time — ev-ri taim — ngalo lonke ixesha
each time — iitsh taim — ixesha ngalinye
the moment — dhi mou-mənt — ngalo mzuzu / nje ukuba
the minute — dhi mi-nit — kanye nje ukuba
the instant — dhi in-stənt — kanye nje ukuba
directly — dai-rekt-li — nje ukuba
immediately — i-mii-di-ət-li — ngoko nangoko nje ukuba
hardly... when — haard-li... wen — kamsinya nje... xa
scarcely... when — skeərs-li... wen — kamsinya nje... xa
no sooner... than — nou suu-nər... dhan — kanye nje... xa
Call me when you arrive.
Nditsalele umnxeba xa ufika.
6. Izihlanganisi zenjongo
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
so that — sou dhat — ukuze
in order that — in or-dər dhat — ukuze
lest — lest — hleze / ukuze kungabikho
for fear that — for fiər dhat — ngenxa yokoyika ukuba / hleze
in case — in keis — xa kunokwenzeka ukuba
I studied hard so that I could pass.
Ndafunda nzima ukuze ndiphumelele.
7. Izihlanganisi zesiphumo
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
so... that — sou... dhat — kangangokuba
such... that — satsh... dhat — kangangokuba
so that — sou dhat — ukuze / kangangokuba
such that — satsh dhat — ngendlela yokuba
He was so tired that he slept immediately.
Wayediniwe kakhulu kangangokuba walala ngoko nangoko.
8. Izihlanganisi zokuthelekisa
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
than — dhan — kuna
as... as — az... az — njenge / ngokulingana ne
not as... as — not az... az — akafani... no / akalingani... no
as if — az if — ngokungathi
as though — az dhou — ngokungathi
just as — jast az — kanye njengokuba
the more... the more — dhi mor... dhi mor — okukhona... kokukhona
the more... the less — dhi mor... dhi les — okukhona... kokuncipha
the less... the more — dhi les... dhi mor — okuncipha... kokukhona
the less... the less — dhi les... dhi les — okuncipha... kokuncipha
She is taller than I am.
Mde kunam.
9. Izihlanganisi zendlela nokufanisa
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
as — az — njengoko / ngendlela
as if — az if — ngokungathi
as though — az dhou — ngokungathi
just as — jast az — kanye njengokuba
the way — dhi wei — indlela
in the way that — in dhi wei dhat — ngendlela yokuba
however — hau-e-vər — nangayiphi na indlela / nokuba njani na
however you — hau-e-vər yuu — nokuba wenza njani na
He talks as if he knows everything.
Uthetha ngokungathi wazi yonke into.
10. Izihlanganisi zokukhetha
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
or — oor — okanye
either... or — ii-dhər... oor — mhlawumbi... okanye
whether... or — we-dhər... oor — enoba... okanye
whether... or not — we-dhər... oor not — enoba... okanye akunjalo
Either you come or I leave.
Mhlawumbi uyeza okanye ndiyahamba.
11. Izihlanganisi ezihamba ngababini
Correlative Conjunctions
Ulwakhiwo — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
both... and — bouth... and — zombini... kunye
either... or — ii-dhər... oor — mhlawumbi... okanye
neither... nor — nai-dhər... nor — akukho... kwaye akukho
not only... but also — not oun-li... bat ol-sou — kungekhona kuphela... kodwa kwakhona
whether... or — we-dhər... oor — enoba... okanye
whether... or not — we-dhər... oor not — enoba... okanye akunjalo
rather... than — ra-dhər... dhan — kunokuba / endaweni yoku
no sooner... than — nou suu-nər... dhan — kamsinya nje... xa
hardly... when — haard-li... wen — kamsinya nje... xa
scarcely... when — skeərs-li... wen — kamsinya nje... xa
barely... when — beər-li... wen — kamsinya nje... xa
the more... the more — dhi mor... dhi mor — okukhona... kokukhona
the more... the less — dhi mor... dhi les — okukhona... kokuncipha
the less... the more — dhi les... dhi mor — okuncipha... kokukhona
the less... the less — dhi les... dhi les — okuncipha... kokuncipha
12. Izihlanganisi ezongezelelweyo
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
and — and — kunye / kwaye
as well as — az wel az — kunye no / kwakunye no
not to mention — not tu men-shən — singasathethi ke ngo
besides — bi-saids — ukongezelela koko / ngaphandle koko
let alone — let ə-loun — singasathethi ke ngo
much less — matsh les — kungasathethwa ke ngo
to say nothing of — tu sei na-thing əv — singasathethi ke ngo
apart from — ə-part from — ngaphandle kwe / ukongezelela ku
aside from — ə-said from — ngaphandle kwe / ukongezelela ku
Ezinye zezi zakhiwo zinokusebenza njengezivakalisi ezilungiselelwe izalathandawo, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo; ngoko ke, azisoloko zibalwa njengezihlanganisi ngokuthe ngqo.
13. Izihlanganisi zokungabandakanyi
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
except that — ik-sept dhat — ngaphandle kokuba
except when — ik-sept wen — ngaphandle kwaxa
except if — ik-sept if — ngaphandle kokuba
save that — seiv dhat — ngaphandle kokuba
but that — bat dhat — ngaphandle kokuba
unless — ən-les — ngaphandle kokuba
14. Izihlanganisi zokucinga okanye ukucinga ukuba imeko iyinyani
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
assuming that — ə-suu-ming dhat — sicinga ukuba
supposing that — sə-pou-zing dhat — masithi ukuba
suppose that — sə-pouz dhat — masithi ukuba
presuming that — pri-zuu-ming dhat — sicinga ukuba
provided that — prə-vai-did dhat — phantsi komqathango wokuba
providing that — prə-vai-ding dhat — phantsi komqathango wokuba
given that — givən dhat — xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba
granting that — gran-ting dhat — nangona sivuma ukuba
granted that — gran-tid dhat — nangona sivuma ukuba
15. Izihlanganisi ezibonisa ukukhetha ngokukhululekileyo
Isihlanganisi — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
whoever — huu-evər — nabani na
whomever — huu-mevər — nabani na owenza into kuye
whatever — wa-tevər — nantoni na
whichever — witsh-evər — nayiphi na
wherever — weər-evər — naphi na
whenever — wen-evər — nanini na
however — hau-evər — nangayiphi na indlela
Whoever comes can enter.
Nabani na oza angangena.
Whatever you choose is fine.
Nantoni na oyikhethayo ilungile.
16. Izihlanganisi zakudala nezisesikweni
Ezi zisetyenziswa kwisiNgesi, kodwa azixhaphakanga kakhulu kwintetho yanamhlanje:
Igama — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
albeit — ol-bii-it — nangona
albeit that — ol-bii-it dhat — nangona
albeit when — ol-bii-it wen — nangona xa
albeit with — ol-bii-it with — nangona kukho / nangona kunye
insofar as — in-sə-faar az — ngokomlinganiselo wokuba
inasmuch as — in-əz-matsh az — ngenxa yokuba
insomuch as — in-sə-matsh az — kangangokuba
notwithstanding that — not-with-stan-ding dhat — nangona kunjalo
whereas — weər-az — kanti / ngoxa
whilst — wailst — ngoxa
lest — lest — hleze
save that — seiv dhat — ngaphandle kokuba
provided that — prə-vai-did dhat — phantsi komqathango wokuba
supposing that — sə-pou-zing dhat — masithi ukuba
17. Amagama anokubonakala njengezihlanganisi kodwa eneneni awasoloko ezizihlanganisi
La magama asetyenziswa rhoqo ukudibanisa izimvo, kodwa ngokwegrama yesiNgesi adla ngokuba zizihlomelo ezidibanisayo:
Igama — Indlela yokubiza — Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo — Intsingiselo
however — hau-evər — conjunctive adverb — nangona kunjalo
therefore — dheər-for — conjunctive adverb — ngoko ke
moreover — mor-ou-vər — conjunctive adverb — ukongezelela koko
furthermore — fər-dhər-mor — conjunctive adverb — ukongeza koko
nevertheless — nev-ər-dhə-les — conjunctive adverb — nangona kunjalo
nonetheless — non-dhə-les — conjunctive adverb — nangona kunjalo
consequently — kon-si-kwent-li — conjunctive adverb — ngenxa yoko
otherwise — ə-dhər-waiz — conjunctive adverb — kungenjalo
instead — in-sted — conjunctive adverb — endaweni yoko
meanwhile — miin-wail — conjunctive adverb — ngeli xesha
thus — dhəs — conjunctive adverb — ngaloo ndlela / ngoko
hence — hens — conjunctive adverb — ngenxa yoko / ngoko ke
Umzekelo:
I was tired; however, I worked.
Ndandidiniwe; nangona kunjalo, ndasebenza.
Qaphela: however ayisoloko isebenza ngendlela efanayo no-but.
Musa ukuyisebenzisa ngolu hlobo:
❌ I was tired, however I worked.
Endaweni yoko, sebenzisa ezi ndlela zichanekileyo:
✅ I was tired, but I worked.
Okanye:
✅ I was tired; however, I worked.
If only — Ukuba nje / akwaba
If only I played — Akwaba bendidlala.
Anyway/Anyways — Nokuba kunjalo / nangona kunjalo
10- Izalathandawo (PREPOSITIONS)
Izalathandawo ezisisiseko
Isalathandawo — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo ngesiXhosa — Umzekelo opheleleyo — Indlela yokubiza umzekelo — Uguqulelo
about — ə-baut — malunga no / ngokuphathelele ku — We talked about the problem. — Wi tokt ə-baut dhə prob-ləm. — Sathetha ngale ngxaki.
above — ə-bav — ngaphezu kwe / phezulu kwe — The lamp is above the table. — Dhə lamp iz ə-bav dhə tei-bəl. — Isibane singaphezu kwetafile.
across — ə-kros — ukuwela / ngaphesheya kwe — We walked across the street. — Wi wokt ə-kros dhə striit. — Sawela isitrato ngeenyawo.
after — af-tər — emva kwe — We met after lunch. — Wi met af-tər lantsh. — Sadibana emva kwesidlo sasemini.
against — ə-genst — ngokuchasene ne / ngokungqiyama ku — The ladder is against the wall. — Dhə la-dər iz ə-genst dhə wol. — Ileli lingqiyame eludongeni.
along — ə-long — ecaleni kwe / ngokulandela — We walked along the river. — Wi wokt ə-long dhə ri-vər. — Sahamba ecaleni komlambo.
amid — ə-mid — phakathi kwe — He stood amid the crowd. — Hii stud ə-mid dhə kraud. — Wema phakathi kwesihlwele.
among — ə-mang — phakathi kwabantu / kwezinto ezininzi — She was among friends. — Shii wəz ə-mang frendz. — Wayekunye nabahlobo.
around — ə-raund — ejikeleze / macala onke — We sat around the table. — Wi sat ə-raund dhə tei-bəl. — Sahlala sijikeleze itafile.
at — at — e / ku / ngexesha elithile — I am at school. — Ai am at skuul. — Ndisesikolweni.
before — bi-for — ngaphambi kwe — Come before noon. — Kam bi-for nuun. — Yiza ngaphambi kwemini.
behind — bi-haind — emva kwe — The car is behind the house. — Dhə kar iz bi-haind dhə haus. — Imoto isemva kwendlu.
below — bi-lou — ngaphantsi kwe — The temperature is below zero. — Dhə tem-prə-tshər iz bi-lou zi-rou. — Iqondo lobushushu lingaphantsi kweqanda.
beneath — bi-niith — ngaphantsi kwe — The keys are beneath the book. — Dhə kiiz ar bi-niith dhə buk. — Izitshixo zingaphantsi kwencwadi.
beside — bi-said — ecaleni kwe — Sit beside me. — Sit bi-said mii. — Hlala ecaleni kwam.
besides — bi-saids — ukongeza ku / ngaphandle kwe — Besides English, she speaks Arabic. — Bi-saids Ing-lish, shii spiiks A-rə-bik. — Ukongeza kwisiNgesi, uthetha isiArabhu.
between — bi-twiin — phakathi kwezinto ezimbini — The shop is between two buildings. — Dhə shop iz bi-twiin tuu bil-dingz. — Ivenkile iphakathi kwezakhiwo ezibini.
beyond — bi-yond — ngaphaya kwe — The village is beyond the mountain. — Dhə vi-lij iz bi-yond dhə maun-tən. — Ilali ingaphaya kwentaba.
by — bai — ngu / nge / ecaleni kwe — The book was written by her. — Dhə buk wəz ri-tən bai hər. — Incwadi yabhalwa nguye.
concerning — kən-sər-ning — ngokuphathelele ku — We talked concerning the project. — Wi tokt kən-sər-ning dhə proj-ekt. — Sathetha malunga neprojekthi.
despite — di-spait — nangona — Despite the rain, we went out. — Di-spait dhə rein, wi went aut. — Nangona kwakunetha, saphuma.
down — daun — ukwehla / ezantsi — He walked down the hill. — Hii wokt daun dhə hil. — Wehla endulini ngeenyawo.
during — dyu-ring — ngexesha le — I slept during the flight. — Ai slept dyu-ring dhə flait. — Ndandilele ngexesha lohambo lwenqwelo-moya.
except — ik-sept — ngaphandle kwe — Everyone came except John. — Ev-ri-wan keim ik-sept Jon. — Wonke umntu weza ngaphandle kukaJohn.
for — for — ngenxa ka / ukwenzela / ixesha elithile — This gift is for you. — Dhis gift iz for yuu. — Esi sipho sesakho.
from — from — ukusuka ku / ukusuka e — I came from Kuwait. — Ai keim from Ku-wait. — Ndandisuka eKuwait.
in — in — ngaphakathi kwe / e — She is in the room. — Shii iz in dhə ruum. — Ungaphakathi egumbini.
inside — in-said — ngaphakathi kwe — The keys are inside the bag. — Dhə kiiz ar in-said dhə bag. — Izitshixo zingaphakathi ebhegini.
into — in-tu — ukungena ngaphakathi kwe — He went into the room. — Hii went in-tu dhə ruum. — Wangena egumbini.
like — laik — njengoku / ngokufana no — He runs like a professional. — Hii ranz laik ə prə-fesh-ə-nəl. — Ubaleka njengengcali.
near — niər — kufutshane ne — I live near the school. — Ai liv niər dhə skuul. — Ndihlala kufutshane nesikolo.
of — əv — ka / kwe / ye — The door of the house is open. — Dhə dor əv dhə haus iz ou-pən. — Ucango lwendlu luvulekile.
off — of — ukusuka phezu kwe / ukushiya phezu kwe — Take your shoes off the table. — Teik yor shuuz of dhə tei-bəl. — Susa izihlangu zakho phezu kwetafile.
on — on — phezu kwe — The book is on the table. — Dhə buk iz on dhə tei-bəl. — Incwadi iphezu kwetafile.
onto — on-tu — ukuya phezu kwe — The cat jumped onto the table. — Dhə kat jampt on-tu dhə tei-bəl. — Ikati yatsibela phezu kwetafile.
opposite — o-pə-zit — malunga ngaphesheya / ejongene ne — The bank is opposite the hotel. — Dhə bank iz o-pə-zit dhə hou-tel. — Ibhanki ijongene nehotele.
out — aut — ngaphandle / ukuphuma — He went out the door. — Hii went aut dhə dor. — Waphuma ngomnyango.
outside — aut-said — ngaphandle kwe — They are outside the house. — Dhei ar aut-said dhə haus. — Bangaphandle kwendlu.
over — ou-vər — ngaphezu kwe / ngaphaya kwe — The plane flew over the city. — Dhə plein fluu ou-vər dhə si-ti. — Inqwelo-moya yabhabha ngaphezu kwesixeko.
past — past — ukudlula ecaleni kwe — We walked past the school. — Wi wokt past dhə skuul. — Sadlula ngasesikolweni.
regarding — ri-gar-ding — ngokuphathelele ku — I have a question regarding the plan. — Ai hav ə kwes-tshən ri-gar-ding dhə plan. — Ndinombuzo malunga nesicwangciso.
round — raund — ukujikeleza — We walked round the park. — Wi wokt raund dhə park. — Sahamba sijikeleza ipaki.
since — sins — ukusukela ku / ukusukela ngexesha — I have lived here since 2020. — Ai hav livd hiər sins tuu-thau-zənd twen-ti. — Ndihleli apha ukusukela ngo-2020.
through — thruu — phakathi / ngokudlula ngaphakathi — We walked through the tunnel. — Wi wokt thruu dhə ta-nəl. — Sahamba kwitonela.
throughout — thruu-aut — kulo lonke ixesha / kuyo yonke — It rained throughout the day. — It reind thruu-aut dhə dei. — Kwanetha imini yonke.
till — til — de kube — Wait till tomorrow. — Weit til tə-mo-rou. — Linda de kube ngomso.
to — tuu — ukuya ku / ukuya e — I went to school. — Ai went tuu skuul. — Ndaya esikolweni.
toward — tə-word — ukuya ngase / kwicala lika — He walked toward me. — Hii wokt tə-word mii. — Wahamba esiza kum.
towards — tə-wordz — ukuya ngase — She ran towards the door. — Shii ran tə-wordz dhə dor. — Wabaleka esiya emnyango.
under — an-dər — ngaphantsi kwe — The cat is under the table. — Dhə kat iz an-dər dhə tei-bəl. — Ikati iphantsi kwetafile.
underneath — an-dər-niith — ngezantsi kwe — The bag is underneath the chair. — Dhə bag iz an-dər-niith dhə tshər. — Ibhegi iphantsi kwesitulo.
unlike — an-laik — ngokwahlukileyo ku / ngokungafaniyo no — Unlike him, I am quiet. — An-laik him, ai am kwai-ət. — Ngokungafaniyo naye, mna ndizolile.
until — ən-til — de kube — Stay here until Friday. — Stei hiər ən-til Frai-dei. — Hlala apha de kube nguLwesihlanu.
up — ap — ukunyuka / phezulu — He walked up the stairs. — Hii wokt ap dhə steərz. — Wenyuka ngezinyuko.
upon — ə-pon — phezu kwe / xa kusenzeka — Upon arrival, call me. — Ə-pon ə-rai-vəl, kol mii. — Xa ufika, nditsalele umnxeba.
via — vai-ə — udlula e / ngendlela ka — We traveled via Dubai. — Wi tra-vəld vai-ə Du-bai. — Sahamba sidlula eDubai.
with — with — kunye no / ngesixhobo — I went with my brother. — Ai went with mai bra-dhər. — Ndahamba nomntakwethu.
within — wi-dhin — ngaphakathi kwexesha / ngaphakathi kwe — Finish it within an hour. — Fi-nish it wi-dhin ən au-ər. — Yigqibe kwisithuba seyure.
without — wi-dhaut — ngaphandle kwe — He left without his phone. — Hii left wi-dhaut hiz foun. — Wemka engenayo ifowuni yakhe.
