1- Ingliz alifbosi
1. A a — talaffuzi: ey — /eɪ/ — A harfi «ey» deb aytiladi, masalan, «ay» so‘zidagi kabi.
2. B b — talaffuzi: bii — /b/ — B harfi «bii» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /b/, masalan: book.
3. C c — talaffuzi: sii — /k/, /s/ — C harfi «sii» deb aytiladi. Uning tovushi /k/, masalan: cat, yoki /s/, masalan: city, bo‘lishi mumkin.
4. D d — talaffuzi: dii — /d/ — D harfi «dii» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /d/, masalan: dog.
5. E e — talaffuzi: ii — /iː/ — E harfi «ii» deb aytiladi. Uning tovushi see so‘zidagi /iː/ tovushiga o‘xshaydi.
6. F f — talaffuzi: ef — /f/ — F harfi «ef» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /f/, masalan: fish.
7. G g — talaffuzi: jii — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — G harfi «jii» deb aytiladi. Uning tovushi /ɡ/, masalan: go, yoki /dʒ/, masalan: giant, bo‘lishi mumkin.
8. H h — talaffuzi: eych — /h/ — H harfi «eych» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /h/, masalan: house.
9. I i — talaffuzi: ay — /aɪ/ — I harfi «ay» deb aytiladi, masalan: eye so‘zidagi kabi.
10. J j — talaffuzi: jey — /dʒ/ — J harfi «jey» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /dʒ/, masalan: job.
11. K k — talaffuzi: key — /k/ — K harfi «key» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /k/, masalan: key.
12. L l — talaffuzi: el — /l/ — L harfi «el» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /l/, masalan: love.
13. M m — talaffuzi: em — /m/ — M harfi «em» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /m/, masalan: man.
14. N n — talaffuzi: en — /n/ — N harfi «en» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /n/, masalan: name.
15. O o — talaffuzi: ou — /oʊ/ — O harfi «ou» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /oʊ/, masalan: go.
16. P p — talaffuzi: pii — /p/ — P harfi «pii» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /p/, masalan: pen.
17. Q q — talaffuzi: kyuu — /k/ — Q harfi «kyuu» deb aytiladi va odatda U harfi bilan birga keladi, masalan: queen.
18. R r — talaffuzi: ar — /r/ — R harfi «ar» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /r/, masalan: red.
19. S s — talaffuzi: es — /s/, /z/ — S harfi «es» deb aytiladi. Uning tovushi /s/, masalan: sun, yoki /z/, masalan: rose, bo‘lishi mumkin.
20. T t — talaffuzi: tii — /t/ — T harfi «tii» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /t/, masalan: ten.
21. U u — talaffuzi: yuu — /juː/, /ʌ/ — U harfi «yuu» deb aytiladi /juː/. Uning tovushi /ʌ/ ham bo‘lishi mumkin, masalan: cup.
22. V v — talaffuzi: vii — /v/ — V harfi «vii» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /v/, masalan: very.
23. W w — talaffuzi: dabl-yuu — /w/ — W harfi «dabl-yuu» deb aytiladi va uning tovushi /w/, masalan: water.
24. X x — talaffuzi: eks — /ks/ — X harfi «eks» deb aytiladi va uning odatiy tovushi /ks/, masalan: box.
25. Y y — talaffuzi: vay — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — Y harfi «vay» deb aytiladi. Uning tovushi /j/, masalan: yes; /ɪ/, masalan: happy; yoki /aɪ/, masalan: my, bo‘lishi mumkin.
26. Z z — talaffuzi: zii* — /z/ — Amerika ingliz tilida Z harfi «zii» deb aytiladi. Britaniya ingliz tilida esa odatda «zed» deyiladi. Uning tovushi /z/, masalan: zoo.
2- So‘z tartibi (WORD ORDER)
1. Asosiy gap — Ega + Fe’l — Sabjekt + Vörb — I sleep. — Ay sliip — Men uxlayman.
2. Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt — I read a book. — Ay riid e buk — Men kitob o‘qiyman.
3. Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Ega + Fe’l + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Indayrekt Objekt + Dayrekt Objekt — I give him a book. — Ay giv him e buk — Men unga kitob beraman.
4. Foyda oluvchi — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + for + Shaxs — Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + For + Pörsn — I buy a book for him. — Ay bay e buk for him — Men uning uchun kitob sotib olaman.
5. Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi olmoshi — Ega + Fe’l + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi olmoshi + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Indayrekt Objekt Pronoun + Dayrekt Objekt — I give her a book. — Ay giv hör e buk — Men unga kitob beraman.
6. Sifat — Ega + be + Sifat — Sabjekt + Bii + Edjektiv — The book is big. — Ze buk iz big — Kitob katta.
7. Ravish — Ega + Fe’l + Ravish — Sabjekt + Vörb + Edvörb — He reads quickly. — Hii riidz kvikli — U tez o‘qiydi.
8. Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + Ravish — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + Ravish — Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + Edvörb — I read a book quickly. — Ay riid e buk kvikli — Men kitobni tez o‘qiyman.
9. Vaqt ravishi — Ega + Fe’l + Vaqt ravishi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Taym Edvörb — I work today. — Ay vörk tudey — Men bugun ishlayman.
10. Joy ravishi — Ega + Fe’l + Joy ravishi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Pleys Edvörb — She lives there. — Shii livz zer — U o‘sha yerda yashaydi.
11. Predlogli birikma — Ega + be + Predlogli birikma — Sabjekt + Bii + Prepözishenel Freyz — The book is on the table. — Ze buk iz on ze teybl — Kitob stol ustida.
12. Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + Joy — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + Joy — Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + Pleys Freyz — I put a book on the table. — Ay put e buk on ze teybl — Men kitobni stol ustiga qo‘yaman.
13. Aniqlovchi + Ot — Aniqlovchi + Ot — Ditörminer + Naun — This book is new. — Zis buk iz nyuu — Bu kitob yangi.
14. Aniqlovchi + Sifat + Ot — Aniqlovchi + Sifat + Ot — Ditörminer + Edjektiv + Naun — This big book is new. — Zis big buk iz nyuu — Bu katta kitob yangi.
15. Son + Ot — Son + Ot — Nyumerel + Naun — Two books are new. — Tuu buks ar nyuu — Ikkita kitob yangi.
16. Bog‘lovchi orqali birikish — Ega + Fe’l + and + Ega + Fe’l — Sabjekt + Vörb + End + Sabjekt + Vörb — I read and he writes. — Ay riid end hii rayts — Men o‘qiyman va u yozadi.
17. To‘ldiruvchili birikish — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + and + Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + End + Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt — I read a book and he writes a letter. — Ay riid e buk end hii rayts e letör — Men kitob o‘qiyman va u xat yozadi.
18. Majhul nisbat — Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli — Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii — The book is read. — Ze buk iz red — Kitob o‘qiladi.
19. Majhul nisbat + Harakatni bajaruvchi — Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + by + Harakatni bajaruvchi — Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eyjent — The book is read by the teacher. — Ze buk iz red bay ze tiicher — Kitob o‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘qiladi.
20. Majhul nisbat + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayrekt Objekt — The book is given to him. — Ze buk iz givn tuu him — Kitob unga beriladi.
21. Majhul nisbat + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + Harakatni bajaruvchi — Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + by + Harakatni bajaruvchi — Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayrekt Objekt + Bay + Eyjent — The book is given to him by the teacher. — Ze buk iz givn tuu him bay ze tiicher — Kitob unga o‘qituvchi tomonidan beriladi.
22. Majhul nisbat + Ravish — Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + Ravish — Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Edvörb — The book is read now. — Ze buk iz red nau — Kitob hozir o‘qiladi.
23. Majhul nisbat + Joy — Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + Joy — Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Lokeyshen — The book is put on the table. — Ze buk iz put on ze teybl — Kitob stol ustiga qo‘yiladi.
24. Majhul nisbat + Harakatni bajaruvchi + Vaqt ravishi — Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + by + Harakatni bajaruvchi + Vaqt ravishi — Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eyjent + Taym Edvörb — The book is read by the teacher today. — Ze buk iz red bay ze tiicher tudey — Kitob bugun o‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘qiladi.
25. Majhul nisbat + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + Harakatni bajaruvchi + Vaqt ravishi — Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + by + Harakatni bajaruvchi + Vaqt ravishi — Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayrekt Objekt + Bay + Eyjent + Taym Edvörb — The book is given to the student by the teacher today. — Ze buk iz givn tuu ze styudent bay ze tiicher tudey — Kitob bugun o‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘quvchiga beriladi.
26. Hozirgi tugallangan majhul nisbat — Ega + has/have been + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli — Sabjekt + Hez/Hev Bin + Vii Thrii — The book has been read. — Ze buk hez bin red — Kitob o‘qib bo‘lingan.
27. Tugallangan majhul nisbat + Harakatni bajaruvchi — Ega + has/have been + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + by + Harakatni bajaruvchi — Sabjekt + Hez/Hev Bin + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eyjent — The book has been read by the teacher. — Ze buk hez bin red bay ze tiicher — Kitob o‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘qib bo‘lingan.
28. Kelasi zamon majhul nisbati — Ega + will be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + Vaqt — Sabjekt + Vil Bii + Vii Thrii + Taym — The book will be read tomorrow. — Ze buk vil bii red tumorou — Kitob ertaga o‘qiladi.
29. Kelasi zamon majhul nisbati + Harakatni bajaruvchi — Ega + will be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + by + Harakatni bajaruvchi + Vaqt — Sabjekt + Vil Bii + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eyjent + Taym — The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. — Ze buk vil bii red bay ze tiicher tumorou — Kitob ertaga o‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘qiladi.
30. Modal fe’l bilan majhul nisbat — Ega + Modal fe’l + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli — Sabjekt + Moudel Vörb + Bii + Vii Thrii — The book must be read. — Ze buk mast bii red — Kitob o‘qilishi shart.
31. Inkor shakli — Ega + Yordamchi fe’l + not + Fe’l — Sabjekt + Oksilyeri Vörb + Not + Vörb — I do not read a book. — Ay duu not riid e buk — Men kitob o‘qimayman.
32. Majhul nisbatning inkor shakli — Ega + be + not + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + by + Harakatni bajaruvchi — Sabjekt + Bii + Not + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eyjent — The book is not read by the teacher. — Ze buk iz not red bay ze tiicher — Kitob o‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘qilmaydi.
33. Ha/yo‘q savoli — Yordamchi fe’l + Ega + Fe’l? — Oksilyeri Vörb + Sabjekt + Vörb? — Do you read a book? — Duu yuu riid e buk? — Siz kitob o‘qiysizmi?
34. Majhul nisbatdagi savol — be + Ega + Fe’lning shakli? — Bii + Sabjekt + Vii Thrii? — Is the book being read? — Iz ze buk biiing red? — Kitob o‘qilmoqdami?
35. Ega haqida savol — who + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi? — Huu + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt? — Who reads the book? — Huu riidz ze buk? — Kitobni kim o‘qiydi?
36. Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi haqida savol — who/whom + Yordamchi fe’l + Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + to? — Huu/Huum + Oksilyeri Vörb + Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + Tuu? — Who do you give the book to? — Huu duu yuu giv ze buk tuu? — Siz kitobni kimga berasiz?
37. Buyruq shakli — Fe’l + ...! — Vörb + ...! — Read! — Riid! — O‘qi!
38. Buyruq + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi! — Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + Tuu + Indayrekt Objekt! — Give the book to him! — Giv ze buk tuu him! — Kitobni unga ber!
39. Majhul nisbatdagi buyruq — let + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli! — Let + Dayrekt Objekt + Bii + Vii Thrii! — Let the book be read! — Let ze buk bii red! — Kitob o‘qilsin!
40. Infinitiv — to + Fe’l — Tuu + Vörb — to read — Tuu riid — o‘qimoq / o‘qish
41. Infinitiv + bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — to + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Tuu + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt — to read a book — Tuu riid e buk — kitob o‘qimoq
42. Infinitiv + aniq bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — to + Fe’l + Aniq bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Tuu + Vörb + Spesifik Dayrekt Objekt — to read the book — Tuu riid ze buk — kitobni o‘qimoq
43. Maqsad — Ega + Fe’l + to + Fe’l — Sabjekt + Vörb + Tuu + Vörb — I eat to play. — Ay iit tuu pley — Men o‘ynash uchun ovqat yeyman.
44. Nisbiy gap — Ot + Nisbiy so‘z + Gap — Naun + Relativ Vörd + Kloz — The book that I read is interesting. — Ze buk zet ay riid iz intristing — Men o‘qiydigan kitob qiziqarli.
45. Majhul nisbatdagi nisbiy gap — Ot + Nisbiy so‘z + Majhul nisbat — Naun + Relativ Vörd + Voys — The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. — Ze buk zet iz biiing red bay ze tiicher iz intristing — O‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘qilayotgan kitob qiziqarli.
46. Shart — if + Gap, Ega + Fe’l — If + Kloz, Sabjekt + Vörb — If I have time, I read. — If ay hev taym, ay riid — Agar vaqtim bo‘lsa, o‘qiyman.
47. Shart + Majhul nisbat — if + Ega + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli, Ega + Fe’l — If + Sabjekt + Bii + Vii Thrii, Sabjekt + Vörb — If the book is read, he learns. — If ze buk iz red, hii lörnz — Agar kitob o‘qilsa, u o‘rganadi.
48. O‘zlashtirma gap — Ega + Fe’l + that + Ega + Fe’l — Sabjekt + Vörb + Zet + Sabjekt + Vörb — He said that he was reading. — Hii sed zet hii voz riiding — U o‘qiyotganini aytdi.
49. O‘zlashtirma savol — Ega + Fe’l + if/whether + Ega + Fe’l — Sabjekt + Vörb + If/Vezer + Sabjekt + Vörb — He asked if I was reading. — Hii askt if ay voz riiding — U mendan o‘qiyotgan-o‘qimayotganimni so‘radi.
50. O‘zlashtirma buyruq yoki iltimos — Ega + Fe’l + To‘ldiruvchi + to + Fe’l — Sabjekt + Vörb + Objekt + Tuu + Vörb — He asked me to read. — Hii askt mii tuu riid — U mendan o‘qishni so‘radi.
Ravishlar:
1. Usul (Manner): Usul ravishi fe’l yoki to‘ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Ega + Fe’l + To‘ldiruvchi + Ravish. I read the book quickly. — Ay riid ze buk kvikli. — Men kitobni tez o‘qiyman.
2. Joy (Place): Joy ravishi fe’l yoki to‘ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Ega + Fe’l + To‘ldiruvchi + Joy. I read the book at home. — Ay riid ze buk et houm. — Men kitobni uyda o‘qiyman.
3. Vaqt (Time): Vaqt ravishi odatda gap oxirida yoki boshida keladi. Ega + Fe’l + To‘ldiruvchi + Vaqt. I read the book yesterday. — Ay red ze buk yesterdey. — Men kecha kitobni o‘qidim.
4. Takrorlanish (Frequency): Takrorlanish ravishi odatda asosiy fe’ldan oldin keladi. Ega + Takrorlanish ravishi + Fe’l. I often read books. — Ay ofen riid buks. — Men tez-tez kitob o‘qiyman.
5. Takrorlanish + be (Frequency + be): Takrorlanish ravishi be fe’lidan keyin keladi. Ega + be fe’li + Takrorlanish ravishi. He is always happy. — Hii iz olveyz hepi. — U doimo xursand.
6. Takrorlanish + yordamchi fe’l (Frequency + auxiliary): Takrorlanish ravishi birinchi yordamchi fe’ldan keyin keladi. Ega + Yordamchi fe’l + Takrorlanish ravishi + Fe’l. I have never seen it. — Ay hev never siin it. — Men buni hech qachon ko‘rmaganman.
7. Daraja (Degree): Daraja ravishi o‘zi tavsiflayotgan sifat yoki ravishdan oldin keladi. Ega + Daraja ravishi + Sifat / Ravish. It is very good. — It iz veri gud. — Bu juda yaxshi.
8. Daraja + Fe’l (Degree + verb): Daraja ravishi ishlatilishiga qarab fe’ldan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin. Ega + Fe’l + Ravish. I really like it. — Ay riyeli layk it. — Bu menga juda yoqadi.
9. Gap ravishi (Sentence adverb): U gap boshida, o‘rtasida yoki oxirida kelishi mumkin va so‘zlovchining butun gapga munosabatini ifodalaydi. Ravish + Gap. Fortunately, I won. — Forchunetli, ay van. — Yaxshiyamki, men g‘alaba qozondim.
10. Izoh ravishi (Comment adverb): U odatda gap boshida keladi va so‘zlovchining fikri yoki izohini bildiradi. Ravish + Gap. Honestly, I don't know. — Onestli, ay dount nou. — Rostini aytsam, bilmayman.
11. Bog‘lovchi ravish (Linking adverb): U odatda gap boshida yoki o‘rtasida kelib, ikki fikr yoki gapni bog‘laydi. Gap + Bog‘lovchi ravish + Gap. I was tired; however, I worked. — Ay voz tayर्ड; hau-ever, ay vörkt. — Men charchagan edim; shunga qaramay, ishladim.
12. Yo‘nalish (Direction): Yo‘nalish ravishi fe’l yoki to‘ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Ega + Fe’l + To‘ldiruvchi + Yo‘nalish ravishi. She went outside. — Shii vent autsayd. — U tashqariga chiqdi.
13. Aniq takrorlanish (Definite frequency): Aniq takrorlanish vaqtini bildiruvchi ibora gap boshida yoki oxirida kelishi mumkin. Vaqt iborasi + Gap. I go there every day. — Ay gou zer evri dey. — Men u yerga har kuni boraman.
14. Davomiylik (Duration): Davomiylikni bildiruvchi ibora odatda gap oxirida keladi. Ega + Fe’l + To‘ldiruvchi + Davomiylik. I studied for two hours. — Ay stadid for tuu auerz. — Men ikki soat o‘qidim.
15. Maqsad (Purpose): Maqsadni bildiruvchi ibora odatda gap oxirida keladi va ish-harakat nima sababdan bajarilganini tushuntiradi. Gap + Maqsad. I went there to study. — Ay vent zer tuu stadi. — Men o‘qish uchun u yerga bordim.
BILVOSITA TO‘LDIRUVCHI (INDIRECT OBJECT)
# — Turi — O‘zbekcha grammatik tuzilma — Tuzilmaning inglizcha talaffuzi o‘zbek lotin yozuvida — Misol — Misolning talaffuzi — Tarjima
1. Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi oldin, bevosita to‘ldiruvchi keyin — Ega + Fe’l + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Indayrekt Objekt + Dayrekt Objekt — I gave him a book. — Ay geyv him e buk — Men unga kitob berdim.
2. Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + Tuu + Indayrekt Objekt — I gave a book to him. — Ay geyv e buk tuu him — Men unga kitob berdim.
3. Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi oldin, bevosita to‘ldiruvchi keyin — Ega + Fe’l + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Indayrekt Objekt + Dayrekt Objekt — She sent me a letter. — Shii sent mii e letör — U menga xat yubordi.
4. Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + Tuu + Indayrekt Objekt — She sent a letter to me. — Shii sent e letör tuu mii — U menga xat yubordi.
5. For bilan bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi oldin — Ega + Fe’l + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Indayrekt Objekt + Dayrekt Objekt — I bought her a gift. — Ay bot hör e gift — Men unga sovg‘a sotib oldim.
6. Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + for + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + for + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + For + Indayrekt Objekt — I bought a gift for her. — Ay bot e gift for hör — Men unga sovg‘a sotib oldim.
7. Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi bilan majhul nisbat — Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — Indayrekt Objekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Dayrekt Objekt — He was given a book. — Hii voz givn e buk — Unga kitob berildi.
8. Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi bilan majhul nisbat + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + be + Fe’lning uchinchi shakli + to + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Dayrekt Objekt + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayrekt Objekt — A book was given to him. — E buk voz givn tuu him — Unga kitob berildi.
9. Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi haqida savol — So‘roq so‘zi + Yordamchi fe’l + Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + to? — Vii + Duu/Daz/Did + Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt + Tuu? — Who did you give it to? — Huu did yuu giv it tuu? — Siz uni kimga berdingiz?
10. Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi haqida rasmiy savol — To whom + Yordamchi fe’l + Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi? — Tuu Huum + Oksilyeri + Sabjekt + Vörb + Dayrekt Objekt? — To whom did you give it? — Tuu huum did yuu giv it? — Siz uni kimga berdingiz?
QARATQICH (GENITIVE): EGALIK / MUNOSABAT
# — Turi — O‘zbekcha grammatik tuzilma — Tuzilmaning inglizcha talaffuzi o‘zbek lotin yozuvida — Misol — Misolning talaffuzi — Tarjima
1. Birlikdagi egalik — Ot + 's + Ot — Naun + Iz + Naun — John's car — Jonz kar — Jonning mashinasi.
2. Of yordamida egalik — Ot + of + Ot — Naun + Ov + Naun — the car of John — ze kar ov Jon — Jonning mashinasi.
3. Muntazam ko‘plikdagi egalik — Ko‘plikdagi ot + ' + Ot — Plurel Naun + Apostrofi + Naun — students' books — styudents buks — Talabalarning kitoblari.
4. Noto‘g‘ri ko‘plikdagi egalik — Ot + 's + Ot — Naun + Iz + Naun — children's toys — childrenz toyz — Bolalarning o‘yinchoqlari.
5. Of yordamida egalik — Ot + of + Ot — Naun + Ov + Naun — the roof of the house — ze ruuf ov ze haus — Uyning tomi.
6. Egalik aniqlovchisi — Egalik aniqlovchisi + Ot — Pozesiv Ditörminer + Naun — my car — May kar — Mening mashinam.
7. Mustaqil egalik olmoshi — Mustaqil egalik olmoshi — Pozesiv Pronaun — The car is mine. — Ze kar iz mayn — Mashina meniki.
8. Qo‘shma egalik — Ot + of + Mustaqil egalik olmoshi — Naun + Ov + Pozesiv Pronaun — a friend of mine — e frend ov mayn — Mening bir do‘stim.
9. Vaqtga oid egalik — Vaqt oti + 's + Ot — Taym Naun + Iz + Naun — today's news — tudeyz nyuuz — Bugungi yangiliklar.
10. Ko‘plikdagi vaqt birligi — Son + O‘lchov birligi + ' + Ot — Nyumerel + Yunit + Apostrofi + Naun — two weeks' vacation — tuu wiiks vekeyshen — Ikki haftalik ta’til.
11. Egalik haqida savol — whose + Ot? — Huuz + Naun? — Whose book? — Huuz buk? — Kimning kitobi?
12. Nisbiy gapdagi egalik — whose + Ot + Gap — Huuz + Naun + Kloz — the man whose car... — ze men huuz kar... — Mashinasi ... bo‘lgan erkak.
13. Birgalikdagi egalik — Birinchi ot + and + Ikkinchi ot + 's + Ot — Naun + End + Naun + Iz + Naun — John and Mary's house — Jon end Meriz haus — Jon va Merining umumiy uyi.
14. Alohida egalik — Birinchi ot + 's + and + Ikkinchi ot + 's + Ot — Naun + Iz + End + Naun + Iz + Naun — John's and Mary's houses — Jonz end Meriz hauziz — Jonning va Merining alohida uylari.
MUSTAQIL EGALIK OLMOSHLARI (INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS)
Shaxs — Egalik aniqlovchisi — Egalik aniqlovchisining talaffuzi — Mustaqil egalik olmoshi — Mustaqil egalik olmoshining talaffuzi — To‘liq misol — Misolning talaffuzi — Tarjima
I = Men — my — may — mine — mayn — This book is mine. — Zis buk iz mayn — Bu kitob meniki.
you = Sen / Siz — your — yor — yours — yorz — This book is yours. — Zis buk iz yorz — Bu kitob seniki / sizniki.
he = U (erkak) — his — hiz — his — hiz — This book is his. — Zis buk iz hiz — Bu kitob uniki.
she = U (ayol) — her — hör — hers — hörz — This book is hers. — Zis buk iz hörz — Bu kitob uniki.
it = U (narsa yoki hayvon) — its — its — Odatda mustaqil egalik olmoshi sifatida ishlatilmaydi — — The dog hurt its leg. — Ze dog höört its leg — It oyog‘ini jarohatladi.
we = Biz — our — auer — ours — auerz — This book is ours. — Zis buk iz auerz — Bu kitob bizniki.
they = Ular — their — zer — theirs — zerz — This book is theirs. — Zis buk iz zerz — Bu kitob ularniki.
The book is the boy's. = Kitob bolanikidir.
The book is for the boy. = Kitob bola uchun.
WAS GOING TO: QILMOQCHI EDI / QILISH NIYATIDA EDI
Olmosh — O‘zbekcha grammatik tuzilma — Tuzilmaning inglizcha talaffuzi o‘zbek lotin yozuvida — Misol — Misolning talaffuzi — Ma’nosi
I = Men — Men + was going to + Fe’l — Ay + Voz Gouing Tuu + Vörb — I was going to eat. — Ay voz gouing tuu iit — Men ovqat yemoqchi edim.
you = Sen / Siz — Sen + were going to + Fe’l — Yuu + Vör Gouing Tuu + Vörb — You were going to eat. — Yuu vör gouing tuu iit — Sen / Siz ovqat yemoqchi eding / edingiz.
he = U (erkak) — U + was going to + Fe’l — Hii + Voz Gouing Tuu + Vörb — He was going to eat. — Hii voz gouing tuu iit — U ovqat yemoqchi edi.
she = U (ayol) — U + was going to + Fe’l — Shii + Voz Gouing Tuu + Vörb — She was going to eat. — Shii voz gouing tuu iit — U ovqat yemoqchi edi.
it = U (narsa yoki hayvon) — It + was going to + Fe’l — It + Voz Gouing Tuu + Vörb — It was going to rain. — It voz gouing tuu reyn — Yomg‘ir yog‘ishi kutilayotgan edi.
we = Biz — Biz + were going to + Fe’l — Wii + Vör Gouing Tuu + Vörb — We were going to eat. — Wii vör gouing tuu iit — Biz ovqat yemoqchi edik.
they = Ular — Ular + were going to + Fe’l — Zey + Vör Gouing Tuu + Vörb — They were going to eat. — Zey vör gouing tuu iit — Ular ovqat yemoqchi edilar.
Was about to / Were about to — Bu tuzilma biror ish-harakat sodir bo‘lish arafasida bo‘lganini ifodalaydi.
Was about to = Biror narsa sodir bo‘lish arafasida edi.
Was supposed to = Biror ishni qilish kerak edi, ammo biror narsa bunga to‘sqinlik qildi yoki boshqacha voqea yuz berdi.
I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. = Men bugun tozalashim kerak edi, lekin yomon ob-havo sababli buni qilmayman.
2- Otlar (NOUNS)
O‘zbekcha grammatik ma’no — Tuzilma — Misol — Inglizcha talaffuzning o‘zbekcha yozilishi — Tarjima
Ko‘plik — Ot + s — books — buks — Kitoblar.
Ko‘plik — Ot + es [iz] — boxes — boksiz — Qutilar.
Birlikdagi aniq artikl — the [ze] + Ot — the book — ze buk — Kitob.
Ko‘plikdagi aniq artikl — the [ze] + Ko‘plikdagi ot — the books — ze buks — Kitoblar.
Birlikdagi noaniq artikl — a [e] + Ot — a book — e buk — Bir kitob.
Birlikdagi noaniq artikl — Agar keyingi so‘z unli tovush bilan boshlansa, an [en] ishlatiladi — an apple — en epl — Olma.
Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Ega + Fe’l + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi — I give him the book. — Ay giv him ze buk — Men unga kitobni beraman.
To bilan bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — Ega + Fe’l + Bevosita to‘ldiruvchi + to [tuu] + Bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi — I give the book to him. — Ay giv ze buk tuu him — Men kitobni unga beraman.
Egalik — Eganing oti + 's [z] + Egaga tegishli ot — John's car — Jonz kar — Jonning mashinasi.
Ko‘plikdagi egalik — Egalik qiluvchi ko‘plikdagi ot + s' + Tegishli ot — the boys' books — ze boyz buks — Bolalarning kitoblari.