2. Izalathandawo ezakhiwe ngamagama amaninzi
Ezi ziintetho ezenziwe ngamagama amabini okanye nangaphezulu ezisebenza kunye njengosalathandawo.
Intetho — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo — Umzekelo — Indlela yokubiza umzekelo — Uguqulelo
according to — ə-kor-ding tuu — ngokutsho kwe / ngokwe — According to the report, sales increased. — Ə-kor-ding tuu dhə ri-port, seilz in-kriist. — Ngokwengxelo, intengiso inyukile.
ahead of — ə-hed əv — phambi kwe / ngaphambi kuka — She arrived ahead of us. — Shii ə-rai-vd ə-hed əv as. — Ufike ngaphambi kwethu.
along with — ə-long with — kunye no — He came along with his brother. — Hii keim ə-long with hiz bra-dhər. — Weza nomntakwabo.
apart from — ə-part from — ngaphandle kwe / ukongezelela ku — Apart from John, everyone agreed. — Ə-part from Jon, ev-ri-wan ə-griid. — Ngaphandle kukaJohn, wonke umntu wavuma.
as for — az for — ngokubhekiselele ku — As for me, I agree. — Az for mii, ai ə-grii. — Mna ke, ndiyavuma.
as of — az əv — ukususela ngomhla / ngokwemeko yomhla othile — As of Monday, the rule applies. — Az əv Man-dei, dhə ruul ə-plai-z. — Ukususela ngoMvulo, lo mgaqo uyasebenza.
as to — az tuu — malunga no / ngokubhekiselele ku — There is uncertainty as to the cause. — Dheər iz an-sər-tən-ti az tuu dhə koz. — Akucaci ukuba yintoni unobangela.
because of — bi-koz əv — ngenxa ye — We stayed home because of the rain. — Wi steid houm bi-koz əv dhə rein. — Sahlala ekhaya ngenxa yemvula.
by means of — bai miinz əv — kusetyenziswa / ngendlela ye — We solved it by means of a computer. — Wi solv-d it bai miinz əv ə kəm-pyuu-tər. — Sayisombulula sisebenzisa ikhompyutha.
by way of — bai wei əv — ngendlela edlula ku — We went by way of London. — Wi went bai wei əv Lan-dən. — Sahamba sidlula eLondon.
close to — klous tuu — kufutshane ne — The school is close to my house. — Dhə skuul iz klous tuu mai haus. — Isikolo sikufutshane nendlu yam.
due to — dyuu tuu — ngenxa ye — The flight was delayed due to fog. — Dhə flait wəz di-leid dyuu tuu fog. — Inqwelo-moya yalibaziseka ngenxa yenkungu.
except for — ik-sept for — ngaphandle kuka / ngaphandle kwe — Everyone came except for Mary. — Ev-ri-wan keim ik-sept for Me-ri. — Wonke umntu weza ngaphandle kukaMary.
far from — far from — kude ne / akufani neze — The answer is far from simple. — Dhə an-sər iz far from sim-pəl. — Impendulo ayilula kwaphela.
in addition to — in ə-di-shən tuu — ukongezelela ku — In addition to English, he studies Arabic. — In ə-di-shən tuu Ing-lish, hii sta-diz A-rə-bik. — Ukongezelela kwisiNgesi, ufunda isiArabhu.
in case of — in keis əv — xa kukho / kwimeko ye — Call me in case of emergency. — Kol mii in keis əv i-mər-jən-si. — Nditsalele umnxeba xa kukho imeko engxamisekileyo.
in front of — in frant əv — phambi kwe — The car is in front of the house. — Dhə kar iz in frant əv dhə haus. — Imoto iphambi kwendlu.
in place of — in pleis əv — endaweni ye — Use this in place of sugar. — Yuuz dhis in pleis əv shu-gər. — Sebenzisa oku endaweni yeswekile.
in spite of — in spait əv — nangona — In spite of the rain, we left. — In spait əv dhə rein, wi left. — Nangona kwakunetha, sahamba.
in terms of — in tərmz əv — ngokubhekiselele ku / ngokwemigaqo ye — In terms of price, it is cheap. — In tərmz əv prais, it iz tshiip. — Ngokuphathelele kwixabiso, ayibizi.
instead of — in-sted əv — endaweni ye — I drank tea instead of coffee. — Ai drank tii in-sted əv ko-fi. — Ndisele iti endaweni yekofu.
next to — nekst tuu — ecaleni kwe — Sit next to me. — Sit nekst tuu mii. — Hlala ecaleni kwam.
on account of — on ə-kaunt əv — ngenxa ye — The match was canceled on account of rain. — Dhə matsh wəz kan-səld on ə-kaunt əv rein. — Umdlalo urhoxisiwe ngenxa yemvula.
on behalf of — on bi-haf əv — egameni lika — I spoke on behalf of the team. — Ai spouk on bi-haf əv dhə tiim. — Ndathetha egameni leqela.
on top of — on top əv — phezu kwe / ukongezelela ku — The keys are on top of the box. — Dhə kiiz ar on top əv dhə boks. — Izitshixo ziphezu kwebhokisi.
out of — aut əv — ngaphandle kwe / ukusuka ngaphakathi — He walked out of the room. — Hii wokt aut əv dhə ruum. — Waphuma egumbini.
owing to — ou-ing tuu — ngenxa ye — The event was canceled owing to rain. — Dhə i-vent wəz kan-səld ou-ing tuu rein. — Umsitho urhoxisiwe ngenxa yemvula.
prior to — prai-ər tuu — ngaphambi kwe — Prior to the meeting, we prepared. — Prai-ər tuu dhə mii-ting, wi pri-peərd. — Salungiselela ngaphambi kwentlanganiso.
regardless of — ri-gard-ləs əv — kungakhathaliseki ukuba / nokuba — We will continue regardless of the cost. — Wi wil kən-tin-yuu ri-gard-ləs əv dhə kost. — Siza kuqhubeka kungakhathaliseki iindleko.
thanks to — thangks tuu — ngenxa ka / sibulela ku — Thanks to you, we succeeded. — Thangks tuu yuu, wi sək-sii-did. — Sibulela kuwe, siphumelele.
together with — tə-ge-dhər with — kunye no — She came together with her friends. — Shii keim tə-ge-dhər with hər frendz. — Weza kunye nabahlobo bakhe.
up to — ap tuu — ukuya kuthi ga ku — Up to ten people can enter. — Ap tuu ten pii-pəl kan en-tər. — Bangangena abantu abafikelela kwabalishumi.
with regard to — with ri-gard tuu — ngokuphathelele ku — With regard to your question, I agree. — With ri-gard tuu yor kwes-tshən, ai ə-grii. — Ngokuphathelele kumbuzo wakho, ndiyavuma.
with respect to — with ri-spekt tuu — ngokubhekiselele ku — With respect to this issue, we disagree. — With ri-spekt tuu dhis i-shuu, wi dis-ə-grii. — Ngokuphathelele kulo mba, asivumelani.
3. Amanye amabinzana asebenza njengezalathandawo
Intetho — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
by virtue of — bai vər-tshuu əv — ngenxa ye / ngenxa yegunya le
by dint of — bai dint əv — ngenxa ye / ngenxa yomzamo we
by reason of — bai rii-zən əv — ngenxa ye
by courtesy of — bai kər-tə-si əv — ngoncedo luka / ngenxa ka
by order of — bai or-dər əv — ngokomyalelo ka
by reference to — bai re-fər-əns tuu — ngokubhekisa ku
by means of — bai miinz əv — kusetyenziswa / ngendlela ye
by way of — bai wei əv — ngendlela edlula ku
in accordance with — in ə-kor-dəns with — ngokuhambelana ne
in comparison with — in kəm-pa-ri-sən with — xa kuthelekiswa ne
in connection with — in kə-nek-shən with — ngokunxulumene ne
in contrast to — in kon-trast tuu — ngokwahlukileyo ku
in exchange for — in iks-tsh einj for — ngokutshintshiselana nge
in favor of — in fei-vər əv — ngokuxhasa / ukuxhasa
in lieu of — in lyuu əv — endaweni ye
in relation to — in ri-lei-shən tuu — ngokunxulumene ne
in response to — in ri-spons tuu — ekuphenduleni ku
in search of — in sərtsh əv — ekufuneni / ukukhangela
in view of — in vyuu əv — ngenxa ye / xa kuqwalaselwa
on the basis of — on dhə bei-sis əv — ngokusekelwe ku
on the grounds of — on dhə graundz əv — ngenxa ye / ngokusekelwe ku
with a view to — with ə vyuu tuu — ngenjongo yoku
with the exception of — with dhi ik-sep-shən əv — ngaphandle kwe
with the help of — with dhə help əv — ngoncedo luka / ngoncedo lwe
with reference to — with re-fər-əns tuu — ngokubhekiselele ku
4. Izalathandawo zakudala, ezinqabileyo nezisesikweni
Amanye ala magama avela kakhulu kwisiNgesi sakudala, sezomthetho, sezoncwadi okanye esisesikweni:
Igama — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
abaft — ə-baft — ngasemva / ngasemva kwenqanawa
alongside — ə-long-said — ecaleni kwe
amidst — ə-midst — phakathi kwe
amongst — ə-mangst — phakathi kwabantu / kwezinto ezininzi
astride — ə-straid — ehleli okanye emi imilenze ivulekile phezu kwe
athwart — ə-thwort — ngaphesheya / ngokunqamlezayo
atop — ə-top — phezu kwe
barring — ba-ring — ngaphandle kwe / ngaphandle kokuba
circa — sər-kə — malunga nonyaka okanye ixesha elithile
cum — kam — kunye no / osebenza njenge
ere — eer — ngaphambi kwe
notwithstanding — not-with-stan-ding — nangona / ngaphandle kokuthintelwa ngu
per — pər — nge / ngokwe / nganye
save — seiv — ngaphandle kwe
vis-à-vis — vii-zə-vii — malunga no / xa kuthelekiswa no
worth — wərth — exabisa / ofanele ukufumana
Umzekelo:
Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.
Nangona kwakukho ubunzima, saqhubeka.
5. Izalathandawo zendawo
Ubudlelwane bendawo — Izalathandawo
Ngaphakathi — in, inside, within
Ukuya ngaphakathi — into
Ngaphandle — out, outside
Phezu komgangatho — on
Ukuya phezu komgangatho — onto
Phezulu / ngaphezu — above, over, atop, on top of
Ngaphantsi — under, below, beneath, underneath
Phambi — in front of, before
Ngasemva — behind
Ecaleni — beside, by, next to, alongside
Phakathi kwezinto ezimbini — between
Phakathi kweqela — among, amongst
Kufutshane — near, close to
Ngaphesheya / ejongene — opposite, across from
Ukujikeleza — around, round
Ukuwela / ukudlula ngaphakathi — across, through
Ecaleni kwendlela okanye komlambo — along
Ukuya kwicala lika — toward, towards
Kude ne / ukusuka phezu — away from, off
Ukudlula ngaphaya — past, beyond
6. Izalathandawo zexesha
Ubudlelwane bexesha — Isalathandawo — Umzekelo
Ixesha elichanekileyo — at — at 5 o'clock
Usuku / umhla — on — on Monday
Inyanga / unyaka / ixesha — in — in 2026
Ngaphambi — before, prior to, ahead of — before lunch
Emva — after, following — after work
Ngexesha — during — during the meeting
Ukususela — since — since Monday
Ixesha elithile — for — for two hours
De kube — until, till — until Friday
Ukusuka kwixesha ukuya kwelinye — from...to — from Monday to Friday
Lonke ixesha — throughout — throughout the year
Ungadlulanga — by — by Friday
Umhla okanye ixesha elimiselweyo — by — by 6 p.m.
Ngaphakathi kwexesha — within — within two hours
Malunga nexesha — around, about — around noon
Kufutshane nexesha — near — near midnight
7. Izalathandawo ezibonisa isizathu nenjongo
Isalathandawo / intetho — Indlela yokubiza — Intsingiselo
because of — bi-koz əv — ngenxa ye
due to — dyuu tuu — ngenxa ye
owing to — ou-ing tuu — ngenxa ye
on account of — on ə-kaunt əv — ngenxa ye
as a result of — az ə ri-zalt əv — ngenxa yesiphumo se
thanks to — thangks tuu — ngenxa ka / sibulela ku
for — for — ngenxa / ngenjongo ka
for the sake of — for dhə seik əv — ngenxa ka / ngenjongo ka
with a view to — with ə vyuu tuu — ngenjongo yoku
in order to — in or-dər tuu — ukuze / ngenjongo yoku
* in order to idla ngokulandelwa sisenzi esikwimo ye-infinitive; ngoko ke, isakhiwo sayo asifani ngokupheleleyo nesalathandawo esiqhelekileyo.
8. Inqaku elibalulekileyo: isalathandawo silandelwa yintoni?
Umgaqo osisiseko:
Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing
Isalathandawo + isibizo / isimelabizo / isenzi esiphela ngo -ing
Umzekelo:
Isalathandawo + isibizo
I am in the house.
Ndiphakathi endlwini.
Isalathandawo + isimelabizo
This gift is for him.
Esi sipho sesakhe.
Qaphela:
for him ✅
for he ❌
Isizathu: emva kwesalathandawo kufuneka kusetyenziswe isimelabizo esikwimo yento, hayi imo yomenzi.
Isalathandawo + V-ing
She is good at cooking.
Uyakwazi ukupheka.
He left without saying goodbye.
Wemka engakhange avalelise.
9. Umahluko phakathi kwezibini zezalathandawo
Igama — Intsingiselo esisiseko — Umzekelo
in — ngaphakathi — in the room
into — intshukumo eya ngaphakathi — go into the room
on — phezu komgangatho — on the table
onto — intshukumo eya phezu komgangatho — jump onto the table
at — indawo ethile — at the station
to — intshukumo eya kwindawo — go to school
by — ecaleni / ngendlela / ngaphambi komhla obekiweyo — by the door / by car / by Friday
with — kunye no / kusetyenziswa — with him / with a knife
from — ukusuka ku / ukusuka e — from London
of — ubudlelwane / ubunini — the door of the house
for — ngenjongo / ixesha elithile — for you / for two hours
since — ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala yexesha — since Monday
during — ngexesha elithile — during the meeting
until — de kufike ixesha lokuphela — until Friday
between — phakathi kwezinto ezimbini — between John and Mary
among — phakathi kweqela — among friends
above — ngaphezu kwe — above the table
over — ngaphezu / ukuwela ngaphezulu — over the bridge
below — ngaphantsi kwe — below the line
under — ngaphantsi kwe — under the table
beside — ecaleni kwe — beside me
besides — ukongezelela ku — besides English
because of / cause of — ngenxa ye — because of rain
despite — nangona — despite the rain
in spite of — nangona — in spite of the rain
aboard — ngaphakathi kwesithuthi okanye enqanaweni — aboard the ship
11- Izichazi ezimisela isibizo (DETERMINERS)
Izichazi ezisisiseko ezimisela isibizo
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa kwesiNgesi ngoonobumba besiXhosa Intsingiselo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo opheleleyo Ukubizwa komzekelo ngoonobumba besiXhosa Inguqulelo
a e umntu omnye / into enye engachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo I saw a dog. ay soo e dog. Ndibone inja.
an en umntu omnye / into enye engachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo She ate an apple. shii eit en apəl. Utye iapile.
the dha / dhi umntu okanye into ethile eyaziwayo I saw the dog. ay soo dha dog. Ndibone inja leyo.
this dhis le / lo / eli This book is useful. dhis buk iz yuusfəl. Le ncwadi iluncedo.
that dhat leyo / laa That car is expensive. dhat kaar iz ikspensiv. Loo moto iyabiza.
these dhiiz ezi / aba / la ma- These books are new. dhiiz buks aar nyuu. Ezi ncwadi zintsha.
those dhooz ezo / abo / laa ma- Those houses are old. dhooz hawziz aar oold. Ezo zindlu zindala.
2. Izichazi zobunini
Isichazi sobunini sibekwa phambi kwesibizo ukubonisa ukuba into yeyabani.
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa kwesiNgesi ngoonobumba besiXhosa Intsingiselo Umzekelo
my may yam / wam My book is here.
your yuur yakho / yakho nina Your car is outside.
his hiz yakhe (indoda) His house is big.
her hər yakhe (ibhinqa) Her bag is black.
its its yayo kwizinto okanye kwizilwanyana The dog moved its tail.
our awər yethu Our teacher is kind.
their dheər yabo Their house is beautiful.
Imizekelo
my book = incwadi yam
your car = imoto yakho
his phone = ifowuni yakhe
her bag = ibhegi yakhe
our house = indlu yethu
their children = abantwana babo
Kodwa:
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs zizimelabizo zobunini ezizimeleyo; zisetyenziswa zodwa ngaphandle kokulandela isibizo.
This book is mine.
dhis buk iz mayn.
Le ncwadi yeyam.
3. Izichazi ezibonisayo
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa Inani Umgama Umzekelo
this dhis Isinye Kufuphi this book
that dhat Isinye Kude that book
these dhiiz Isininzi Kufuphi these books
those dhooz Isininzi Kude those books
Imigaqo
this + singular noun
this book
dhis buk
Le ncwadi
these + plural noun
these books
dhiiz buks
Ezi ncwadi
that + singular noun
that car
dhat kaar
Laa moto
those + plural noun
those cars
dhooz kaarz
Ezo moto
4. Izichazi zobungakanani
Ezi zichazi zibonisa ubungakanani okanye inani lezinto.
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa kwesiNgesi ngoonobumba besiXhosa Intsingiselo Umzekelo
some sam ezinye / isixa esithile I bought some books.
any eni nayiphi na / ezinye Do you have any questions?
no noo akukho / akukho nanye I have no money.
much mach uninzi lwento engenakubalwa I don't have much time.
many meni uninzi lwezinto ezibalekayo She has many books.
little litl intwana / isixa esincinane I have little time.
a little e litl intwana ethile I have a little time.
few fyuu abambalwa / ezimbalwa Few people came.
a few e fyuu abambalwa / ezimbalwa I have a few questions.
enough inaf kwanele / isixa esaneleyo We have enough food.
more moor ngakumbi / okungaphezulu I need more water.
less les ngaphantsi / isixa esincinane I need less sugar.
fewer fyuuər inani elincinane lezinto ezibalekayo We need fewer chairs.
all ool zonke / bonke All students passed.
both booth zombini / bobabini Both students passed.
half haaf isiqingatha Half the class left.
most moost uninzi / inkoliso Most people agreed.
enough inaf kwanele We have enough money.
5. Izichazi zamanani
Amanani anokusetyenziswa phambi kwesibizo ukubonisa ukuba zingaphi izinto ezikhoyo.
Amanani asisiseko
Inani Ukubizwa kwesiNgesi ngoonobumba besiXhosa Umzekelo
one wan one book
two tuu two books
three thrii three books
four foor four books
five fayv five books
six siks six books
seven sevn seven books
eight eit eight books
nine nayn nine books
ten ten ten books
hundred handred a hundred books
thousand thawzand a thousand books
million milyən a million people
billion bilyən a billion dollars
Amanani angaphinda abonise ubungakanani okanye inani elichanekileyo lezinto.
6. Izichazi ezisasazayo
Ezi zichazi zisasaza intsingiselo kumntu ngamnye okanye kwinto nganye ekwiqela.
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa Intsingiselo Umzekelo
each iich ngamnye / nganye Each student has a book.
every evri ngamnye / yonke Every student passed.
either iidhar / aydhar nayiphi na kwezi zimbini Either answer is acceptable.
neither naidhar / niidhar akukho nanye kwezi zimbini Neither answer is correct.
Umahluko
each
Each student received a book.
iich styudent risiivd e buk.
Umfundi ngamnye ufumene incwadi.
Igxininisa umntu ngamnye eyedwa.
every
Every student received a book.
evri styudent risiivd e buk.
Wonke umfundi ufumene incwadi.
Igxininisa bonke abantu njengeqela.
7. Izichazi ezibuza imibuzo
Ezi zisetyenziswa ukubuza imibuzo ngesibizo.
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa Intsingiselo Umzekelo
what wat yiphi / yintoni What book do you want?
which wich eyiphi Which book do you want?
whose huuz ngokabani / yeyabani Whose book is this?
what kind of wat kaynd ov luhlobo luni lwe- What kind of car do you want?
which kind of wich kaynd ov luhlobo luni lwe- Which kind of food do you prefer?
Imizekelo
Which book do you want?
wich buk duu yuu want?
Ufuna eyiphi incwadi?
Whose car is this?
huuz kaar iz dhis?
Yimoto kabani le?
8. Izichazi ezibonisa ukungachazi ngokuthe ngqo
Ezi zisetyenziswa ukubhekisa kumntu okanye kwinto engachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo.
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa Intsingiselo
a e umntu omnye / into enye engachazwanga
an en umntu omnye / into enye engachazwanga
some sam ezinye / isixa esithile
any eni nayiphi na / ezinye
no noo akukho / akukho nanye
another enadhar enye / omnye kwakhona
other adher enye / abanye
such sach olo hlobo / olunjalo
9. another kunye no-other
La magama asetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
another
another + singular countable noun
I need another book.
ay niid enadhar buk.
Ndifuna enye incwadi.
other
other + plural noun
I need other books.
ay niid adher buks.
Ndifuna ezinye iincwadi.
the other
The other book is mine.
dha adher buk iz mayn.
Enye incwadi yeyam.
the other + plural
The other books are mine.
dha adher buks aar mayn.
Ezinye iincwadi zezam.
10. Izichazi zokugxininisa nokuthelekisa
such
such + a/an + adjective + singular noun
She is such a nice person.
shii iz sach e nays pərsn.
Ungumntu olunge kakhulu.
Xa kusetyenziswa isibizo esikwisininzi:
such people
sach piipl
abantu abanjalo
Xa kusetyenziswa isibizo esingenakubalwa:
such good advice
sach gud edvays
icebiso elihle ngolo hlobo
11. Izichazi zobungakanani ezibanzi nezibandakanyayo
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa Intsingiselo Umzekelo
all ool zonke / bonke all students
both booth zombini / bobabini both books
each iich nganye / ngamnye each student
every evri yonke / wonke every student
either iidhar nayiphi na kwezi zimbini either book
neither naidhar akukho nanye kwezi zimbini neither book
enough inaf kwanele enough food
much mach isixa esikhulu sento engenakubalwa much water
many meni inani elikhulu lezinto ezibalekayo many books
most moost uninzi / inkoliso most people
more moor okungaphezulu more time
less les ngaphantsi less water
fewer fyuuər inani elincinane fewer people
half haaf isiqingatha half the money
plenty of plenti ov isixa esininzi / intabalala plenty of food
a lot of e lot ov okuninzi / abaninzi a lot of people
lots of lots ov okuninzi / ezininzi lots of books
12. Amabinzana abonisa ubungakanani
La mabinzana asetyenziswa ukubonisa inani elikhulu okanye elincinane lezinto.
Intetho Ukubizwa kwesiNgesi ngoonobumba besiXhosa Intsingiselo
a lot of e lot ov okuninzi / abaninzi
lots of lots ov okuninzi / ezininzi
plenty of plenti ov intabalala / isixa esaneleyo nesininzi
a number of e nambər ov inani elithile
a great number of e greit nambər ov inani elikhulu
a large number of e laarj nambər ov inani elikhulu
a small number of e smool nambər ov inani elincinane
a great deal of e greit diil ov isixa esikhulu
a large amount of e laarj emawnt ov isixa esikhulu
a small amount of e smool emawnt ov isixa esincinane
a majority of e majórəti ov uninzi
a minority of e maynórəti ov igcuntswana
a pair of e peər ov isibini / ipere
a couple of e kapl ov isibini / ezimbalwa
a range of e reindj ov iintlobo ngeentlobo
a variety of e vərayəti ov iintlobo ngeentlobo
a series of e siiriiz ov uthotho
a set of e set ov iseti / iqela
a group of e gruup ov iqela
a number of e nambər ov inani elithile
Umzekelo:
A lot of students study English.
e lot ov styudents stadi inglish.
Abafundi abaninzi bafunda isiNgesi.
13. Izichazi zamaqhezu
Intetho Ukubizwa Intsingiselo
half haaf isiqingatha
a half e haaf isiqingatha
quarter kwoortər ikota / ikota yesine
a quarter e kwoortər ikota
third thərd isithathu / isinye kwisithathu
a third e thərd isinye kwisithathu
two-thirds tuu thərdz ezibini kwisithathu
three-quarters thrii kwoortərz ezintathu kwezine
part of paart ov inxalenye ye-
most of moost ov uninzi lwe-
some of sam ov ezinye ze- / inxalenye ye-
all of ool ov zonke / bonke
none of nan ov akukho nanye ye- / akukho namnye ku-
Imizekelo:
Half the students left.
haaf dha styudents left.
Isiqingatha sabafundi sihambile.
Most of the students passed.
moost ov dha styudents paast.
Uninzi lwabafundi luphumelele.
14. none kunye no-neither
none
Lisetyenziswa kunye neqela elinokuba nabantu okanye izinto ezingaphezu kwezimbini:
None of the students came.
nan ov dha styudents keim.
Akukho namnye kubafundi ofikileyo.
neither
Lisetyenziswa xa kuthethwa ngabantu okanye izinto ezimbini:
Neither student came.
naidhar styudent keim.
Akukho namnye kwaba bafundi babini ofikileyo.
either
Nayiphi na enye kwezi zimbini:
Either student can help you.
iidhar styudent ken help yuu.
Nawuphi na kwaba bafundi babini unokukunceda.
15. Izichazi ezibonisa ukungabikho
Isichazi esimisela isibizo Ukubizwa Intsingiselo Umzekelo
no noo akukho / akukho nanye no money
neither naidhar akukho namnye kwababini neither student
no other noo adher akukho enye / akukho omnye no other option
not a not e hayi nokuba ibe nye not a single person
not any not eni akukho nanye not any books
Umzekelo:
No student was absent.
noo styudent woz absənt.
Akukho mfundi ebengekho.
16. Amagama anokusebenza njengezichazi kodwa angasoloko ezizichazi ezimsulwa
Amanye amagama angasetyenziswa phambi kwezibizo ngokuxhomekeke kwintsingiselo nakwindlela asetyenziswa ngayo.
Igama Ukubizwa Umzekelo wokusetyenziswa njengesichazi
certain sərtn certain people = abantu abathile
certain sərtn a certain person = umntu othile
particular pərtikyələr a particular reason = isizathu esithile
specific spəsifik a specific case = imeko ethile
given givən given circumstances = iimeko ezithile
same seim the same person = kwaloo mntu mnye
next>nekst next week = kwiveki ezayo
last laast last year = kunyaka ophelileyo
previous prii viəs previous examples = imizekelo yangaphambili
following folowing the following day = ngosuku olulandelayo
certain sərtn certain circumstances = iimeko ezithile
various veəriəs various reasons = izizathu ezahlukeneyo
numerous nyuumərəs numerous examples = imizekelo emininzi
countless kawntləs countless possibilities = amathuba angenakubalwa
different difrənt different ideas = iingcamango ezahlukeneyo
same seim the same answer = impendulo efanayo
17. Amagama afana no-next kunye no-last
La magama anokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni kusetyenziswe i-the na.
next week
I will travel next week.
ay wil travəl nekst wiik.
Ndiza kuhamba kwiveki ezayo.
the next week
Le ntetho ibhekisa kwiveki elandelayo emva kwexesha elithile elaziwayo.
The next week was very busy.
dha nekst wiik woz veri bizi.
Iveki elandelayo yayixakeke kakhulu.
Ingcamango efanayo:
last year = kunyaka ophelileyo
the last year = unyaka wokugqibela / unyaka wokugqibela wexesha elithile
18. Izichazi ezidityanisiweyo ezibonisa ugxininiso
Intetho Ukubizwa Intsingiselo
each and every iich end evri ngamnye, ngaphandle kokushiya namnye
every single evri singəl ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo
each individual iich indəvidjuəl umntu ngamnye
any given eni givən nawuphi na okhethiweyo okanye ochaziweyo
a certain e sərtn umntu othile / into ethile
one particular wan pərtikyələr umntu othile / into ethile
the whole dha hool yonke / iphelele
the entire dha intayər yonke / iphelele
the total dha tootəl isixa esipheleleyo / iyonke
Imizekelo:
Every single student passed.
evri singəl styudent paast.
Wonke umfundi uphumelele.
The entire class left.
dha intayər klaas left.
Lonke iklasi lihambile.
19. whole kunye no-entire
La magama omabini athetha into epheleleyo okanye yonke.
the whole + noun
I read the whole book.
ay red dha hool buk.
Ndiyifunde yonke incwadi.
the entire + noun
I read the entire book.
ay red dhi intayər buk.
Ndiyifunde yonke incwadi.
20. Izichazi zobunini nezokuchaza ukuba into yeyabani
Ezi ntetho zibonisa ubunini, umzekelo:
Intetho Ukubizwa Intsingiselo
John's djonz ekaJohn
Mary's meəriz ekaMary
the man's dha manz eyale ndoda
the students' dha styudents eyabafundi
Umzekelo:
John's car is new.
djonz kaar iz nyuu.
Imoto kaJohn intsha.
U-'s ku-John's ubonisa ubunini.
21. Ulandelelwano lwezichazi ezimisela izibizo
Ngokuqhelekileyo, izichazi ezimisela izibizo zibekwa ngendlela ethile.
Umzekelo:
the three old books
dha thrii oold buks
Iincwadi ezintathu ezindala
Ayichanekanga:
❌ three the books
Ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo
Isichazi esisisiseko + inani / ubungakanani + isichazi + isibizo
Umzekelo:
the two beautiful houses
dha tuu byuutifəl hawziz
Izindlu ezimbini ezintle
22. Ngaba izichazi ezimisela izibizo ezimbini zingasetyenziswa kunye?
Ngamanye amaxesha ewe, kodwa azinakudityaniswa zonke ngokungakhethiyo.
❌ a the book
Asitsho:
❌ a the book
❌ this my book
KwisiNgesi esiqhelekileyo asitsho:
❌ this my book
Endaweni yoko sithi:
this book of mine
dhis buk ov mayn
Le ncwadi yeyam.
Kodwa kukho izakhiwo ezichanekileyo ezifana nezi:
all my books
ool may buks
Zonke iincwadi zam.
Ngoko ke:
all + my + books
Kwaye:
both my parents
booth may peərənts
Kwaye:
half the money
haaf dha mani
Isiqingatha semali.
23. Izichazi ezimisela izibizo ezibalekayo nezingabalekiyo
Izibizo ezibalekayo ezikwisinye
Kungasetyenziswa:
a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another
Imizekelo:
a book
e buk
incwadi
this book
dhis buk
le ncwadi
every book
evri buk
yonke incwadi
Izibizo ezibalekayo ezikwisininzi
Kungasetyenziswa:
the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer
Umzekelo:
many books
meni buks
iincwadi ezininzi
Izibizo ezingabalekiyo
Kungasetyenziswa:
the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most
Umzekelo:
much water
mach wootər
amanzi amaninzi
24. several
several sisichazi esithetha inani elingaphezulu kwesibini kodwa elingelikhulu kakhulu.
Several students came.
sevərəl styudents keim.
Kufike abafundi abaliqela.
Intsingiselo yaso imalunga nokuthi:
ngaphezu kwesibini, kodwa hayi inani elikhulu kakhulu.
25. certain / various / numerous
Igama Ukubizwa Intsingiselo Umzekelo
certain sərtn abathile / ethile certain people
various veəriəs ezahlukeneyo various reasons
numerous nyuumərəs ezininzi numerous examples
countless kawntləs ezingenakubalwa countless opportunities
several sevərəl eziliqela several books
different difrənt ezahlukeneyo different ideas
12- Izivakalisi ezinemiqathango (IF CONDITIONAL)
Uhlobo Indlela yokwakha Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiXhosa Ixesha/Intsingiselo
Umqathango onguziro If + Present Simple, Present Simple If + present simple, present simple Inyaniso eqhelekileyo / umkhwa
Umqathango wokuqala If + Present Simple, will + V1 If + present simple, will + V one Into enokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo
Umqathango wesibini If + Past Simple, would + V1 If + past simple, wud + V one Imeko ecingelwayo ngoku okanye kwixesha elizayo
Umqathango wesithathu If + Past Perfect, would have + V3 If + past perfect, wud hav + V three Imeko engazange yenzeke kwixesha elidlulileyo
Umqathango oxubeneyo wokuqala If + Past Perfect, would + V1 If + past perfect, wud + V one Elidlulileyo → elangoku
Umqathango oxubeneyo wesibini If + Past Simple, would have + V3 If + past simple, wud hav + V three Elangoku → elidlulileyo
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo Ukubizwa komzekelo ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
Would Simple would + V1 wud + V one I would eat. Ay wud iit. Ndingatya.