Of yordamida egalik — Tegishli ot + of [ov] + Eganing oti — the door of the house — ze dor ov ze haus — Uyning eshigi.
So‘zning oxiri — Nimani qo‘shamiz? — Misol — Talaffuz
Ko‘pchilik so‘zlar — -s — book → books — buk → buks
s bilan tugasa — -es — bus → buses — bas → basiz
ss bilan tugasa — -es — class → classes — klas → klasiz
sh bilan tugasa — -es — dish → dishes — dish → dishiz
ch bilan tugasa — -es — watch → watches — voch → vochiz
x bilan tugasa — -es — box → boxes — boks → boksiz
z bilan tugasa — -es — quiz → quizzes — kviz → kviziz
Undosh + y — -ies — baby → babies — beybi → bey biz
Unli + y — -s — boy → boys — boy → boyz
Ba’zi f/fe bilan tugaydigan so‘zlar — -ves — knife → knives — nayf → nayvz
Ba’zi f/fe bilan tugaydigan so‘zlar — -s — roof → roofs — ruuf → ruufs
Agar ot sanaladigan birlikdagi ot bo‘lsa va aniq bo‘lmasa, odatda a yoki an ishlatiladi; ko‘plikda esa noaniq artikl ishlatilmaydi.
BILVOSITA TO‘LDIRUVCHI (INDIRECT OBJECT)
Ingliz tilida bilvosita to‘ldiruvchini joylashtirishning uchta asosiy usuli bor:
1- Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
I give a boy a book. = Men bolaga kitob beraman.
2- Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to + Indirect Object
I give a book to a boy. = Men kitobni bolaga beraman.
3- Subject + Verb + to + Indirect Object + Direct Object
I give to a boy a book. = Men bolaga kitob beraman.
Bu usul zamonaviy ingliz tilida g‘ayritabiiy eshitiladi; birinchi va ikkinchi usullar ko‘proq ishlatiladi.
QARATQICH (GENITIVE): EGALIK
Ingliz tilida egalikni ifodalashning ikkita asosiy usuli bor:
1- Owner's + Possession
The boy's book = Bolaning kitobi.
2- Possession + of + Owner
The book of the boy = Bolaning kitobi.
3- Sifatlar (ADJECTIVES)
O‘zbekcha turi | O‘zbekcha tuzilishi | Tuzilishning inglizcha talaffuzi | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
Tavsiflovchi sifatlar | Sifat + ot | Adjective + noun | a beautiful house | e byutiful haus | Chiroyli uy
Miqdor sifatlari | Miqdor bildiruvchi so‘z + ot | kvontiti + noun | many books | meni buks | Ko‘p kitoblar
Son sifatlari | Son + ot | namber + noun | three books | thri buks | Uchta kitob
Ko‘rsatish sifatlari | this/that/these/those + ot | zis/zet/ziiz/zo‘uz + noun | this book | zis buk | Bu kitob
Egalik sifatlari | my/your/his/her/its/our/their + ot | may/yor/hiz/her/its/auer/zer + noun | my car | may kar | Mening mashinam
So‘roq sifatlari | which/what/whose + ot | wich/wot/huz + noun | which book? | wich buk? | Qaysi kitob?
Noaniq sifatlar | Noaniqlik bildiruvchi so‘z + ot | indefinit word + noun | some books | sam buks | Ba’zi kitoblar
Taqsimlovchi sifatlar | each/every/either/neither + ot | iich/evri/ayzer/nayzer + noun | each student | iich styudent | Har bir o‘quvchi
Atoqli otlardan yasalgan sifatlar | Atoqli ot → sifat | proper noun → adjective | English language | inglish lengvij | Ingliz tili
Qo‘shma sifatlar | So‘z + so‘z | word + word | a well-known actor | e vel-noun ektor | Mashhur aktyor
Hozirgi yoki o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshlaridan yasalgan sifatlar | V-ing / V-ed | vi-ing / vi-ed | a boring movie | e boring muvi | Zerikarli film
Qiyosiy darajadagi sifatlar | Sifat + er / more + sifat | adjective + ir / mor + adjective | bigger house | biger haus | Kattaroq uy
Orttirma darajadagi sifatlar | Sifat + est / most + sifat | adjective + ist / moust + adjective | the biggest house | ze bigist haus | Eng katta uy
Uyushiq sifatlar | Sifat + vergul + sifat + ot | adjective + koma + adjective + noun | a long, difficult journey | e long, difikult jerni | Uzoq va qiyin sayohat
Otdan oldin keladigan sifatlar | Sifat + ot | adjective + noun | a red car | e red kar | Qizil mashina
Kesim vazifasidagi sifatlar | Ega + be + sifat | sabjekt + bi + adjective | The car is red. | ze kar iz red | Mashina qizil.
Otdan keyin keladigan sifatlar | Ot + sifat | noun + adjective | something interesting | samthing intristing | Qiziqarli biror narsa
Mustaqil sifatlar | Sifat | adjective | perfect | perfek(t) | Mukammal / ideal
Kuchaytiruvchi sifatlar | Sifat + ot | adjective + noun | my own car | may oun kar | O‘z mashinam
Undov sifatlari | what + sifat + ot | wot + adjective + noun | What a beautiful day! | wot e byutiful dey! | Qanday go‘zal kun!
1. Oddiy hozirgi zamon — Present Simple
Tuzilishi: Ega + am/is/are + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + em/iz/ar + kompliment
Olmosh | Tuzilishi | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I am | I am happy. | ay em hepi | Men baxtliman.
You | You are | You are happy. | yu ar hepi | Sen baxtlisan.
He | He is | He is happy. | hi iz hepi | U baxtli.
She | She is | She is happy. | shi iz hepi | U baxtli.
It | It is | It is cold. | it iz kould | Havo sovuq.
We | We are | We are happy. | wi ar hepi | Biz baxtlimiz.
You | You are | You are happy. | yu ar hepi | Sizlar baxtlisiz.
They | They are | They are happy. | zey ar hepi | Ular baxtli.
2. Oddiy o‘tgan zamon — Past Simple
Tuzilishi: Ega + was/were + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + woz/wer + kompliment
Olmosh | Tuzilishi | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I was | I was happy. | ay woz hepi | Men baxtli edim.
You | You were | You were happy. | yu wer hepi | Sen baxtli eding.
He | He was | He was happy. | hi woz hepi | U baxtli edi.
She | She was | She was happy. | shi woz hepi | U baxtli edi.
It | It was | It was cold. | it woz kould | Havo sovuq edi.
We | We were | We were happy. | wi wer hepi | Biz baxtli edik.
You | You were | You were happy. | yu wer hepi | Sizlar baxtli edingiz.
They | They were | They were happy. | zey wer hepi | Ular baxtli edilar.
3. Oddiy kelasi zamon — Future Simple
Tuzilishi: Ega + will be + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + wil bi + kompliment
Olmosh | Tuzilishi | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will be | I will be happy. | ay wil bi hepi | Men baxtli bo‘laman.
You | You will be | You will be happy. | yu wil bi hepi | Sen baxtli bo‘lasan.
He | He will be | He will be happy. | hi wil bi hepi | U baxtli bo‘ladi.
She | She will be | She will be happy. | shi wil bi hepi | U baxtli bo‘ladi.
It | It will be | It will be cold. | it wil bi kould | Havo sovuq bo‘ladi.
We | We will be | We will be happy. | wi wil bi hepi | Biz baxtli bo‘lamiz.
You | You will be | You will be happy. | yu wil bi hepi | Sizlar baxtli bo‘lasiz.
They | They will be | They will be happy. | zey wil bi hepi | Ular baxtli bo‘ladilar.
4. Hozirgi davomiy zamon — Present Continuous
Tuzilishi: Ega + am/is/are being + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + em/iz/ar biing + kompliment
Olmosh | Tuzilishi | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I am being | I am being careful. | ay em biing kerful | Men ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilyapman.
You | You are being | You are being careful. | yu ar biing kerful | Sen ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilyapsan.
He | He is being | He is being careful. | hi iz biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilyapti.
She | She is being | She is being careful. | shi iz biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilyapti.
It | It is being | It is being repaired. | it iz biing riperd | U ta’mirlanmoqda.
We | We are being | We are being careful. | wi ar biing kerful | Biz ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilyapmiz.
You | You are being | You are being careful. | yu ar biing kerful | Sizlar ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilyapsiz.
They | They are being | They are being careful. | zey ar biing kerful | Ular ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilyaptilar.
5. O‘tgan davomiy zamon — Past Continuous
Tuzilishi: Ega + was/were being + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + woz/wer biing + kompliment
Olmosh | Tuzilishi | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I was being | I was being careful. | ay woz biing kerful | Men ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan edim.
You | You were being | You were being careful. | yu wer biing kerful | Sen ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan eding.
He | He was being | He was being careful. | hi woz biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan edi.
She | She was being | She was being careful. | shi woz biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan edi.
It | It was being | It was being repaired. | it woz biing riperd | U ta’mirlanayotgan edi.
We | We were being | We were being careful. | wi wer biing kerful | Biz ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan edik.
You | You were being | You were being careful. | yu wer biing kerful | Sizlar ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan edingiz.
They | They were being | They were being careful. | zey wer biing kerful | Ular ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan edilar.
6. Kelasi davomiy zamon — Future Continuous
Tuzilishi: Ega + will be being + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + wil bi biing + kompliment
Olmosh | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will be being careful. | ay wil bi biing kerful | Men ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan bo‘laman.
You | You will be being careful. | yu wil bi biing kerful | Sen ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan bo‘lasan.
He | He will be being careful. | hi wil bi biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan bo‘ladi.
She | She will be being careful. | shi wil bi biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan bo‘ladi.
It | It will be being repaired. | it wil bi biing riperd | U ta’mirlanayotgan bo‘ladi.
We | We will be being careful. | wi wil bi biing kerful | Biz ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan bo‘lamiz.
You | You will be being careful. | yu wil bi biing kerful | Sizlar ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan bo‘lasiz.
They | They will be being careful. | zey wil bi biing kerful | Ular ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilayotgan bo‘ladilar.
Bu zamon grammatik jihatdan to‘g‘ri, ammo tabiiy ingliz tilida juda kam qo‘llanadi.
7. Hozirgi tugallangan zamon — Present Perfect
Tuzilishi: Ega + have/has been + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + hev/hez bin + kompliment
Olmosh | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I have been happy. | ay hev bin hepi | Men baxtli bo‘lib kelganman.
You | You have been happy. | yu hev bin hepi | Sen baxtli bo‘lib kelgansan.
He | He has been happy. | hi hez bin hepi | U baxtli bo‘lib kelgan.
She | She has been happy. | shi hez bin hepi | U baxtli bo‘lib kelgan.
It | It has been cold. | it hez bin kould | Havo sovuq bo‘lib kelgan.
We | We have been happy. | wi hev bin hepi | Biz baxtli bo‘lib kelganmiz.
You | You have been happy. | yu hev bin hepi | Sizlar baxtli bo‘lib kelgansiz.
They | They have been happy. | zey hev bin hepi | Ular baxtli bo‘lib kelganlar.
8. O‘tgan tugallangan zamon — Past Perfect
Tuzilishi: Ega + had been + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + hed bin + kompliment
Olmosh | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I had been happy. | ay hed bin hepi | Men baxtli bo‘lgan edim.
You | You had been happy. | yu hed bin hepi | Sen baxtli bo‘lgan eding.
He | He had been happy. | hi hed bin hepi | U baxtli bo‘lgan edi.
She | She had been happy. | shi hed bin hepi | U baxtli bo‘lgan edi.
It | It had been cold. | it hed bin kould | Havo sovuq bo‘lgan edi.
We | We had been happy. | wi hed bin hepi | Biz baxtli bo‘lgan edik.
You | You had been happy. | yu hed bin hepi | Sizlar baxtli bo‘lgan edingiz.
They | They had been happy. | zey hed bin hepi | Ular baxtli bo‘lgan edilar.
9. Kelasi tugallangan zamon — Future Perfect
Tuzilishi: Ega + will have been + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + wil hev bin + kompliment
Olmosh | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will have been happy. | ay wil hev bin hepi | Men baxtli bo‘lgan bo‘laman.
You | You will have been happy. | yu wil hev bin hepi | Sen baxtli bo‘lgan bo‘lasan.
He | He will have been happy. | hi wil hev bin hepi | U baxtli bo‘lgan bo‘ladi.
She | She will have been happy. | shi wil hev bin hepi | U baxtli bo‘lgan bo‘ladi.
It | It will have been cold. | it wil hev bin kould | Havo sovuq bo‘lgan bo‘ladi.
We | We will have been happy. | wi wil hev bin hepi | Biz baxtli bo‘lgan bo‘lamiz.
You | You will have been happy. | yu wil hev bin hepi | Sizlar baxtli bo‘lgan bo‘lasiz.
They | They will have been happy. | zey wil hev bin hepi | Ular baxtli bo‘lgan bo‘ladilar.
10. Hozirgi tugallangan davomiy zamon — Present Perfect Continuous
Tuzilishi: Ega + have/has been being + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + hev/hez bin biing + kompliment
Olmosh | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I have been being careful. | ay hev bin biing kerful | Men ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotganman.
You | You have been being careful. | yu hev bin biing kerful | Sen ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘lasan.
He | He has been being careful. | hi hez bin biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘ladi.
She | She has been being careful. | shi hez bin biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘ladi.
It | It has been being repaired. | it hez bin biing riperd | U ta’mirlanib kelinmoqda.
We | We have been being careful. | wi hev bin biing kerful | Biz ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘lamiz.
You | You have been being careful. | yu hev bin biing kerful | Sizlar ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘lasiz.
They | They have been being careful. | zey hev bin biing kerful | Ular ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘ladilar.
11. O‘tgan tugallangan davomiy zamon — Past Perfect Continuous
Tuzilishi: Ega + had been being + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + hed bin biing + kompliment
Olmosh | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I had been being careful. | ay hed bin biing kerful | Men ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan edim.
You | You had been being careful. | yu hed bin biing kerful | Sen ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan eding.
He | He had been being careful. | hi hed bin biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan edi.
She | She had been being careful. | shi hed bin biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan edi.
It | It had been being repaired. | it hed bin biing riperd | U ta’mirlanib kelinayotgan edi.
We | We had been being careful. | wi hed bin biing kerful | Biz ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan edik.
You | You had been being careful. | yu hed bin biing kerful | Sizlar ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan edingiz.
They | They had been being careful. | zey hed bin biing kerful | Ular ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan edilar.
12. Kelasi tugallangan davomiy zamon — Future Perfect Continuous
Tuzilishi: Ega + will have been being + to‘ldiruvchi
Tuzilishning talaffuzi: sabjekt + wil hev bin biing + kompliment
Olmosh | Misol | O‘zbekcha talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will have been being careful. | ay wil hev bin biing kerful | Men ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘laman.
You | You will have been being careful. | yu wil hev bin biing kerful | Sen ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘lasan.
He | He will have been being careful. | hi wil hev bin biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘ladi.
She | She will have been being careful. | shi wil hev bin biing kerful | U ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘ladi.
It | It will have been being repaired. | it wil hev bin biing riperd | U ta’mirlanib kelinayotgan bo‘ladi.
We | We will have been being careful. | wi wil hev bin biing kerful | Biz ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘lamiz.
You | You will have been being careful. | yu wil hev bin biing kerful | Sizlar ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘lasiz.
They | They will have been being careful. | zey wil hev bin biing kerful | Ular ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilib kelayotgan bo‘ladilar.
4- Olmoshlar (PRONOUNS)
1. Kishilik olmoshlari — barcha asosiy shakllar
Holat / arabcha tushuncha | Inglizcha tuzilish | Talaffuz | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
Ega shakli | Ega olmoshi | Subject pronoun | I | Ay | Men
Ega shakli | Ega olmoshi | Subject pronoun | you | Yu | Sen / sizlar
Ega shakli | Ega olmoshi | Subject pronoun | he | Hi | U (erkak)
Ega shakli | Ega olmoshi | Subject pronoun | she | Shi | U (ayol)
Ega shakli | Ega olmoshi | Subject pronoun | it | It | U / bu (jonsiz narsa yoki hayvon)
Ega shakli | Ega olmoshi | Subject pronoun | we | Wi | Biz
Ega shakli | Ega olmoshi | Subject pronoun | they | Zey | Ular
Misollar
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I read. | Ay riid | Men o‘qiyman.
you | You work. | Yu ورک | Sen ishlaysan / sizlar ishlaysizlar.
he | He sleeps. | Hi sliips | U uxlaydi.
she | She cooks. | Shi kuks | U ovqat pishiradi.
it | It works. | It works | U ishlaydi.
we | We study. | Wi stadi | Biz o‘qiymiz.
they | They live here. | Zey liv hir | Ular shu yerda yashaydilar.
2. To‘ldiruvchi olmoshlar
Bu olmoshlar fe’ldan keyin yoki predlogdan keyin ishlatiladi. Ular bevosita yoki bilvosita to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lishi mumkin.
Arabcha tushuncha | Inglizcha tuzilish | Talaffuz | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
To‘ldiruvchi | Object pronoun | Object pronoun | me | Mi | Meni / menga
To‘ldiruvchi | Object pronoun | Object pronoun | you | Yu | Seni / senga; sizlarni / sizlarga
To‘ldiruvchi | Object pronoun | Object pronoun | him | Him | Uni / unga (erkak)
To‘ldiruvchi | Object pronoun | Object pronoun | her | Her | Uni / unga (ayol)
To‘ldiruvchi | Object pronoun | Object pronoun | it | It | Uni / unga (jonsiz narsa yoki hayvon)
To‘ldiruvchi | Object pronoun | Object pronoun | us | As | Bizni / bizga
To‘ldiruvchi | Object pronoun | Object pronoun | them | Z em | Ularni / ularga
Misollar
Misol | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
She called me. | Shi kold mi | U menga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
I saw you. | Ay so yu | Men seni / sizni ko‘rdim.
We helped him. | Wi helpt him | Biz unga yordam berdik.
I know her. | Ay nou her | Men uni taniyman.
I bought it. | Ay bot it | Men uni sotib oldim.
He invited us. | Hi invaytid as | U bizni taklif qildi.
She called them. | Shi kold zem | U ularga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
3. Ot oldidan keladigan egalik aniqlovchilari
Bu shakllar odatda egalikni bildiradi va otdan oldin keladi.
Arabcha tushuncha | Inglizcha tuzilish | Talaffuz | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
Egalik | my + ot | May + noun | my | May | Mening
Egalik | your + ot | Yor + noun | your | Yor | Sening / sizning
Egalik | his + ot | Hiz + noun | his | Hiz | Uning (erkak)
Egalik | her + ot | Her + noun | her | Her | Uning (ayol)
Egalik | its + ot | Its + noun | its | Its | Uning (jonsiz narsa yoki hayvon)
Egalik | our + ot | Auer + noun | our | Auer | Bizning
Egalik | their + ot | Zeyr + noun | their | Zeyr | Ularning
Misollar
Misol | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
My book is new. | May buk iz nyu | Mening kitobim yangi.
Your car is fast. | Yor kar iz fast | Sening mashinang tez.
His house is big. | Hiz haus iz big | Uning uyi katta.
Her phone is new. | Her foun iz nyu | Uning telefoni yangi.
Its color is beautiful. | Its kaler iz byutiful | Uning rangi chiroyli.
Our teacher is nice. | Auer ticher iz nays | Bizning o‘qituvchimiz mehribon.
Their house is large. | Zeyr haus iz larj | Ularning uyi katta.
4. Mustaqil egalik olmoshlari
Bu shakllar otdan keyin emas, otning o‘rnida ishlatiladi.
Arabcha tushuncha | Inglizcha shakl | Talaffuz | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
Mustaqil egalik | mine | Mayn | mine | Mayn | Meniki
Mustaqil egalik | yours | Yorz | yours | Yorz | Seniki / sizniki
Mustaqil egalik | his | Hiz | his | Hiz | Uniki (erkak)
Mustaqil egalik | hers | Herz | hers | Herz | Uniki (ayol)
Mustaqil egalik | ours | Auerz | ours | Auerz | Bizniki
Mustaqil egalik | theirs | Zeyrz | theirs | Zeyrz | Ularniki
Eslatma: Ingliz tilida it olmoshi uchun odatda mustaqil egalik shakli ishlatilmaydi.
Misollar
Misol | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
This book is mine. | Zis buk iz mayn | Bu kitob meniki.
The car is yours. | Ze kar iz yorz | Mashina seniki.
The house is his. | Ze haus iz hiz | Uy uniki.
The bag is hers. | Ze bag iz herz | Sumka uniki.
The room is ours. | Ze rum iz auerz | Xona bizniki.
The books are theirs. | Ze buks ar zeyrz | Kitoblar ularniki.
5. O‘zlik olmoshlari
Bu olmoshlar harakatning egasining o‘ziga qaratilganini bildiradi.
Arabcha tushuncha | Inglizcha tuzilish | Talaffuz | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
O‘zlik | my + self | May + self | myself | May self | O‘zim
O‘zlik | your + self | Yor + self | yourself | Yor self | O‘zing / o‘zingiz
O‘zlik | him + self | Him + self | himself | Him self | O‘zi (erkak)
O‘zlik | her + self | Her + self | herself | Her self | O‘zi (ayol)
O‘zlik | it + self | It + self | itself | It self | O‘zi (jonsiz narsa yoki hayvon)
O‘zlik | our + selves | Auer + selvz | ourselves | Auer selvz | O‘zimiz
O‘zlik | your + selves | Yor + selvz | yourselves | Yor selvz | O‘zlaringiz
O‘zlik | them + selves | Zem + selvz | themselves | Zem selvz | O‘zlari
Misollar
Misol | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I hurt myself. | Ay hert may self | Men o‘zimni jarohatladim.
You did it yourself. | Yu did it yor self | Buni o‘zing qilding.
He introduced himself. | Hi introdust him self | U o‘zini tanishtirdi.
She taught herself English. | Shi tot her self Inglish | U ingliz tilini mustaqil o‘rgandi.
The machine turned itself off. | Ze mashin ternd it self of | Mashina o‘z-o‘zidan o‘chdi.
We enjoyed ourselves. | Wi enjoid auer selvz | Biz vaqtimizni yaxshi o‘tkazdik.
They introduced themselves. | Zey introdust zem selvz | Ular o‘zlarini tanishtirdilar.
6. Ko‘rsatish olmoshlari
Arabcha tushuncha | Inglizcha shakl | Talaffuz | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
Yaqindagi birlik uchun | this | Zis | this | Zis | Bu
Uzoqdagi birlik uchun | that | Zet | that | Zet | Ana u / o‘sha
Yaqindagi ko‘plik uchun | these | Ziiz | these | Ziiz | Bular
Uzoqdagi ko‘plik uchun | those | Zouz | those | Zouz | Anavilar / o‘shalar
Misollar
This is my book.
Zis iz may buk.
Bu mening kitobim.
That is your car.
Zet iz yor kar.
Anavi sening mashinang.
These are my shoes.
Ziiz ar may shuz.
Bular mening oyoq kiyimlarim.
Those are their houses.
Zouz ar zeyr hauziz.
Anavilar ularning uylari.
7. So‘roq olmoshlari
Arabcha tushuncha | Inglizcha shakl | Talaffuz | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
Shaxs haqida so‘rash | who | Hu | who | Hu | Kim?
To‘ldiruvchi shaxs haqida so‘rash | whom | Hum | whom | Hum | Kimni? / Kimga?
Egalik haqida so‘rash | whose | Huz | whose | Huz | Kimning?
Narsa yoki tanlov haqida so‘rash | what | Wat | what | Wat | Nima?
Tanlash uchun so‘rash | which | Wich | which | Wich | Qaysi?
Misollar
Who called you?
Hu kold yu?
Senga kim qo‘ng‘iroq qildi?
Whom did you see?
Hum did yu sii?
Sen kimni ko‘rding?
Whose is this?
Huz iz zis?
Bu kimniki?
What happened?
Wat hapend?
Nima bo‘ldi?
Which is yours?
Wich iz yorz?
Qaysi biri seniki?
8. Nisbiy olmoshlar
Arabcha tushuncha | Inglizcha shakl | Talaffuz | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
Shaxs uchun | who | Hu | who | Hu | Kimki / ...gan kishi
To‘ldiruvchi shaxs uchun | whom | Hum | whom | Hum | Kimni / kimga
Egalik uchun | whose | Huz | whose | Huz | Kimning
Narsa yoki hayvon uchun | which | Wich | which | Wich | Qaysiki / ...gan narsa
Shaxs va narsalar uchun | that | Zet | that | Zet | ...gan / qaysiki
Misollar
The man who works here is my brother.
Ze man hu works hir iz may brazer.
Bu yerda ishlaydigan erkak mening akam / ukam.
The book which I bought is interesting.
Ze buk wich ay bot iz intresting.
Men sotib olgan kitob qiziqarli.
The girl whose car was stolen called the police.
Ze gerl huz kar woz stolen kold ze polis.
Mashinasi o‘g‘irlangan qiz politsiyaga qo‘ng‘iroq qildi.
9. Noaniq olmoshlar
Bu olmoshlar aniq ko‘rsatilmagan shaxslar yoki narsalarni bildiradi.
Arabcha tushuncha | Olmosh | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
Noaniq shaxs | someone | Sam wan | Kimdir
Noaniq shaxs | somebody | Sam badi | Kimdir
Inkor yoki so‘roq gaplarda shaxs | anyone | Eni wan | Biror kishi / hech kim
Inkor yoki so‘roq gaplarda shaxs | anybody | Eni badi | Biror kishi / hech kim
Hech kim | no one | Nou wan | Hech kim
Hech kim | nobody | Nou badi | Hech kim
Barcha odamlar | everyone | Evri wan | Hamma
Barcha odamlar | everybody | Evri badi | Hamma
Biror narsa | something | Samthing | Nimadir
Biror narsa / hech narsa | anything | Enithing | Biror narsa / hech narsa
Hech narsa | nothing | Nathing | Hech narsa
Barcha narsalar | everything | Evrithing | Hamma narsa
5- Fe’l zamonlari
1. Oddiy hozirgi zamon
Ishlatilishi: odatlar, faktlar va takrorlanadigan harakatlar.
Tuzilishi: Ega + V1 + ...
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I work. | Ay work | Men ishlayman.
you | You work. | Yu work | Sen ishlaysan.
he | He works. | Hi works | U ishlaydi.
she | She works. | Shi works | U ishlaydi.
it | It works. | It works | U ishlaydi.
we | We work. | Wi work | Biz ishlaymiz.
you | You work. | Yu work | Sizlar ishlaysizlar.
they | They work. | Zey work | Ular ishlaydilar.
He / she / it bilan fe’lga odatda -s qo‘shiladi.
2. Oddiy o‘tgan zamon
Ishlatilishi: o‘tmishda sodir bo‘lgan va tugagan harakatlar.
Tuzilishi: Ega + V2 + ...
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I worked. | Ay workt | Men ishladim.
you | You worked. | Yu workt | Sen ishlading.
he | He worked. | Hi workt | U ishladi.
she | She worked. | Shi workt | U ishladi.
it | It worked. | It workt | U ishladi.
we | We worked. | Wi workt | Biz ishladik.
you | You worked. | Yu workt | Sizlar ishladingizlar.
they | They worked. | Zey workt | Ular ishladilar.
3. Oddiy kelasi zamon
Ishlatilishi: kelajakda sodir bo‘ladigan ish-harakatlar.
Tuzilishi: Ega + will + V1
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I will work. | Ay wil work | Men ishlayman / ishlaydigan bo‘laman.
you | You will work. | Yu wil work | Sen ishlaysan.
he | He will work. | Hi wil work | U ishlaydi.
she | She will work. | Shi wil work | U ishlaydi.
it | It will work. | It wil work | U ishlaydi / ishlaydigan bo‘ladi.
we | We will work. | Wi wil work | Biz ishlaymiz.
you | You will work. | Yu wil work | Sizlar ishlaysizlar.
they | They will work. | Zey wil work | Ular ishlaydilar.
4. Hozirgi davomiy zamon
Ishlatilishi: ayni paytda sodir bo‘layotgan harakatlar.