Would Continuous would be + V-ing wud bi + V-ing I would be eating. Ay wud bi iiting. Bendiya kuba ndiyatya.
Would Perfect would have + V3 wud hav + V three I would have eaten. Ay wud hav iitən. Ngendandityile.
Would Perfect Continuous would have been + V-ing wud hav bin + V-ing I would have been eating. Ay wud hav bin iiting. Ngendandihleli nditya.
Kuzo zonke izimelabizo
Isimelabizo Would + V1 Would be + V-ing Would have + V3 Would have been + V-ing
I I would eat. I would be eating. I would have eaten. I would have been eating.
You You would eat. You would be eating. You would have eaten. You would have been eating.
He He would eat. He would be eating. He would have eaten. He would have been eating.
She She would eat. She would be eating. She would have eaten. She would have been eating.
It It would eat. It would be eating. It would have eaten. It would have been eating.
We We would eat. We would be eating. We would have eaten. We would have been eating.
They They would eat. They would be eating. They would have eaten. They would have been eating.
Zonke iindlela zika-Would ezilandulayo — Active
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo Ukubizwa komzekelo ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
Would Simple Negative would not + V1 wud not + V one I would not eat. Ay wud not iit. Andingekhe nditye.
Would Continuous Negative would not be + V-ing wud not bi + V-ing I would not be eating. Ay wud not bi iiting. Andingekhe ndibe ndiyatya.
Would Perfect Negative would not have + V3 wud not hav + V three I would not have eaten. Ay wud not hav iitən. Ngendingatyanga.
Would Perfect Continuous Negative would not have been + V-ing wud not hav bin + V-ing I would not have been eating. Ay wud not hav bin iiting. Ngendingazange ndihlale nditya.
Zonke izimelabizo
Isimelabizo Would not + V1 Would not be + V-ing Would not have + V3 Would not have been + V-ing
I I would not eat. I would not be eating. I would not have eaten. I would not have been eating.
You You would not eat. You would not be eating. You would not have eaten. You would not have been eating.
He He would not eat. He would not be eating. He would not have eaten. He would not have been eating.
She She would not eat. She would not be eating. She would not have eaten. She would not have been eating.
It It would not eat. It would not be eating. It would not have eaten. It would not have been eating.
We We would not eat. We would not be eating. We would not have eaten. We would not have been eating.
They They would not eat. They would not be eating. They would not have eaten. They would not have been eating.
Izishunqulelo
Isakhiwo esipheleleyo Isishunqulelo Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa
would not + V1 wouldn't + V1 wudnt + V one
would not be + V-ing wouldn't be + V-ing wudnt bi + V-ing
would not have + V3 wouldn't have + V3 wudnt hav + V three
would not have been + V-ing wouldn't have been + V-ing wudnt hav bin + V-ing
Zonke iindlela zika-Would Passive
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo Ukubizwa komzekelo ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
Simple would be + V3 wud bi + V three The book would be read. Dha buk wud bi red. Incwadi ibiya kufundwa.
Continuous would be being + V3 wud bi biiing + V three The book would be being read. Dha buk wud bi biiing red. Incwadi ibiya kube ifundwa ngelo xesha.
Perfect would have been + V3 wud hav bin + V three The book would have been read. Dha buk wud hav bin red. Incwadi ibiya kube sele ifundiwe.
Perfect Continuous would have been being + V3 wud hav bin biiing + V three The book would have been being read. Dha buk wud hav bin biiing red. Incwadi ibiya kube kudala ifundwa.
Kuzo zonke izimelabizo
Isimelabizo Would Passive Simple Would Passive Continuous Would Passive Perfect Would Passive Perfect Continuous
I I would be seen. I would be being seen. I would have been seen. I would have been being seen.
You You would be seen. You would be being seen. You would have been seen. You would have been being seen.
He He would be seen. He would be being seen. He would have been seen. He would have been being seen.
She She would be seen. She would be being seen. She would have been seen. She would have been being seen.
It It would be seen. It would be being seen. It would have been seen. It would have been being seen.
We We would be seen. We would be being seen. We would have been seen. We would have been being seen.
They They would be seen. They would be being seen. They would have been seen. They would have been being seen.
Uhlobo olulandulayo — Would Passive Negative
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Umzekelo Ukubizwa komzekelo ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo
Simple would not be + V3 The book would not be read. Dha buk wud not bi red. Incwadi ibingayi kufundwa.
Continuous would not be being + V3 The book would not be being read. Dha buk wud not bi biiing red. Incwadi ibingayi kube ifundwa ngelo xesha.
Perfect would not have been + V3 The book would not have been read. Dha buk wud not hav bin red. Incwadi ibingayi kube sele ifundiwe.
Perfect Continuous would not have been being + V3 The book would not have been being read. Dha buk wud not hav bin biiing red. Incwadi ibingayi kube kudala ifundwa.
Amagama asisiseko anxulumene nemiqathango
Igama / ibinzana Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Intsingiselo Indlela elisetyenziswa ngayo
if if ukuba / ukuba kwenzeka Uphawu lokuqalisa umqathango
if not if not ukuba akunjalo Ukwala umqathango
unless anlese ngaphandle kokuba / ukuba akunjalo Ithetha phantse okufanayo no-if...not
when> when nini / xa Kwimiqathango elindelekileyo okanye ephindaphindayo
whenever> wen-ever nanini na / ngalo lonke ixesha Umqathango ophindaphindayo
even if iivən if nokuba / nokuba kwenzeka ntoni Umqathango ongaguquliyo isiphumo
only if ownli if kuphela ukuba Umqathango oyimfuneko
if and only if if and ownli if ukuba kuphela xa Umqathango ofunekayo nowaneleyo
as long as az long az ukuba nje / logama nje Umqathango
so long as sow long az ukuba nje / logama nje Ithetha okufanayo no-as long as
provided that provaydid dhat ngaphandle kokuba / ukuba nje Umqathango othile
providing that provayding dhat ukuba nje Umqathango
on condition that on kondishən dhat phantsi komqathango wokuba Umqathango othile
in case in kays ukuba kunokwenzeka / xa kunokwenzeka Isilumkiso okanye isilungiselelo xa kukho into enokwenzeka
in the event that in dhi ivent dhat xa kunokwenzeka ukuba Umqathango osemthethweni
assuming that asuming dhat ucinga ukuba / xa sicinga ukuba Uqikelelo
supposing that supowzing dhat masithi / ukuba sicinga ukuba Uqikelelo
suppose supowz masithi / kuthekani ukuba Ukwazisa imeko ecingelwayo
what if wat if uthini xa / kuthekani ukuba Umbuzo malunga nento enokwenzeka
if only if ownli ukuba nje / akwaba Umnqweno okanye ukuzisola
even though iivən dhow nangona Akusiso isalathisi somqathango; sibonisa umahluko
whether wedher nokuba / ukuba na Ukubonisa amathuba okanye ukhetho
when wen xa
only when ownli wen kuphela xa
13- Uthelekiso nesona sidanga siphezulu (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)
Uthelekiso lwezichazi ezimfutshane isichazi + -er + than Adjective + er + dhan taller than toler dhan
Isidanga esiphezulu sezichazi ezimfutshane the + adjective + -est dha + adjective + est the tallest dha tolist
Uthelekiso lwezichazi ezinde more + adjective + than mor + adjective + dhan more beautiful than mor byutiful dhan
Isidanga esiphezulu sezichazi ezinde the most + adjective dha most + adjective the most beautiful dha most byutiful
Uthelekiso olubonisa ukuba kuncinci less + adjective + than les + adjective + dhan less expensive than les ikspensiv dhan
Isidanga esibonisa elona nani lincinci the least + adjective dha liist + adjective the least expensive dha liist ikspensiv
Ukulingana as + adjective + as az + adjective + az as tall as az tol az
Ukungalingani not as + adjective + as not az + adjective + az not as tall as not az tol az
Ukulingana adjective + as az + adjective tall as az tol
Ukungalingani not + adjective + as not + adjective + az not tall as not tol az
Uthelekiso olomeleziweyo much/far/a lot + comparative mach/far/a lot + comparative much better mach beter
Uthelekiso oluncinane kancinane a little/slightly + comparative a litl/slaitli + comparative slightly better slaitli beter
Ukwanda ngokuthe ngcembe comparative + and + comparative comparative + and + comparative bigger and bigger biger and biger
Uthelekiso olubonisa iziphumo the + comparative, the + comparative dha + comparative, dha + comparative the more, the better dha mor, dha beter
Eyona ibalaseleyo kwiqela the + superlative + in/of dha + superlative + in/of the best in the class dha best in dha klas
Enye yezona zibalaseleyo one of the + superlative + plural noun wan ov dha + superlative + plural noun one of the best students wan ov dha best styudents
Eyona igqwesileyo ngokucacileyo by far + the + superlative bai far + dha + superlative by far the best bai far dha best
Ukuthelekisa izenzi verb + more/less verb + mor/les work more wərk mor
Ukuthelekisa izibizo ezinokubalwa more/fewer + plural noun mor/fyuər + plural noun more books / fewer books mor buks / fyuər buks
Ukuthelekisa izibizo ezingenakubalwa more/less + uncountable noun mor/les + uncountable noun more water / less water mor woter / les woter
Ukuthelekisa imali more/less + noun mor/les + noun more money mor mani
Ukuthelekisa amanani more/fewer + plural noun mor/fyuər + plural noun more people mor piipl
Ukuphinda-phinda imali twice as much as twais az mach az twice as much money twais az mach mani
Ukuphinda-phinda inani twice as many as twais az meni az twice as many books twais az meni buks
I am as tall as him Ay am az tol az him Ndilingana naye ngobude.
Kusetyenziswa nini u--er, kwaye kusetyenziswa nini u-more?
La ngamanqaku abalulekileyo.
Imeko Into esetyenziswayo Umzekelo Ukubizwa Intsingiselo
Isichazi esifutshane, ngokuqhelekileyo esinamalungu amabini okanye ngaphantsi -er taller toler mde ngakumbi
Isichazi esifutshane, ngokuqhelekileyo esinamalungu amabini okanye ngaphantsi -er smaller smoler ncinane ngakumbi
Isichazi esiphela ngo--y -er, kutshintshwa u-y abe ngu-i happier hapier onwabe ngakumbi
Isichazi esiphela ngo--e -r larger larjer sikhulu ngakumbi
Isichazi eside, ngokuqhelekileyo esinamalungu amathathu nangaphezulu more more beautiful mor byutiful sihle ngakumbi
Isichazi eside more more expensive mor ikspensiv sibiza kakhulu
Isichazi eside more more interesting mor intresting sinomdla ngakumbi
15- Amagatya azalanayo (RELATIVE CLAUSES)
Uhlobo Amagama asetyenziswa rhoqo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo Ukubizwa komzekelo ngesiXhosa Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
Igatya elizalanayo elichazayo who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why hu / hum / huz / wich / dhat / wer / wen / wai The man who lives here is my teacher. Dha man hu livz hir iz mai ticher. Indoda ehlala apha ngutitshala wam.
Igatya elizalanayo elingachaziyo who / whom / whose / which / where / when hu / hum / huz / wich / wer / wen My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. Mai bradhar, hu livz in London, iz a doktor. Umntakwethu, ohlala eLondon, ngugqirha.
Igatya elizalanayo elingumxholo who/which/that + verb hu/wich/dhat + verb The woman who works here is friendly. Dha wuman hu werks hir iz frendli. Umfazi osebenza apha unobubele.
Igatya elizalanayo elisisichazi sento eyenziwayo who/whom/which/that + subject + verb hu/hum/wich/dhat + subject + verb The man whom I met was kind. Dha man hum ai met waz kaind. Indoda endadibana nayo yayinobubele.
Igatya elizalanayo elinesimelabizo esishiyiweyo noun + subject + verb dha noun + subject + verb The book I bought is interesting. Dha buk ai bot iz intresting. Incwadi endayithengayo inomdla.
Igatya elizalanayo elibonisa ubunini whose + noun huz + noun The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. Dha gerl huz fadher iz a doktor iz mai frend. Intombazana enoyise ongugqirha ngumhlobo wam.
Igatya elizalanayo lendawo where + clause wer + clause This is the house where I grew up. Dhis iz dha haus wer ai gru ap. Le yindlu endakhulela kuyo.
Igatya elizalanayo lexesha when + clause wen + clause I remember the day when we met. Ai rimember dha dei wen wi met. Ndiyayikhumbula imini esadibana ngayo.
Igatya elizalanayo lesizathu why + clause wai + clause I know the reason why he left. Ai now dha riizən wai hi left. Ndiyasazi isizathu sokuba ahambe.
Igatya elizalanayo elinesalathandawo who/which emva kwesalathandawo preposition + whom/which The person to whom I spoke was helpful. Dha person tu hum ai spouk waz helpful. Umntu endathetha naye wandinceda.
Igatya elizalanayo elifutshane elino-V-ing noun + V-ing dha noun + V-ing The man standing there is my brother. Dha man standing dher iz mai bradhar. Indoda emi apho ngumntakwethu.
Igatya elizalanayo elifutshane elino-V3 noun + V3 dha noun + V three The documents signed yesterday are important. Dha dokyuments saind yesterday ar important. Amaxwebhu atyikitywe izolo abalulekile.
Igatya elizalanayo eline-infinitive noun + to + V1 dha noun + tu + V one She was the first person to arrive. Shi waz dha ferst person tu araiv. Wayengumntu wokuqala ukufika.
Igatya elizalanayo elidityanisiweyo whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however hu-ever / wat-ever / wich-ever / wer-ever / wen-ever / hau-ever Take whatever you want. Teik wat-ever yu want. Thatha nantoni na oyifunayo.
Igatya elizalanayo elibhekisa kwisivakalisi sonke , which + clause wich + clause He missed the bus, which made him late. Hi mist dha bas, wich meid him leit. Uphose ibhasi, nto leyo eyamenza wafika emva kwexesha.
Igatya elizalanayo elisetyenziswa njengesibizo what / whatever / whoever / whichever wat / wat-ever / hu-ever / wich-ever I know what you mean. Ai now wat yu miin. Ndiyayiqonda into oyithethayo.
Igatya elizalanayo elingaphakathi kwelinye igatya elinye igatya elizalanayo ngaphakathi kwelinye relative clause inside relative clause The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. Dha man hu livz in dha haus dhat ai bot iz mai neibor. Indoda ehlala kwindlu endayithengayo ngummelwane wam.
16- Intetho engqalileyo nengxelo yentetho (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)
Uhlobo Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo wentetho engqalileyo Intetho exeliweyo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
Isivakalisi esiqinisekisayo said (that) + clause sed (dhat) + clause He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. Wathi udiniwe.
Isivakalisi esilandulayo said (that) + subject + not + verb sed (dhat) + subject + not + verb He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. Wathi akadinwanga.
Umbuzo ophendulwa ngo-ewe okanye hayi asked if/whether + clause askt if/wedher + clause He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. Wabuza ukuba ndandilungile na.
Umbuzo onegama lombuzo asked + question word + clause askt + question word + clause He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. Wabuza ukuba ndandihlala phi.
Umyalelo oqinisekisayo told + object + to + V1 tould + object + tu + V one He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. Wandixelela ukuba ndivule ucango.
Umyalelo olandulayo told + object + not to + V1 tould + object + not tu + V one He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. Wandixelela ukuba ndingaluvuli ucango.
Isicelo asked + object + to + V1 askt + object + tu + V one She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. Wandicela ukuba ndimncede.
Isicelo esilandulayo asked + object + not to + V1 askt + object + not tu + V one She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. Wandicela ukuba ndingahambi.
Ingcebiso advised + object + to + V1 advaizd + object + tu + V one He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. Wandicebisa ukuba ndifunde ngakumbi.
Ingcebiso elandulayo advised + object + not to + V1 advaizd + object + not tu + V one He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. Wandicebisa ukuba ndingaqhubi ngesantya esiphezulu.
Isiphakamiso suggested + V-ing sajested + V-ing He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. Wacebisa ukuba sihambe.
Isiphakamiso esino-that suggested that + subject + should + V1 sajested dhat + subject + shud + V one He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. Wacebisa ukuba sihambe.
Isithembiso promised + to + V1 promist + tu + V one He said, “I will help you.” He promised to help me. Wathembisa ukundinceda.
Ukwala refused + to + V1 refyuzd + tu + V one He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. Wala ukuhamba.
Ukunikezela ngoncedo offered + to + V1 oferd + tu + V one He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. Wazinikela ukuba andincede.
Isilumkiso warned + object + to + V1 warnd + object + tu + V one He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. Wandilumkisa ukuba ndilumke.
Isilumkiso esilandulayo warned + object + not to + V1 warnd + object + not tu + V one He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. Wandilumkisa ukuba ndingayichukumisi.
Ukucela uxolo apologized for + V-ing apoloj aizd for + V-ing He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. Wacela uxolo ngokuxoka.
Ukuvuma into eyenziweyo admitted + V-ing admitid + V-ing He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. Wavuma ukuba wayeyaphule.
Ukukhanyela denied + V-ing dinaid + V-ing He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. Wakhanyela ukuba wayeyaphule.
Ukutyhola accused + object + of + V-ing akyuzd + object + ov + V-ing He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. Wandityhola ngokuyiba.
Ukubeka ityala blamed + object + for + V-ing bleimd + object + for + V-ing He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. Wandibeka ityala ngokubangela ingxaki.
Ukuvuyisana congratulated + object + on + V-ing/noun kongrachuleitid + object + on + V-ing/noun He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. Wavuyisana nam ngokuphumelela.
Ukutshintsha amaxesha kwintetho exeliweyo (Reported Speech)
Xa intetho itshintshwa isuka kwintetho engqalileyo iye kwintetho exeliweyo, amaxesha amaninzi ixesha lesenzi libuyiselwa kwixesha elidlulileyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-backshift.
Intetho engqalileyo Intetho exeliweyo Ukubizwa kwexesha kwintetho exeliweyo
Present Simple Past Simple past simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous past continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect past perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous past perfect continuous
Past Simple Past Perfect past perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous past perfect continuous
Past Perfect Past Perfect past perfect
will + V1 would + V1 wud + V one
will be + V-ing would be + V-ing wud bi + V-ing
will have + V3 would have + V3 wud hav + V three
can + V1 could + V1 kud + V one
may + V1 might + V1> mait + V one
must + V1 had to + V1 had tu + V one
3. Imizekelo ye-backshift
Intetho engqalileyo Intetho exeliweyo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. Wathi wayesebenza apho.
He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. Wathi wayesebenza.
He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. Wathi wayesele egqibile.
He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. Wathi wayesele egqibile.
He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. Wathi wayelele.
He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. Wathi wayeza kuza.
He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. Wathi wayekwazi ukuqubha.
He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. Wathi mhlawumbi wayeza kuza.
4. Ukutshintsha izimelabizo
Intetho engqalileyo Intetho exeliweyo
I he / she
me him / her
my his / her
mine his / hers
we they
us them
our their
ours theirs
you I / we / he / she / they, kuxhomekeke kwimeko
your my / our / his / her / their, kuxhomekeke kwimeko
Umzekelo:
Direct: She said, “I love my house.”
Reported: She said that she loved her house.
Ukubizwa: Shi sed dhat shi lavd her haus.
Inguqulelo: Wathi uyayithanda indlu yakhe.
5. Ukutshintsha amagama abonisa ixesha nendawo
Intetho engqalileyo Intetho exeliweyo
now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before / the previous day
tomorrow the next day / the following day
last week the previous week
next week the following week
ago before
here there
this that
these those
17- Ii-infinitive nezibizo ezenziwe ngezenzi (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)
Uhlobo Igama lesiNgesi Ukubizwa ngesiXhosa Isakhiwo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Intsingiselo/ukusetyenziswa
Infinitive eno-to to-infinitive tu-infinitiv to + V1 tu + V one Ukwenza into okanye ukubonisa injongo
Infinitive engena-to bare infinitive ber infinitiv V1 V one Uhlobo lwesenzi olusisiseko olungenalo u-to
Isibizo esenziwe kwisenzi esino--ing gerund jerand V-ing V-ing Isenzo esisetyenziswa njengesibizo
Perfect infinitive perfect infinitive perfekt infinitiv to have + V3 tu hav + V three Isenzo ekucingelwa ukuba sele senzekile
Continuous infinitive continuous infinitive kontinyuəs infinitiv to be + V-ing tu bi + V-ing Isenzo esiqhubekayo
Perfect continuous infinitive perfect continuous infinitive perfekt kontinyuəs infinitiv to have been + V-ing tu hav bin + V-ing Isenzo ebesiqhubeka kangangexesha elithile
Passive infinitive passive infinitive passiv infinitiv to be + V3 tu bi + V three Isenzo esenziwa kwinto okanye kumntu
Perfect passive infinitive perfect passive infinitive perfekt passiv infinitiv to have been + V3 tu hav bin + V three Isenzo ekucingelwa ukuba sele senziwe kwinto okanye kumntu
# Uhlobo Isakhiwo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo Umzekelo Ukubizwa komzekelo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
1 Adjective + V-ing Subject + be + adjective + V-ing + object Subject + bi + adjective + V-ing + object I am happy seeing you. Ay am hapi siing yu. Ndiyavuya xa ndikubona.
2 Adjective + to-infinitive Subject + be + adjective + to + V1 + object Subject + bi + adjective + tu + V one + object I am happy to see you. Ay am hapi tu sii yu. Ndiyavuya ukukubona.
3 Verb + to-infinitive Subject + plan + to + V1 Subject + plan + tu + V one I plan to eat. Ay plan tu iit. Ndiceba ukutya.
4 Verb + V-ing Subject + plan + V-ing Subject + plan + V-ing I plan eating. Ay plan iiting. Ndiceba ukutya, kodwa esi sakhiwo asiqhelekanga kule ntsingiselo.
5 Perception verb + object + V1 Subject + see + object + V1 Subject + sii + object + V one I see him run. Ay sii him ran. Ndimbona ebaleka.
6 Perception verb + object + V-ing Subject + see + object + V-ing Subject + sii + object + V-ing I see him running. Ay sii him raning. Ndimbona esabaleka.
7 Purpose + to-infinitive Subject + verb + to + V1 Subject + verb + tu + V one I eat to play. Ay iit tu plei. Nditya ukuze ndidlale.
8 Purpose + in order to Subject + verb + in order to + V1 Subject + verb + in order tu + V one I eat in order to play. Ay iit in order tu plei. Nditya ngenjongo yokudlala.
18- Isakhiwo se-subjunctive (SUBJUNCTIVE)
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo Ukubizwa komzekelo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
1 Present Subjunctive Subject + that + base verb Subject + dhat + base verb I suggest that he go. Ay sajest dhat hi gow. Ndicebisa ukuba ahambe.
2 Negative Present Subjunctive Subject + that + not + base verb Subject + dhat + not + base verb I suggest that he not go. Ay sajest dhat hi not gow. Ndicebisa ukuba angahambi.
3 Be Subjunctive Subject + that + be + adjective/noun Subject + dhat + bi + adjective/noun It is important that he be ready. It iz important dhat hi bi redi. Kubalulekile ukuba alungele.
4 After demand/recommendation Subject + that + subject + V1 Subject + dhat + subject + V one They demanded that she leave. Dhei dimandid dhat shi liiv. Bafuna ukuba ahambe.
5 After insist Subject + that + subject + V1 Subject + dhat + subject + V one I insist that he stay. Ay insist dhat hi stei. Ndinyanzelisa ukuba ahlale.
6 After require Subject + that + subject + V1 Subject + dhat + subject + V one The law requires that everyone be present. Dha lo rikwaiərz dhat evriwan bi prezent. Umthetho ufuna ukuba wonke umntu abekho.
7 Were Subjunctive If + subject + were +... If + subject + wer +... If I were you, I would wait. If ay wer yu, ay wud weit. Ukuba bendikwisikhundla sakho, bendiya kulinda.
8 Wish + were Subject + wish + subject + were +... Subject + wish + subject + wer +... I wish I were taller. Ay wish ay wer toler. Akwaba bendimde ngakumbi.
9 Formal hypothetical inversion Were + subject +... Wer + subject +... Were I you, I would wait. Wer ay yu, ay wud weit. Ukuba bendikwisikhundla sakho, bendiya kulinda.
10 Fixed/formal expression God/Heaven + V1 God/Heven + V one God save the King. God seiv dha king. UThixo makasindise uKumkani.
19- Imibuzo ye-tag (TAG QUESTIONS)
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Ukubizwa kwesakhiwo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo opheleleyo Ukubizwa komzekelo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
Tag Question — isivakalisi esiqinisekisayo Isivakalisi esiqinisekisayo + auxiliary negative + subject? Isivakalisi esiqinisekisayo + auxiliary negative + subject? You are ready, aren't you? Yu ar redi, arnt yu? Ulungile, akunjalo?
Tag Question — isivakalisi esilandulayo Isivakalisi esilandulayo + auxiliary positive + subject? Isivakalisi esilandulayo + auxiliary positive + subject? You aren't ready, are you? Yu arnt redi, ar yu? Awukakulungeli, akunjalo?
Present Simple Isivakalisi + don't/doesn't + subject? Isivakalisi + dont/duznt + subject? She works here, doesn't she? Shi werks hir, duznt shi? Usebenza apha, akunjalo?
Past Simple Isivakalisi + didn't/did + subject? Isivakalisi + didnt/did + subject? You saw him, didn't you? Yu so him, didnt yu? Umbonile, akunjalo?
Be Isivakalisi + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + subject? Isivakalisi + isnt/arnt/wasnt/wernt + subject? He is here, isn't he? Hi iz hir, iznt hi? Ulapha, akunjalo?
Present Continuous Isivakalisi + isn't/aren't + subject? Isivakalisi + isnt/arnt + subject? She is working, isn't she? Shi iz werking, iznt shi? Uyasebenza, akunjalo?
Present Perfect Isivakalisi + hasn't/haven't + subject? Isivakalisi + haznt/havnt + subject? They have finished, haven't they? Dhei hav finished, havnt dhei? Bagqibile, akunjalo?
Past Perfect Isivakalisi + hadn't + subject? Isivakalisi + hadnt + subject? He had left, hadn't he? Hi had left, hadnt hi? Wayesele ehambile, akunjalo?
Future — will Isivakalisi + won't + subject? Isivakalisi + wont + subject? You will come, won't you? Yu wil kam, wont yu? Uza kuza, akunjalo?
Modal Isivakalisi + modal negative + subject? Isivakalisi + modal negative + subject? He can swim, can't he? Hi kan swim, kant hi? Uyakwazi ukuqubha, akunjalo?
Let's Let's + V1, shall we? Lets + V one, shal wi? Let's go, shall we? Lets gow, shal wi? Masihambe, akunjalo?
Imperative V1 + will you? V one + wil yu? Open the door, will you? Oupen dha dor, wil yu? Vula ucango, nceda.
Negative Question — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + subject + V1? Dont/Duznt + subject + V one? Don't you like coffee? Dont yu laik kofi? Awuyithandi ikofu?
Negative Question — Past Simple Didn't + subject + V1? Didnt + subject + V one? Didn't you see him? Didnt yu sii him? Awumbonanga?
Negative Question — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + subject...? Isnt/Arnt/Wasnt/Wernt + subject? Isn't he ready? Isnt hi redi? Akakulungelanga na?
Negative Question — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + subject + V-ing? Isnt/Arnt + subject + V-ing? Isn't she working? Isnt shi werking? Akasebenzi na?
Negative Question — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + subject + V3? Havnt/Haznt + subject + V three? Haven't you finished? Havnt yu finished? Awukagqibi na?
Negative Question — Future Won't + subject + V1? Wont + subject + V one? Won't you come with us? Wont yu kam with as? Awuzukuza nathi na?
Negative Question — Modal Modal negative + subject + V1? Modal negative + subject + V one? Can't you help me? Kant yu help mi? Awunakundinceda na?
Full Negative Question Auxiliary + subject + not + V1...? Auxiliary + subject + not + V one? Do you not know? Du yu not now? Awazi na?
I am — Tag I am +..., aren't I? Ay am +..., arnt ay? I am right, aren't I? Ay am rait, arnt ay? Ndinyanisile, akunjalo?
Imigaqo esisiseko
Umgaqo Umzekelo
Isivakalisi esiqinisekisayo → i-tag elandulayo You like it, don't you?
Isivakalisi esilandulayo → i-tag eqinisekisayo You don't like it, do you?
Negative Question = umbuzo olawulayo Don't you like it?
Tag Question = isivakalisi + umbuzo omfutshane ekugqibeleni You like it, don't you?
Ukuba isivakalisi sele sinesenzi esincedisayo, sisebenzise kwi-tag She is working, isn't she?
Ukuba akukho senzi sincedisayo kwi-Present/Past Simple, sebenzisa u-do/does/did He works, doesn't he?
Kwi-Negative Question, sebenzisa isenzi esisisiseko u-V1 emva kuka-do/does/did Didn't you go? Hayi: ❌ Didn't you went?
Phendula ngo-Yes/No ngokwenyaniso Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
20- Amagama emodal (MODAL WORDS)
Modal Indlela yokubiza ngesiNgesi Intsingiselo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza umzekelo Inguqulelo
can kan ukukwazi / unako I can swim. Ai kan swim. Ndinako ukuqubha.
could kud ndandikwazi / ndandinako I could swim when I was five. Ai kud swim wen ai woz faiv. Ndandikwazi ukuqubha xa ndandineminyaka emihlanu.
may mei mhlawumbi / kunokwenzeka It may rain. It mei rein. Mhlawumbi kuza kunetha.
might mait mhlawumbi It might rain. It mait rein. Mhlawumbi kuza kunetha.
must mast kufuneka / kunyanzelekile You must leave. Yu mast liiv. Kufuneka uhambe.
shall shal kuya / ngaba singa...? Shall we go? Shal wi gou? Ngaba masihambe?
should shud kufuneka / kufanele You should rest. Yu shud rest. Kufuneka uphumle.
will wil kuya / ndiza I will help you. Ai wil help yu. Ndiza kukunceda.
would wud ndingathanda / bendiya I would help you. Ai wud help yu. Bendiya kukunceda.
ought to ot tu kufuneka / kufanele You ought to study. Yu ot tu stadi. Kufuneka ufunde.
Umgaqo
Uninzi lweemodal eziphambili lulandelwa sisenzi esikwimo yaso yokuqala (V1):
modal + V1
Umzekelo:
She can speak English.
Shi kan spiik Ingilish.
Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiNgesi.
Ayichanekanga:
❌ She can speaks.
2. Iintsingiselo zamagama emodal ngokomsebenzi wawo
Umsebenzi Amagama okanye amabinzana emodal Intsingiselo
Ability — Ukukwazi can, could, be able to ukukwazi
Possibility — Ukuba nokwenzeka can, could, may, might, might possibly mhlawumbi / kunokwenzeka
Permission — Imvume can, could, may, might ukuvunyelwa / ngaba ndingakwazi?
Request — Isicelo can, could, will, would, may ngaba unako...? / ndicela...
Advice — Ingcebiso should, ought to, had better kufuneka / kungcono
Obligation — Isibophelelo must, have to, have got to, need to kunyanzelekile / kufuneka
Necessity — Imfuneko must, have to, need to kunyanzelekile / kuyimfuneko
Prohibition — Ukuthintela must not, cannot/can't, may not akuvumelekanga / akufanele
Expectation — Ulindelo should, ought to, be supposed to kulindeleke ukuba
Prediction — Uqikelelo will, shall, should, ought to kuya kwenzeka / kulindeleke ukuba
Willingness — Ukuzimisela will, would ukuzimisela / ukuvuma
Refusal — Ukwala will not, won't, would not, wouldn't ukwala / akayi kwenza
Habit — Umkhwa would, will wayedla ngokwenza / udla ngokwenza
Hypothetical — Imeko ecingelwayo would, could, might ebeya kwenza / ebenokwenza ukuba...
Deduction — Isigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina must, can't, couldn't, may, might kumele ukuba / akunakwenzeka ukuba / mhlawumbi
Regret — Ukuzisola should have, ought to have, could have, would have bekufuneka / ngekwenzekile
Past possibility may have, might have, could have mhlawumbi kwenzekile
Past deduction must have, can't have, couldn't have kumele ukuba kwenzekile / akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenzekile
3. Ii-semi-modals — Amabinzana afana neemodal
La ayingawo onke amaverb emodal aphambili, kodwa asebenza ngendlela efanayo neemodal.