Tuzilishi: Ega + am/is/are + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I am working. | Ay am working | Men hozir ishlayapman.
you | You are working. | Yu ar working | Sen hozir ishlayapsan.
he | He is working. | Hi iz working | U hozir ishlayapti.
she | She is working. | Shi iz working | U hozir ishlayapti.
it | It is working. | It iz working | U hozir ishlayapti.
we | We are working. | Wi ar working | Biz hozir ishlayapmiz.
you | You are working. | Yu ar working | Sizlar hozir ishlayapsizlar.
they | They are working. | Zey ar working | Ular hozir ishlayaptilar.
5. O‘tgan davomiy zamon
Ishlatilishi: o‘tmishdagi muayyan vaqtda davom etayotgan harakat.
Tuzilishi: Ega + was/were + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I was working. | Ay woz working | Men ishlayotgan edim.
you | You were working. | Yu wer working | Sen ishlayotgan eding.
he | He was working. | Hi woz working | U ishlayotgan edi.
she | She was working. | Shi woz working | U ishlayotgan edi.
it | It was working. | It woz working | U ishlayotgan edi.
we | We were working. | Wi wer working | Biz ishlayotgan edik.
you | You were working. | Yu wer working | Sizlar ishlayotgan edingizlar.
they | They were working. | Zey wer working | Ular ishlayotgan edilar.
6. Kelasi davomiy zamon
Ishlatilishi: kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtda davom etayotgan bo‘ladigan harakat.
Tuzilishi: Ega + will be + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I will be working. | Ay wil bi working | Men ishlayotgan bo‘laman.
you | You will be working. | Yu wil bi working | Sen ishlayotgan bo‘lasan.
he | He will be working. | Hi wil bi working | U ishlayotgan bo‘ladi.
she | She will be working. | Shi wil bi working | U ishlayotgan bo‘ladi.
it | It will be working. | It wil bi working | U ishlayotgan bo‘ladi.
we | We will be working. | Wi wil bi working | Biz ishlayotgan bo‘lamiz.
you | You will be working. | Yu wil bi working | Sizlar ishlayotgan bo‘lasizlar.
they | They will be working. | Zey wil bi working | Ular ishlayotgan bo‘ladilar.
7. Hozirgi tugallangan zamon
Ishlatilishi: o‘tmishda sodir bo‘lgan, hozir bilan aloqasi bor yoki vaqti aniq ko‘rsatilmagan harakatlar.
Tuzilishi: Ega + have/has + V3
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I have worked. | Ay hav workt | Men ishlaganman.
you | You have worked. | Yu hav workt | Sen ishlagansan.
he | He has worked. | Hi haz workt | U ishlagan.
she | She has worked. | Shi haz workt | U ishlagan.
it | It has worked. | It haz workt | U ishlagan.
we | We have worked. | Wi hav workt | Biz ishlaganmiz.
you | You have worked. | Yu hav workt | Sizlar ishlagansizlar.
they | They have worked. | Zey hav workt | Ular ishlaganlar.
8. O‘tgan tugallangan zamon
Ishlatilishi: o‘tmishdagi boshqa bir hodisadan oldin sodir bo‘lgan harakat.
Tuzilishi: Ega + had + V3
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I had worked. | Ay had workt | Men ishlagan edim.
you | You had worked. | Yu had workt | Sen ishlagan eding.
he | He had worked. | Hi had workt | U ishlagan edi.
she | She had worked. | Shi had workt | U ishlagan edi.
it | It had worked. | It had workt | U ishlagan edi.
we | We had worked. | Wi had workt | Biz ishlagan edik.
you | You had worked. | Yu had workt | Sizlar ishlagan edingizlar.
they | They had worked. | Zey had workt | Ular ishlagan edilar.
9. Kelasi tugallangan zamon
Ishlatilishi: kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha tugallangan bo‘ladigan harakat.
Tuzilishi: Ega + will have + V3
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I will have worked. | Ay wil hav workt | Men ishlagan bo‘laman.
you | You will have worked. | Yu wil hav workt | Sen ishlagan bo‘lasan.
he | He will have worked. | Hi wil hav workt | U ishlagan bo‘ladi.
she | She will have worked. | Shi wil hav workt | U ishlagan bo‘ladi.
it | It will have worked. | It wil hav workt | U ishlagan bo‘ladi.
we | We will have worked. | Wi wil hav workt | Biz ishlagan bo‘lamiz.
you | You will have worked. | Yu wil hav workt | Sizlar ishlagan bo‘lasizlar.
they | They will have worked. | Zey wil hav workt | Ular ishlagan bo‘ladilar.
10. Hozirgi tugallangan davomiy zamon
Ishlatilishi: o‘tmishda boshlangan va hozirgacha davom etayotgan yoki yaqinda tugagan harakat.
Tuzilishi: Ega + have/has been + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I have been working. | Ay hav bin working | Men ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayapman.
you | You have been working. | Yu hav bin working | Sen ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayapsan.
he | He has been working. | Hi haz bin working | U ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayapti.
she | She has been working. | Shi haz bin working | U ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayapti.
it | It has been working. | It haz bin working | U ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayapti.
we | We have been working. | Wi hav bin working | Biz ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayapmiz.
you | You have been working. | Yu hav bin working | Sizlar ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayapsizlar.
they | They have been working. | Zey hav bin working | Ular ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayaptilar.
11. O‘tgan tugallangan davomiy zamon
Ishlatilishi: o‘tmishdagi muayyan vaqt yoki hodisagacha bir muddat davom etgan harakat.
Tuzilishi: Ega + had been + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I had been working. | Ay had bin working | Men bir muddatdan beri ishlayotgan edim.
you | You had been working. | Yu had bin working | Sen bir muddatdan beri ishlayotgan eding.
he | He had been working. | Hi had bin working | U bir muddatdan beri ishlayotgan edi.
she | She had been working. | Shi had bin working | U bir muddatdan beri ishlayotgan edi.
it | It had been working. | It had bin working | U bir muddatdan beri ishlayotgan edi.
we | We had been working. | Wi had bin working | Biz bir muddatdan beri ishlayotgan edik.
you | You had been working. | Yu had bin working | Sizlar bir muddatdan beri ishlayotgan edingizlar.
they | They had been working. | Zey had bin working | Ular bir muddatdan beri ishlayotgan edilar.
12. Kelasi tugallangan davomiy zamon
Ishlatilishi: kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat davom etib kelayotgan bo‘ladigan harakat.
Tuzilishi: Ega + will have been + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I will have been working. | Ay wil hav bin working | Men ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘laman.
you | You will have been working. | Yu wil hav bin working | Sen ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lasan.
he | He will have been working. | Hi wil hav bin working | U ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘ladi.
she | She will have been working. | Shi wil hav bin working | U ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘ladi.
it | It will have been working. | It wil hav bin working | U ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘ladi.
we | We will have been working. | Wi wil hav bin working | Biz ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lamiz.
you | You will have been working. | Yu wil hav bin working | Sizlar ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lasizlar.
they | They will have been working. | Zey wil hav bin working | Ular ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘ladilar.
6- Majhul nisbat zamonlari (PASSIVE VOICE)
1. Oddiy hozirgi zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + am/is/are + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + am/is/are + V three
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I am written about. | Ay am ritn abaut | Men haqimda yoziladi.
you | You are written about. | Yu ar ritn abaut | Sen haqingda yoziladi.
he | He is written about. | Hi iz ritn abaut | U haqida yoziladi.
she | She is written about. | Shi iz ritn abaut | U haqida yoziladi.
it | It is written about. | It iz ritn abaut | U haqda yoziladi (jonsiz narsa yoki hayvon).
we | We are written about. | Wi ar ritn abaut | Biz haqimizda yoziladi.
you | You are written about. | Yu ar ritn abaut | Sizlar haqingizda yoziladi.
they | They are written about. | Zey ar ritn abaut | Ular haqida yoziladi.
Tabiiyroq qo‘shimcha misol:
The book is written in English.
Ze buk iz ritn in Inglish.
Kitob ingliz tilida yozilgan.
2. Oddiy o‘tgan zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + was/were + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + woz/wer + V three
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I was invited. | Ay woz invaytid | Men taklif qilindim.
you | You were invited. | Yu wer invaytid | Sen taklif qilinding.
he | He was invited. | Hi woz invaytid | U taklif qilindi.
she | She was invited. | Shi woz invaytid | U taklif qilindi.
it | It was invited. | It woz invaytid | U taklif qilindi (jonsiz narsa yoki hayvon haqida odatda ishlatilmaydi).
we | We were invited. | Wi wer invaytid | Biz taklif qilindik.
you | You were invited. | Yu wer invaytid | Sizlar taklif qilindingizlar.
they | They were invited. | Zey wer invaytid | Ular taklif qilindilar.
3. Oddiy kelasi zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + will be + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + will be + V three
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I will be invited. | Ay wil bi invaytid | Men taklif qilinaman.
you | You will be invited. | Yu wil bi invaytid | Sen taklif qilinasan.
he | He will be invited. | Hi wil bi invaytid | U taklif qilinadi.
she | She will be invited. | Shi wil bi invaytid | U taklif qilinadi.
it | It will be invited. | It wil bi invaytid | U taklif qilinadi.
we | We will be invited. | Wi wil bi invaytid | Biz taklif qilinamiz.
you | You will be invited. | Yu wil bi invaytid | Sizlar taklif qilinasizlar.
they | They will be invited. | Zey wil bi invaytid | Ular taklif qilinadilar.
4. Hozirgi davomiy zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + am/is/are being + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + am/is/are being + V three
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I am being watched. | Ay am biing wacht | Meni hozir kuzatishyapti.
you | You are being watched. | Yu ar biing wacht | Seni hozir kuzatishyapti.
he | He is being watched. | Hi iz biing wacht | Uni hozir kuzatishyapti.
she | She is being watched. | Shi iz biing wacht | Uni hozir kuzatishyapti.
it | It is being watched. | It iz biing wacht | Uni hozir kuzatishyapti.
we | We are being watched. | Wi ar biing wacht | Bizni hozir kuzatishyapti.
you | You are being watched. | Yu ar biing wacht | Sizlarni hozir kuzatishyapti.
they | They are being watched. | Zey ar biing wacht | Ularni hozir kuzatishyapti.
5. O‘tgan davomiy zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + was/were being + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + woz/wer being + V three
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I was being watched. | Ay woz biing wacht | Meni kuzatishayotgan edi.
you | You were being watched. | Yu wer biing wacht | Seni kuzatishayotgan edi.
he | He was being watched. | Hi woz biing wacht | Uni kuzatishayotgan edi.
she | She was being watched. | Shi woz biing wacht | Uni kuzatishayotgan edi.
it | It was being watched. | It woz biing wacht | Uni kuzatishayotgan edi.
we | We were being watched. | Wi wer biing wacht | Bizni kuzatishayotgan edi.
you | You were being watched. | Yu wer biing wacht | Sizlarni kuzatishayotgan edi.
they | They were being watched. | Zey wer biing wacht | Ularni kuzatishayotgan edi.
6. Kelasi davomiy zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + will be being + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + will be being + V three
Bu shakl zamonaviy ingliz tilida juda kam ishlatiladi.
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I will be being watched. | Ay wil bi biing wacht | Meni kuzatishayotgan bo‘ladi.
you | You will be being watched. | Yu wil bi biing wacht | Seni kuzatishayotgan bo‘ladi.
he | He will be being watched. | Hi wil bi biing wacht | Uni kuzatishayotgan bo‘ladi.
she | She will be being watched. | Shi wil bi biing wacht | Uni kuzatishayotgan bo‘ladi.
it | It will be being watched. | It wil bi biing wacht | Uni kuzatishayotgan bo‘ladi.
we | We will be being watched. | Wi wil bi biing wacht | Bizni kuzatishayotgan bo‘ladi.
you | You will be being watched. | Yu wil bi biing wacht | Sizlarni kuzatishayotgan bo‘ladi.
they | They will be being watched. | Zey wil bi biing wacht | Ularni kuzatishayotgan bo‘ladi.
7. Hozirgi tugallangan zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + have/has been + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + have/has been + V three
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I have been invited. | Ay hav bin invaytid | Men taklif qilinganman.
you | You have been invited. | Yu hav bin invaytid | Sen taklif qilingansan.
he | He has been invited. | Hi haz bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan.
she | She has been invited. | Shi haz bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan.
it | It has been invited. | It haz bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan.
we | We have been invited. | Wi hav bin invaytid | Biz taklif qilingan ekanmiz.
you | You have been invited. | Yu hav bin invaytid | Sizlar taklif qilingansizlar.
they | They have been invited. | Zey hav bin invaytid | Ular taklif qilinganlar.
8. O‘tgan tugallangan zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + had been + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + had been + V three
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I had been invited. | Ay had bin invaytid | Men taklif qilingan edim.
you | You had been invited. | Yu had bin invaytid | Sen taklif qilingan eding.
he | He had been invited. | Hi had bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan edi.
she | She had been invited. | Shi had bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan edi.
it | It had been invited. | It had bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan edi.
we | We had been invited. | Wi had bin invaytid | Biz taklif qilingan edik.
you | You had been invited. | Yu had bin invaytid | Sizlar taklif qilingan edingizlar.
they | They had been invited. | Zey had bin invaytid | Ular taklif qilingan edilar.
9. Kelasi tugallangan zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + will have been + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + will have been + V three
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I will have been invited. | Ay wil hav bin invaytid | Men taklif qilingan bo‘laman.
you | You will have been invited. | Yu wil hav bin invaytid | Sen taklif qilingan bo‘lasan.
he | He will have been invited. | Hi wil hav bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan bo‘ladi.
she | She will have been invited. | Shi wil hav bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan bo‘ladi.
it | It will have been invited. | It wil hav bin invaytid | U taklif qilingan bo‘ladi.
we | We will have been invited. | Wi wil hav bin invaytid | Biz taklif qilingan bo‘lamiz.
you | You will have been invited. | Yu wil hav bin invaytid | Sizlar taklif qilingan bo‘lasizlar.
they | They will have been invited. | Zey wil hav bin invaytid | Ular taklif qilingan bo‘ladilar.
10. Hozirgi tugallangan davomiy zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + have/has been being + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + have/has been being + V three
Bu shakl grammatik jihatdan mumkin bo‘lsa-da, juda kam uchraydi va odatda tabiiy eshitilmaydi.
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I have been being watched. | Ay hav bin biing wacht | Meni uzluksiz kuzatib kelishmoqda.
you | You have been being watched. | Yu hav bin biing wacht | Seni uzluksiz kuzatib kelishmoqda.
he | He has been being watched. | Hi haz bin biing wacht | Uni uzluksiz kuzatib kelishmoqda.
she | She has been being watched. | Shi haz bin biing wacht | Uni uzluksiz kuzatib kelishmoqda.
it | It has been being watched. | It haz bin biing wacht | Uni uzluksiz kuzatib kelishmoqda.
we | We have been being watched. | Wi hav bin biing wacht | Bizni uzluksiz kuzatib kelishmoqda.
you | You have been being watched. | Yu hav bin biing wacht | Sizlarni uzluksiz kuzatib kelishmoqda.
they | They have been being watched. | Zey hav bin biing wacht | Ularni uzluksiz kuzatib kelishmoqda.
11. O‘tgan tugallangan davomiy zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + had been being + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + had been being + V three
Bu shakl juda kam uchraydi.
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I had been being watched. | Ay had bin biing wacht | Meni o‘sha vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishgan edi.
you | You had been being watched. | Yu had bin biing wacht | Seni o‘sha vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishgan edi.
he | He had been being watched. | Hi had bin biing wacht | Uni o‘sha vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishgan edi.
she | She had been being watched. | Shi had bin biing wacht | Uni o‘sha vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishgan edi.
it | It had been being watched. | It had bin biing wacht | Uni o‘sha vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishgan edi.
we | We had been being watched. | Wi had bin biing wacht | Bizni o‘sha vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishgan edi.
you | You had been being watched. | Yu had bin biing wacht | Sizlarni o‘sha vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishgan edi.
they | They had been being watched. | Zey had bin biing wacht | Ularni o‘sha vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishgan edi.
12. Kelasi tugallangan davomiy zamon majhul nisbatda
Tuzilishi: Ega + will have been being + V3
Tuzilish talaffuzi: Subject + will have been being + V three
Bu shakl nihoyatda kam ishlatiladi.
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuz | Ma’nosi
I | I will have been being watched. | Ay wil hav bin biing wacht | Meni kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishayotgan bo‘ladi.
you | You will have been being watched. | Yu wil hav bin biing wacht | Seni kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishayotgan bo‘ladi.
he | He will have been being watched. | Hi wil hav bin biing wacht | Uni kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishayotgan bo‘ladi.
she | She will have been being watched. | Shi wil hav bin biing wacht | Uni kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishayotgan bo‘ladi.
it | It will have been being watched. | It wil hav bin biing wacht | Uni kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishayotgan bo‘ladi.
we | We will have been being watched. | Wi wil hav bin biing wacht | Bizni kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishayotgan bo‘ladi.
you | You will have been being watched. | Yu wil hav bin biing wacht | Sizlarni kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishayotgan bo‘ladi.
they | They will have been being watched. | Zey wil hav bin biing wacht | Ularni kelajakdagi muayyan vaqtgacha uzluksiz kuzatib kelishayotgan bo‘ladi.
7- Inkor shakllari
1. Hozirgi oddiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + do/does + not + V1
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I do not work. | Ay du not vork | Men ishlamayman.
You | You do not work. | Yu du not vork | Sen ishlamaysan.
He | He does not work. | Hi daz not vork | U ishlamaydi.
She | She does not work. | Shi daz not vork | U ishlamaydi.
It | It does not work. | It daz not vork | U ishlamaydi / Bu ishlamaydi.
We | We do not work. | Wi du not vork | Biz ishlamaymiz.
They | They do not work. | Zey du not vork | Ular ishlamaydi.
Qisqartmalar:
do not → don't — dount
does not → doesn't — daznt
⚠️ Doesn't dan keyin V1 ishlatiladi:
He doesn't work. ✅
He doesn't works. ❌
2. O‘tgan oddiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + did + not + V1
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I did not work. | Ay did not vork | Men ishlamadim.
You | You did not work. | Yu did not vork | Sen ishlamading.
He | He did not work. | Hi did not vork | U ishlamadi.
She | She did not work. | Shi did not vork | U ishlamadi.
It | It did not work. | It did not vork | U / bu ishlamadi.
We | We did not work. | Wi did not vork | Biz ishlamadik.
They | They did not work. | Zey did not vork | Ular ishlamadi.
did not → didn't — didnt
⚠️ Didn't dan keyin V1 ishlatiladi:
I didn't work. ✅
I didn't worked. ❌
3. Kelasi oddiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + will + not + V1
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will not work. | Ay vil not vork | Men ishlamayman (kelajakda).
You | You will not work. | Yu vil not vork | Sen ishlamaysan (kelajakda).
He | He will not work. | Hi vil not vork | U ishlamaydi (kelajakda).
She | She will not work. | Shi vil not vork | U ishlamaydi (kelajakda).
It | It will not work. | It vil not vork | U / bu ishlamaydi (kelajakda).
We | We will not work. | Wi vil not vork | Biz ishlamaymiz (kelajakda).
They | They will not work. | Zey vil not vork | Ular ishlamaydi (kelajakda).
will not → won't — vount
4. Hozirgi davomiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + am/is/are + not + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I am not working. | Ay em not vorking | Men hozir ishlamayapman.
You | You are not working. | Yu ar not vorking | Sen hozir ishlamayapsan.
He | He is not working. | Hi iz not vorking | U hozir ishlamayapti.
She | She is not working. | Shi iz not vorking | U hozir ishlamayapti.
It | It is not working. | It iz not vorking | U / bu hozir ishlamayapti.
We | We are not working. | Wi ar not vorking | Biz hozir ishlamayapmiz.
They | They are not working. | Zey ar not vorking | Ular hozir ishlamayapti.
Qisqartmalar:
is not → isn't — iznt
are not → aren't — arnt
am not → I'm not — aym not
5. O‘tgan davomiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + was/were + not + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I was not working. | Ay voz not vorking | Men o‘sha paytda ishlamayotgan edim.
You | You were not working. | Yu ver not vorking | Sen o‘sha paytda ishlamayotgan eding.
He | He was not working. | Hi voz not vorking | U o‘sha paytda ishlamayotgan edi.
She | She was not working. | Shi voz not vorking | U o‘sha paytda ishlamayotgan edi.
It | It was not working. | It voz not vorking | U / bu o‘sha paytda ishlamayotgan edi.
We | We were not working. | Wi ver not vorking | Biz o‘sha paytda ishlamayotgan edik.
They | They were not working. | Zey ver not vorking | Ular o‘sha paytda ishlamayotgan edi.
Qisqartmalar:
was not → wasn't — voznt
were not → weren't — vernt
6. Kelasi davomiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + will + not + be + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will not be working. | Ay vil not bi vorking | Men o‘sha paytda ishlayotgan bo‘lmayman.
You | You will not be working. | Yu vil not bi vorking | Sen o‘sha paytda ishlayotgan bo‘lmaysan.
He | He will not be working. | Hi vil not bi vorking | U o‘sha paytda ishlayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
She | She will not be working. | Shi vil not bi vorking | U o‘sha paytda ishlayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
It | It will not be working. | It vil not bi vorking | U / bu o‘sha paytda ishlayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
We | We will not be working. | Wi vil not bi vorking | Biz o‘sha paytda ishlayotgan bo‘lmaymiz.
They | They will not be working. | Zey vil not bi vorking | Ular o‘sha paytda ishlayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
7. Hozirgi tugallangan zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + have/has + not + V3
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I have not worked. | Ay hev not vorkt | Men ishlamaganman.
You | You have not worked. | Yu hev not vorkt | Sen ishlamagansan.
He | He has not worked. | Hi hez not vorkt | U ishlamagan.
She | She has not worked. | Shi hez not vorkt | U ishlamagan.
It | It has not worked. | It hez not vorkt | U / bu ishlamagan.
We | We have not worked. | Wi hev not vorkt | Biz ishlamaganmiz.
They | They have not worked. | Zey hev not vorkt | Ular ishlamagan.
Qisqartmalar:
have not → haven't — hevnt
has not → hasn't — heznt
8. O‘tgan tugallangan zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + had + not + V3
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I had not worked. | Ay hed not vorkt | Men ishlamagan edim.
You | You had not worked. | Yu hed not vorkt | Sen ishlamagan eding.
He | He had not worked. | Hi hed not vorkt | U ishlamagan edi.
She | She had not worked. | Shi hed not vorkt | U ishlamagan edi.
It | It had not worked. | It hed not vorkt | U / bu ishlamagan edi.
We | We had not worked. | Wi hed not vorkt | Biz ishlamagan edik.
They | They had not worked. | Zey hed not vorkt | Ular ishlamagan edi.
had not → hadn't — hednt
9. Kelasi tugallangan zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + will + not + have + V3
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will not have worked. | Ay vil not hev vorkt | Men o‘sha vaqtgacha ishlab bo‘lmagan bo‘laman.
You | You will not have worked. | Yu vil not hev vorkt | Sen o‘sha vaqtgacha ishlab bo‘lmagan bo‘lasan.
He | He will not have worked. | Hi vil not hev vorkt | U o‘sha vaqtgacha ishlab bo‘lmagan bo‘ladi.
She | She will not have worked. | Shi vil not hev vorkt | U o‘sha vaqtgacha ishlab bo‘lmagan bo‘ladi.
It | It will not have worked. | It vil not hev vorkt | U / bu o‘sha vaqtgacha ishlamagan bo‘ladi.
We | We will not have worked. | Wi vil not hev vorkt | Biz o‘sha vaqtgacha ishlab bo‘lmagan bo‘lamiz.
They | They will not have worked. | Zey vil not hev vorkt | Ular o‘sha vaqtgacha ishlab bo‘lmagan bo‘ladi.
10. Hozirgi tugallangan davomiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + have/has + not + been + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I have not been working. | Ay hev not bin vorking | Men ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlamayapman.
You | You have not been working. | Yu hev not bin vorking | Sen ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlamayapsan.
He | He has not been working. | Hi hez not bin vorking | U ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlamayapti.
She | She has not been working. | Shi hez not bin vorking | U ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlamayapti.
It | It has not been working. | It hez not bin vorking | U / bu ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlamayapti.
We | We have not been working. | Wi hev not bin vorking | Biz ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlamayapmiz.
They | They have not been working. | Zey hev not bin vorking | Ular ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlamayapti.
11. O‘tgan tugallangan davomiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + had + not + been + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I had not been working. | Ay hed not bin vorking | Men o‘sha vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat davomida ishlamayotgan edim.
You | You had not been working. | Yu hed not bin vorking | Sen o‘sha vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat davomida ishlamayotgan eding.
He | He had not been working. | Hi hed not bin vorking | U o‘sha vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat davomida ishlamayotgan edi.
She | She had not been working. | Shi hed not bin vorking | U o‘sha vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat davomida ishlamayotgan edi.
It | It had not been working. | It hed not bin vorking | U / bu o‘sha vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat davomida ishlamayotgan edi.
We | We had not been working. | Wi hed not bin vorking | Biz o‘sha vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat davomida ishlamayotgan edik.
They | They had not been working. | Zey hed not bin vorking | Ular o‘sha vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat davomida ishlamayotgan edi.
12. Kelasi tugallangan davomiy zamon — inkor shakli
Tuzilishi: Ega + will + not + have + been + V-ing
Olmosh | Gap | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will not have been working. | Ay vil not hev bin vorking | Men o‘sha vaqtga kelib ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lmayman.
You | You will not have been working. | Yu vil not hev bin vorking | Sen o‘sha vaqtga kelib ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lmaysan.
He | He will not have been working. | Hi vil not hev bin vorking | U o‘sha vaqtga kelib ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
She | She will not have been working. | Shi vil not hev bin vorking | U o‘sha vaqtga kelib ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
It | It will not have been working. | It vil not hev bin vorking | U / bu o‘sha vaqtga kelib ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
We | We will not have been working. | Wi vil not hev bin vorking | Biz o‘sha vaqtga kelib ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lmaymiz.
They | They will not have been working. | Zey vil not hev bin vorking | Ular o‘sha vaqtga kelib ma’lum muddat davomida ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
1. Hozirgi oddiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + am/is/are + not + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + em/iz/ar + not + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I am not invited. | Ay em not invaytid | Men taklif qilinmaganman.
You | You are not invited. | Yu ar not invaytid | Sen taklif qilinmagansan.
He | He is not invited. | Hi iz not invaytid | U taklif qilinmagan.
She | She is not invited. | Shi iz not invaytid | U taklif qilinmagan.
It | It is not used. | It iz not yuzd | U / bu ishlatilmaydi.
We | We are not invited. | Wi ar not invaytid | Biz taklif qilinmaganmiz.
They | They are not invited. | Zey ar not invaytid | Ular taklif qilinmagan.
is not → isn't — iznt
are not → aren't — arnt
2. O‘tgan oddiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + was/were + not + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + voz/ver + not + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I was not invited. | Ay voz not invaytid | Men taklif qilinmagan edim.
You | You were not invited. | Yu ver not invaytid | Sen taklif qilinmagan eding.
He | He was not invited. | Hi voz not invaytid | U taklif qilinmagan edi.
She | She was not invited. | Shi voz not invaytid | U taklif qilinmagan edi.
It | It was not used. | It voz not yuzd | U / bu ishlatilmagan edi.
We | We were not invited. | Wi ver not invaytid | Biz taklif qilinmagan edik.
They | They were not invited. | Zey ver not invaytid | Ular taklif qilinmagan edi.
was not → wasn't — voznt
were not → weren't — vernt
3. Kelasi oddiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + will + not + be + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + vil + not + bi + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will not be invited. | Ay vil not bi invaytid | Men taklif qilinmayman.
You | You will not be invited. | Yu vil not bi invaytid | Sen taklif qilinmaysan.
He | He will not be invited. | Hi vil not bi invaytid | U taklif qilinmaydi.