Modal expression Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza umzekelo Inguqulelo
have to hav tu kunyanzelekile I have to go. Ai hav tu gou. Kufuneka ndihambe.
has to haz tu kunyanzelekile She has to work. Shi haz tu werk. Kufuneka asebenze.
had to had tu kwakufuneka I had to leave. Ai had tu liiv. Kwakufuneka ndihambe.
have got to hav gat tu kunyanzelekile I have got to go. Ai hav gat tu gou. Kufuneka ndihambe.
has got to haz gat tu kunyanzelekile He has got to leave. Hii haz gat tu liiv. Kufuneka ahambe.
had better had beter kungcono ukuba You had better go. Yu had beter gou. Kungcono ukuba uhambe.
be able to bii eibl tu ukukwazi ukwenza She is able to swim. Shi iz eibl tu swim. Uyakwazi ukuqubha.
be unable to bii an-eibl tu ukungakwazi ukwenza He is unable to walk. Hii iz an-eibl tu wok. Akakwazi ukuhamba ngeenyawo.
be allowed to bii elaud tu ukuvunyelwa ukwenza We are allowed to leave. Wii ar elaud tu liiv. Sivumelekile ukuba sihambe.
be permitted to bii per-mitid tu ukunikwa imvume yokwenza You are permitted to enter. Yu ar per-mitid tu enter. Uvumelekile ukungena.
be supposed to bii se-pouzd tu kulindeleke ukuba You are supposed to wait. Yu ar se-pouzd tu weit. Kulindeleke ukuba ulinde.
be required to bii ri-kwai-erd tu kufuneka ngokomyalelo You are required to sign. Yu ar ri-kwai-erd tu sain. Kufuneka usayine.
be expected to bii ik-spek-tid tu kulindeleke ukuba They are expected to arrive. Dhei ar ik-spek-tid tu araiv. Kulindeleke ukuba bafike.
be willing to bii wiling tu ukuzimisela ukwenza I am willing to help. Ai am wiling tu help. Ndizimisele ukunceda.
be unwilling to bii an-wiling tu ukungazimiseli ukwenza He is unwilling to cooperate. Hii iz an-wiling tu kou-opereit. Akazimiselanga ukusebenzisana.
be likely to bii laikli tu kusenokwenzeka ukuba She is likely to win. Shi iz laikli tu win. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba aphumelele.
be unlikely to bii an-laikli tu akunakwenzeka kakhulu ukuba He is unlikely to come. Hii iz an-laikli tu kam. Akunakwenzeka kakhulu ukuba eze.
4. Need — Isenzi esifana nemodal
Igama elithi need linokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezimbini.
Modal need
Need I go?
Niid ai gou?
Ngaba kufuneka ndihambe?
You needn't worry.
Yu niidnt wari.
Akukho mfuneko yokuba ukhathazeke.
Main verb need
I need to go.
Ai niid tu gou.
Kufuneka ndihambe.
Ifom Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
need niid ukufuna / ukufuneka
needn't niidnt akukho mfuneko
need to niid tu ukufuna ukwenza / kufuneka
don't need to dount niid tu akukho mfuneko yokuba wenze
didn't need to didnt niid tu kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba wenze
5. Dare — Isenzi esifana nemodal
Igama elithi dare lithetha ukuba nesibindi sokwenza into. Linokusetyenziswa njengesenzi esiqhelekileyo okanye njengemodal.
Dare I ask?
Der ai ask?
Ngaba ndingaba nesibindi sokubuza?
How dare you!
Hau der yu!
Ungaba naso njani isibindi sokwenza loo nto!
Ifom Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
dare der ukuba nesibindi
daren't dernt ukungabi nasibindi sokwenza
dare not der not ungabi nasibindi sokwenza
don't dare dount der ungabi nasibindi
6. Used to — Umkhwa wangaphambili
Used to ayisiyo modal ephambili, kodwa sisakhiwo esisebenza ngendlela efana nemodal.
I used to live there.
Ai yuust tu liv dher.
Intsingiselo:
used to + V1
= Umkhwa okanye imeko eyayikho kwixesha elidlulileyo kodwa engasenjalo ngoku.
7. Be going to
Esi sakhiwo sisetyenziswa ukuthetha ngezicwangciso zexesha elizayo okanye ukuqikelela into eza kwenzeka ngokusekelwe kubungqina.
I am going to study.
Ai am gouing tu stadi.
Ndiza kufunda.
It is going to rain.
It iz gouing tu rein.
Kuza kunetha.
8. Amabinzana abonisa ukuba nokwenzeka
La ayingawo onke amaverb emodal, kodwa ngamabinzana abonisa amathuba okanye ukuqiniseka.
Intetho Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
perhaps perhaps mhlawumbi
maybe meibi mhlawumbi
possibly posibli mhlawumbi / kunokwenzeka
probably probabli kusenokwenzeka kakhulu
likely laikli kusenokwenzeka
unlikely an-laikli akunakwenzeka kakhulu
certainly ser-tenli ngokuqinisekileyo
definitely definitli ngokuqinisekileyo
surely shurli ngokuqinisekileyo / ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka
apparently aparentli kubonakala ngathi
presumably pre-zuumabli kusenokwenzeka / kucingelwa ukuba
conceivably kon-siivabli kunokwenzeka ngokwengcinga
arguably argyuabli kunokuphikiswana ngokuba
necessarily neseserli ngokuyimfuneko
not necessarily not neseserli akuyomfuneko ukuba
Umzekelo:
She will probably come.
Shi wil probabli kam.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uza kuza.
9. Amabinzana abonisa imfuneko
Intetho Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
must mast kunyanzelekile
have to hav tu kunyanzelekile
have got to hav gat tu kunyanzelekile
need to niid tu kufuneka / kuyimfuneko
be required to bii ri-kwai-erd tu kunyanzelekile ngokomyalelo
be obliged to bii ob-laijd tu ukunyanzelwa okanye ukubophezeleka
be compelled to bii kom-peld tu ukunyanzelwa
be forced to bii forst tu ukunyanzelwa
be necessary to bii neseseri tu kuyimfuneko ukwenza
be essential to bii isen-shal tu kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza
10. Amabinzana anika iingcebiso
Intetho Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
should shud kufuneka / kufanele
ought to ot tu kufuneka / kufanele
had better had beter kungcono
might want to mait wont tu mhlawumbi kungcono ukuba
could kud unokwenza / mhlawumbi kungcono
be advised to bii ad-vaizd tu ukucetyiswa ukuba
it would be wise to it wud bii waiz tu kungaba bubulumko ukwenza
it would be better to it wud bii beter tu kungangcono ukwenza
Umzekelo:
You might want to check again.
Yu mait wont tu chek agen.
Mhlawumbi kungangcono ukuba uphinde ujonge.
11. Amabinzana abonisa imvume
Intetho Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
can kan ukuvunyelwa / ukukwazi
could kud ngaba ndingakwazi?
may mei ukuvunyelwa / kunokwenzeka
might mait ngaba ndingavunyelwa? (ngembeko enkulu)
be allowed to bii elaud tu ukuvunyelwa
be permitted to bii per-mitid tu ukunikwa imvume
be authorized to bii o-tho-raizd tu ukunikwa igunya lokwenza
be entitled to bii en-tai-teld tu ukuba nelungelo lokwenza
12. Amabinzana abonisa ukukwazi
Intetho Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
can kan ukukwazi
could kud ukukwazi kwixesha elidlulileyo
be able to bii eibl tu ukukwazi ukwenza
be capable of bii kei-pabl ov ukukwazi ukwenza
manage to manij tu ukuphumelela ekwenzeni
succeed in sak-siid in ukuphumelela ekwenzeni
Umzekelo:
She was able to solve the problem.
Shi woz eibl tu solv dhe problem.
Wakwazi ukusombulula ingxaki.
13. Amabinzana abonisa ulindelo
Intetho Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
should shud kulindeleke ukuba
ought to ot tu kufuneka ukuba
be supposed to bii se-pouzd tu kulindeleke ukuba
be expected to bii ik-spek-tid tu kulindeleke ukuba
be due to bii dyu tu kulindeleke ukuba kwenzeke ngexesha elimiselweyo
be scheduled to bii ske-juld tu kucwangciselwe ukuba
Umzekelo:
The train is due to arrive at six.
Dhe trein iz dyu tu araiv at siks.
Uloliwe kulindeleke ukuba afike ngentsimbi yesithandathu.
14. Amabinzana abonisa ukuzimisela
Intetho Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
will wil ukuzimisela / kuya kwenzeka
would wud bendiya / ngaba ungathanda?
be willing to bii wiling tu ukuzimisela ukwenza
be happy to bii hapi tu ukuvuyela ukwenza / ukuvuma ngovuyo
be prepared to bii pre-peerd tu ukulungela ukwenza
be ready to bii redi tu ukulungela ukwenza
15. Amabinzana abonisa ukwala
Intetho Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
will not / won't wil not / wont akayi kwenza / uyala
would not / wouldn't wud not / wudnt ebengayi kwenza / uyala
refuse to ri-fyuz tu ukwala ukwenza
decline to di-klain tu ukwala / ukungavumi
be unwilling to bii an-wiling tu ukungazimiseli ukwenza
16. Izakhiwo zeemodal zexesha elidlulileyo
Ezi zakhiwo zisetyenziswa ukuthetha ngezinto ezinokwenzeka okanye ekumele ukuba zenzekile kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Isakhiwo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
could have + V3 kud hav + V three ngendikwazile / bekunokwenzeka ukuba ndenze
may have + V3 mei hav + V three mhlawumbi kwenzekile
might have + V3 mait hav + V three mhlawumbi kwenzekile
must have + V3 mast hav + V three kumele ukuba kwenzekile
can't have + V3 kan't hav + V three akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenzekile
couldn't have + V3 kudnt hav + V three akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenzekile
should have + V3 shud hav + V three bekufuneka ukuba kwenzeke
ought to have + V3 ot tu hav + V three bekufuneka ukuba kwenzeke
would have + V3 wud hav + V three ngendenzile / ngabe kwenzekile
needn't have + V3 niidnt hav + V three kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba kwenziwe
Umzekelo:
You should have called me.
Yu shud hav kold mii.
Bekufuneka undifowunele.
17. Modal + Progressive
Imodal inokulandelwa ngu-be kunye nesenzi esiphela ngo-ing:
modal + be + verb + ing
Isakhiwo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo
can be + verb + ing He can be working. Hii kan bii werking. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uyasebenza.
could be + verb + ing He could be working. Hii kud bii werking. Mhlawumbi uyasebenza.
may be + verb + ing He may be working. Hii mei bii werking. Mhlawumbi uyasebenza.
might be + verb + ing He might be working. Hii mait bii werking. Mhlawumbi uyasebenza.
must be + verb + ing He must be working. Hii mast bii werking. Kumele ukuba uyasebenza.
should be + verb + ing He should be working. Hii shud bii werking. Kufuneka ukuba uyasebenza.
will be + verb + ing He will be working. Hii wil bii werking. Uza kube esebenza.
would be + verb + ing He would be working. Hii wud bii werking. Beya kube esebenza.
18. Modal + Perfect Progressive
modal + have been + verb + ing
Umzekelo:
She may have been working.
Shi mei hav bin werking.
Mhlawumbi ebesele esebenza.
Isakhiwo Intsingiselo
could have been + verb + ing mhlawumbi ebesele esenza
may have been + verb + ing mhlawumbi ebesele esenza
might have been + verb + ing mhlawumbi ebesele esenza
must have been + verb + ing kumele ukuba ebesele esenza
should have been + verb + ing bekufuneka ebesele esenza
would have been + verb + ing ngesele esenza / ngewayesenza
19. Modal + Passive
modal + be + V3
Umzekelo:
The work must be finished.
Dhe werk mast bii finished.
Umsebenzi kufuneka ugqitywe.
Isakhiwo Umzekelo
can be + V3 It can be done.
could be + V3 It could be done.
may be + V3 It may be done.
might be + V3 It might be done.
must be + V3 It must be done.
should be + V3 It should be done.
will be + V3 It will be done.
would be + V3 It would be done.
20. Modal + Perfect Passive
modal + have been + V3
Umzekelo:
It should have been done.
It shud hav bin dan.
Bekufuneka ukuba yenziwe.
Isakhiwo Intsingiselo
could have been + V3 kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibisenokwenziwa
may have been + V3 mhlawumbi yenziwe
might have been + V3 mhlawumbi yenziwe
must have been + V3 kumele ukuba yenziwe
should have been + V3 bekufuneka yenziwe
would have been + V3 ibiya kuba yenziwe / ngeyenzekile
21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Indlela yokubiza isakhiwo Umzekelo opheleleyo Indlela yokubiza umzekelo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
Isinye — isiqinisekiso There is + singular noun dher iz + noun There is a book on the table. Dher iz a buk on dhe teibl. Kukho incwadi etafileni.
Isininzi — isiqinisekiso There are + plural noun dher ar + noun There are two books on the table. Dher ar tu buks on dhe teibl. Kukho iincwadi ezimbini etafileni.
Isibizo esingenakubalwa There is + uncountable noun dher iz + an-kauntabl noun There is some water in the bottle. Dher iz sam woter in dhe botl. Kukho amanzi ebhotileni.
Isinye — isichasi There isn't + singular noun dher iznt + noun There isn't a book here. Dher iznt a buk hir. Akukho ncwadi apha.
Isininzi — isichasi There aren't + plural noun dher arnt + noun There aren't any books here. Dher arnt eni buks hir. Akukho zincwadi apha.
Umbuzo — isinye Is there + singular noun...? Iz dher + noun? Is there a problem? Iz dher a problem? Ngaba kukho ingxaki?
Umbuzo — isininzi Are there + plural noun...? Ar dher + noun? Are there any problems? Ar dher eni problems? Ngaba kukho iingxaki?
Umbuzo ochasayo — isinye Isn't there + singular noun...? Iznt dher + noun? Isn't there a problem? Iznt dher a problem? Ngaba akukho ngxaki?
Umbuzo ochasayo — isininzi Aren't there + plural noun...? Arnt dher + noun? Aren't there any problems? Arnt dher eni problems? Ngaba akukho ngxaki?
Ixesha elidlulileyo — isinye There was + singular noun dher woz + noun There was a problem. Dher woz a problem. Kwakukho ingxaki.
Ixesha elidlulileyo — isininzi There were + plural noun dher wer + noun There were many people. Dher wer meni piipl. Kwakukho abantu abaninzi.
Ixesha elidlulileyo elichasayo — isinye There wasn't + singular noun dher woznt + noun There wasn't a problem. Dher woznt a problem. Kwakungekho ngxaki.
Ixesha elidlulileyo elichasayo — isininzi There weren't + plural noun dher wernt + noun There weren't many people. Dher wernt meni piipl. Kwakungekho bantu baninzi.
Umbuzo wexesha elidlulileyo — isinye Was there + singular noun...? Woz dher + noun? Was there a problem? Woz dher a problem? Ngaba kwakukho ingxaki?
Umbuzo wexesha elidlulileyo — isininzi Were there + plural noun...? Wer dher + noun? Were there many people? Wer dher meni piipl? Ngaba kwakukho abantu abaninzi?
Ixesha elizayo There will be + noun dher wil bii + noun There will be a meeting tomorrow. Dher wil bii a miiting tumoro. Kuza kubakho intlanganiso ngomso.
Ixesha elizayo elichasayo There won't be + noun dher wont bii + noun There won't be a meeting tomorrow. Dher wont bii a miiting tumoro. Akuyi kubakho ntlanganiso ngomso.
Umbuzo wexesha elizayo Will there be + noun...? Wil dher bii + noun? Will there be a meeting tomorrow? Wil dher bii a miiting tumoro? Ngaba kuza kubakho intlanganiso ngomso?
Present Perfect There has/have been + noun dher haz/hav bin + noun There has been a mistake. Dher haz bin a misteik. Kwenzeke impazamo.
Past Perfect There had been + noun dher had bin + noun There had been a problem. Dher had bin a problem. Kwakukho ingxaki.
Modal There can/may/might/must/should be + noun dher kan/mei/mait/mast/shud bii + noun There may be a problem. Dher mei bii a problem. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho ingxaki.
1. Have = ukuba nento / ukuba nayo
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Indlela yokubiza isakhiwo Umzekelo opheleleyo Indlela yokubiza umzekelo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
Kunye no-I / you / we / they Subject + have + noun dhe sabjekt + hav + dhe noun I have a car. Ai hav a kar. Ndinemoto.
Kunye no-he / she / it Subject + has + noun dhe sabjekt + haz + dhe noun She has a car. Shi haz a kar. Unemoto.
Have isetyenziswa kunye no: I, you, we, they
Has isetyenziswa kunye no: he, she, it
2. Ifom echasayo ka-have
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Indlela yokubiza isakhiwo Umzekelo opheleleyo Indlela yokubiza umzekelo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
Isichasi I/you/we/they Subject + do not + have + noun dhe sabjekt + du not + hav + dhe noun I do not have a car. Ai du not hav a kar. Andinayo imoto.
Isichasi he/she/it Subject + does not + have + noun dhe sabjekt + daz not + hav + dhe noun She does not have a car. Shi daz not hav a kar. Akanayo imoto.
Qaphela: emva kuka-does kusetyenziswa u-have, hayi u-has:
She doesn't have a car. ✅
She doesn't has a car. ❌
3. Imibuzo eno-have
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Indlela yokubiza isakhiwo Umzekelo opheleleyo Indlela yokubiza umzekelo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
Umbuzo I/you/we/they Do + subject + have + noun? Du + dhe sabjekt + hav + dhe noun? Do you have a car? Du yu hav a kar? Ngaba unayo imoto?
Umbuzo he/she/it Does + subject + have + noun? Daz + dhe sabjekt + hav + dhe noun? Does she have a car? Daz shi hav a kar? Ngaba unayo imoto?
4. Have njengesenzi esincedisayo
Igama elithi have alithethi kuphela ukuba nento; likwasetyenziswa ukwakha amaxesha e-Perfect.