She | She will not be invited. | Shi vil not bi invaytid | U taklif qilinmaydi.
It | It will not be used. | It vil not bi yuzd | U / bu ishlatilmaydi.
We | We will not be invited. | Wi vil not bi invaytid | Biz taklif qilinmaymiz.
They | They will not be invited. | Zey vil not bi invaytid | Ular taklif qilinmaydi.
will not → won't — vount
4. Hozirgi davomiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + am/is/are + not + being + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + em/iz/ar + not + biing + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I am not being invited. | Ay em not biing invaytid | Meni hozir taklif qilishmayapti.
You | You are not being invited. | Yu ar not biing invaytid | Seni hozir taklif qilishmayapti.
He | He is not being invited. | Hi iz not biing invaytid | Uni hozir taklif qilishmayapti.
She | She is not being invited. | Shi iz not biing invaytid | Uni hozir taklif qilishmayapti.
It | It is not being used. | It iz not biing yuzd | U / bu hozir ishlatilmayapti.
We | We are not being invited. | Wi ar not biing invaytid | Bizni hozir taklif qilishmayapti.
They | They are not being invited. | Zey ar not biing invaytid | Ularni hozir taklif qilishmayapti.
5. O‘tgan davomiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + was/were + not + being + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + voz/ver + not + biing + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I was not being invited. | Ay voz not biing invaytid | O‘sha paytda meni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
You | You were not being invited. | Yu ver not biing invaytid | O‘sha paytda seni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
He | He was not being invited. | Hi voz not biing invaytid | O‘sha paytda uni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
She | She was not being invited. | Shi voz not biing invaytid | O‘sha paytda uni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
It | It was not being used. | It voz not biing yuzd | O‘sha paytda u / bu ishlatilmayotgan edi.
We | We were not being invited. | Wi ver not biing invaytid | O‘sha paytda bizni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
They | They were not being invited. | Zey ver not biing invaytid | O‘sha paytda ularni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
6. Kelasi davomiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + will + not + be + being + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + vil + not + bi + biing + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will not be being invited. | Ay vil not bi biing invaytid | Kelajakdagi o‘sha paytda meni taklif qilishayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
You | You will not be being invited. | Yu vil not bi biing invaytid | Kelajakdagi o‘sha paytda seni taklif qilishayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
He | He will not be being invited. | Hi vil not bi biing invaytid | Kelajakdagi o‘sha paytda uni taklif qilishayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
She | She will not be being invited. | Shi vil not bi biing invaytid | Kelajakdagi o‘sha paytda uni taklif qilishayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
We | We will not be being invited. | Wi vil not bi biing invaytid | Kelajakdagi o‘sha paytda bizni taklif qilishayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
They | They will not be being invited. | Zey vil not bi biing invaytid | Kelajakdagi o‘sha paytda ularni taklif qilishayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
⚠️ Bu shakl grammatik jihatdan mumkin, lekin juda kam ishlatiladi. Odatda boshqa, tabiiyroq tuzilmalar qo‘llanadi.
7. Hozirgi tugallangan zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + have/has + not + been + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + hev/hez + not + bin + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I have not been invited. | Ay hev not bin invaytid | Men taklif qilinmaganman.
You | You have not been invited. | Yu hev not bin invaytid | Sen taklif qilinmagansan.
He | He has not been invited. | Hi hez not bin invaytid | U taklif qilinmagan.
She | She has not been invited. | Shi hez not bin invaytid | U taklif qilinmagan.
It | It has not been used. | It hez not bin yuzd | U / bu ishlatilmagan.
We | We have not been invited. | Wi hev not bin invaytid | Biz taklif qilinmaganmiz.
They | They have not been invited. | Zey hev not bin invaytid | Ular taklif qilinmagan.
have not → haven't — hevnt
has not → hasn't — heznt
8. O‘tgan tugallangan zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + had + not + been + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + hed + not + bin + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I had not been invited. | Ay hed not bin invaytid | Men taklif qilinmagan edim.
You | You had not been invited. | Yu hed not bin invaytid | Sen taklif qilinmagan eding.
He | He had not been invited. | Hi hed not bin invaytid | U taklif qilinmagan edi.
She | She had not been invited. | Shi hed not bin invaytid | U taklif qilinmagan edi.
We | We had not been invited. | Wi hed not bin invaytid | Biz taklif qilinmagan edik.
They | They had not been invited. | Zey hed not bin invaytid | Ular taklif qilinmagan edi.
had not → hadn't — hednt
9. Kelasi tugallangan zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + will + not + have + been + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + vil + not + hev + bin + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will not have been invited. | Ay vil not hev bin invaytid | Men o‘sha vaqtga qadar taklif qilingan bo‘lmagan bo‘laman.
You | You will not have been invited. | Yu vil not hev bin invaytid | Sen o‘sha vaqtga qadar taklif qilingan bo‘lmagan bo‘lasan.
He | He will not have been invited. | Hi vil not hev bin invaytid | U o‘sha vaqtga qadar taklif qilingan bo‘lmagan bo‘ladi.
She | She will not have been invited. | Shi vil not hev bin invaytid | U o‘sha vaqtga qadar taklif qilingan bo‘lmagan bo‘ladi.
We | We will not have been invited. | Wi vil not hev bin invaytid | Biz o‘sha vaqtga qadar taklif qilingan bo‘lmagan bo‘lamiz.
They | They will not have been invited. | Zey vil not hev bin invaytid | Ular o‘sha vaqtga qadar taklif qilingan bo‘lmagan bo‘ladi.
10. Hozirgi tugallangan davomiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + have/has + not + been + being + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + hev/hez + not + bin + biing + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I have not been being invited. | Ay hev not bin biing invaytid | Meni ma’lum muddat davomida taklif qilishmayapti.
You | You have not been being invited. | Yu hev not bin biing invaytid | Seni ma’lum muddat davomida taklif qilishmayapti.
He | He has not been being invited. | Hi hez not bin biing invaytid | Uni ma’lum muddat davomida taklif qilishmayapti.
She | She has not been being invited. | Shi hez not bin biing invaytid | Uni ma’lum muddat davomida taklif qilishmayapti.
We | We have not been being invited. | Wi hev not bin biing invaytid | Bizni ma’lum muddat davomida taklif qilishmayapti.
They | They have not been being invited. | Zey hev not bin biing invaytid | Ularni ma’lum muddat davomida taklif qilishmayapti.
⚠️ Bu tuzilma juda kam uchraydi va odatda tabiiyroq shakllar bilan almashtiriladi.
11. O‘tgan tugallangan davomiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + had + not + been + being + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + hed + not + bin + biing + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I had not been being invited. | Ay hed not bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtgacha meni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
You | You had not been being invited. | Yu hed not bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtgacha seni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
He | He had not been being invited. | Hi hed not bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtgacha uni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
She | She had not been being invited. | Shi hed not bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtgacha uni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
We | We had not been being invited. | Wi hed not bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtgacha bizni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
They | They had not been being invited. | Zey hed not bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtgacha ularni taklif qilishmayotgan edi.
⚠️ Bu shakl juda kam ishlatiladi.
12. Kelasi tugallangan davomiy zamon — majhul nisbatning inkor shakli
Tuzilishi
Inglizcha formula: Ega + will + not + have + been + being + V3
Talaffuzi: Sabjekt + vil + not + hev + bin + biing + vi sri
Olmosh | Misol | Talaffuzi | Ma’nosi
I | I will not have been being invited. | Ay vil not hev bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtga qadar meni taklif qilish jarayoni davom etayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
You | You will not have been being invited. | Yu vil not hev bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtga qadar seni taklif qilish jarayoni davom etayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
He | He will not have been being invited. | Hi vil not hev bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtga qadar uni taklif qilish jarayoni davom etayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
She | She will not have been being invited. | Shi vil not hev bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtga qadar uni taklif qilish jarayoni davom etayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
We | We will not have been being invited. | Wi vil not hev bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtga qadar bizni taklif qilish jarayoni davom etayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
They | They will not have been being invited. | Zey vil not hev bin biing invaytid | O‘sha vaqtga qadar ularni taklif qilish jarayoni davom etayotgan bo‘lmaydi.
⚠️ Bu juda kam ishlatiladigan va odatda boshqa shakllar bilan ifodalanadigan tuzilma.
No + ot
Ma’no | Tuzilishi | Talaffuzi | Misol | Misol talaffuzi | Tarjimasi
Birlikdagi sanaladigan ot | no + birlikdagi ot | nou + noun | no book | nou buk | Hech qanday kitob yo‘q.
Ko‘plikdagi sanaladigan ot | no + ko‘plikdagi ot | nou + plural noun | no books | nou buks | Hech qanday kitoblar yo‘q.
Sanalmaydigan ot | no + sanalmaydigan ot | nou + uncountable noun | no water | nou voter | Suv yo‘q.
Mavjudlik — birlik yoki sanalmaydigan ot | there is + no + ot | zer iz + nou + noun | There is no book. | Zer iz nou buk | Hech qanday kitob yo‘q.
Mavjudlik — ko‘plikdagi ot | there are + no + ko‘plikdagi ot | zer ar + nou + plural noun | There are no books. | Zer ar nou buks | Hech qanday kitoblar yo‘q.
Egalik | have/has + no + ot | hev/hez + nou + noun | I have no books. | Ay hev nou buks | Menda kitoblar yo‘q.
8- Savol shakllari
1 | Hozirgi oddiy zamon | Do/Does + ega + V1...? — du/daz + sabjekt + vi van? — Do you work? — Du yu vork? — Sen ishlaysanmi?
2 | O‘tgan oddiy zamon | Did + ega + V1...? — did + sabjekt + vi van? — Did you work? — Did yu vork? — Sen ishladingmi?
3 | Kelasi oddiy zamon | Will + ega + V1...? — vil + sabjekt + vi van? — Will you work? — Vil yu vork? — Sen ishlaysanmi (kelajakda)?
4 | Hozirgi davomiy zamon | Am/Is/Are + ega + V-ing...? — em/iz/ar + sabjekt + vi ing? — Are you working? — Ar yu vorking? — Sen hozir ishlayapsanmi?
5 | O‘tgan davomiy zamon | Was/Were + ega + V-ing...? — voz/ver + sabjekt + vi ing? — Were you working? — Ver yu vorking? — Sen ishlayotgan edingmi?
6 | Kelasi davomiy zamon | Will + ega + be + V-ing...? — vil + sabjekt + bi + vi ing? — Will you be working? — Vil yu bi vorking? — Sen o‘sha paytda ishlayotgan bo‘lasanmi?
7 | Hozirgi tugallangan zamon | Have/Has + ega + V3...? — hev/hez + sabjekt + vi sri? — Have you worked? — Hev yu vorkt? — Sen ishlaganmisan?
8 | O‘tgan tugallangan zamon | Had + ega + V3...? — hed + sabjekt + vi sri? — Had you worked? — Hed yu vorkt? — Sen avval ishlaganmiding?
9 | Kelasi tugallangan zamon | Will + ega + have + V3...? — vil + sabjekt + hev + vi sri? — Will you have worked? — Vil yu hev vorkt? — Sen o‘sha vaqtgacha ishlab bo‘lgan bo‘lasanmi?
10 | Hozirgi tugallangan davomiy zamon | Have/Has + ega + been + V-ing...? — hev/hez + sabjekt + bin + vi ing? — Have you been working? — Hev yu bin vorking? — Sen ma’lum vaqtdan beri ishlayapsanmi?
11 | O‘tgan tugallangan davomiy zamon | Had + ega + been + V-ing...? — hed + sabjekt + bin + vi ing? — Had you been working? — Hed yu bin vorking? — Sen o‘sha vaqtgacha ma’lum muddat ishlayotgan edingmi?
12 | Kelasi tugallangan davomiy zamon | Will + ega + have + been + V-ing...? — vil + sabjekt + hev + bin + vi ing? — Will you have been working? — Vil yu hev bin vorking? — Sen o‘sha vaqtga kelib ma’lum muddat ishlab kelayotgan bo‘lasanmi?
Ma’no | Inglizcha tuzilish | Talaffuzi
Biror narsa haqida so‘rash | What + yordamchi fe’l + ega + asosiy fe’l? | Vot + yordamchi fe’l + sabjekt + asosiy verb?
Shaxs — ega haqida so‘rash | Who + fe’l? | Hu + verb?
Shaxs — to‘ldiruvchi haqida so‘rash | Who/Whom + yordamchi fe’l + ega + fe’l? | Hu/hum + yordamchi fe’l + sabjekt + verb?
Joy haqida so‘rash | Where + yordamchi fe’l + ega + fe’l? | Ver + yordamchi fe’l + sabjekt + verb?
Vaqt haqida so‘rash | When + yordamchi fe’l + ega + fe’l? | Ven + yordamchi fe’l + sabjekt + verb?
Sabab haqida so‘rash | Why + yordamchi fe’l + ega + fe’l? | Vay + yordamchi fe’l + sabjekt + verb?
Tanlov haqida so‘rash | Which + ot + yordamchi fe’l + ega + fe’l? | Vich + noun + yordamchi fe’l + sabjekt + verb?
Egalik haqida so‘rash | Whose + ot...? | Huz + noun...?
Usul haqida so‘rash | How + yordamchi fe’l + ega + fe’l? | Hau + yordamchi fe’l + sabjekt + verb?
Sanoq haqida so‘rash | How many + ko‘plikdagi ot...? | Hau meni + plural noun...?
Miqdor haqida so‘rash | How much + sanalmaydigan ot...? | Hau mach + uncountable noun...?
Davomiylik haqida so‘rash | How long...? | Hau long...?
Takrorlanish tezligi haqida so‘rash | How often...? | Hau ofn...?
Masofa haqida so‘rash | How far...? | Hau far...?
Asosiy qoida
Ko‘pchilik WH-savollar quyidagi tartibda tuziladi:
WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?
Talaffuzi: Dabl-yu-ech so‘z + yordamchi fe’l + ega + asosiy fe’l?
Misol:
Where + do + you + live?
Ver + du + yu + liv?
= Sen qayerda yashaysan?
Ammo WH-so‘zning o‘zi ega bo‘lsa, odatda do/does/did ishlatilmaydi:
Who + works here?
Hu vorks hir?
= Bu yerda kim ishlaydi?
Mana bu ikki savol o‘rtasidagi asosiy farq:
Who did you see? → Hu did yu si? → Sen kimni ko‘rding?
Who saw you? → Hu so yu? → Seni kim ko‘rdi?
8- Ravishlar
1. Takrorlanish ravishlari
Tur / kategoriya Grammatik tuzilish Tuzilishning inglizcha talaffuzi Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
Doimiy takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence always olveyz doimo
Deyarli doimiy takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence usually yujuali odatda
Odatdagi takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence normally normali odatda / tabiiy ravishda
Odatdagi takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence generally jenrali umuman olganda
Tez-tez takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence frequently friykventli tez-tez
Ba’zan takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence often ofn ko‘pincha
Ba’zan takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence sometimes samtaimz ba’zan
Kamdan-kam takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence occasionally akeyjənəli vaqti-vaqti bilan
Kamdan-kam takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence rarely rerli kamdan-kam
Juda kam takrorlanish Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence seldom seldəm kamdan-kam
Takrorlanmaslik Ravish + gap adverb of frequency + sentence never nevər hech qachon
Misol:
I always study English.
Ay olveyz stadi inglish.
Men doimo ingliz tilini o‘rganaman.
2. Vaqt ravishlari
Tur / kategoriya Grammatik tuzilish Tuzilishning inglizcha nomi Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
Hozirgi vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb now nau hozir
Hozirgi vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb currently kərentli hozirda
Hozirgi vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb presently prizentli hozirda
Yaqin o‘tmish Vaqt ravishi time adverb recently riysentli yaqinda
O‘tgan vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb yesterday yesterdey kecha
O‘tgan vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb before bifor oldin
O‘tgan vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb previously priviyəsli avval
O‘tgan vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb formerly formərli ilgari
Davom etayotgan vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb still stil hali ham
Kelasi vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb soon sun tez orada
Kelasi vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb later leyter keyinroq
Kelasi vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb eventually iventchuali oxir-oqibat
Erta vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb early ərli erta
Kech vaqt Vaqt ravishi time adverb late leyt kech
Boshlanish Vaqt ravishi time adverb first fərst birinchi bo‘lib
Yakun Vaqt ravishi time adverb finally faynəli nihoyat
Bir vaqtning o‘zida Vaqt ravishi time adverb meanwhile minvayl ayni paytda
Ketma-ketlik Vaqt ravishi time adverb then zen keyin
Ketma-ketlik Vaqt ravishi time adverb afterward aftervərd shundan keyin
Ketma-ketlik Vaqt ravishi time adverb afterwards aftervərdz shundan keyin
Ketma-ketlik Vaqt ravishi time adverb subsequently sabsikventli keyinchalik
3. Allaqachonlik, davomiylik va takrorlanish ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
already olredi allaqachon
yet yet hozircha / hali
still stil hali ham
just jast hozirgina / shunchaki
ever evər biror marta / hech qachon (savol va inkor gaplarda)
never nevər hech qachon
once vans bir marta
twice tvays ikki marta
again əgen yana
again and again əgen ənd əgen qayta-qayta
forever fər evər abadiy
temporarily tempərərili vaqtincha
permanently pərmənentli doimiy ravishda
Misol:
She has already finished.
Shi hez olredi finišt.
U allaqachon tugatgan.
4. O‘rin-joy ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
here hir bu yerda
there zer u yerda
everywhere evriv er hamma joyda
somewhere samver qayerdadir
anywhere eniver istalgan joyda
nowhere nowver hech qayerda
abroad əbrod xorijda
overseas oversiyz xorijda / dengiz ortida
nearby nirbay yaqin atrofda
close klows yaqinda
far far uzoqda
away əvey uzoqda
back bek orqaga
forward forvərd oldinga
backward bekvərd orqaga
indoors indorz bino ichida
outdoors autdorz tashqarida
upstairs apsterz yuqori qavatda
downstairs daunsterz pastki qavatda
inside insayd ichkarida
outside autsayd tashqarida
5. Daraja ravishlari
Bu ravishlar sifatlar, fe’llar va boshqa ravishlarning darajasini bildiradi.
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
very veri juda
really rili haqiqatan / juda
extremely ikstrimli o‘ta / nihoyatda
highly hayli yuqori darajada
absolutely əbsəlutli mutlaqo
completely kəmplitli to‘liq
totally toutəli butunlay
entirely intayərli butunlay
fully fuli to‘liq
quite kwayt ancha / juda
rather rather birmuncha / ancha
fairly ferli ancha / yetarlicha
pretty priti ancha / juda
somewhat samvat biroz
slightly slaytli biroz
a little ə litl biroz
too tu haddan tashqari
enough inaf yetarlicha
almost olmost deyarli
nearly nirli deyarli
barely berli zo‘rg‘a
hardly hardli deyarli ... emas / zo‘rg‘a
scarcely skersli deyarli ... emas / zo‘rg‘a
deeply dipli chuqur / juda
greatly greytli juda / katta darajada
so sou shunchalik / juda
such sach shunday
a lot ə lot juda ko‘p
a bit ə bit biroz
a little bit ə litl bit ozgina
Misol:
The movie is extremely interesting.
Ze muvi iz ikstrimli intristing.
Film nihoyatda qiziqarli.
6. Ehtimollik va ishonch ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
certainly sərtənli albatta
definitely definitli shubhasiz
surely shurli albatta
probably probəbli ehtimol
possibly posəbli balki / ehtimol
perhaps pərheps balki
maybe meybi balki
apparently əperəntli shekilliki / aftidan
evidently evidentli ko‘rinishidan / ayonki
clearly klirli aniq ravishda
obviously obviəsli shubhasiz / ayonki
presumably prizuməbli taxminan / ehtimol
supposedly səpowzidli aytilishicha / taxminlarga ko‘ra
undoubtedly andautidli shubhasiz
arguably argyuəbli bahs qilish mumkinki
likely laykli ehtimol
unlikely anlaykli ehtimoldan yiroq
7. Gapiruvchining munosabati va nuqtayi nazarini bildiruvchi ravishlar
Bu ravishlar ba’zan gap ravishlari yoki munosabat ravishlari deb ataladi. Ular gapiruvchining butun gapga bo‘lgan munosabatini bildiradi.
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
fortunately forchənətli yaxshiyamki
unfortunately anforchənətli afsuski
luckily lakili yaxshiyamki
sadly sedli afsuski / achinarlisi
honestly onistli rostini aytganda
frankly frenkli ochig‘ini aytganda
personally pərsənəli shaxsan
seriously siriyəsli jiddiy ravishda
technically teknikli texnik jihatdan
basically beysikli asosan
generally jenrəli umuman olganda
normally norməli odatda
naturally nachərəli tabiiy ravishda
ideally aydiəli ideal holatda
theoretically thiyəretikli nazariy jihatdan
practically prektikli amaliy jihatdan
politically pəlitikli siyosiy jihatdan
economically ikənomikli iqtisodiy jihatdan
personally pərsənəli shaxsan
surprisingly sərprayzingli hayratlanarli tarzda
strangely streynjli g‘alati tarzda
interestingly intristingli qizig‘i shundaki
importantly importəntli muhimi shundaki
especially ispeshəli ayniqsa
particularly pərtikyələrli xususan
8. Cheklash va ajratish ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
only ounli faqat
just jast faqat / shunchaki
even ivən hatto
also olsou shuningdek / ham
too tu ham
as well əz vel ham
mainly meynli asosan
mostly moustli ko‘pincha / asosan
merely mirli shunchaki
simply simpli shunchaki / oddiygina
particularly pərtikyələrli xususan
especially ispeshəli ayniqsa
exactly igzektli aniq
precisely prisay sli aynan / aniq
specifically spəsifikli xususan / aniq qilib
solely sоуlli faqat / yolg‘iz
largely lardjli asosan / katta darajada
even ivən hatto
indeed indid darhaqiqat / haqiqatan
Misol:
Only John knows the answer.
Ounli Jon nouz zi ansər.
Javobni faqat Jon biladi.
9. Inkor ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
not not emas / yo‘q
never nevər hech qachon
nowhere nowver hech qayerda
hardly hardli deyarli ... emas / zo‘rg‘a
scarcely skersli deyarli ... emas / zo‘rg‘a
barely berli zo‘rg‘a
rarely rerli kamdan-kam
seldom seldəm kamdan-kam
Eslatma:
not inkor yasashda ishlatiladigan asosiy so‘zlardan biridir.
I do not work.
Ay du not vork.
Men ishlamayman.
10. Natija va xulosa ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
therefore zerfor shuning uchun
thus zас shunday qilib / shu sababli
consequently konsikventli natijada
accordingly əkordingli shunga muvofiq
hence hens shu sababli
otherwise azərvayz aks holda
Misol:
He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.
Hi voz sik; zerfor, hi steyd houm.
U kasal edi, shuning uchun uyda qoldi.
11. Qo‘shimcha va bog‘liqlik ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
also olsou shuningdek / ham
too tu ham
additionally ədisənəli bundan tashqari
moreover morouver bundan tashqari
furthermore fərzərmor bundan tashqari
besides bisaydz bundan tashqari
likewise laykvayz xuddi shunday
similarly simələrli shunga o‘xshash tarzda
12. Taqqoslash va o‘xshatish ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
similarly simələrli shunga o‘xshash tarzda
likewise laykvayz xuddi shunday
equally ikwəli teng ravishda
similarly simələrli o‘xshash tarzda
comparatively kəmperətivli taqqoslaganda
relatively relətivli nisbatan
correspondingly kорispондingli muvofiq ravishda
13. Fikrlarni bog‘lash va tartibga solish ravishlari
Bu ravishlar fikrlarni bog‘lash va bayonotni tartibga solish uchun ishlatiladi.
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
however hau evər biroq / ammo
therefore zerfor shuning uchun
moreover morouver bundan tashqari
furthermore fərzərmor bundan tashqari
nevertheless nevərzəles shunga qaramay
nonetheless nan zəles shunga qaramay
meanwhile minvayl ayni paytda
instead insted o‘rniga
otherwise azərvayz aks holda
consequently konsikventli natijada
subsequently sabsikventli keyinchalik
alternatively oltərnətivli muqobil ravishda
finally faynəli nihoyat
firstly fərstli birinchidan
secondly sekəndli ikkinchidan
thirdly thərdli uchinchidan
next nekst keyin
then zen so‘ng
afterward aftervərd shundan keyin
14. So‘roq ravishlari
Ular usul, daraja, vaqt va takrorlanish haqida savol beradigan WH-so‘zlar bilan ishlatiladi.
So‘z Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
how hau qanday
when ven qachon
where ver qayerda
why vay nima uchun
how much hau mach qancha
how many hau meni nechta
how often hau ofn qanchalik tez-tez
how long hau long qancha vaqt
how far hau far qanchalik uzoq
how soon hau sun qancha vaqtdan keyin
how well hau vel qanchalik yaxshi
how quickly hau kwikli qanchalik tez
Misol:
How often do you exercise?
Hau ofn du yu eksərsayz?
Qanchalik tez-tez mashq qilasiz?
15. Tarz ravishlari
Ular harakat qanday bajarilishini bildiradi.
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
quickly kwikli tez
slowly slouli sekin
carefully kerfəli ehtiyotkorlik bilan
easily izili osongina
badly bedli yomon
well vel yaxshi
clearly klirli aniq ravishda
quietly kwayətli jimgina
loudly laudli baland ovozda
secretly sikrətli yashirincha
openly oupənli ochiqchasiga
together təgezər birgalikda
apart əpart alohida
directly direktli bevosita
indirectly indirektli bilvosita
deliberately dilibərətli ataylab
accidentally əksidentəli tasodifan
carefully kerfəli diqqat bilan
successfully səksesfəli muvaffaqiyatli ravishda
differently difrəntli boshqacha
16. Kutilish va taxmin ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
hopefully houpfəli umid qilamanki
presumably prizuməbli taxminan
supposedly səpowzidli taxminlarga ko‘ra
predictably pridiktəbli kutilganidek
unexpectedly anikspektidli kutilmaganda
inevitably inevitəbli muqarrar ravishda
eventually iventchuali oxir-oqibat
17. Tartib ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
first fərst birinchi
firstly fərstli birinchidan
second sekənd ikkinchi
secondly sekəndli ikkinchidan
third thərd uchinchi
thirdly thərdli uchinchidan
next nekst keyingi
then zen keyin
finally faynəli nihoyat
lastly lastli oxirida
18. Ta’kidlash ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
certainly sərtənli albatta
definitely definitli shubhasiz
indeed indid darhaqiqat
really rili haqiqatan
truly truli chindan ham
absolutely əbsəlutli mutlaqo
actually ekchuali haqiqatan / aslida
literally literəli so‘zma-so‘z
genuinely jenyuinli chin dildan / haqiqatan
clearly klirli aniq ravishda
obviously obviəsli shubhasiz
surely shurli albatta
right (ravishdan oldin kelishi mumkin) rayt to‘g‘ri
19. Aniqlashtirish va izohlash ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
actually ekchuali aslida
really rili haqiqatan
rather rather aksincha / ancha
instead insted o‘rniga
specifically spəsifikli aniq qilib
precisely prisay sli aynan
exactly igzektli aniq
namely neymli ya’ni
simply simpli oddiygina
basically beysikli asosan
20. Taxminiy miqdor ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
almost olmost deyarli
nearly nirli deyarli
approximately əproksimətli taxminan
roughly rafli taxminan
about ə baut taxminan
around ə raund taxminan
virtually vərchuali deyarli / amalda
practically prektikli deyarli / amalda
roughly rafli taxminan
21. Istisno va cheklash ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
only ounli faqat
merely mirli shunchaki
solely sоуlli faqat / yolg‘iz
exclusively iksklusivli mutlaqo faqat
otherwise azərvayz aks holda
apart əpart alohida / bundan tashqari
22. To‘liqlik ravishlari
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
altogether oltəgezər butunlay / jami
entirely intayərli butunlay
completely kəmplitli to‘liq
fully fuli to‘liq
wholly houlli butunlay
universally yunivərsəli umumiy ravishda / butun dunyo bo‘ylab
23. Gapga munosabat bildiruvchi ravishlar
Bu so‘zlar gap ravishlari deb ataladi.