Ixesha Isakhiwo Indlela yokubiza isakhiwo Umzekelo Inguqulelo
Present Perfect Subject + have/has + V3 dhe sabjekt + hav/haz + V three I have finished. Ndigqibile.
Present Perfect Continuous Subject + have/has + been + verb + ing dhe sabjekt + hav/haz + bin + verb + ing I have been working. Kudala ndisebenza.
Past Perfect Subject + had + V3 dhe sabjekt + had + V three I had finished. Ndandigqibile.
Past Perfect Continuous Subject + had + been + verb + ing dhe sabjekt + had + bin + verb + ing I had been working. Ndandisebenza kangangexesha elithile.
Umahluko obalulekileyo
I have a car.
→ have = ukuba nemoto
I have finished.
→ have = isenzi esincedisayo esakha i-Present Perfect.
5. Have to = kufuneka / kunyanzelekile
Have to ibonisa imfuneko okanye isibophelelo.
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Indlela yokubiza isakhiwo Umzekelo opheleleyo Inguqulelo yesiXhosa
I/you/we/they Subject + have to + V1 dhe sabjekt + hav tu + V one I have to work. Kufuneka ndisebenze.
he/she/it Subject + has to + V1 dhe sabjekt + haz tu + V one She has to work. Kufuneka asebenze.
Ixesha elidlulileyo Subject + had to + V1 dhe sabjekt + had tu + V one I had to work. Kwakufuneka ndisebenze.
Ixesha elizayo Subject + will have to + V1 dhe sabjekt + wil hav tu + V one I will have to work. Kuza kufuneka ndisebenze.
6. Have got = ukuba nento / ukuba nayo
KwisiNgesi esiqhelekileyo, ingakumbi kwisiNgesi saseBritani, kusetyenziswa:
have got / has got
Isakhiwo Umzekelo Inguqulelo
Subject + have got + noun I have got a car. Ndinemoto.
Subject + has got + noun She has got a car. Unemoto.
Ifom echasayo:
I haven't got a car.
= Andinayo imoto.
Umbuzo:
Have you got a car?
= Ngaba unayo imoto?
Imiyalelo — Imperatives
Uhlobo Isakhiwo Indlela yokubiza isakhiwo Umzekelo Indlela yokubiza umzekelo Intsingiselo
Umyalelo oqinisekisayo Isenzi V one Come here. Kam hir. Yiza apha.
Umyalelo onesichazi sento Isenzi + into V one + object Read the book. Riid dhe buk. Funda incwadi.
Umyalelo ochasayo Don't + verb Dount + V one Don't run. Dount ran. Musa ukubaleka.
Umyalelo ochasayo osesikweni Do not + verb Du not + V one Do not enter. Du not enter. Musa ukungena.
Usebenzisa u-be Be + adjective Bii + adjective Be careful. Bii kerful. Lumka.
Isichasi sika-be Don't be + adjective Dount bii + adjective Don't be late. Dount bii leit. Musa ukufika emva kwexesha.
Usebenzisa u-Let me Let + me + verb Let + mii + V one Let me help you. Let mii help yu. Mandikuncede.
Usebenzisa u-Let him/her/them Let + object + verb Let + object + V one Let him go. Let him gou. Myeke ahambe.
Let's Let's + verb Lets + V one Let's go. Lets gou. Masihambe.
Let's ochasayo Let's not + verb Lets not + V one Let's not wait. Lets not weit. Masingalindi.
Umyalelo onembeko Please + verb Pliiz + V one Please sit down. Pliiz sit daun. Nceda uhlale phantsi.
Umyalelo ogxininisiweyo Do + verb Du + V one Do sit down. Du sit daun. Nceda, hlala phantsi.
Isilumkiso esinamandla Never + verb Never + V one Never give up. Never giv ap. Ungaze unikezele.
Umkhwa / ingcebiso Always + verb Olweiz + V one Always be careful. Olweiz bii kerful. Hlala ulumkile.
Umyalelo okwimo ye-passive Be + V3 Bii + V three Be prepared. Bii priperd. Zilungiselele.
Umyalelo + isiphumo Verb + and + clause V one + and + clause Study hard, and you will pass. Stadi hard, and yu wil pas. Funda ngokuzimisela, yaye uya kupasa.
Umyalelo + isilumkiso Verb + or + clause V one + or + clause Hurry up, or you'll be late. Hari ap, or yul bii leit. Khawuleza, kungenjalo uza kufika emva kwexesha.
Umyalelo onombuzo wokuqinisekisa Verb, will you? V one, wil yu? Wait here, will you? Weit hir, wil yu? Linda apha, kulungile?
Let's + umbuzo wokuqinisekisa Let's + verb, shall we? Lets + V one, shal wii? Let's go, shall we? Lets gou, shal wii? Masihambe, akunjalo?
22- Izimaphambili (PREFIXES) Ngezimamva (SUFFIXES)
Prefix Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo Intsingiselo
a- ə / ii ngaphandle kwe- / hayi atypical engaqhelekanga
ab- ab- kude ne- / ukusuka abduct ukuxhwila
ad- ad- ukuya / ngaku adjoin ukudibana ne-
ambi- ambi- zombini / macala omabini ambiguous entsingiselo-mbini
ante- ante- ngaphambi antecedent eyandulelayo
anti- anti- ngokuchasene ne- antiwar ochasene nemfazwe
arch- ark- oyintloko / ophambili archbishop ubhishophu omkhulu
auto- oto- ngokwakho / ngokuzenzekelayo automatic okuzenzekelayo
bi- bhay- ezimbini bilingual othetha iilwimi ezimbini
circum- sirkom- ujikeleze circumference umjikelezo
co- ko- kunye cooperate ukusebenzisana
contra- kontra- ngokuchasene contradict ukuphikisa
counter- kaunter- ngokuchasene / ukuphendula counterattack uhlaselo lokuziphindezela
de- di- ukususa / ukubuyisela umva deactivate ukwenza kungasebenzi
deca- deka- ishumi decade ishumi leminyaka
deci- desi- isishumi sesinye deci meter idesimitha
demi- demi- isiqingatha demigod uthixo wesiqingatha
dis- dis- hayi / ukuchasa / ukwahlukana disagree ukungavumelani
dys- dis- ngendlela embi / ukungasebenzi kakuhle dysfunction ukungasebenzi kakuhle
eco- iko- okusingqongileyo ecosystem inkqubo yendalo
ecto- ekto- ngaphandle ectoderm umaleko wangaphandle wolusu olungekazalwa
endo- endo- ngaphakathi endoskeleton amathambo angaphakathi
epi- epi- phezu / ngaphezulu epidermis umaleko ongaphandle wolusu
eu- yu- elungileyo / entle euphemism ibinzana elithambileyo
ex- eks- owayesakuba / ngaphandle ex-president owayesakuba ngumongameli
extra- ekstra- ngaphandle / eyongezelelweyo extraordinary engaqhelekanga
fore- for- ngaphambili / kwangaphambili forecast uqikelelo
geo- jeo- umhlaba geography ijografi
hemi- hemi- isiqingatha hemisphere isiqingatha somhlaba
hetero- hetero- owahlukileyo heterogeneous ongafaniyo
homo- homo- ofanayo homogeneous ofanayo
hyper- haiper- ngaphezu kwesiqhelo / kakhulu hyperactive osebenza kakhulu
hypo- haipo- ngaphantsi / kancinci hypothermia ukwehla kobushushu bomzimba
in- in- hayi / ngaphakathi inactive ongasebenziyo
im- im- hayi / ngaphakathi impossible engenakwenzeka
il- il- hayi illegal engekho mthethweni
ir- ir- hayi irregular engaqhelekanga
infra- infra- ngaphantsi infrared imitha ye-infrared
inter- inter- phakathi international yezizwe ngezizwe
intra- intra- ngaphakathi intranet uthungelwano lwangaphakathi
intro- intro- ukuya ngaphakathi introduce ukwazisa / ukwazisa umntu ngento
iso- aiso- efanayo isotope i-isotope
macro- makro- enkulu macroeconomics uqoqosho olukhulu
mal- mal- embi / engalunganga malfunction ukungasebenzi kakuhle
mega- mega- enkulu kakhulu megastore ivenkile enkulu kakhulu
meta- meta- emva / malunga ne- metadata ulwazi oluchaza enye idatha
micro- maikro- encinci kakhulu microscope isixhobo sokujonga izinto ezincinci
mid- mid- embindini midnight ezinzulwini zobusuku
mini- mini- encinci minibus ibhasi encinci
mono- mono- inye monolingual othetha ulwimi olunye
multi- multi- ezininzi multilingual othetha iilwimi ezininzi
neo- neo- entsha neologism igama elitsha
non- non- hayi / ngaphandle nonstandard engengomgangatho oqhelekileyo
omni- omni- yonke omniscient owazi yonke into
out- aut- ngaphandle / ngaphezu outperform ukwenza ngcono kunabanye
over- over- ngokugqithiseleyo / ngaphezulu overcook ukupheka ngokugqithiseleyo
paleo- paleo- mandulo paleolithic ixesha lakudala lamatye
pan- pan- yonke pan-European ebandakanya iYurophu iphela
para- para- ecaleni / efana ne- paranormal engaphaya kwendalo eqhelekileyo
peri- peri- ujikeleze perimeter umda ojikelezileyo
poly- poli- ezininzi polyglot umntu othetha iilwimi ezininzi
post- post- emva postwar emva kwemfazwe
pre- pre- ngaphambi prehistory ixesha langaphambi kwembali ebhaliweyo
pro- pro- ukuxhasa / ukumela pro-democracy oxhasa idemokhrasi
proto- proto- owokuqala / wokuqala prototype umzekelo wokuqala
pseudo- sudo- owobuxoki / ofana ne- pseudonym igama-mbumbulu
re- ri- kwakhona rewrite ukubhala kwakhona
retro- retro- ukubuyela emva retroactive osebenza emva kwexesha elidlulileyo
semi- semi- isiqingatha / ngokuyinxenye semicircle isangqa esisisiqingatha
sub- sab- ngaphantsi / inxalenye engaphantsi submarine inqanawa ehamba ngaphantsi kwamanzi
super- super- ngaphezulu / ogqwesileyo superhuman ongaphezu kwamandla omntu
supra- supra- ngaphezulu supranational ongaphaya komda wesizwe
syn- sin- kunye / ngaxeshanye synchronize ukuvumelanisa ixesha
tele- teli- kude telephone ifowuni
trans- trans- ukunqumla / ngaphaya transport ukuthutha
tri- trai- ntathu triangle unxantathu
ultra- altra- ngaphaya / ngokugqithiseleyo ultramodern owala maxesha kakhulu
un- an- hayi / ngokuchaseneyo unhappy ongonwabanga
under- ander- ngaphantsi / kancinci underpaid ohlawulwa kancinci
uni- yuni- inye unilateral icala elinye
vice- vais- usekela vice-president usekela-mongameli
with- with- ukusuka / kude withdraw ukurhoxa / ukurhoxisa
Suffixes — Izimamva
Suffix Indlela yokubiza Umsebenzi Umzekelo Intsingiselo
-er -er umntu owenza isenzo teacher utitshala
-or -or umntu owenza isenzo actor umdlali weqonga
-ar -ar umntu onxulumene nesenzo beggar umngqibi
-ist -ist umntu onobuchule obuthile artist igcisa
-ian -ian umntu onxulumene nomsebenzi othile musician imvumi / imvumi yezixhobo
-ant -ant umntu okanye into eyenza isenzo assistant umncedisi
-ent -ent umntu owenza isenzo student umfundi
-ee -i umntu ofumana isenzo employee umqeshwa
-ess -es umntu obhinqileyo actress umdlali weqonga obhinqileyo
-ness -nes imeko okanye uphawu happiness ulonwabo
-ity -iti imeko okanye uphawu activity umsebenzi / umsebenzi oqhubekayo
-ty -ti imeko okanye uphawu safety ukhuseleko
-ship -ship imeko / ubudlelwane friendship ubuhlobo
-hood -hud imeko / ixesha lobomi childhood ubuntwana
-dom -dom imeko / ummandla kingdom ubukumkani
-th -th imeko okanye uphawu warmth ubushushu
-ment -ment isiphumo / inkqubo development uphuhliso
-tion -shən inkqubo / isiphumo education imfundo
-sion -zhən / -shən inkqubo / isiphumo decision isigqibo
-ion -iən / -shən isenzo / isiphumo action isenzo
-ation -eyshən inkqubo organization umbutho / ulungelelwaniso
-al -al inkqubo / isiphumo arrival ukufika
-ance -ans imeko / inkqubo appearance imbonakalo
-ence -ens imeko existence ubukho
-ancy -ansi imeko expectancy ulindelo
-ency -ensi imeko efficiency ukusebenza kakuhle
-age -ij inkqubo / isiphumo marriage umtshato
-ure -yur isiphumo / imeko failure ukusilela
-ing -ing ukwenza isenzi sibe sisibizo / umsebenzi swimming ukuqubha
-ism -izəm inkolelo / ingcamango capitalism ubungxowankulu
-cracy -krasi inkqubo yolawulo democracy idemokhrasi
-crat -krat umntu okholelwa okanye oxhasa inkqubo democrat umxhasi wedemokhrasi
-archy -arki inkqubo yolawulo monarchy ubukumkani
-arch -ark umlawuli / inkokeli monarch ukumkani
-logy -loji inzululwazi / isifundo biology ibhayoloji
-graphy -grafi ukubhala / ukuchaza geography ijografi
-graph -graf isixhobo / into ebhalayo autograph utyikityo lomntu
-meter -mita isixhobo sokulinganisa thermometer isixhobo sokulinganisa ubushushu
-metry -metri isenzo sokulinganisa geometry ijometri
-scope -skop isixhobo sokujonga telescope iteleskopu
-scopy -skəpi ukuhlola / ukujonga microscopy ukujonga izinto ezincinci ngemikroskopu
-nomy -nomi inkqubo / imithetho astronomy inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi
-phobia -fobiya uloyiko arachnophobia ukoyika izigcawu
-phile -fayil umntu othanda into bibliophile umntu othanda iincwadi
-philia -filia uthando / ukuthanda audiophilia ukuthanda izixhobo nezandi ezikumgangatho ophezulu
-phone -fon isandi / isixhobo sesandi telephone ifowuni
-phony -foni isandi / inkqubo yesandi symphony isimfoni
-path -path umntu onesimo okanye ingxaki ethile psychopath umntu onengxaki ethile yengqondo okanye yokuziphatha
-pathy -pathiy imeko / isifo neuropathy isifo okanye ukonakala kwemithambo-luvo
-itis -aitis ukudumba arthritis ukudumba kwamalungu
-osis -osis imeko / isifo diagnosis uxilongo
-emia -imia imeko yegazi anemia ukungabikho kwegazi elaneleyo / i-anemia
-oma -oma ithumba / ukukhula okungaqhelekanga carcinoma umhlaza
-ectomy -ektomi ukususwa ngotyando appendectomy ukususwa kwesihlomelo ngotyando
-otomy -otomi ukusikwa ngotyando tracheotomy ukusikwa koqhoqhoqho ngotyando
-plasty -plasti ukulungisa ngotyando rhinoplasty utyando lokulungisa impumlo
-let -let into encinci booklet incwadana
-ling -ling encinci / eselula duckling intshontsho ledada
-ette -et into encinci kitchenette ikhitshi elincinci
-kin -kin into encinci manikin umfanekiso omncinci womntu
-oid -oid efana ne- humanoid efana nomntu
-esque -esk efana nesimbo esithile picturesque entle njengomfanekiso
-like -laik efana ne- childlike efana nomntwana
-ish -ish efana ne- / ngandlel’ ithile greenish oluhlaza kancinci
-ster -ster umntu onxulumene nesenzo youngster umntu oselula
-eer -ir umntu onxulumene nomsebenzi auctioneer umntu oqhuba ifandesi
-ard -ard umntu onophawu oluthile coward igwala
-some -səm obangela / onotyekelo lokuba troublesome oyinkathazo
-worthy -wərthi ofanele / onokuthenjwa trustworthy onokuthenjwa
-proof -pruf ongangenwa yinto waterproof ongangenwa ngamanzi
-free -fri ongenayo into ethile sugar-free ongenashukela
-wide -waid kulo lonke ihlabathi worldwide ehlabathini lonke
-ward -ward kwicala elithile backward ngasemva
-wise -waiz ngokwendlela ethile / ngokwe- clockwise ngokujikeleza kwewotshi
-fold -fold ngokuphindaphinda inani elithile threefold ngokuphindwe kathathu
23- Izenzi ezineengcombolo (PHRASAL VERBS)
I-phrasal verb = isenzi esidibene negama elifana ne-up, out, off, on, away, back, in okanye over.
Umzekelo:
give + up → give up = ukunikezela / ukuyeka into
Qaphela: Ayizizo zonke izakhiwo ezithi verb + preposition/adverb ezineentsingiselo ezifanayo. Ezinye ziiphrasal verbs, ezinye zizenzi ezilandelwa sisalathisi, kanti ezinye zii-phrasal-prepositional verbs.