Ravish Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
actually ekchuali aslida
apparently əperəntli aftidan
certainly sərtənli albatta
clearly klirli aniq ravishda
definitely definitli shubhasiz
evidently evidentli ko‘rinishidan
fortunately forchənətli yaxshiyamki
frankly frenkli ochig‘ini aytganda
generally jenrəli umuman olganda
honestly onistli rostini aytganda
ideally aydiəli ideal holatda
indeed indid darhaqiqat
naturally nachərəli tabiiy ravishda
obviously obviəsli shubhasiz
personally pərsənəli shaxsan
perhaps pərheps balki
probably probəbli ehtimol
seriously siriyəsli jiddiy ravishda
surely shurli albatta
surprisingly sərprayzingli hayratlanarli tarzda
theoretically thiyəretikli nazariy jihatdan
unfortunately anforchənətli afsuski
Ravish yasash qoidalari
Tur / kategoriya Grammatik tuzilish Tuzilishning inglizcha nomi Misol Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
Sifatdan ravish yasashning asosiy qoidasi Sifat + -ly adjective + -ly quick → quickly kwik → kwikli tez → tezda
-y bilan tugaydigan sifatlar -y tushiriladi + -ily adjective - y + -ily happy → happily hepi → hepili baxtli → xursand holda
-le bilan tugaydigan sifatlar -e tushiriladi + -y adjective - e + -y gentle → gently jentl → jentli muloyim → muloyimlik bilan
-ic bilan tugaydigan sifatlar Sifat + -ally adjective + -ally basic → basically beysik → beysikli asosiy → asosan
Ba’zi -ic bilan tugaydigan sifatlar Sifat + -ally adjective + -ally dramatic → dramatically drəmətik → drəmətikli dramatik → dramatik tarzda
-ue bilan tugaydigan ayrim sifatlar Sifat + -ly adjective + -ly true → truly tru → truli haqiqiy → chinakamiga
-ll bilan tugaydigan sifatlar Sifat + -y adjective + -y full → fully ful → fuli to‘liq → to‘liq ravishda
O‘zgarmaydigan ravishlar So‘z o‘zgarmaydi same word fast → fast fast → fast tez → tez
O‘zgarmaydigan ravishlar So‘z o‘zgarmaydi same word hard → hard hard → hard qattiq / astoydil → astoydil
O‘zgarmaydigan ravishlar So‘z o‘zgarmaydi same word late → late leyt → leyt kech → kech
O‘zgarmaydigan ravishlar So‘z o‘zgarmaydi same word early → early ərli → ərli erta → erta
Noodatiy ravish shakli Maxsus shakl irregular form good → well gud → vel yaxshi → yaxshi
Ot asosidagi yo‘nalish ravishlari Ot + -ward/-wards noun + -ward/-wards home → homeward houm → houmvərd uy → uy tomon
Ot asosidagi ravishlar Ot + -wise noun + -wise clock → clockwise klok → klokvayz soat mili yo‘nalishida
Qo‘shma ravish So‘z + so‘z word + word somehow sam hau qandaydir tarzda
Qo‘shma ravish So‘z + so‘z word + word everywhere evriv er hamma joyda
Ravishli ibora So‘z yoki ibora + ot / predlog adverbial phrase in the morning in ze morning ertalab
9- Bog‘lovchilar (CONJUNCTIONS)
1. Teng bog‘lovchilar — Coordinating Conjunctions
Bu bog‘lovchilar grammatik jihatdan teng elementlarni bog‘laydi.
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
and end va
but bat lekin
or or yoki
nor nor ham ... emas
for for chunki / sababli
yet yet ammo / shunga qaramay
so sou shuning uchun / demak
FANBOYS
For — for
And — end
Nor — nor
But — bat
Or — or
Yet — yet
So — sou
I was tired, but I worked.
Ay voz tayrd, bat ay vörkt.
Men charchagan edim, lekin ishladim.
2. Ergash bog‘lovchilar — Subordinating Conjunctions
Bu bog‘lovchilar ergash gapni bosh gap bilan bog‘laydi.
Sababni bildiruvchi bog‘lovchilar
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
because bikoz chunki
since sins chunki / ...dan beri
as ez chunki / ...gani uchun
seeing that siing zet shuni hisobga olsak
seeing as siing ez chunki / ...gani uchun
now that nau zet endi ... ekan / endi ...gani uchun
given that givn zet shuni hisobga olsak
considering that konsidering zet ...ni hisobga olsak
inasmuch as in-az-mach ez shu sababli / ...gani uchun
insofar as insou-far ez qanchalik / ...darajada
insomuch as insomach ez shu darajadaki / ...gani uchun
in that in zet shu jihatdan-ki
I stayed home because I was tired.
Ay steyd houm bikoz ay voz tayrd.
Men charchaganim uchun uyda qoldim.
3. Shart bog‘lovchilari
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
if if agar
unless anles agar ...masa / ...maguncha
provided prəvaydid sharti bilan
provided that prəvaydid zet sharti bilan
providing prəvayding sharti bilan
providing that prəvayding zet sharti bilan
as long as ez long ez modomiki / sharti bilan
so long as sou long ez modomiki
on condition that on kondishn zet sharti bilan
in case in keys ...bo‘lib qolsa / ehtimoliga qarshi
in the event that in zi ivent zet ...sodir bo‘lsa
assuming that esuming zet faraz qilaylik-ki
supposing that səpouzing zet faraz qilaylik-ki
suppose that səpouz zet faraz qilaylik-ki
given that givn zet ...ni hisobga olsak
granted that granted zet ...deb tan olsak ham
granting that granting zet ...deb tan olsak ham
If you study, you will learn.
If yu stadi, yu vil lern.
Agar o‘qisang, o‘rganasan.
4. Zidlik va yon berishni bildiruvchi bog‘lovchilar
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
although oldhou ...ga qaramay
though dhou ...ga qaramay
even though iivn dhou ...ga qaramay
even if iivn if hattoki ... bo‘lsa ham
whereas wer-ez holbuki / ...ga qaraganda
while vayl ... paytida / holbuki
whilst vaylst ... paytida / holbuki
albeit olbiit ... bo‘lsa-da
much as mach ez ...ga qaramay
however much hau-ever mach qanchalik ... bo‘lmasin
no matter how nou meter hau qanday bo‘lmasin
no matter what nou meter vot nima bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar
no matter who nou meter hu kim bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar
no matter where nou meter wer qayerda bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar
no matter when nou meter ven qachon bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar
no matter which nou meter vich qaysi biri bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar
Even though he was tired, he continued.
Iivn dhou hi voz tayrd, hi kontinyud.
U charchagan bo‘lsa ham, davom etdi.
5. Vaqt bog‘lovchilari
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
when ven qachonki / ...ganda
whenever ven-ever har safar / qachon bo‘lmasin
while vayl ...paytida
whilst vaylst ...paytida
before bifor ...dan oldin
after after ...dan keyin
until / till / 'til / 'till antil / til ...gacha
since sins ...dan beri
once vans ...bilanoq / bir marta ...gach
as soon as ez suun ez ...bilanoq
as long as ez long ez ...davomida
so long as sou long ez ...davomida
by the time bay ze taym ...vaqtga kelib
every time evri taym har safar
each time iich taym har safar
the moment ze moument ...bilanoq
the minute ze minit ...bilanoq
the instant zi instant ...bilanoq
directly direktli ...bilanoq
immediately imii-dietli darhol / ...bilanoq
hardly... when hardli... ven ...ishi bilan
scarcely... when skersli... ven ...ishi bilan
no sooner... than nou suuner... zen ...bilanoq
Call me when you arrive.
Kol mi ven yu erayv.
Yetib kelganingda menga qo‘ng‘iroq qil.
6. Maqsad bog‘lovchilari
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
so that sou zet shunday qilib / ...ishi uchun
in order that in order zet ...ishi uchun
lest lest ...masligi uchun
for fear that for fiir zet ...dan qo‘rqib / ...masligi uchun
in case in keys ...ehtimoliga qarshi
I studied hard so that I could pass.
Ay stadid hard sou zet ay kud pas.
Imtihondan o‘ta olishim uchun astoydil o‘qidim.
7. Natijani bildiruvchi bog‘lovchilar
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
so... that sou... zet shunchalik ...ki
such... that sach... zet shunday ...ki
so that sou zet shunday qilib / natijada
such that sach zet shunday-ki
He was so tired that he slept immediately.
Hi voz sou tayrd zet hi slept imii-dietli.
U shunchalik charchagan ediki, darhol uxlab qoldi.
8. Taqqoslash bog‘lovchilari
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
than zen ...dan
as... as ez... ez ...dek / ...chalik
not as... as not ez... ez ...chalik emas
as if ez if go‘yo / xuddi ...dek
as though ez dhou go‘yo / xuddi ...dek
just as jast ez xuddi ... kabi
the more... the more ze mor... ze mor qanchalik ko‘p ... shunchalik ko‘p
the more... the less ze mor... ze les qanchalik ko‘p ... shunchalik kam
the less... the more ze les... ze mor qanchalik kam ... shunchalik ko‘p
the less... the less ze les... ze les qanchalik kam ... shunchalik kam
She is taller than I am.
Shi iz toler zen ay em.
U mendan balandroq.
9. Usul va o‘xshatishni bildiruvchi bog‘lovchilar
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
as ez kabi / sifatida
as if ez if go‘yo / xuddi ...dek
as though ez dhou go‘yo / xuddi ...dek
just as jast ez xuddi ... kabi
the way ze vey ...usulda / ...tarzda
in the way that in ze vey zet ...tarzda
however hau-ever qanday bo‘lmasin / qanchalik
however you hau-ever yu qanday qilsang ham
He talks as if he knows everything.
Hi toks ez if hi nouz evrithing.
U go‘yo hamma narsani bilgandek gapiradi.
10. Tanlash bog‘lovchilari
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
or or yoki
either... or ayzer... or yo ... yo
whether... or vezer... or ...mi yoki
whether... or not vezer... or not ...mi yoki yo‘qmi
Either you come or I leave.
Ayzer yu kam or ay liiv.
Yo sen kelasan, yo men ketaman.
11. Juft bog‘lovchilar — Correlative Conjunctions
Tuzilishi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
both... and bouth... end ham ... ham
either... or ayzer... or yo ... yo
neither... nor nayzer... nor na ... na
not only... but also not ounli... bat olsou nafaqat ... balki
whether... or vezer... or ...mi yoki
whether... or not vezer... or not ...mi yoki yo‘qmi
rather... than rather... zen ...dan ko‘ra
no sooner... than nou suuner... zen ...bilanoq
hardly... when hardli... ven ...ishi bilan
scarcely... when skersli... ven ...ishi bilan
barely... when berli... ven ...ishi bilan
the more... the more ze mor... ze mor qanchalik ko‘p ... shunchalik ko‘p
the more... the less ze mor... ze les qanchalik ko‘p ... shunchalik kam
the less... the more ze les... ze mor qanchalik kam ... shunchalik ko‘p
the less... the less ze les... ze les qanchalik kam ... shunchalik kam
12. Qo‘shimcha bog‘lovchi iboralar
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
and end va
as well as ez vel ez shuningdek / bilan birga
not to mention not tu menshn ...ni aytmasa ham bo‘ladi
besides bisaydz bundan tashqari
let alone let eloun u yoqda tursin
much less mach les u yoqda tursin / undan ham kam
to say nothing of tu sey nathing ov ...ni aytmaganda ham
apart from e-part from ...dan tashqari / ...ni hisobga olmaganda
aside from esayd from ...dan tashqari / ...ni hisobga olmaganda
Ba’zi iboralar qo‘llanishiga qarab predlogli iboralar yoki bog‘lovchi vazifasidagi tuzilmalar bo‘lishi mumkin. Shuning uchun ularning barchasini har doim bog‘lovchi deb tasniflash to‘g‘ri emas.
13. Istisnoni bildiruvchi bog‘lovchilar
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
except that iksept zet ...dan tashqari / faqat ...
except when iksept ven ...bo‘lgan paytdan tashqari
except if iksept if ...bo‘lmasa / faqat ... bo‘lsa
save that seyv zet ...dan tashqari
but that bat zet ...bo‘lmaganida / ...dan tashqari
unless anles agar ...masa
14. Farazni bildiruvchi bog‘lovchilar
Bog‘lovchi Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
assuming that esuming zet faraz qilaylik-ki
supposing that səpouzing zet faraz qilaylik-ki
suppose that səpouz zet faraz qilaylik-ki
presuming that prizuming zet faraz qilsak
provided that prəvaydid zet sharti bilan
providing that prəvayding zet sharti bilan
given that givn zet ...ni hisobga olsak
granting that granting zet ...deb tan olsak ham
granted that granted zet ...deb tan olsak ham
15. Erkin tanlashni bildiruvchi so‘zlar
Bog‘lovchi yoki olmosh Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
whoever hu-ever kim bo‘lsa ham / kimki
whomever huum-ever kimni bo‘lsa ham
whatever vot-ever nima bo‘lsa ham
whichever vich-ever qaysi biri bo‘lsa ham
wherever ver-ever qayerda bo‘lsa ham
whenever ven-ever qachon bo‘lsa ham
however hau-ever qanday bo‘lsa ham
Whoever comes can enter.
Hu-ever kamz ken enter.
Kim kelsa ham, kirishi mumkin.
Whatever you choose is fine.
Vot-ever yu chuuz iz fayn.
Nimani tanlasang ham, mayli.
16. Eski va rasmiy bog‘lovchi tuzilmalar
Bu shakllar ingliz tilida mavjud, ammo kundalik nutqda kamroq ishlatiladi:
So‘z Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
albeit olbiit ...bo‘lsa-da
albeit that olbiit zet ...bo‘lsa-da
albeit when olbiit ven ...bo‘lgan paytda ham
albeit with olbiit vith ...bilan bo‘lsa-da
insofar as insou-far ez qanchalik / ...darajada
inasmuch as in-az-mach ez shu sababli / ...gani uchun
insomuch as insomach ez shu darajadaki
notwithstanding that notwithstanding zet ...ga qaramay
whereas wer-ez holbuki
whilst vaylst ...paytida / holbuki
lest lest ...masligi uchun
save that seyv zet ...dan tashqari
provided that prəvaydid zet sharti bilan
supposing that səpouzing zet faraz qilaylik-ki
17. Bog‘lovchiga o‘xshasa-da, odatda haqiqiy bog‘lovchi hisoblanmaydigan so‘zlar
Quyidagi so‘zlar ko‘pincha gaplarni bog‘lovchi ravishlar sifatida ishlatiladi. Ular haqiqiy bog‘lovchilardan grammatik jihatdan farq qiladi:
So‘z Talaffuzi Turi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
however hau-ever bog‘lovchi ravish biroq / shunga qaramay
therefore zeyrfor bog‘lovchi ravish shuning uchun
moreover morou-ver bog‘lovchi ravish bundan tashqari
furthermore ferzer-mor bog‘lovchi ravish qolaversa
nevertheless nevezeles bog‘lovchi ravish shunga qaramay
nonetheless nan-ze-les bog‘lovchi ravish shunga qaramay
consequently konsikwentli bog‘lovchi ravish natijada
otherwise azer-vayz bog‘lovchi ravish aks holda
instead insted bog‘lovchi ravish o‘rniga
meanwhile miin-vayl bog‘lovchi ravish bu orada
thus dhas bog‘lovchi ravish shunday qilib / demak
hence hens bog‘lovchi ravish shu sababli / demak
Misol:
I was tired; however, I worked.
Ay voz tayrd; hau-ever, ay vörkt.
Men charchagan edim; shunga qaramay, ishladim.
Bu yerda however so‘zi but bilan bir xil grammatik vazifani bajarmaydi.
Noto‘g‘ri qo‘llanish:
❌ I was tired, however I worked.
To‘g‘ri variantlar:
✅ I was tired, but I worked.
Yoki:
✅ I was tired; however, I worked.
If only -> Qaniydi / ...sa edi
If only I played — Qaniydi o‘ynasam edi.
Anyway/Anyways -> Har holda / baribir.
10- Predloglar (PREPOSITIONS)
1. Asosiy predloglar
Predlog Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi Inglizcha misol Talaffuzi Tarjimasi
about ebaut haqida We talked about the problem. Vi tokt ebaut ze problem. Muammo haqida gaplashdik.
above ebav yuqorida The lamp is above the table. Ze lemp iz ebav ze teybl. Chiroq stolning yuqorisida.
across ekros narigi tomoniga / kesib o‘tib We walked across the street. Vi vokt ekros ze striit. Ko‘chani kesib o‘tdik.
after after keyin We met after lunch. Vi met after lanch. Tushlikdan keyin uchrashdik.
against egenst qarshi / tiralgan holda The ladder is against the wall. Ze leder iz egenst ze vol. Narvon devorga tiralgan.
along elонg bo‘ylab We walked along the river. Vi vokt elong ze river. Daryo bo‘ylab yurdik.
amid emid o‘rtasida He stood amid the crowd. Hi stud emid ze kraud. U olomon orasida turdi.
among emang orasida She was among friends. Shi voz emang frendz. U do‘stlari orasida edi.
around eraund atrofida We sat around the table. Vi set eraund ze teybl. Stol atrofida o‘tirdik.
at et ...da / muayyan joyda I am at school. Ay em et skuul. Men maktabdaman.
before bifor oldin Come before noon. Kam bifor nuun. Tushdan oldin kel.
behind bi-haynd orqasida The car is behind the house. Ze kar iz bi-haynd ze haus. Mashina uyning orqasida.
below bilou pastda / quyida The temperature is below zero. Ze tempricher iz bilou zirou. Harorat noldan past.
beneath biniith tagida The keys are beneath the book. Ze kiiz ar biniith ze buk. Kalitlar kitobning tagida.
beside bisayid yonida Sit beside me. Sit bisayid mi. Yonimga o‘tir.
besides bisaydz bundan tashqari Besides English, she speaks Arabic. Bisaydz Inglish, shi spiiks Erabik. U ingliz tilidan tashqari arab tilida ham gapiradi.
between bitviin ikki narsa orasida The shop is between two buildings. Ze shop iz bitviin tu bildingz. Do‘kon ikkita bino orasida.
beyond biyond narida / narigi tomonida The village is beyond the mountain. Ze vilij iz biyond ze maunten. Qishloq tog‘ning narigi tomonida.
by bay tomonidan / yonida / ...gacha The book was written by her. Ze buk voz ritn bay her. Kitob u tomonidan yozilgan.
concerning konsörning haqida We talked concerning the project. Vi tokt konsörning ze projekt. Loyiha haqida gaplashdik.
despite disp ayt ...ga qaramay Despite the rain, we went out. Dispayt ze reyn, vi vent aut. Yomg‘irga qaramay, tashqariga chiqdik.
down daun pastga He walked down the hill. Hi vokt daun ze hil. U tepalikdan pastga yurdi.
during dyuring davomida I slept during the flight. Ay slept dyuring ze flayt. Parvoz davomida uxladim.
except iksept ...dan tashqari Everyone came except John. Evrivon keym iksept Jon. Johndan tashqari hamma keldi.
for for uchun / davomida This gift is for you. Dis gift iz for yu. Bu sovg‘a sen uchun.
from from ...dan I came from Kuwait. Ay keym from Kuwait. Men Quvaytdan keldim.
in in ichida / ...da She is in the room. Shi iz in ze ruum. U xonada.
inside insayd ichida The keys are inside the bag. Ze kiiz ar insayd ze beg. Kalitlar sumkaning ichida.
into intu ichkariga He went into the room. Hi vent intu ze ruum. U xonaga kirdi.
like layk kabi He runs like a professional. Hi ranz layk e profeshonal. U professional kabi yuguradi.
near nir yaqinida I live near the school. Ay liv nir ze skuul. Men maktab yaqinida yashayman.
of ov ...ning / ...dan The door of the house is open. Ze dor ov ze haus iz oupen. Uyning eshigi ochiq.
off of ustidan uzoqqa / olib tashlab Take your shoes off the table. Teyk yor shuuz of ze teybl. Oyoq kiyimlaringni stoldan ol.
on on ustida The book is on the table. Ze buk iz on ze teybl. Kitob stol ustida.
onto ontu ustiga tomon The cat jumped onto the table. Ze ket jampt ontu ze teybl. Mushuk stol ustiga sakradi.
opposite opozit qarshisida The bank is opposite the hotel. Ze benk iz opozit ze houtel. Bank mehmonxonaning qarshisida.
out aut tashqariga He went out the door. Hi vent aut ze dor. U eshikdan tashqariga chiqdi.
outside autsayd tashqarisida They are outside the house. Zey ar autsayd ze haus. Ular uyning tashqarisida.
over ouver ustidan / yuqorisidan The plane flew over the city. Ze pleyn flu ouver ze siti. Samolyot shahar ustidan uchib o‘tdi.
past past yonidan o‘tib We walked past the school. Vi vokt past ze skuul. Maktab yonidan o‘tib ketdik.
regarding rigarding haqida I have a question regarding the plan. Ay hev e kweschen rigarding ze plen. Reja haqida savolim bor.
round raund atrofida We walked round the park. Vi vokt raund ze park. Bog‘ atrofida yurdik.
since sins ...dan beri I have lived here since 2020. Ay hev livd hir sins tu thauzend twenty. Men bu yerda 2020-yildan beri yashayman.
through thru ichidan / orqali We walked through the tunnel. Vi vokt thru ze tanl. Tunnel ichidan yurdik.
throughout thruaut butun ... davomida It rained throughout the day. It reynd thruaut ze dey. Kun bo‘yi yomg‘ir yog‘di.
till til ...gacha Wait till tomorrow. Veyt til tumorou. Ertagacha kut.
to tu ...ga I went to school. Ay vent tu skuul. Men maktabga bordim.
toward tovord tomon He walked toward me. Hi vokt tovord mi. U men tomon yurdi.
towards tovordz tomon She ran towards the door. Shi ren tovordz ze dor. U eshik tomon yugurdi.
under ander tagida The cat is under the table. Ze ket iz ander ze teybl. Mushuk stol tagida.
underneath ander-niith tagida The bag is underneath the chair. Ze beg iz ander-niith ze cher. Sumka stul tagida.
unlike anlayk ...dan farqli ravishda Unlike him, I am quiet. Anlayk him, ay em kvay-et. Undan farqli ravishda, men kamgapman.
until antil ...gacha Stay here until Friday. Stey hir antil fraydey. Jumagacha shu yerda qol.
up ap yuqoriga He walked up the stairs. Hi vokt ap ze sterz. U zinadan yuqoriga ko‘tarildi.
upon apon ...da / ...bilanoq Upon arrival, call me. Apon erayval, kol mi. Yetib kelganingda menga qo‘ng‘iroq qil.
via vaya / viya orqali We traveled via Dubai. Vi treveld vaya Dubai. Dubay orqali sayohat qildik.
with vith bilan / yordamida I went with my brother. Ay vent vith may brazer. Men akam bilan bordim.
within vidhin ichida / ...muddatda Finish it within an hour. F inish it vidhin en auer. Buni bir soat ichida tugat.
without vidhaut ...siz He left without his phone. Hi left vidhout hiz foun. U telefonisiz ketdi.
2. Murakkab predloglar
Bu iboralar bir nechta so‘zdan tashkil topadi, lekin bitta predlog vazifasini bajaradi.
Ibora Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi Misol Talaffuzi Tarjimasi
according to ekording tu ...ga ko‘ra According to the report, sales increased. Ekording tu ze riport, seylz inkriist. Hisobotga ko‘ra, savdo oshdi.
ahead of ehed ov oldinda / ...dan avval She arrived ahead of us. Shi erayvd ehed ov as. U bizdan oldin yetib keldi.
along with elong vith bilan birga He came along with his brother. Hi keym elong vith hiz brazer. U akasi bilan birga keldi.
apart from epart from ...dan tashqari Apart from John, everyone agreed. Epart from Jon, evrivon egriid. Johndan tashqari hamma rozi bo‘ldi.
as for ez for ...ga kelsak As for me, I agree. Ez for mi, ay egrii. Menga kelsak, men roziman.
as of ez ov ...dan boshlab As of Monday, the rule applies. Ez ov Mandei, ze ruul eplayz. Dushanbadan boshlab qoida amal qiladi.
as to ez tu ...haqida There is uncertainty as to the cause. Zer iz ansertenti ez tu ze koz. Sabab borasida noaniqlik bor.
because of bikoz ov sababli We stayed home because of the rain. Vi steyd houm bikoz ov ze reyn. Yomg‘ir sababli uyda qoldik.
by means of bay miinz ov yordamida We solved it by means of a computer. Vi solvd it bay miinz ov e kompyuter. Biz buni kompyuter yordamida hal qildik.
by way of bay vey ov orqali We went by way of London. Vi vent bay vey ov Landon. Biz London orqali bordik.
close to klous tu yaqinida The school is close to my house. Ze skuul iz klous tu may haus. Maktab uyimga yaqin.
due to dyu tu sababli The flight was delayed due to fog. Ze flayt voz dileyd dyu tu fog. Tuman sababli parvoz kechiktirildi.
except for iksept for ...dan tashqari Everyone came except for Mary. Evrivon keym iksept for Meri. Meridan tashqari hamma keldi.
far from far from ...dan yiroq / aslo ... emas The answer is far from simple. Ze anser iz far from simpl. Javob aslo oddiy emas.
in addition to in edishn tu ...dan tashqari In addition to English, he studies Arabic. In edishn tu Inglish, hi stadiz Erabik. U ingliz tilidan tashqari arab tilini ham o‘rganadi.
in case of in keys ov ...holatida Call me in case of emergency. Kol mi in keys ov imerjensi. Favqulodda vaziyatda menga qo‘ng‘iroq qil.
in front of in front ov oldida The car is in front of the house. Ze kar iz in front ov ze haus. Mashina uyning oldida.
in place of in pleys ov ...o‘rniga Use this in place of sugar. Yuz dis in pleys ov shugar. Shakar o‘rniga bundan foydalan.
in spite of in spayt ov ...ga qaramay In spite of the rain, we left. In spayt ov ze reyn, vi left. Yomg‘irga qaramay, ketdik.
in terms of in termz ov ...nuqtayi nazaridan In terms of price, it is cheap. In termz ov prays, it iz chiip. Narx jihatidan bu arzon.
instead of insted ov ...o‘rniga I drank tea instead of coffee. Ay drenk tii insted ov kofi. Men qahva o‘rniga choy ichdim.
next to nekst tu yonida Sit next to me. Sit nekst tu mi. Yonimga o‘tir.
on account of on ekaunt ov sababli The match was canceled on account of rain. Ze mech voz kenseld on ekaunt ov reyn. Yomg‘ir sababli o‘yin bekor qilindi.
on behalf of on bi-haf ov nomidan I spoke on behalf of the team. Ay spouk on bi-haf ov ze tiim. Men jamoa nomidan gapirdim.
on top of on top ov ustida / bundan tashqari The keys are on top of the box. Ze kiiz ar on top ov ze boks. Kalitlar qutining ustida.
out of aut ov ichidan tashqariga / ...dan He walked out of the room. Hi vokt aut ov ze ruum. U xonadan chiqib ketdi.
owing to ouing tu sababli The event was canceled owing to rain. Ze ivent voz kenseld ouing tu reyn. Yomg‘ir sababli tadbir bekor qilindi.
prior to prayor tu ...dan oldin Prior to the meeting, we prepared. Prayor tu ze miiting, vi priperd. Uchrashuvdan oldin tayyorlandik.
regardless of rigardles ov ...dan qat’i nazar We will continue regardless of the cost. Vi vil kontinyu rigardles ov ze kost. Xarajatdan qat’i nazar, davom etamiz.
thanks to thanks tu tufayli Thanks to you, we succeeded. Thanks tu yu, vi suksesid. Sening sharofating bilan muvaffaqiyatga erishdik.
together with təgezer vith bilan birga She came together with her friends. Shi keym təgezer vith her frendz. U do‘stlari bilan birga keldi.
up to ap tu gacha / ...ga qadar Up to ten people can enter. Ap tu ten piipl ken enter. O‘ntagacha odam kirishi mumkin.
with regard to vith rigard tu ...ga nisbatan / ...haqida With regard to your question, I agree. Vith rigard tu yor kweschen, ay egrii. Savolingizga kelsak, men roziman.
with respect to vith rispekt tu ...borasida / ...ga nisbatan With respect to this issue, we disagree. Vith rispekt tu dis ishuu, vi disagrii. Bu masala borasida fikrimiz bir xil emas.
3. Rasmiy predlogli iboralar
Ibora Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
by virtue of bay vörchuu ov tufayli / ...huquqi bilan
by dint of bay dint ov tufayli / ...natijasida
by reason of bay riizn ov sababli
by courtesy of bay körtesi ov yordami bilan / sharofati bilan
by order of bay order ov ...ning buyrug‘i bilan
by reference to bay referens tu ...ga murojaat qilib
by means of bay miinz ov yordamida
by way of bay vey ov orqali
in accordance with in ekordens vith ...ga muvofiq
in comparison with in komperison vith ...bilan taqqoslaganda
in connection with in konekshn vith ...bilan bog‘liq holda
in contrast to in kontrast tu ...dan farqli ravishda
in exchange for in ikscheynj for ...evaziga
in favor of in feyver ov ...tarafida / ...foydasiga
in lieu of in luu ov ...o‘rniga
in relation to in rileishn tu ...ga nisbatan
in response to in rispons tu ...ga javoban
in search of in serch ov ...ni izlab
in view of in vyuu ov ...ni hisobga olib
on the basis of on ze beysis ov ...asosida
on the grounds of on ze graundz ov ...sababli / ...asosida
with a view to vith e vyuu tu ...maqsadida
with the exception of vith zi iksepshn ov ...dan tashqari
with the help of vith ze help ov yordamida
with reference to vith referens tu ...ga ishora qilib / ...haqida
4. Eski, kam ishlatiladigan va rasmiy predloglar
Quyidagi so‘zlar ingliz tilining eski, huquqiy, adabiy yoki rasmiy shakllarida uchrashi mumkin:
So‘z Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
abaft ebeft orqasida / orqa tomonda
alongside elongsayd yonida
amidst emidst o‘rtasida
amongst emangst orasida
astride estrayd ustida / ikki tomoniga minib
athwart etvort ko‘ndalang / kesib o‘tib
atop etop ustida
barring bering ...dan tashqari / ...ni hisobga olmaganda
circa sörka taxminan
cum kam bilan / ...sifatida
ere ir ...dan oldin
notwithstanding notwithstanding ...ga qaramay
per per har biriga / orqali
save seyv ...dan tashqari
vis-à-vis vi-za-vi qarshisida / ...ga nisbatan
worth vörth ...ga arziydigan
Misol:
Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.
Notwithstanding ze difikultiz, vi kontinyud.
Qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, davom etdik.
5. Joyni bildiruvchi predloglar
Joy munosabati Predloglar
Ichida in, inside, within
Ichkariga into
Tashqarida out, outside
Sirt ustida on
Sirt ustiga onto
Yuqorida above, over, atop, on top of
Tagida under, below, beneath, underneath
Oldida in front of, before
Orqasida behind
Yonida beside, by, next to, alongside
Ikki narsa orasida between
Bir guruh orasida among, amongst
Yaqinida near, close to
Qarshisida opposite, across from
Atrofida around, round
Orqali / kesib o‘tib across, through
Bo‘ylab along
Tomon toward, towards
...dan uzoqda away from, off
Yonidan o‘tib / narida past, beyond
6. Vaqtni bildiruvchi predloglar
Vaqt munosabati Predloglar Misol
Aniq vaqt at at 5 o'clock
Kun / sana on on Monday
Oy / yil / davr in in 2026
Oldin before, prior to, ahead of before lunch
Keyin after, following after work
Davomida during during the meeting
...dan beri since since Monday
Vaqt davomiyligi for for two hours
...gacha until, till until Friday
...dan ...gacha from ... to from Monday to Friday
Butun davr davomida throughout throughout the year
...gacha tugatish muddati by by Friday
Aniq muddatgacha by by 6 p.m.
...ichida within within two hours
Taxminan around, about around noon
Taxminiy vaqtga yaqin near near midnight
7. Sabab va maqsadni bildiruvchi predloglar
Predlog yoki ibora Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi
because of bikoz ov sababli
due to dyu tu sababli
owing to ouing tu sababli
on account of on ekaunt ov sababli
as a result of ez e rizalt ov ...natijasida
thanks to thanks tu tufayli
for for ...uchun
for the sake of for ze seyk ov ...uchun / ...manfaatini ko‘zlab
with a view to vith e vyuu tu ...maqsadida
in order to in order tu ...uchun / ...maqsadida
* In order to odatda fe’lning asosiy shakli bilan ishlatiladi. Shu sababli uni oddiy predlog bilan bir xil deb hisoblash to‘g‘ri emas.
8. Muhim qoida: predlogdan keyin nima keladi?
Asosiy qoida:
Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing
Predlog + ot / olmosh / fe’lning -ing shakli
Misollar:
Ot bilan
I am in the house.
Ay em in ze haus.
Men uyning ichidaman.
Olmosh bilan
This gift is for him.
Dis gift iz for him.
Bu sovg‘a uning uchun.
Eslatma:
for him ✅
for he ❌
Sababi: predlogdan keyin olmoshning obyekt shakli ishlatiladi.
V-ing bilan
She is good at cooking.
Shi iz gud et kuking.
U ovqat pishirishni yaxshi biladi.
He left without saying goodbye.
Hi left vidhout seying gudbay.
U xayrlashmasdan ketdi.
9. O‘xshash predloglar o‘rtasidagi farq
Predlog Asosiy ma’nosi Misol
in ichida in the room
into ichkariga harakat go into the room
on sirt ustida on the table
onto sirt ustiga harakat jump onto the table
at aniq nuqta yoki joy at the station
to yo‘nalish go to school
by yonida / vosita bilan / muddatgacha by the door / by car / by Friday
with bilan / vosita yordamida with him / with a knife
from ...dan from London
of aloqa / egalik the door of the house
for ...uchun / vaqt davomida for you / for two hours
since boshlanish vaqtidan beri since Monday
during muayyan davr davomida during the meeting
until ...gacha until Friday
between ikki narsa orasida between John and Mary
among guruh orasida among friends
above yuqorisida above the table
over ustida / ustidan over the bridge
below pastida below the line
under tagida under the table
beside yonida beside me
besides bundan tashqari besides English
because of / cause of sababli because of rain
despite ...ga qaramay despite the rain
in spite of ...ga qaramay in spite of the rain
aboard -> transport vositasida / kemada
11- Aniqlovchilar (DETERMINERS)
Asosiy aniqlovchilar
Aniqlovchi Arabcha talaffuz Arabcha ma’no To‘liq misol Arabcha talaffuz Tarjima
a ə Bir (noaniq artikl) I saw a dog. Ay so‘ ə dog. Men bir itni ko‘rdim.
an ən Bir (unli tovush oldidan) She ate an apple. Shi et ən epl. U olma yedi.
the dhə / dhi Ma’lum narsa I saw the dog. Ay so‘ dhə dog. Men o‘sha itni ko‘rdim.
this dhis Bu This book is useful. Dhis buk iz yusful. Bu kitob foydali.
that dhæt O‘sha That car is expensive. Dhæt kar iz ikspensiv. O‘sha mashina qimmat.
these dhiz Bular These books are new. Dhiz buks ar nyu. Bu kitoblar yangi.
those dhouz Ana ular Those houses are old. Dhouz hauziz ar ould. O‘sha uylar eski.
2. Egalik aniqlovchilari
Ular otning oldidan kelib, narsaning kimga tegishli ekanini bildiradi.
Aniqlovchi Talaffuz Ma’nosi Misol
my may Mening My book is here.
your yor Sening / sizning Your car is outside.
his hiz Uning (erkak) His house is big.
her her Uning (ayol) Her bag is black.
its its Uning (hayvon yoki narsa) The dog moved its tail.
our aur Bizning Our teacher is kind.
their dher Ularning Their house is beautiful.
Misollar
my book = mening kitobim
your car = sening mashinang
his phone = uning telefoni
her bag = uning sumkasi
our house = bizning uyimiz
their children = ularning bolalari
Lekin:
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs — otning oldidan kelmaydigan egalik olmoshlari. Ular egalikni mustaqil ifodalaydi.
This book is mine.
Bu kitob meniki.
3. Ko‘rsatish aniqlovchilari
Aniqlovchi Talaffuz Son Masofa Misol
this dhis Birlik Yaqin this book
that dhæt Birlik Uzoq that book
these dhiz Ko‘plik Yaqin these books
those dhouz Ko‘plik Uzoq those books
Qoidalar
this + birlikdagi ot
this book
Bu kitob
these + ko‘plikdagi ot
these books
Bu kitoblar
that + birlikdagi ot
that car
O‘sha mashina
those + ko‘plikdagi ot
those cars
O‘sha mashinalar
4. Miqdor aniqlovchilari
Bu aniqlovchilar otning miqdorini bildiradi.
Aniqlovchi Talaffuz Ma’nosi Misol
some sam Biroz / bir nechta I bought some books.
any eni Biror / hech qanday Do you have any questions?
no nou Hech qanday I have no money.
much mach Ko‘p (sanalmaydigan otlar bilan) I don't have much time.
many meni Ko‘p (sanaladigan otlar bilan) She has many books.
little litl Juda oz I have little time.
a little ə litl Biroz I have a little time.
few fyu Juda kam Few people came.
a few ə fyu Bir nechta I have a few questions.
enough inaf Yetarli We have enough food.
more mor Ko‘proq I need more water.
less les Kamroq I need less sugar.
fewer fyuər Kamroq (sanaladigan otlar bilan) We need fewer chairs.
all ol Barcha All students passed.
both bouth Ikkalasi ham Both students passed.
half hef Yarmi Half the class left.
most moust Ko‘pchilik / aksariyat Most people agreed.
enough inaf Yetarli We have enough money.
5. Son aniqlovchilari
Sonlar otning miqdorini yoki tartibini bildirish uchun otning oldidan kelishi mumkin.
Asosiy sonlar
Son Talaffuz Misol
one van one book
two tu two books
three thri three books
four for four books
five fayv five books
six siks six books
seven sevn seven books
eight eyt eight books
nine nayn nine books
ten ten ten books
hundred handrid a hundred books
thousand thauzənd a thousand books
million milyən a million people
billion bilyən a billion dollars
Sonlar otning miqdorini aniq ko‘rsatishi mumkin.
6. Taqsimlovchi aniqlovchilar
Ular alohida shaxslar yoki narsalarni guruh ichida ko‘rsatadi.
Aniqlovchi Talaffuz Ma’nosi Misol
each ich Har biri Each student has a book.
every evri Har bir Every student passed.
either aydhər / iyðər Ikkalasidan biri Either answer is acceptable.
neither naydhər / niðər Ikkalasidan hech biri Neither answer is correct.
Farqi
each
Each student received a book.
Har bir o‘quvchi bittadan kitob oldi.
Bu so‘z har bir shaxsni alohida ta’kidlaydi.
every
Every student received a book.
Har bir o‘quvchi bittadan kitob oldi.
Bu so‘z guruhning barcha a’zolarini umumiy tarzda nazarda tutadi.
7. So‘roq aniqlovchilari
Ular ot haqida savol berishda ishlatiladi.
Aniqlovchi Talaffuz Ma’nosi Misol
what wot Qanday / qaysi What book do you want?
which wich Qaysi Which book do you want?
whose huz Kimning Whose book is this?
what kind of wot kaynd əv Qanday turdagi What kind of car do you want?
which kind of wich kaynd əv Qaysi turdagi Which kind of food do you prefer?
Misollar
Which book do you want?
Qaysi kitobni xohlaysan?
Whose car is this?
Bu kimning mashinasi?
8. Noaniq aniqlovchilar
Ular shaxslar yoki narsalarni aniq belgilamasdan ifodalaydi.
Aniqlovchi Talaffuz Ma’nosi
a ə Bir (noaniq artikl)
an ən Bir (unli tovush oldidan)
some sam Biroz / bir nechta
any eni Biror / hech qanday
no nou Hech qanday
another ənaðər Yana biri / boshqa bir
other aðər Boshqa / boshqalar
such sach Shunday / bunday
9. Another va other
Bu ikki so‘zning ishlatilishi farq qiladi.
another
another + birlikdagi sanaladigan ot
I need another book.
Menga yana bitta kitob kerak.
other
other + ko‘plikdagi ot
I need other books.
Menga boshqa kitoblar kerak.
the other
The other book is mine.
Boshqa kitob meniki.
the other + ko‘plik
The other books are mine.
Boshqa kitoblar meniki.
10. Ta’kid va o‘xshatish aniqlovchilari
such
such + a/an + sifat + birlikdagi ot
She is such a nice person.
U juda yaxshi inson.
Ko‘plikdagi ot bilan:
such people
Shunday odamlar
Sanalmaydigan ot bilan:
such good advice
Shunday yaxshi maslahat
11. Katta miqdor yoki umumiylikni bildiruvchi aniqlovchilar
Aniqlovchi Talaffuz Ma’nosi Misol
all ol Barcha all students
both bouth Ikkalasi ham both books
each ich Har biri each student
every evri Har bir every student
either aydhər Ikkalasidan biri either book
neither naydhər Ikkalasidan hech biri neither book
enough inaf Yetarli enough food
much mach Ko‘p (sanalmaydigan otlar bilan) much water
many meni Ko‘p (sanaladigan otlar bilan) many books
most moust Ko‘pchilik most people
more mor Ko‘proq more time
less les Kamroq less water
fewer fyuər Kamroq (sanaladigan otlar bilan) fewer people
half hef Yarmi half the money
plenty of plenti əv Juda ko‘p plenty of food
a lot of ə lot əv Ko‘p a lot of people
lots of lots əv Ko‘p lots of books
12. Miqdorni bildiruvchi iboralar
Quyidagi iboralar otning miqdorini ko‘rsatish uchun ishlatiladi.
Ibora Talaffuz Ma’nosi
a lot of ə lot əv Ko‘p
lots of lots əv Ko‘p
plenty of plenti əv Juda ko‘p / mo‘l
a number of ə nambər əv Bir qancha
a great number of ə greyt nambər əv Juda ko‘p
a large number of ə larj nambər əv Ko‘p miqdordagi
a small number of ə smol nambər əv Kam sonli
a great deal of ə greyt dil əv Juda ko‘p (sanalmaydigan otlar bilan)
a large amount of ə larj əmaunt əv Ko‘p miqdordagi
a small amount of ə smol əmaunt əv Kam miqdordagi
a majority of ə məjoriti əv Ko‘pchilik
a minority of ə maynoriti əv Ozchilik
a pair of ə per əv Bir juft
a couple of ə kapl əv Ikki / bir nechta
a range of ə reynj əv Turli xil / bir qator
a variety of ə vərayəti əv Turli xil
a series of ə siriz əv Bir turkum
a set of ə set əv Bir to‘plam
a group of ə grup əv Bir guruh
a number of ə nambər əv Bir qancha
Misol:
A lot of students study English.
Ko‘p o‘quvchilar ingliz tilini o‘rganadi.
13. Kasrlar va qismlarni bildiruvchi ifodalar
Ibora Talaffuz Ma’nosi
half hef Yarmi
a half ə hef Yarmi
quarter kwortər Chorak
a quarter ə kwortər To‘rtdan bir
third thərd Uchdan bir
a third ə thərd Uchdan bir
two-thirds tu thərdz Uchdan ikki
three-quarters thri kwortərz To‘rtdan uch
part of part əv Bir qismi
most of moust əv Ko‘pchilik / aksariyat qismi
some of sam əv Ba’zilari
all of ol əv Barchasi
none of nan əv Hech biri
Misollar:
Half the students left.
O‘quvchilarning yarmi ketdi.
Most of the students passed.
O‘quvchilarning aksariyati imtihondan o‘tdi.
14. None va neither
none
Bu so‘z ikki yoki undan ortiq kishidan iborat guruh haqida gapirganda ishlatilishi mumkin.
None of the students came.
O‘quvchilarning hech biri kelmadi.
neither
Bu so‘z ikki kishidan yoki narsadan hech birini bildirmaydi.
Neither student came.
Ikki o‘quvchining hech biri kelmadi.
either
Ikki kishidan yoki narsadan biri.
Either student can help you.
Ikki o‘quvchidan biri senga yordam bera oladi.
15. Inkor ma’nosidagi aniqlovchilar
Aniqlovchi Talaffuz Ma’nosi Misol
no nou Hech qanday no money
neither naydhər Ikkalasidan hech biri neither student
no other nou aðər Boshqa hech qanday no other option
not a not ə Birorta ham emas not a single person
not any not eni Hech qanday emas not any books
Misol:
No student was absent.
Hech bir o‘quvchi darsda yo‘q emasdi.
16. Faqat aniqlovchi bo‘lib ishlatilmaydigan, ammo otni belgilashi mumkin bo‘lgan so‘zlar
Ba’zi so‘zlar vaziyat va ishlatilishiga qarab aniqlovchi vazifasini bajarishi mumkin.
So‘z Talaffuz Aniqlovchi sifatidagi misol
certain sərtən certain people = muayyan odamlar
certain sərtən a certain person = muayyan bir kishi
particular pərtikyələr a particular reason = muayyan sabab
specific spəsifik a specific case = muayyan holat
given givən given circumstances = berilgan sharoitlar
same seym the same person = aynan o‘sha kishi
next nekst next week = kelasi hafta
last last last year = o‘tgan yil
previous priviyəs previous examples = oldingi misollar
following folouing the following day = keyingi kun
certain sərtən certain circumstances = muayyan sharoitlar
various veriyəs various reasons = turli sabablar
numerous nyumərəs numerous examples = ko‘plab misollar
countless kauntləs countless possibilities = son-sanoqsiz imkoniyatlar
different difrənt different ideas = turli fikrlar
same seym the same answer = aynan bir xil javob
17. Next va last kabi so‘zlar
Bu so‘zlarning ma’nosi oldidan the kelishiga qarab o‘zgarishi mumkin.
next week
I will travel next week.
Men kelasi hafta sayohat qilaman.
the next week
Bu shakl odatda oldindan belgilangan yoki muayyan vaqt ketma-ketligidagi keyingi haftani bildiradi.
The next week was very busy.
Keyingi hafta juda band bo‘ldi.
Xuddi shu farq:
last year = o‘tgan yil
the last year = oxirgi yil / so‘nggi yil
18. Kuchaytiruvchi aniqlovchi birikmalar
Ibora Talaffuz Ma’nosi
each and every ich ənd evri Har birining barchasi
every single evri singl Har bir alohida
each individual ich individjuəl Har bir shaxs
any given eni givən Istalgan muayyan
a certain ə sərtən Muayyan bir
one particular van pərtikyələr Aynan bir muayyan
the whole dhə houl Butun
the entire dhi intayər Butun / to‘liq
the total dhə toutl Jami / umumiy
Misollar:
Every single student passed.
Har bir o‘quvchi imtihondan o‘tdi.
The entire class left.
Butun sinf ketdi.
19. Whole va entire
Ikkalasi ham deyarli bir xil ma’noni, ya’ni butunlikni bildiradi.
the whole + ot
I read the whole book.
Men butun kitobni o‘qidim.
the entire + ot
I read the entire book.
Men kitobni to‘liq o‘qidim.
20. Egalik va aniqlikni bildiruvchi maxsus shakllar
Bu shakllar egalikni ko‘rsatish uchun ishlatiladi.
Ibora Talaffuz Ma’nosi
John's jonz Jonga tegishli
Mary's meriz Maryga tegishli
the man's dhə mændz Erkakka tegishli
the students' dhə styudents O‘quvchilarga tegishli
Misol:
John's car is new.
Jonning mashinasi yangi.
John's shakli egalikni bildiradi.
21. Aniqlovchilarning tartibi
Odatda ikki asosiy aniqlovchi bir xil ot oldidan istalgan tartibda kelavermaydi.
Misol:
the three old books
Uchta eski kitob
Noto‘g‘ri:
❌ three the books
To‘g‘ri tartib:
Asosiy aniqlovchi + son yoki miqdor + sifat + ot
Misol:
the two beautiful houses
Ikkita chiroyli uy
22. Cheklangan aniqlovchilarni birga ishlatish mumkinmi?
Ba’zan mumkin, ammo barcha aniqlovchilarni birga ishlatib bo‘lmaydi.
❌ a the book
Bunday demaymiz:
❌ a the book
❌ this my book
Ingliz tilida odatda bu shakllar ishlatilmaydi:
❌ this my book
Buning o‘rniga:
this book of mine
Bu kitob meniki.
Lekin quyidagi tuzilmalar mumkin:
all my books
Barcha kitoblarim
all + my + books
Shuningdek:
both my parents
Ikkala ota-onam
half the money
Pulning yarmi
23. Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar bilan aniqlovchilar
Birlikdagi sanaladigan otlar
Quyidagilar ishlatilishi mumkin:
a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another
Misollar:
a book
Bir kitob
this book
Bu kitob
every book
Har bir kitob
Ko‘plikdagi sanaladigan otlar
Quyidagilar ishlatilishi mumkin:
the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer
Misol:
many books
Ko‘p kitoblar
Sanalmaydigan otlar
Quyidagilar ishlatilishi mumkin:
the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most
Misol:
much water
Ko‘p suv
24. Several
Several bir nechta degan ma’noni bildiradi.
Several students came.
Bir nechta o‘quvchi keldi.
Ma’nosi taxminan:
Ikki yoki undan ko‘proq, lekin juda ko‘p bo‘lmagan miqdor.
25. Certain / various / numerous
So‘z Talaffuz Ma’nosi Misol
certain sərtən Muayyan / ayrim certain people
various veriyəs Turli xil various reasons
numerous nyumərəs Ko‘plab numerous examples
countless kauntləs Son-sanoqsiz countless opportunities
several sevrəl Bir nechta several books
different difrənt Turli xil different ideas
12- Shart gaplar (IF CONDITIONAL)
Tur Asosiy tuzilma Tuzilmaning talaffuzi Zamon / ma’no
Nol shart turi If + Present Simple, Present Simple If + hozirgi zamon, hozirgi zamon Umumiy haqiqat / odat
Birinchi shart turi If + Present Simple, will + V1 If + hozirgi zamon, vil + V1 Kelajakdagi ehtimol
Ikkinchi shart turi If + Past Simple, would + V1 If + o‘tgan zamon, wud + V1 Hozirgi yoki kelajakdagi faraziy holat
Uchinchi shart turi If + Past Perfect, would have + V3 If + o‘tgan tugallangan zamon, wud hev + V3 O‘tmishdagi amalga oshmagan holat
Birinchi aralash shart turi If + Past Perfect, would + V1 If + o‘tgan tugallangan zamon, wud + V1 O‘tmish → hozirgi natija
Ikkinchi aralash shart turi If + Past Simple, would have + V3 If + o‘tgan zamon, wud hev + V3 Hozirgi holat → o‘tmishdagi natija
Tur Tuzilma Tuzilmaning talaffuzi Misol Misolning talaffuzi Ma’nosi
Would Simple would + V1 wud + V1 I would eat. Ay wud it. Men yegan bo‘lardim.
Would Continuous would be + V-ing wud bi + V-ing I would be eating. Ay wud bi iting. Men ovqat yeyayotgan bo‘lardim.
Would Perfect would have + V3 wud hev + V3 I would have eaten. Ay wud hev itən. Men yegan bo‘lardim.
Would Perfect Continuous would have been + V-ing wud hev bin + V-ing I would have been eating. Ay wud hev bin iting. Men ovqat yeyayotgan bo‘lgan bo‘lardim.
Barcha olmoshlar bilan
Olmosh Would + V1 Would be + V-ing Would have + V3 Would have been + V-ing
I I would eat. I would be eating. I would have eaten. I would have been eating.
You You would eat. You would be eating. You would have eaten. You would have been eating.
He He would eat. He would be eating. He would have eaten. He would have been eating.
She She would eat. She would be eating. She would have eaten. She would have been eating.
It It would eat. It would be eating. It would have eaten. It would have been eating.
We We would eat. We would be eating. We would have eaten. We would have been eating.
They They would eat. They would be eating. They would have eaten. They would have been eating.
Barcha shakllar: Would Negative — Active
Tur Tuzilma Tuzilmaning talaffuzi Misol Misolning talaffuzi Ma’nosi
Oddiy faraziy would not + V1 wud not + V1 I would not eat. Ay wud not it. Men ovqat yemagan bo‘lardim.
Davomiy faraziy would not be + V-ing wud not bi + V-ing I would not be eating. Ay wud not bi iting. Men ovqat yeyayotgan bo‘lmasdim.
Tugallangan faraziy would not have + V3 wud not hev + V3 I would not have eaten. Ay wud not hev itən. Men ovqat yemagan bo‘lardim.
Tugallangan davomiy faraziy would not have been + V-ing wud not hev bin + V-ing I would not have been eating. Ay wud not hev bin iting. Men ovqat yeyayotgan bo‘lmagan bo‘lardim.
Barcha olmoshlar
Olmosh Would not + V1 Would not be + V-ing Would not have + V3 Would not have been + V-ing
I I would not eat. I would not be eating. I would not have eaten. I would not have been eating.
You You would not eat. You would not be eating. You would not have eaten. You would not have been eating.
He He would not eat. He would not be eating. He would not have eaten. He would not have been eating.
She She would not eat. She would not be eating. She would not have eaten. She would not have been eating.
It It would not eat. It would not be eating. It would not have eaten. It would not have been eating.
We We would not eat. We would not be eating. We would not have eaten. We would not have been eating.
They They would not eat. They would not be eating. They would not have eaten. They would not have been eating.
Qisqartmalar
To‘liq shakl Qisqartma Talaffuz
would not + V1 wouldn't + V1 wudnt + V1
would not be + V-ing wouldn't be + V-ing wudnt bi + V-ing
would not have + V3 wouldn't have + V3 wudnt hev + V3
would not have been + V-ing wouldn't have been + V-ing wudnt hev bin + V-ing
Barcha shakllar: Would Passive
Tur Tuzilma Tuzilmaning talaffuzi Misol Misolning talaffuzi Ma’nosi
Oddiy would be + V3 wud bi + V3 The book would be read. Dhə buk wud bi red. Kitob o‘qilgan bo‘lardi.
Davomiy would be being + V3 wud bi biying + V3 The book would be being read. Dhə buk wud bi biying red. Kitob o‘qilayotgan bo‘lardi.
Tugallangan would have been + V3 wud hev bin + V3 The book would have been read. Dhə buk wud hev bin red. Kitob o‘qilgan bo‘lardi.
Tugallangan davomiy would have been being + V3 wud hev bin biying + V3 The book would have been being read. Dhə buk wud hev bin biying red. Kitob o‘qilayotgan bo‘lgan bo‘lardi.
Barcha olmoshlar bilan
Olmosh Would Passive Simple Would Passive Continuous Would Passive Perfect Would Passive Perfect Continuous
I I would be seen. I would be being seen. I would have been seen. I would have been being seen.
You You would be seen. You would be being seen. You would have been seen. You would have been being seen.
He He would be seen. He would be being seen. He would have been seen. He would have been being seen.
She She would be seen. She would be being seen. She would have been seen. She would have been being seen.
It It would be seen. It would be being seen. It would have been seen. It would have been being seen.
We We would be seen. We would be being seen. We would have been seen. We would have been being seen.
They They would be seen. They would be being seen. They would have been seen. They would have been being seen.
Inkor shakli — Would Passive Negative
Tur Tuzilma Misol Misolning talaffuzi Ma’nosi
Oddiy would not be + V3 The book would not be read. Dhə buk wud not bi red. Kitob o‘qilmagan bo‘lardi.
Davomiy would not be being + V3 The book would not be being read. Dhə buk wud not bi biying red. Kitob o‘qilayotgan bo‘lmasdi.
Tugallangan would not have been + V3 The book would not have been read. Dhə buk wud not hev bin red. Kitob o‘qilmagan bo‘lardi.
Tugallangan davomiy would not have been being + V3 The book would not have been being read. Dhə buk wud not hev bin biying red. Kitob o‘qilayotgan bo‘lgan bo‘lmasdi.