1. Iiphrasal verbs eziqhelekileyo
Phrasal verb Indlela yokubiza Intsingiselo ngesiXhosa Umzekelo opheleleyo Indlela yokubiza umzekelo
add up əd ap ukudibanisa / ukuvakala kusengqiqweni The numbers add up. Tha nambəz ad ap.
ask for ask for ukucela She asked for help. Shi askt for help.
back up bak ap ukuxhasa / ukwenza ikopi yokhuseleko Please back up your files. Pliz bak ap yor faylz.
break down breik daun ukonakala / ukungasebenzi My car broke down. Mai kar brok daun.
break in breik in ukungena ngenkani Someone broke in last night. Samwan brok in last nait.
break out breik aut ukuqhambuka / ukuqala ngesiquphe A fire broke out. E faiər brok aut.
break up breik ap ukwahlukana / ukuphela kobudlelwane They broke up last year. Thei brok ap last yir.
bring back bring bak ukubuyisa Please bring back my book. Pliz bring bak mai buk.
bring in bring in ukungenisa / ukuzisa They brought in a new manager. Thei brot in e nyu manajər.
bring up bring ap ukuphakamisa umba / ukukhulisa She brought up an important issue. Shi brot ap ən important ishu.
call back kol bak ukufowuna kwakhona I'll call you back later. Ail kol yu bak leiter.
call off kol of ukurhoxisa They called off the meeting. Thei kold of tha miting.
carry on kari on ukuqhubeka Please carry on working. Pliz kari on working.
carry out kari aut ukuphumeza They carried out the plan. Thei karid aut tha plan.
catch up kach ap ukufikelela / ukulingana nomntu I need to catch up with you. Ai nid tu kach ap with yu.
check in chek in ukubhalisa xa ufika We checked in at the hotel. Wii chekt in at tha hotel.
check out chek aut ukuphuma ehotele / ukujonga We checked out at noon. Wii chekt aut at nun.
clean up klin ap ukucoca Clean up your room. Klin ap yor rum.
come back kam bak ukubuya He came back yesterday. Hii keim bak yestərdei.
come in kam in ukungena Come in, please. Kam in, pliz.
come out kam aut ukuphuma / ukupapashwa The new book came out yesterday. Tha nyu buk keim aut yestərdei.
come over kam over ukundwendwela Come over tonight. Kam over tunait.
cut down kat daun ukunciphisa I'm trying to cut down on sugar. Aim traiing tu kat daun on shugar.
cut off kat of ukunqumla / ukususa They cut off the electricity. Thei kat of thi ilektrisiti.
deal with dil with ukujongana nengxaki We need to deal with this problem. Wii nid tu dil with this problem.
do without du without ukuphila ngaphandle kwento We can do without a car. Wii kan du without e kar.
drop off drop of ukushiya umntu kwindawo ethile I'll drop you off at school. Ail drop yu of at skul.
end up end ap ukugqibela ukwenzela into ethile We ended up staying home. Wii endid ap steiing hom.
fall apart fol apart ukuqhekeka / ukuwohloka The old chair fell apart. Thi old cheir fel apart.
fall behind fol bihaind ukushiyeka ngasemva He fell behind in class. Hii fel bihaind in klas.
figure out figyur aut ukuqonda / ukufumana isisombululo I can't figure it out. Ai kant figyur it aut.
fill in fil in ukugcwalisa iindawo ezingenanto Please fill in this form. Pliz fil in this form.
fill out fil aut ukugcwalisa ifomu Fill out the application. Fil aut thi aplikeishən.
find out faind aut ukufumanisa / ukufumanisa inyaniso I found out the truth. Ai faund aut tha truth.
get back get bak ukubuya I'll get back home soon. Ail get bak hom sun.
get in get in ukungena Get in the car. Get in tha kar.
get off get of ukwehla kwisithuthi Get off the bus. Get of tha bas.
get on get on ukukhwela isithuthi Get on the bus. Get on tha bas.
get out get aut ukuphuma Get out of the room. Get aut of tha rum.
get over get over ukoyisa / ukuchacha She got over her fear. Shi got over her fiər.
get up get ap ukuvuka I get up at seven. Ai get ap at seven.
give back giv bak ukubuyisela Give me back my phone. Giv mi bak mai fon.
give in giv in ukunikezela He finally gave in. Hii fainəli geiv in.
give up giv ap ukunikezela / ukuyeka Don't give up. Dont giv ap.
go ahead go əhed ukuqhubeka / ukuqala Go ahead and start. Go əhed and start.
go back go bak ukubuyela We went back home. Wii went bak hom.
go on go on ukuqhubeka Please go on. Pliz go on.
go out go aut ukuphuma We went out last night. Wii went aut last nait.
grow up gro ap ukukhula I grew up in Kuwait. Ai gru ap in Kuwait.
hand in hand in ukungenisa / ukunikezela Hand in your homework. Hand in yor homwərk.
hang on hang on ukulinda / ukubambelela Hang on a minute. Hang on e minit.
hang out hang aut ukuchitha ixesha nabahlobo We hang out together. Wii hang aut təgethər.
hold on hold on ukulinda / ukubambelela Hold on, please. Hold on, pliz.
keep on kip on ukuqhubeka nokwenza Keep on trying. Kip on traiing.
keep up kip ap ukugcina isantya / ukuqhubeka kakuhle Keep up the good work. Kip ap tha gud wərk.
kick out kik aut ukugxotha They kicked him out. Thei kikt him aut.
look after luk after ukukhathalela / ukunyamekela She looks after her children. Shi luks after her children.
look for luk for ukukhangela I'm looking for my keys. Aim luking for mai kiz.
look into luk intu ukuphanda We'll look into the problem. Wiil luk intu tha problem.
look out luk aut ulumka / qaphela Look out! Luk aut!
look up luk ap ukukhangela ulwazi Look up the word. Luk ap tha wərd.
make up meik ap ukuxolelana / ukuyila They made up after the argument. Thei meid ap after thi argument.
move on muv on ukuqhubela phambili It's time to move on. Its taim tu muv on.
pick up pik ap ukuphakamisa / ukuthatha Pick up the phone. Pik ap tha fon.
point out point aut ukubonisa / ukuqaqambisa She pointed out a mistake. Shi pointed aut e mistake.
put away put əwei ukubeka ecaleni / ukugcina Put your clothes away. Put yor klothz əwei.
put down put daun ukubeka phantsi Put the book down. Put tha buk daun.
put off put of ukuhlehlisa Don't put it off. Dont put it of.
put on put on ukunxiba / ukuvula isixhobo Put on your jacket. Put on yor jaket.
put out put aut ukucima umlilo Put out the fire. Put aut tha faiər.
put up put ap ukuxhoma / ukuphakamisa Put up the picture. Put ap tha pikchər.
run into ran intu ukudibana nomntu ngengozi I ran into an old friend. Ai ran intu ən old frend.
run out ran aut ukuphela kwento We ran out of milk. Wii ran aut of milk.
set up set ap ukuseka / ukulungiselela They set up a new company. Thei set ap e nyu kampəni.
show up shou ap ukuvela / ukufika He didn't show up. Hii didnt shou ap.
shut down shat daun ukuvala ngokupheleleyo The factory shut down. Tha factory shat daun.
sit down sit daun ukuhlala phantsi Please sit down. Pliz sit daun.
stand up stand ap ukuma Please stand up. Pliz stand ap.
take back teik bak ukurhoxisa into oyithethileyo I take back what I said. Ai teik bak wat ai sed.
take off teik of ukukhulula / ukunduluka kwenqwelo-moya The plane took off. Tha plein tuk of.
take on teik on ukwamkela umsebenzi okanye uxanduva She took on a new job. Shi tuk on e nyu job.
take out teik aut ukukhupha Take out the trash. Teik aut tha trash.
take over teik over ukuthatha ulawulo She took over the company. Shi tuk over tha kampəni.
take up teik ap ukuqala umsebenzi okanye umdlalo omtsha He took up swimming. Hii tuk ap swiming.
throw away thro əwei ukulahla Don't throw it away. Dont thro it əwei.
try on trai on ukuzama ukunxiba Try on this shirt. Trai on this shərt.
turn down tərn daun ukwala / ukuthoba She turned down the offer. Shi tərnd daun thi ofer.
turn off tərn of ukucima Turn off the light. Tərn of tha lait.
turn on tərn on ukuvula Turn on the TV. Tərn on tha TV.
turn up tərn ap ukunyusa isandi / ukuvela Turn up the volume. Tərn ap tha volume.
wake up weik ap ukuvuka I woke up early. Ai wouk ap ərli.
work out wərk aut ukuzilolonga / ukufumana isisombululo I work out every day. Ai wərk aut evri dei.
write down rait daun ukubhala phantsi Write down the answer. Rait daun thi ansər.
2. Iindidi eziphambili
Uhlobo Ulwakhiwo Indlela yokubiza Umzekelo Intsingiselo
Iphrasal verb enento elandelayo isenzi + isihlomelo + into verb + adverb + object Turn off the light. Cima isibane.
Xa kusetyenziswa isimelabizo isenzi + isimelabizo + isihlomelo verb + pronoun + adverb Turn it off. Yicime.
Isenzi esilandelwa sisalathisi isenzi + isalathisi + into verb + preposition + object Look after the child. Nakekela umntwana.
Isenzi esingadingi nto ilandelayo isenzi + isihlomelo verb + adverb The plane took off. Inqwelo-moya yanduluka.
Iphrasal-prepositional verb isenzi + isihlomelo + isalathisi + into verb + adverb + preposition + object I look forward to the trip. Ndijonge phambili kuhambo.
3. Umgaqo obalulekileyo: Ngaba into ingabekwa phakathi?
Turn off — iphrasal verb:
Turn off the light.
Turn the light off.
Turn it off. ✅
Turn off it. ❌
Kodwa u-look after akwahlulwa ngolu hlobo:
Look after the child. ✅
Look the child after. ❌
Look after him. ✅
24- Izifinyezo (CONTRACTIONS)
Isifinyezo (contraction) luhlobo olufutshane oludibanisa amagama amabini okanye ngaphezulu. Sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwisiNgesi esithethwayo nakwimibhalo engasesikweni.
Imizekelo:
I am → I'm → aim → Ndingu- / Ndi-
I have → I've → aiv → Ndinayo / sele ndi-
I will → I'll → ail → Ndiya ku- / ndiya kwenza
I would → I'd → aid → Bendiya ku- / bendiza ku- (kuxhomekeke kumxholo)
1- Izifinyezo zika-BE
am → 'm
I am → I'm → aim → Ndingu- / Ndi-
Umzekelo: I'm happy. → Aim hepi. → Ndonwabile.
are → 're
You are → You're → yor → Ungu- / Unjalo
Umzekelo: You're right. → Yor rait. → Unyanisile.
We are → We're → wir → Singo- / Singu-
Umzekelo: We're ready. → Wir redi. → Silungile.
They are → They're → their → Ba- / Bona ba-
Umzekelo: They're here. → Their hir. → Balapha.
is → 's
He is → He's → hiz → Nguye / U-
Umzekelo: He's tired. → Hiz taiərd. → Udiniwe.
She is → She's → shiz → Nguye / U-
Umzekelo: She's happy. → Shiz hepi. → Wonwabile.
It is → It's → its → Yi- / Le nto i-
Umzekelo: It's cold. → Its kold. → Kuyabanda.
2- Izifinyezo zika-HAVE
have → 've
I have → I've → aiv → Ndinayo / sele ndi-
Umzekelo: I've finished. → Aiv finisht. → Ndigqibile.
You have → You've → yuv → Unayo / sele u-
Umzekelo: You've changed. → Yuv cheinjd. → Utshintshile.
We have → We've → wiiv → Sinayo / sele si-
Umzekelo: We've arrived. → Wiiv araivd. → Sifikile.
They have → They've → theiv → Banayo / sele ba-
Umzekelo: They've left. → Theiv left. → Bahambile.
He has → He's → hiz → Unayo / sele e-
Umzekelo: He's finished. → Hiz finisht. → Ugqibile.
She has → She's → shiz → Unayo / sele e-
Umzekelo: She's gone. → Shiz gon. → Uhambile.
3- Izifinyezo zika-WILL
will → 'll
I will → I'll → ail → Ndiya ku-
Umzekelo: I'll help you. → Ail help yu. → Ndiza kukunceda.
You will → You'll → yul → Uya ku-
Umzekelo: You'll understand. → Yul anderstand. → Uya kuqonda.
He will → He'll → hiil → Uya ku-
Umzekelo: He'll come tomorrow. → Hiil kam təmarou. → Uza kuza ngomso.
She will → She'll → shiil → Uya ku-
Umzekelo: She'll call you. → Shiil kol yu. → Uza kukufowunela.
We will → We'll → wiil → Siya ku-
Umzekelo: We'll see. → Wiil sii. → Siza kubona.
They will → They'll → theil → Baya ku-
Umzekelo: They'll arrive soon. → Theil araiv sun. → Baza kufika kungekudala.
4- Izifinyezo zika-WOULD
would → 'd
I would → I'd → aid → Bendiya ku- / Ndingathanda uku-
Umzekelo: I'd help you. → Aid help yu. → Bendiya kukunceda.
You would → You'd → yud → Ubuya ku- / Unga-
Umzekelo: You'd like it. → Yud laik it. → Ungayithanda.
He would → He'd → hiid → Ebeya ku-
Umzekelo: He'd come. → Hiid kam. → Ebeya kuza.
She would → She'd → shiid → Ebeya ku-
Umzekelo: She'd help us. → Shiid help as. → Ebeya kusinceda.
We would → We'd → wiid → Besiya ku-
Umzekelo: We'd go. → Wiid go. → Besiya kuhamba.
They would → They'd → theid → Bebeya ku-
Umzekelo: They'd agree. → Theid əgrii. → Bebeya kuvuma.
5- Izifinyezo zika-HAD
had → 'd
I had → I'd → aid → Ndandisele ndi- / Ndandino-
Umzekelo: I'd finished before he arrived. → Aid finisht bifor hii araivd. → Ndandisele ndigqibile ngaphambi kokuba afike.
You had → You'd → yud → Wawusele u- / Wawuno-
Umzekelo: You'd already left. → Yud olredi left. → Wawusele uhambile.
He had → He'd → hiid → Wayesele e-
Umzekelo: He'd eaten. → Hiid iitən. → Wayesele etyile.
She had → She'd → shiid → Wayesele e-
Umzekelo: She'd finished. → Shiid finisht. → Wayesele egqibile.
6- Isishwankathelo esibalulekileyo: 'd ineentsingiselo ezimbini
I'd = I would okanye I had
I'd go. → Aid go. → Bendiya kuhamba.
I'd gone. → Aid gon. → Ndandisele ndihambile.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, intsingiselo ichazwa ngumxholo nesenzi esilandelayo.
7- Izifinyezo zika-NOT
not → n't
is not → isn't → izənt → akakho / ayiyo
Umzekelo: He isn't here. → Hii izənt hir. → Akakho apha.
are not → aren't → arənt → abakho / ayiyo
Umzekelo: They aren't ready. → Thei arənt redi. → Abakakulungeli.
was not → wasn't → wəzənt → wayengekho / yayingeyo
Umzekelo: He wasn't there. → Hii wəzənt ther. → Wayengekho apho.
were not → weren't → wərnt → sasingekho / babengekho
Umzekelo: We weren't late. → Wii wərnt leit. → Asizange sifike emva kwexesha.
have not → haven't → havənt → andika- / andinayo
Umzekelo: I haven't finished. → Ai havənt finisht. → Andikagqibi.
has not → hasn't → hazənt → aka- / akanayo
Umzekelo: She hasn't arrived. → Shi hazənt araivd. → Akakafiki.
had not → hadn't → hadənt → wayengaka- / wayengekayi
Umzekelo: He hadn't eaten. → Hii hadənt iitən. → Wayengekatyi.
do not → don't → dont → musa / andi- / aba- (kuxhomekeke kumxholo)
Umzekelo: I don't know. → Ai dont no. → Andazi.
does not → doesn't → dazənt → aka- / akayi
Umzekelo: He doesn't know. → Hii dazənt no. → Akazi.
did not → didn't → didənt → akazange / andizange
Umzekelo: I didn't see him. → Ai didənt sii him. → Andizange ndimbone.
8- Ezinye izifinyezo
cannot → can't → kant → akakwazi / akunakwenzeka
could not → couldn't → kudənt → wayengakwazi / wayengenakukwazi
should not → shouldn't → shudənt → akufanele
would not → wouldn't → wudənt → wayengayi ku- / ebengayi ku-
must not → mustn't → masənt → akufuneki / akuvumelekanga
will not → won't → wont → akayi ku- / akazukwenza
Umzekelo: I won't go. → Ai wont go. → Andizukuhamba.
9- Qaphela
Ezi zifinyezo azibizwa ngokuba zii-suffixes ngokwentsingiselo yesiNgesi. Zizifinyezo zamagama okanye izakhiwo zamagama, ezidla ngokusebenzisa uphawu lwe-apostrophe (').
Imizekelo:
I + will → I'll
You + have → You've
He + is → He's
They + are → They're
Do + not → Don't
Can + not → Can't
Ngoko ke, Contractions = izifinyezo; Suffixes = izimamva.