Shart gaplarda ishlatiladigan asosiy so‘zlar
So‘z / ibora Talaffuz Ma’nosi Ishlatilishi
if if Agar Asosiy shart bog‘lovchisi
if not if not Agar ... bo‘lmasa Inkor sharti
unless anles Agar ... bo‘lmasa Ko‘pincha if ... not ma’nosida
when wen Qachonki / -ganda Kutiladigan yoki takroriy holat
whenever> wen-ever Har safar / qachon bo‘lmasin Takroriy shart
even if ivən if Hatto ... bo‘lsa ham Natija o‘zgarmaydigan shart
only if ounli if Faqat ... bo‘lsa Majburiy shart
if and only if if ənd ounli if Agar va faqat agar Zarur va yetarli shart
as long as əz long əz Modomiki / sharti bilan Shart
so long as sou long əz Modomiki / sharti bilan As long as bilan o‘xshash
provided that prəvaydid dhæt Sharti bilan Rasmiy shart
providing that prəvayding dhæt Sharti bilan Shart
on condition that on kəndishən dhæt Sharti bilan Rasmiy shart
in case in keys Ehtimol ... bo‘lsa deb / zarurat uchun Ehtiyot chorasi
in the event that in dhi ivent dhæt Shunday holat yuz bersa Rasmiy ifoda
assuming that əsuming dhæt Faraz qilaylik ... Faraz
supposing that səpouzing dhæt Faraz qilaylik ... Faraz
suppose səpouz Faraz qil / agar ... bo‘lsa Farazni kiritish
what if wot if Agar ... bo‘lsa-chi? Ehtimol haqida savol
if only if ounli Qaniydi / agar faqat ... bo‘lsa edi Istak yoki afsus
even though ivən dhou Garchi ... bo‘lsa ham Shart emas, qarama-qarshilikni bildiradi
whether wedhər ... yoki yo‘qligi Tanlov yoki noaniqlik
when wen Qachon / -ganda
only when ounli wen Faqat ... bo‘lganda
13- Qiyosiy va orttirma daraja (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)
Qisqa qiyosiy daraja tan sifat + -er + than tan sifat + -er + dhan taller than taller than (balandroq)
Qisqa orttirma daraja the + sifat + -est dha + sifat + ist the tallest the tallest (eng baland)
Uzun sifatlarning qiyosiy darajasi more + sifat + than mor + sifat + dhan more beautiful than more beautiful than (chiroyliroq)
Uzun sifatlarning orttirma darajasi the most + sifat dha moust + sifat the most beautiful the most beautiful (eng chiroyli)
Kamlikni bildiruvchi qiyosiy daraja less + sifat + than les + sifat + dhan less expensive than less expensive than (arzonroq)
Kamlikni bildiruvchi orttirma daraja the least + sifat dha liist + sifat the least expensive the least expensive (eng kam qimmat)
Tenglik as + sifat + as ez + sifat + ez as tall as as tall as (shunchalik baland)
Teng emaslik not as + sifat + as not ez + sifat + ez not as tall as not as tall as (unchalik baland emas)
Tenglikning qisqa shakli as + sifat ez + sifat tall as tall as
Teng emaslikning qisqa shakli not + sifat + as not + sifat + ez not tall as not tall as
Kuchaytirilgan qiyoslash much/far/a lot + qiyosiy daraja mach/far/e lot + qiyosiy daraja much better much better (ancha yaxshiroq)
Biroz qiyoslash a little/slightly + qiyosiy daraja e litl/slaytli + qiyosiy daraja slightly better slightly better (biroz yaxshiroq)
Borgan sari ortib borish qiyosiy daraja + and + qiyosiy daraja qiyosiy daraja + end + qiyosiy daraja bigger and bigger bigger and bigger (tobora kattaroq)
Ikki qismli qiyoslash the + qiyosiy daraja, the + qiyosiy daraja dha + qiyosiy daraja, dha + qiyosiy daraja the more, the better the more, the better (qancha ko‘p bo‘lsa, shuncha yaxshi)
Guruh ichidagi eng yuqori daraja the + orttirma daraja + in/of dha + orttirma daraja + in/of the best in the class the best in the class (sinfdagi eng yaxshisi)
Bir nechtadan biri one of the + orttirma daraja + ko‘plikdagi ot uan ov dha + orttirma daraja + ko‘plikdagi ot one of the best students one of the best students (eng yaxshi o‘quvchilardan biri)
Eng yaxshilardan biri ekanini kuchaytirish by far + the + orttirma daraja bay far + dha + orttirma daraja by far the best by far the best (shubhasiz eng yaxshi)
Fe’l bilan qiyoslash fe’l + more/less fe’l + mor/les work more work more (ko‘proq ishlamoq)
Sanaladigan otlar bilan qiyoslash more/fewer + ko‘plikdagi ot mor/fyu-er + ko‘plikdagi ot more books / fewer books more books / fewer books (ko‘proq kitob / kamroq kitob)
Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan qiyoslash more/less + sanalmaydigan ot mor/les + sanalmaydigan ot more water / less water more water / less water (ko‘proq suv / kamroq suv)
Pul miqdorini qiyoslash more/less + ot mor/les + ot more money more money (ko‘proq pul)
Odamlar sonini qiyoslash more/fewer + ko‘plikdagi ot mor/fyu-er + ko‘plikdagi ot more people more people (ko‘proq odam)
Pul miqdorini ikki baravar qiyoslash twice as much as tuays ez mach ez twice as much money twice as much money (ikki baravar ko‘p pul)
Sanaladigan narsalar sonini ikki baravar qiyoslash twice as many as tuays ez meni ez twice as many books twice as many books (ikki baravar ko‘p kitob)
I am as tall as him — Men u kabi balandman.
Qachon -er va qachon more ishlatiladi?
Bu muhim qoida.
Holat Ishlatilishi Misol Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
Qisqa sifat, odatda bir bo‘g‘inli -er -er taller taller (balandroq)
Qisqa sifat, odatda bir bo‘g‘inli -er -er smaller smaller (kichikroq)
-y bilan tugaydigan sifat -y ni -i ga o‘zgartirib, -er qo‘shiladi -y ni -i ga o‘zgartirib, -er qo‘shiladi happier happier (baxtliroq)
-e bilan tugaydigan sifat -r -r larger larger (kattaroq)
Uzun sifat, odatda ikki yoki undan ortiq bo‘g‘inli more mor more beautiful more beautiful (yanada chiroyliroq)
Uzun sifat more mor more expensive more expensive (qimmatroq)
Uzun sifat more mor more interesting more interesting (qiziqarliroq)
15- Nisbiy ergash gaplar (RELATIVE CLAUSES)
Gap turi Vosita yoki tuzilma Inglizcha talaffuzga oid ko‘rsatma Misol Misolning talaffuzi Tarjimasi
Aniqlovchi nisbiy gap who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why hu / hum / huz / wich / dhat / wer / wen / way The man who lives here is my teacher. dha men hu livz hir iz may ticher Bu yerda yashaydigan erkak mening o‘qituvchim.
Izohlovchi nisbiy gap who / whom / whose / which / where / when hu / hum / huz / wich / wer / wen My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. may bradhar, hu livz in landan, iz a doktor Londonda yashaydigan akam yoki ukam shifokor.
Ega vazifasidagi nisbiy gap who/which/that + fe’l hu / wich / dhat + fe’l The woman who works here is friendly. dha wuman hu works hir iz frendli Bu yerda ishlaydigan ayol xushmuomala.
To‘ldiruvchi vazifasidagi nisbiy gap who/whom/which/that + ega + fe’l hu / hum / wich / dhat + ega + fe’l The man whom I met was kind. dha men hum ay met woz kaynd Men uchratgan erkak mehribon edi.
Tushirib qoldirilgan nisbiy olmosh ot + ega + fe’l ot + ega + fe’l The book I bought is interesting. dha buk ay bot iz intresting Men sotib olgan kitob qiziqarli.
Egalikni bildiruvchi nisbiy gap whose + ot huz + ot The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. dha girl huz father iz a doktor iz may frend Otasi shifokor bo‘lgan qiz mening do‘stim.
Joyni bildiruvchi nisbiy gap where + gap wer + gap This is the house where I grew up. dhis iz dha haus wer ay gru ap Bu men ulg‘aygan uy.
Vaqtni bildiruvchi nisbiy gap when + gap wen + gap I remember the day when we met. ay rimember dha dey wen wi met Men uchrashgan kunimizni eslayman.
Sababni bildiruvchi nisbiy gap why + gap way + gap I know the reason why he left. ay nou dha rizon way hi left Men uning ketish sababini bilaman.
Predlog bilan ishlatiladigan nisbiy gap predlog + whom/which predlog + hum / wich The person to whom I spoke was helpful. dha person tu hum ay spouk woz helpful Men gaplashgan kishi yordam berdi.
Qisqartirilgan V-ing shakli ot + V-ing ot + V-ing The man standing there is my brother. dha men standing dher iz may bradhar U yerda turgan erkak mening akam yoki ukam.
Qisqartirilgan V3 shakli ot + V3 ot + V3 The documents signed yesterday are important. dha dokumentz saynd yesterdey ar important Kecha imzolangan hujjatlar muhim.
Infinitivli nisbiy gap ot + to + V1 ot + tu + V1 She was the first person to arrive. shi woz dha first person tu arayv U yetib kelgan birinchi odam edi.
Murakkab nisbiy shakllar whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however hu-ever / wat-ever / wich-ever / wer-ever / wen-ever / hau-ever Take whatever you want. teyk wat-ever yu wont O‘zing xohlagan narsani ol.
Butun gapga ishora qiluvchi nisbiy gap , which + gap wich + gap He missed the bus, which made him late. hi mist dha bas, wich meyd him leyt U avtobusga ulgurmay qoldi, bu esa uni kechiktirdi.
Ot vazifasidagi nisbiy shakl what / whatever / whoever / whichever wat / wat-ever / hu-ever / wich-ever I know what you mean. ay nou wat yu min Men nimani nazarda tutayotganingni bilaman.
Ichma-ich nisbiy gap nisbiy gap ichida yana nisbiy gap relative clause inside a relative clause The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. dha men hu livz in dha haus dhat ay bot iz may neybor Men sotib olgan uyda yashaydigan erkak mening qo‘shnim.
16- Ko‘chirma va o‘zlashtirma gap (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)
Gap turi Tuzilishi Tuzilish talaffuzi Ko‘chirma gap O‘zlashtirma gap Tarjima
Darak gap, tasdiq said (that) + gap sed (dhat) + gap He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. U charchaganini aytdi.
Darak gap, inkor said (that) + ega + not + fe’l sed (dhat) + ega + not + fe’l He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. U charchamaganini aytdi.
Ha/yo‘q savoli asked if/whether + gap askt if/whether + gap He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. U mening tayyor ekanligimni so‘radi.
So‘roq so‘zli savol asked + so‘roq so‘zi + gap askt + question word + gap He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. U qayerda yashashimni so‘radi.
Buyruq, tasdiq told + to‘ldiruvchi + to + V1 tould + object + tu + V1 He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. U menga eshikni ochishni buyurdi.
Buyruq, inkor told + to‘ldiruvchi + not to + V1 tould + object + not tu + V1 He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. U menga eshikni ochmaslikni buyurdi.
Iltimos asked + to‘ldiruvchi + to + V1 askt + object + tu + V1 She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. U mendan unga yordam berishimni so‘radi.
Salbiy iltimos asked + to‘ldiruvchi + not to + V1 askt + object + not tu + V1 She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. U mendan ketmasligimni so‘radi.
Maslahat advised + to‘ldiruvchi + to + V1 ad-vayzd + object + tu + V1 He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. U menga ko‘proq o‘qishni maslahat berdi.
Salbiy maslahat advised + to‘ldiruvchi + not to + V1 ad-vayzd + object + not tu + V1 He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. U menga tez haydamaslikni maslahat berdi.
Taklif suggested + V-ing sajested + V-ing He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. U borishni taklif qildi.
That bilan taklif suggested that + ega + should + V1 sajested dhat + ega + shud + V1 He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. U borishimizni taklif qildi.
Va’da promised + to + V1 promist + tu + V1 He said, “I will help you.” He promised to help me. U menga yordam berishga va’da berdi.
Rad etish refused + to + V1 rifyuzd + tu + V1 He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. U borishdan bosh tortdi.
Yordam taklif qilish offered + to + V1 oferd + tu + V1 He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. U menga yordam berishni taklif qildi.
Ogohlantirish warned + to‘ldiruvchi + to + V1 vornd + object + tu + V1 He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. U meni ehtiyot bo‘lish haqida ogohlantirdi.
Salbiy ogohlantirish warned + to‘ldiruvchi + not to + V1 vornd + object + not tu + V1 He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. U meni unga tegmaslik haqida ogohlantirdi.
Kechirim so‘rash apologized for + V-ing apolajayzd for + V-ing He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. U yolg‘on gapirgani uchun kechirim so‘radi.
Tan olish admitted + V-ing admitid + V-ing He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. U uni sindirganini tan oldi.
Inkor etish denied + V-ing dinayd + V-ing He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. U uni sindirganini inkor etdi.
Ayblash accused + to‘ldiruvchi + of + V-ing akyuzd + object + of + V-ing He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. U meni uni o‘g‘irlashda aybladi.
Aybdor qilish blamed + to‘ldiruvchi + for + V-ing bleymd + object + for + V-ing He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. U muammoni keltirib chiqarganim uchun meni aybladi.
Tabriklash congratulated + to‘ldiruvchi + on + V-ing/ot kongrachuleytid + object + on + V-ing/noun He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. U meni g‘alaba bilan tabrikladi.
O‘zlashtirma gapda zamonlarning o‘zgarishi (Reported Speech)
Ko‘chirma gap o‘zlashtirma gapga aylantirilganda, odatda zamon bir pog‘ona o‘tmishga suriladi. Bu Backshift deb ataladi.
Ko‘chirma gap zamoni O‘zlashtirma gap zamoni Talaffuz
Present Simple Past Simple present simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous present continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect present perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous present perfect continuous
Past Simple Past Perfect past simple
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous past continuous
Past Perfect Past Perfect past perfect
will + V1 would + V1 would + V1
will be + V-ing would be + V-ing would be + V-ing
will have + V3 would have + V3 would have + V3
can + V1 could + V1 could + V1
may + V1 might + V1 might + V1
must + V1 had to + V1 had to + V1
3. Backshift misollari
Ko‘chirma gap O‘zlashtirma gap Tarjima
He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. U o‘sha yerda ishlashini aytdi.
He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. U ishlayotganini aytdi.
He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. U ishni tugatganini aytdi.
He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. U ishni tugatganini aytdi.
He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. U uxlayotgan bo‘lganini aytdi.
He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. U kelishini aytdi.
He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. U suza olishini aytdi.
He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. U kelishi mumkinligini aytdi.
4. Olmoshlarning o‘zgarishi
Ko‘chirma gap O‘zlashtirma gap
I he / she
me him / her
my his / her
mine his / hers
we they
us them
our their
ours theirs
you I / we / he / she / they — vaziyatga qarab
your my / our / his / her / their — vaziyatga qarab
Misol:
Direct: She said, “I love my house.”
Reported: She said that she loved her house.
Talaffuz: shi sed dhat shi lavd her haus.
Tarjima: U o‘z uyini sevishini aytdi.
5. Vaqt va joyni bildiruvchi so‘zlarning o‘zgarishi
Ko‘chirma gap O‘zlashtirma gap
now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before / the previous day
tomorrow the next day / the following day
last week the previous week
next week the following week
ago before
here there
this that
these those
17- Infinitivlar va fe’ldan yasalgan otlar (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)
Tur Inglizcha atama Talaffuz Tuzilishi Tuzilish talaffuzi Ma’nosi yoki ishlatilishi
To bilan infinitiv to-infinitive to-infinitive to + V1 to + V1 biror ishni qilish
To siz infinitiv bare infinitive bare infinitive V1 V1 to ishlatilmaydigan asosiy fe’l shakli
-ing shaklidagi fe’ldan yasalgan ot gerund gerund V-ing V-ing harakatni ot sifatida ifodalash
Tugallangan infinitiv perfect infinitive perfect infinitive to have + V3 to have + V3 biror ishni allaqachon bajargan bo‘lish
Davomiy infinitiv continuous infinitive continuous infinitive to be + V-ing to be + V-ing biror ishni bajarayotgan bo‘lish
Tugallangan davomiy infinitiv perfect continuous infinitive perfect continuous infinitive to have been + V-ing to have been + V-ing biror ishni ma’lum vaqt davomida bajargan bo‘lish
Majhul nisbatdagi infinitiv passive infinitive passive infinitive to be + V3 to be + V3 bajarilmoq yoki qilinmoq
Tugallangan majhul infinitiv perfect passive infinitive perfect passive infinitive to have been + V3 to have been + V3 bajarilgan bo‘lmoq
# Tur Inglizcha tuzilish Tuzilish talaffuzi Misol Misolning talaffuzi Tarjima
1 Adjective + V-ing ega + be + sifat + V-ing ega + be + adjective + V-ing I am happy seeing you. ay em hepi siying yu Seni ko‘rib xursandman.
2 Adjective + to-infinitive ega + be + sifat + to + V1 ega + be + adjective + to + V1 I am happy to see you. ay em hepi tu si yu Seni ko‘rganimdan xursandman.
3 Verb + to-infinitive ega + plan + to + V1 ega + plan + to + V1 I plan to eat. ay plan tu it Men ovqatlanishni rejalashtiryapman.
4 Verb + V-ing ega + plan + V-ing ega + plan + V-ing I plan eating. ay plan iyting Men ovqatlanishni rejalashtiryapman, ammo bu shakl odatda tabiiy emas.
5 Perception verb + object + V1 ega + see + to‘ldiruvchi + V1 ega + see + object + V1 I see him run. ay si him ran Men uning yugurayotganini ko‘raman.
6 Perception verb + object + V-ing ega + see + to‘ldiruvchi + V-ing ega + see + object + V-ing I see him running. ay si him raning Men uning yugurayotganini ko‘ryapman.
7 Maqsad + to-infinitive ega + fe’l + to + V1 ega + verb + to + V1 I eat to play. ay it tu pley Men o‘ynash uchun ovqatlanaman.
8 Maqsad + in order to ega + fe’l + in order to + V1 ega + verb + in order to + V1 I eat in order to play. ay it in order tu pley Men o‘ynash uchun ovqatlanaman.
18- Subjunktiv mayl (SUBJUNCTIVE)
Tur Tuzilishi Tuzilish talaffuzi Misol Misolning talaffuzi Tarjima
1 Present Subjunctive ega + that + fe’lning asosiy shakli V1 ega + that + V1 I suggest that he go. ay sajest dhat hi gou Men uning borishini taklif qilaman.
2 Negative Present Subjunctive ega + that + not + fe’lning asosiy shakli V1 ega + that + not + V1 I suggest that he not go. ay sajest dhat hi not gou Men uning bormasligini taklif qilaman.
3 Be Subjunctive ega + that + be + sifat/ot ega + that + be + adjective/noun It is important that he be ready. it iz important dhat hi bi redi Uning tayyor bo‘lishi muhim.
4 Talab yoki tavsiyadan keyin ega + that + ega + V1 ega + that + ega + V1 They demanded that she leave. dhey dimandid dhat shi liv Ular uning ketishini talab qilishdi.
5 Insist fe’lidan keyin ega + that + ega + V1 ega + that + ega + V1 I insist that he stay. ay insist dhat hi stey Men uning qolishini talab qilaman.
6 Require fe’lidan keyin ega + that + ega + V1 ega + that + ega + V1 The law requires that everyone be present. dha lo rikwayarz dhat evriwan bi prezent Qonun hammaning hozir bo‘lishini talab qiladi.
7 Were subjunktivi If + ega + were + ... if + ega + were + ... If I were you, I would wait. if ay wer yu, ay wud weyt Agar men sening o‘rningda bo‘lganimda, kutardim.
8 Wish + were ega + wish + ega + were + ... ega + wish + ega + were + ... I wish I were taller. ay wish ay wer taller Qaniydi, bo‘yim balandroq bo‘lsa.
9 Rasmiy faraziy inversiya Were + ega + ... were + ega + ... Were I you, I would wait. wer ay yu, ay wud weyt Agar men sening o‘rningda bo‘lganimda, kutardim.
10 Qotib qolgan yoki rasmiy ibora God/Heaven + V1 God/Heaven + V1 God save the King. god seyv dha king Xudo qirolni asrasin.
19- Tasdiq savollari (TAG QUESTIONS)
Tur Tuzilishi Inglizcha talaffuzga oid ko‘rsatma To‘liq misol Misolning talaffuzi Tarjima
Tag Question — tasdiq gapdan keyin inkor ijobiy gap + inkor yordamchi fe’l + ega? ijobiy gap + negative auxiliary + subject? You are ready, aren't you? yu ar redi, arnt yu? Sen tayyorsan, shundaymi?
Tag Question — inkor gapdan keyin tasdiq inkor gap + tasdiq yordamchi fe’l + ega? negative sentence + positive auxiliary + subject? You aren't ready, are you? yu arnt redi, ar yu? Sen tayyor emassan, shundaymi?
Present Simple gap + don't/doesn't + ega? sentence + don't/doesn't + subject? She works here, doesn't she? shi works hir, daznt shi? U shu yerda ishlaydi, shundaymi?
Past Simple gap + didn't/did + ega? sentence + didn't/did + subject? You saw him, didn't you? yu so him, didnt yu? Sen uni ko‘rding, shundaymi?
Be gap + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + ega? sentence + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + subject? He is here, isn't he? hi iz hir, iznt hi? U shu yerda, shundaymi?
Present Continuous gap + isn't/aren't + ega? sentence + isn't/aren't + subject? She is working, isn't she? shi iz working, iznt shi? U ishlayapti, shundaymi?
Present Perfect gap + hasn't/haven't + ega? sentence + hasn't/haven't + subject? They have finished, haven't they? dhey hav finished, havent dhey? Ular tugatishdi, shundaymi?
Past Perfect gap + hadn't + ega? sentence + hadn't + subject? He had left, hadn't he? hi had left, hadnt hi? U ketgan edi, shundaymi?
Future — will gap + won't + ega? sentence + won't + subject? You will come, won't you? yu wil kam, wont yu? Sen kelasan, shundaymi?
Modal gap + modal fe’lning inkor shakli + ega? sentence + negative modal + subject? He can swim, can't he? hi ken swim, kant hi? U suza oladi, shundaymi?
Let's Let's + V1, shall we? lets + V1, shal wi? Let's go, shall we? lets gou, shal wi? Keling, boramiz, maylimi?
Buyruq gap V1 + will you? V1 + will yu? Open the door, will you? oupen dha dor, wil yu? Eshikni ochib yubor, xo‘pmi?
Inkor savol — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + ega + V1? dont/da znt + subject + V1? Don't you like coffee? dont yu layk kofi? Sen qahvani yoqtirmaysanmi?
Inkor savol — Past Simple Didn't + ega + V1? didnt + subject + V1? Didn't you see him? didnt yu si him? Sen uni ko‘rmadingmi?
Inkor savol — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + ega...? isnt/arent/wasnt/werent + subject? Isn't he ready? isnt hi redi? U tayyor emasmi?
Inkor savol — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + ega + V-ing? isnt/arent + subject + V-ing? Isn't she working? isnt shi working? U ishlamayaptimi?
Inkor savol — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + ega + V3? havent/hasnt + subject + V3? Haven't you finished? havent yu finished? Sen tugatmadingmi?
Inkor savol — Future Won't + ega + V1? wont + subject + V1? Won't you come with us? wont yu kam with as? Biz bilan kelmaysanmi?
Inkor savol — Modal Modal inkor shakli + ega + V1? negative modal + subject + V1? Can't you help me? kant yu help mi? Menga yordam bera olmaysanmi?
To‘liq inkor savol yordamchi fe’l + ega + not + V1...? auxiliary + subject + not + V1? Do you not know? du yu not nou? Sen bilmaysanmi?
I am — Tag I am + ..., aren't I? ay em + ..., arnt ay? I am right, aren't I? ay em rayt, arnt ay? Men haqman, shunday emasmi?
Asosiy qoidalar
Qoida Misol
Tasdiq gap → inkor tag You like it, don't you?
Inkor gap → tasdiq tag You don't like it, do you?
Negative Question = inkor savol Don't you like it?
Tag Question = gap + qisqa savol You like it, don't you?
Agar gapda yordamchi fe’l mavjud bo‘lsa, tagda o‘sha fe’l ishlatiladi She is working, isn't she?
Agar Present/Past Simple gapida yordamchi fe’l bo‘lmasa, do/does/did ishlatiladi He works, doesn't he?
Inkor savolda asosiy fe’l V1 shaklida bo‘ladi Didn't you go? To‘g‘ri. ❌ Didn't you went?
Yes/No savollariga javob berishda haqiqiy ma’noga qarab javob bering Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
20- Modal so‘zlar (MODAL WORDS)
Modal fe’l Arabcha talaffuzi Asosiy ma’nosi Misol Misolning talaffuzi Tarjimasi
can ken qila olmoq / mumkin I can swim. Ay ken suim. Men suza olaman.
could kud qila olardi / qila olgan bo‘lishi mumkin I could swim when I was five. Ay kud suim uen ay uoz fayv. Men besh yoshimda suza olardim.
may mey ehtimol / mumkin It may rain. It mey reyn. Ehtimol, yomg‘ir yog‘adi.
might mayt ehtimol It might rain. It mayt reyn. Ehtimol, yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin.
must mast shart / majbur bo‘lmoq You must leave. Yu mast liiv. Sen ketishing shart.
shall shel kelasi zamon / taklif yoki maslahat Shall we go? Shel ui gou? Ketaylikmi?
should shud kerak / lozim You should rest. Yu shud rest. Sen dam olishing kerak.
will uil kelasi zamon / qilmoqchi bo‘lmoq I will help you. Ay uil help yu. Men senga yordam beraman.
would uud bo‘lardi / shartli shakl I would help you. Ay uud help yu. Men senga yordam bergan bo‘lardim.
ought to ot tu kerak / lozim You ought to study. Yu ot tu stadi. Sen o‘qishing kerak.
Asosiy qoida
Markaziy modal fe’llardan keyin odatda fe’lning birinchi shakli (V1) keladi:
modal + V1
Misol:
She can speak English.
Shi ken spiik Inglish.
U inglizcha gapira oladi.
Noto‘g‘ri:
❌ She can speaks.
2. Modal so‘zlarning vazifalari
Vazifa Modal so‘zlar va iboralar Ma’nosi
Ability — qobiliyat can, could, be able to qila olmoq
Possibility — ehtimollik can, could, may, might, might possibly mumkin / ehtimol
Permission — ruxsat can, could, may, might ruxsat / mumkin
Request — iltimos can, could, will, would, may iltimos qilish
Advice — maslahat should, ought to, had better kerak / yaxshisi
Obligation — majburiyat must, have to, have got to, need to shart / majbur
Necessity — zarurat must, have to, need to zarur / kerak
Prohibition — taqiq must not, cannot/can't, may not taqiqlangan / mumkin emas
Expectation — kutilma should, ought to, be supposed to kutilmoq / lozim bo‘lmoq
Prediction — bashorat will, shall, should, ought to bo‘ladi / kutiladi
Willingness — tayyorlik will, would tayyor bo‘lmoq / rozi bo‘lmoq
Refusal — rad etish will not, won't, would not, wouldn't rad etmoq / qilmaslik
Habit — odat would, will odatda qilmoq
Hypothetical — faraz would, could, might bo‘lardi / ehtimol qilardi
Deduction — mantiqiy xulosa must, can't, couldn't, may, might xulosa / ehtimol
Regret — afsus should have, ought to have, could have, would have qilish kerak edi / qilishi mumkin edi
Past possibility — o‘tmishdagi ehtimol may have, might have, could have ehtimol qilgan
Past deduction — o‘tmish haqida xulosa must have, can't have, couldn't have albatta qilgan / qilgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas
3. Yarim modal fe’llar — Semi-Modals
Bu iboralar markaziy modal fe’llar emas, ammo ularga o‘xshash vazifalarni bajaradi.
Modal ibora Talaffuzi Ma’nosi Misol Misol talaffuzi Tarjimasi
have to hev tu shart / majbur bo‘lmoq I have to go. Ay hev tu gou. Men ketishim kerak.
has to hez tu shart / majbur bo‘lmoq She has to work. Shi hez tu uork. U ishlashi kerak.
had to hed tu majbur edi I had to leave. Ay hed tu liiv. Men ketishga majbur edim.
have got to hev got tu shart / majbur bo‘lmoq I have got to go. Ay hev got tu gou. Men ketishim kerak.
has got to hez got tu shart / majbur bo‘lmoq He has got to leave. Hi hez got tu liiv. U ketishi kerak.
had better hed beter yaxshisi You had better go. Yu hed beter gou. Yaxshisi, sen ket.
be able to bi eybl tu qila olmoq She is able to swim. Shi iz eybl tu suim. U suza oladi.
be unable to bi aneybl tu qila olmaslik He is unable to walk. Hi iz aneybl tu uok. U yura olmaydi.
be allowed to bi elaud tu ruxsat berilmoq We are allowed to leave. Ui ar elaud tu liiv. Bizga ketishga ruxsat berilgan.
be permitted to bi permitid tu ruxsat berilmoq You are permitted to enter. Yu ar permitid tu enter. Senga kirishga ruxsat berilgan.
be supposed to bi sepo‘uzd tu kerak bo‘lmoq / kutilmoq You are supposed to wait. Yu ar sepo‘uzd tu ueyt. Sen kutishing kerak.
be required to bi rikvayrd tu talab qilinmoq You are required to sign. Yu ar rikvayrd tu sayn. Sen imzo qo‘yishing talab qilinadi.
be expected to bi ikspektid tu kutilmoq They are expected to arrive. Dey ar ikspektid tu erayv. Ularning kelishi kutilmoqda.
be willing to bi uiling tu tayyor bo‘lmoq I am willing to help. Ay em uiling tu help. Men yordam berishga tayyorman.
be unwilling to bi anuiling tu tayyor bo‘lmaslik He is unwilling to cooperate. Hi iz anuiling tu kouopereyt. U hamkorlik qilishni istamaydi.
be likely to bi laykli tu ehtimoli yuqori bo‘lmoq She is likely to win. Shi iz laykli tu uin. Uning g‘alaba qozonish ehtimoli yuqori.
be unlikely to bi anlaykli tu ehtimoli past bo‘lmoq He is unlikely to come. Hi iz anlaykli tu kam. Uning kelishi ehtimoldan yiroq.
4. Need — modal fe’lga o‘xshash shakl
Need modal fe’l sifatida ham, oddiy fe’l sifatida ham ishlatiladi.
Modal need
Need I go?
Niid ay gou?
Men borishim kerakmi?
You needn't worry.
Yu niidnt uori.
Xavotir olishing shart emas.
Oddiy fe’l need
I need to go.
Ay niid tu gou.
Men borishim kerak.
Shakl Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
need niid kerak bo‘lmoq / ehtiyoj sezmoq
needn't niidnt kerak emas
need to niid tu ... qilish kerak
don't need to dount niid tu ... qilish shart emas
didn't need to didnt niid tu ... qilish shart emas edi
5. Dare — modal fe’lga o‘xshash shakl
Dare “jur’at etmoq” ma’nosida oddiy fe’l yoki modal fe’lga o‘xshash shakl sifatida ishlatiladi.
Dare I ask?
Der ay ask?
So‘rashga jur’at etaymi?
How dare you!
Hau der yu!
Qanday jur’at qilding!
Shakl Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
dare der jur’at etmoq
daren't dernt jur’at etmaslik
dare not der not jur’at etmaslik
don't dare dount der jur’at etma
6. Used to — o‘tmishdagi odat
Used to markaziy modal fe’l emas, balki o‘tmishdagi odat yoki holatni ifodalovchi tuzilmadir.
I used to live there.
Ay yust tu liv der.
Men ilgari u yerda yashardim.
Ma’nosi:
used to + V1
= o‘tmishda muntazam sodir bo‘lgan odat yoki mavjud bo‘lgan holat.
7. Be going to
Be going to kelajakdagi reja yoki kuchli belgiga asoslangan taxminni ifodalaydi.
I am going to study.
Ay em gouing tu stadi.
Men o‘qimoqchiman.
It is going to rain.
It iz gouing tu reyn.
Yomg‘ir yog‘adiganga o‘xshaydi.
8. Ehtimollikni ifodalovchi iboralar — Modal expressions
Bu so‘zlar modal fe’llar emas, balki ehtimollikni bildiruvchi iboralardir.
Iboralar Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
perhaps perhaps ehtimol
maybe meybi ehtimol
possibly posibli ehtimol / mumkin
probably probabli ehtimol, katta ehtimol bilan
likely laykli ehtimoli yuqori
unlikely anlaykli ehtimoli past
certainly sertanli albatta
definitely definitli albatta / shubhasiz
surely shurli albatta
apparently eperentli ko‘rinishidan
presumably prizuumabli taxminan / chamasi
conceivably kensiivabli nazariy jihatdan mumkin
arguably argyuabli bahslashish mumkin bo‘lgan tarzda
necessarily neseserili muqarrar ravishda
not necessarily not neseserili muqarrar emas
Misol:
She will probably come.
Shi uil probabli kam.
U katta ehtimol bilan keladi.
9. Zaruratni ifodalovchi iboralar — Expressions of necessity
Ibora Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
must mast shart / kerak
have to hev tu majbur bo‘lmoq
have got to hev got tu shart / majbur bo‘lmoq
need to niid tu kerak / zarur
be required to bi rikvayrd tu talab qilinmoq
be obliged to bi eblaydjd tu majbur bo‘lmoq
be compelled to bi kempeld tu majbur qilinmoq
be forced to bi forst tu majburlanmoq
be necessary to bi neseseri tu zarur bo‘lmoq
be essential to bi isenshal tu juda zarur bo‘lmoq
10. Maslahatni ifodalovchi iboralar — Expressions of advice
Ibora Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
should shud kerak / lozim
ought to ot tu kerak / lozim
had better hed beter yaxshisi
might want to mayt uont tu balki ... qilganing ma’quldir
could kud ... qilishing mumkin
be advised to bi edvayzd tu ... qilish tavsiya etilmoq
it would be wise to it uud bi uayz tu ... qilish oqilona bo‘lardi
it would be better to it uud bi beter tu ... qilgan yaxshiroq bo‘lardi
Misol:
You might want to check again.
Yu mayt uont tu chek egen.
Yana bir bor tekshirib ko‘rsang yaxshi bo‘lardi.
11. Ruxsatni ifodalovchi iboralar — Expressions of permission
Ibora Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
can ken mumkin / ruxsat bor
could kud mumkinmi? / ruxsat so‘rash
may mey ruxsat etiladi / mumkin
might mayt juda rasmiy yoki ehtiyotkor ruxsat so‘rash
be allowed to bi elaud tu ruxsat berilmoq
be permitted to bi permitid tu ruxsat berilmoq
be authorized to bi othorayzd tu vakolat berilmoq
be entitled to bi intaytld tu huquqqa ega bo‘lmoq
12. Qobiliyatni ifodalovchi iboralar — Expressions of ability
Ibora Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
can ken qila olmoq
could kud qila olardi
be able to bi eybl tu qila olmoq
be capable of bi keypabl ov qodir bo‘lmoq
manage to menij tu uddalamoq
succeed in seksiid in muvaffaqiyatga erishmoq
Misol:
She was able to solve the problem.
Shi uoz eybl tu solv de problem.
U muammoni hal qila oldi.
13. Kutilmani ifodalovchi iboralar — Expressions of expectation
Ibora Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
should shud ... qilishi kutiladi
ought to ot tu ... qilishi kerak
be supposed to bi sepo‘uzd tu ... qilishi kerak
be expected to bi ikspektid tu ... qilishi kutiladi
be due to bi dyu tu ... qilishi belgilangan
be scheduled to bi skedjuld tu ... qilishi rejalashtirilgan
Misol:
The train is due to arrive at six.
De treyn iz dyu tu erayv et siks.
Poyezd soat oltida kelishi belgilangan.
14. Tayyorlikni ifodalovchi iboralar — Expressions of willingness
Ibora Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
will uil qilmoqchi bo‘lmoq / tayyor bo‘lmoq
would uud tayyor bo‘lardi / xohlamoq
be willing to bi uiling tu ... qilishga tayyor bo‘lmoq
be happy to bi hepi tu ... qilishdan mamnun bo‘lmoq
be prepared to bi priperd tu ... qilishga tayyor bo‘lmoq
be ready to bi redi tu ... qilishga tayyor bo‘lmoq
15. Rad etishni ifodalovchi iboralar — Expressions of refusal
Ibora Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
will not / won't uil not / uount qilmaydi / rad etadi
would not / wouldn't uud not / uudnt qilishni istamas edi / rad etardi
refuse to rifyuz tu ... qilishni rad etmoq
decline to diklayn tu ... qilishdan bosh tortmoq
be unwilling to bi anuiling tu ... qilishni istamaslik
16. O‘tgan zamondagi modal tuzilmalar — Past Modal Constructions
Bu tuzilmalar modal fe’llar yordamida o‘tmishdagi ehtimol, xulosa, afsus yoki bajarilmagan ishni ifodalaydi.
Tuzilma Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
could have + V3 kud hev + V3 qilgan bo‘lishi mumkin edi
may have + V3 mey hev + V3 ehtimol qilgan
might have + V3 mayt hev + V3 balki qilgan
must have + V3 mast hev + V3 shubhasiz qilgan bo‘lsa kerak
can't have + V3 kaant hev + V3 qilgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas
couldn't have + V3 kudnt hev + V3 qilgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas
should have + V3 shud hev + V3 qilishi kerak edi
ought to have + V3 ot tu hev + V3 qilishi kerak edi
would have + V3 uud hev + V3 qilgan bo‘lardi
needn't have + V3 niidnt hev + V3 qilishi shart emas edi, ammo qildi
Misol:
You should have called me.
Yu shud hev kold mi.
Sen menga qo‘ng‘iroq qilishing kerak edi.
17. Modal + davomiy zamon — Modal + Progressive
Modal fe’ldan keyin be + fe’l-ing shakli kelishi mumkin:
modal + be + V-ing
Tuzilma Misol Talaffuzi Ma’nosi
can be + V-ing He can be working. Hi ken bi uorking. U ishlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
could be + V-ing He could be working. Hi kud bi uorking. U ehtimol ishlayotgandir.
may be + V-ing He may be working. Hi mey bi uorking. U ishlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
might be + V-ing He might be working. Hi mayt bi uorking. U ehtimol ishlayotgandir.
must be + V-ing He must be working. Hi mast bi uorking. U ishlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
should be + V-ing He should be working. Hi shud bi uorking. U ishlayotgan bo‘lishi kerak.
will be + V-ing He will be working. Hi uil bi uorking. U ishlayotgan bo‘ladi.
would be + V-ing He would be working. Hi uud bi uorking. U ishlayotgan bo‘lardi.
18. Modal + Perfect Progressive
modal + have been + V-ing
Misol:
She may have been working.
Shi mey hev bin uorking.
Ehtimol, u ishlayotgan bo‘lgan.
Tuzilma Ma’nosi
could have been + V-ing ehtimol ... qilib kelgan bo‘lishi mumkin edi
may have been + V-ing ehtimol ... qilib kelgan
might have been + V-ing balki ... qilib kelgan
must have been + V-ing ... qilib kelgan bo‘lsa kerak
should have been + V-ing ... qilib kelayotgan bo‘lishi kerak edi
would have been + V-ing ... qilib kelayotgan bo‘lardi
19. Modal + majhul nisbat — Modal + Passive
modal + be + V3
Misol:
The work must be finished.
De uork mast bi finisht.
Ish albatta tugatilishi kerak.
Tuzilma Misol
can be + V3 It can be done.
could be + V3 It could be done.
may be + V3 It may be done.
might be + V3 It might be done.
must be + V3 It must be done.
should be + V3 It should be done.
will be + V3 It will be done.
would be + V3 It would be done.
20. Modal + Perfect Passive
modal + have been + V3
Misol:
It should have been done.
It shud hev bin dan.
Bu ish bajarilishi kerak edi.
Tuzilma Ma’nosi
could have been + V3 bajarilgan bo‘lishi mumkin edi
may have been + V3 ehtimol bajarilgan
might have been + V3 balki bajarilgan
must have been + V3 albatta bajarilgan bo‘lsa kerak
should have been + V3 bajarilishi kerak edi
would have been + V3 bajarilgan bo‘lardi
21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE
Tur Formula Formula talaffuzi Misol Misol talaffuzi Tarjima
Birlik — tasdiq There is + birlikdagi ot Der iz + noun There is a book on the table. Der iz e buk on de teybl. Stol ustida kitob bor.
Ko‘plik — tasdiq There are + ko‘plikdagi ot Der ar + noun There are two books on the table. Der ar tu buks on de teybl. Stol ustida ikkita kitob bor.
Sanalmaydigan ot There is + sanalmaydigan ot Der iz + uncountable noun There is some water in the bottle. Der iz sam uoter in de botl. Idishda biroz suv bor.
Birlik — inkor There isn't + birlikdagi ot Der iznt + noun There isn't a book here. Der iznt e buk hir. Bu yerda kitob yo‘q.
Ko‘plik — inkor There aren't + ko‘plikdagi ot Der arent + noun There aren't any books here. Der arent eni buks hir. Bu yerda hech qanday kitob yo‘q.
Birlik — savol Is there + birlikdagi ot...? Iz der + noun? Is there a problem? Iz der e problem? Muammo bormi?
Ko‘plik — savol Are there + ko‘plikdagi ot...? Ar der + noun? Are there any problems? Ar der eni problems? Biror muammo bormi?
Birlik — inkor savol Isn't there + birlikdagi ot...? Iznt der + noun? Isn't there a problem? Iznt der e problem? Muammo yo‘qmi?
Ko‘plik — inkor savol Aren't there + ko‘plikdagi ot...? Arent der + noun? Aren't there any problems? Arent der eni problems? Hech qanday muammo yo‘qmi?
O‘tgan zamon, birlik There was + birlikdagi ot Der uoz + noun There was a problem. Der uoz e problem. Muammo bor edi.
O‘tgan zamon, ko‘plik There were + ko‘plikdagi ot Der uer + noun There were many people. Der uer meni piipl. U yerda ko‘p odam bor edi.
O‘tgan zamon, birlik inkor There wasn't + birlikdagi ot Der uoznt + noun There wasn't a problem. Der uoznt e problem. Muammo yo‘q edi.
O‘tgan zamon, ko‘plik inkor There weren't + ko‘plikdagi ot Der uernt + noun There weren't many people. Der uernt meni piipl. U yerda ko‘p odam yo‘q edi.
O‘tgan zamon, birlik savol Was there + birlikdagi ot...? Uoz der + noun? Was there a problem? Uoz der e problem? Muammo bormidi?
O‘tgan zamon, ko‘plik savol Were there + ko‘plikdagi ot...? Uer der + noun? Were there many people? Uer der meni piipl? U yerda ko‘p odam bormidi?
Kelasi zamon There will be + ot Der uil bi + noun There will be a meeting tomorrow. Der uil bi e miiting tumorou. Ertaga yig‘ilish bo‘ladi.
Kelasi zamon, inkor There won't be + ot Der uount bi + noun There won't be a meeting tomorrow. Der uount bi e miiting tumorou. Ertaga yig‘ilish bo‘lmaydi.
Kelasi zamon, savol Will there be + ot...? Uil der bi + noun? Will there be a meeting tomorrow? Uil der bi e miiting tumorou? Ertaga yig‘ilish bo‘ladimi?
Present Perfect There has/have been + ot Der hez/hev bin + noun There has been a mistake. Der hez bin e misteyk. Xatolik yuz berdi.
Past Perfect There had been + ot Der hed bin + noun There had been a problem. Der hed bin e problem. Muammo bo‘lgan edi.
Modal There can/may/might/must/should be + ot Der ken/mey/mayt/mast/shud bi + noun There may be a problem. Der mey bi e problem. Muammo bo‘lishi mumkin.
1. Have = egalik qilmoq / bor bo‘lmoq
Tur Formula Formula talaffuzi Misol Talaffuzi Tarjima
I / you / we / they bilan Ega + have + ot De subject + hev + noun I have a car. Ay hev e kar. Mening mashinam bor.
He / she / it bilan Ega + has + ot De subject + hez + noun She has a car. Shi hez e kar. Uning mashinasi bor.
Have quyidagilar bilan ishlatiladi: I, you, we, they.
Has quyidagilar bilan ishlatiladi: he, she, it.
2. Have fe’lining inkor shakli
Tur Formula Formula talaffuzi Misol Talaffuzi Tarjima
I/you/we/they inkor Ega + do not + have + ot De subject + du not + hev + noun I do not have a car. Ay du not hev e kar. Mening mashinam yo‘q.
He/she/it inkor Ega + does not + have + ot De subject + daz not + hev + noun She does not have a car. Shi daz not hev e kar. Uning mashinasi yo‘q.
Does dan keyin has emas, have ishlatiladi:
She doesn't have a car. ✅
She doesn't has a car. ❌
3. Have bilan savol tuzish
Tur Formula Formula talaffuzi Misol Talaffuzi Tarjima
I/you/we/they savol Do + ega + have + ot? Du + de subject + hev + noun? Do you have a car? Du yu hev e kar? Sening mashinang bormi?
He/she/it savol Does + ega + have + ot? Daz + de subject + hev + noun? Does she have a car? Daz shi hev e kar? Uning mashinasi bormi?
4. Have yordamchi fe’l sifatida
Have faqat “egalik qilmoq” ma’nosini bermaydi; u Perfect zamonlarini tuzishda ham ishlatiladi.
Zamon Formula Formula talaffuzi Misol Tarjima
Present Perfect Ega + have/has + V3 De subject + hev/hez + V3 I have finished. Men tugatdim.
Present Perfect Continuous Ega + have/has + been + V-ing De subject + hev/hez + bin + V-ing I have been working. Men bir muddatdan beri ishlayapman.
Past Perfect Ega + had + V3 De subject + hed + V3 I had finished. Men tugatgan edim.
Past Perfect Continuous Ega + had + been + V-ing De subject + hed + bin + V-ing I had been working. Men bir muddat ishlayotgan edim.
Ma’nodagi farq
I have a car.
→ have = egalik qilmoq.
I have finished.
→ have = Present Perfect zamonini tuzishda ishlatiladigan yordamchi fe’l.
5. Have to = majbur bo‘lmoq / shart bo‘lmoq
Have to zarurat yoki majburiyatni ifodalaydi.
Tur Formula Formula talaffuzi Misol Tarjima
I/you/we/they Ega + have to + V1 De subject + hev tu + V1 I have to work. Men ishlashim kerak.
He/she/it Ega + has to + V1 De subject + hez tu + V1 She has to work. U ishlashi kerak.
O‘tgan zamon Ega + had to + V1 De subject + hed tu + V1 I had to work. Men ishlashga majbur edim.
Kelasi zamon Ega + will have to + V1 De subject + uil hev tu + V1 I will have to work. Men ishlashimga to‘g‘ri keladi.
6. Have got = egalik qilmoq / bor bo‘lmoq
Bu shakl, ayniqsa, Britaniya ingliz tilida ko‘p ishlatiladi:
have got / has got
Formula Misol Tarjima
Ega + have got + ot I have got a car. Mening mashinam bor.
Ega + has got + ot She has got a car. Uning mashinasi bor.
Inkor shakli:
I haven't got a car.
= Mening mashinam yo‘q.
Savol:
Have you got a car?
= Sening mashinang bormi?
Imperatives — Buyruq shakli
Tur Formula Formula talaffuzi Misol Misol talaffuzi Ma’nosi
Oddiy tasdiq buyruq Fe’lning V1 shakli V1 Come here. Kam hir. Bu yerga kel.
To‘ldiruvchi bilan buyruq Fe’l + to‘ldiruvchi V1 + object Read the book. Riid de buk. Kitobni o‘qi.
Inkor buyruq Don't + fe’l Dount + V1 Don't run. Dount ran. Yugurma.
Rasmiy inkor buyruq Do not + fe’l Du not + V1 Do not enter. Du not enter. Kirmang.
Be bilan buyruq Be + sifat Bi + adjective Be careful. Bi kerful. Ehtiyot bo‘l.
Be bilan inkor buyruq Don't be + sifat Dount bi + adjective Don't be late. Dount bi leyt. Kechikma.
Let me Let + me + fe’l Let + mi + V1 Let me help you. Let mi help yu. Senga yordam beray.
Let him/her/them Let + to‘ldiruvchi + fe’l Let + object + V1 Let him go. Let him gou. Unga ketishga ruxsat ber.
Let's Let's + fe’l Lets + V1 Let's go. Lets gou. Ketaylik.
Let's inkor shakli Let's not + fe’l Lets not + V1 Let's not wait. Lets not ueyt. Kutmaylik.
Muloyim buyruq Please + fe’l Pliiz + V1 Please sit down. Pliiz sit daun. Iltimos, o‘tiring.
Kuchaytirilgan buyruq Do + fe’l Du + V1 Do sit down. Du sit daun. Marhamat, o‘tiring.
Qat’iy ogohlantirish Never + fe’l Neve(r) + V1 Never give up. Neve(r) giv ap. Hech qachon taslim bo‘lma.
Odat yoki maslahat Always + fe’l Olueyz + V1 Always be careful. Olueyz bi kerful. Har doim ehtiyot bo‘l.
Majhul nisbatdagi buyruq Be + V3 Bi + V3 Be prepared. Bi priperd. Tayyor bo‘l.
Buyruq + natija Fe’l + and + gap V1 + and + clause Study hard, and you will pass. Stadi hard, end yu uil pas. Qattiq o‘qi, shunda imtihondan o‘tasan.
Buyruq + ogohlantirish Fe’l + or + gap V1 + or + clause Hurry up, or you'll be late. Hari ap, or yul bi leyt. Shoshil, aks holda kech qolasan.
Buyruq + tasdiq savoli Fe’l, will you? V1, uil yu? Wait here, will you? Ueyt hir, uil yu? Shu yerda kut, xo‘pmi?
Let's + tasdiq savoli Let's + fe’l, shall we? Lets + V1, shel ui? Let's go, shall we? Lets gou, shel ui? Ketaylik, maylimi?
22- Qo‘shimchalar (PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES)
Prefiks Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi Misol Tarjimasi
a- ə / i inkor, emas atypical odatiy bo‘lmagan
ab- ab uzoqlashish, chetga abduct o‘g‘irlab ketmoq
ad- ad tomon, yaqinlashish adjoin tutashmoq
ambi- ambi ikki tomon, ikkalasi ambiguous noaniq
ante- ante oldin antecedent oldingi narsa
anti- anti qarshi antiwar urushga qarshi
arch- ark bosh, eng yuqori archbishop katta yepiskop
auto- auto o‘z-o‘zidan automatic avtomatik
bi- bay ikki bilingual ikki tilli
circum- sirkom atrof circumference aylana uzunligi
co- ko birga cooperate hamkorlik qilmoq
contra- kontra qarshi contradict qarshi chiqmoq
counter- kaunter qarshi, javoban counterattack qarshi hujum
de- di olib tashlash, teskari deactivate faolsizlantirmoq
deca- deka o‘n decade o‘n yillik
deci- desi o‘ndan bir decimeter detsimetr
demi- demi yarmi demigod yarmi xudo
dis- dis inkor, qarama-qarshilik disagree rozi bo‘lmaslik
dys- dis yomon, noto‘g‘ri dysfunction faoliyat buzilishi
eco- eko ekologiya, atrof-muhit ecosystem ekotizim
ecto- ekto tashqi ectoderm tashqi embrional qatlam
endo- endo ichki endoskeleton ichki skelet
epi- epi ustida, yuqorida epidermis epidermis, terining tashqi qatlami
eu- yu yaxshi euphemism evfemizm, yumshoq ifoda
ex- eks sobiq, tashqariga ex-president sobiq prezident
extra- ekstra tashqari, qo‘shimcha extraordinary g‘ayrioddiy
fore- for oldindan forecast bashorat
geo- geo yer geography geografiya
hemi- hemi yarmi hemisphere yarim shar
hetero- hetero turli, har xil heterogeneous turli jinsli
homo- homo bir xil homogeneous bir jinsli
hyper- hayper haddan tashqari hyperactive haddan tashqari faol
hypo- haypo past, kam hypothermia tana haroratining pasayishi
in- in emas, inkor inactive faol bo‘lmagan
im- im emas, inkor impossible imkonsiz
il- il emas, inkor illegal noqonuniy
ir- ir emas, inkor irregular notekis
infra- infra pastda infrаred infraqizil
inter- inter o‘rtasida, orasida international xalqaro
intra- intra ichki intranet ichki tarmoq
intro- intro ichkariga introduce tanishtirmoq
iso- iso teng, bir xil isotope izotop
macro- makro yirik macroeconomics makroiqtisodiyot
mal- mal yomon, noto‘g‘ri malfunction nosozlik
mega- mega juda katta megastore juda katta do‘kon
meta- meta keyin, o‘zgarish metadata metama’lumotlar
micro- mikro kichik microscope mikroskop
mid- mid o‘rta midnight yarim tun
mini- mini kichik minibus mikroavtobus
mono- mono bitta monolingual bir tilli
multi- multi ko‘p multilingual ko‘p tilli
neo- neo yangi neologism neologizm, yangi so‘z
non- non emas, bo‘lmagan nonstandard standartga mos bo‘lmagan
omni- omni barcha omniscient barcha narsani biluvchi
out- aut tashqariga, boshqalardan ko‘proq outperform boshqalardan yaxshiroq natija ko‘rsatmoq
over- over haddan tashqari, ustidan overcook haddan tashqari pishirmoq
paleo- paleo qadimgi paleolithic paleolit davriga oid
pan- pan barcha pan-European umumevropa
para- para yonida, o‘xshash paranormal g‘ayritabiiy
peri- peri atrof perimeter perimetr
poly- poli ko‘p polyglot ko‘p tilli odam
post- post keyin postwar urushdan keyingi
pre- pre oldin prehistory tarixdan oldingi davr
pro- pro tarafdor, qo‘llab-quvvatlovchi pro-democracy demokratiya tarafdori
proto- proto birinchi, dastlabki prototype dastlabki namuna
pseudo- psevdo soxta, yolg‘on pseudonym taxallus
re- ri qayta rewrite qayta yozmoq
retro- retro orqaga, o‘tmishga retroactive orqaga qaytish kuchiga ega
semi- semi yarmi, qisman semicircle yarim doira
sub- sab ostida, quyi submarine suvosti kemasi
super- super yuqori, juda superhuman g‘ayriinsoniy
supra- supra yuqorida supranational milliy chegaralardan yuqori
syn- sin birga, hamohang synchronize muvofiqlashtirmoq
tele- tele uzoq telephone telefon
trans- trans kesib o‘tish, orqali transport tashimoq
tri- tray uch triangle uchburchak
ultra- ultra haddan tashqari, juda ultramodern o‘ta zamonaviy
un- an emas, qarama-qarshi unhappy baxtsiz
under- ander ostida, yetarli emas underpaid kam haq to‘lanadigan
uni- yuni bitta unilateral bir tomonlama
vice- vays o‘rinbosar vice-president vitse-prezident
with- wiz ortga, chetga withdraw chekinmoq, olib chiqmoq
Suffixes — Suffikslar
Suffiks Talaffuzi Vazifasi Misol Tarjimasi
-er er ishni bajaruvchi shaxs teacher o‘qituvchi
-or or ishni bajaruvchi shaxs actor aktyor
-ar ar ishni bajaruvchi shaxs beggar tilanchi
-ist ist muayyan faoliyat bilan shug‘ullanuvchi artist rassom
-ian ian muayyan soha vakili musician musiqachi
-ant ant shaxs yoki ish-harakat bilan bog‘liq assistant yordamchi
-ent ent shaxs yoki ish-harakat bilan bog‘liq student talaba
-ee i harakatni qabul qiluvchi shaxs employee xodim
-ess es ayol jinsini bildiradi actress aktrisa
-ness nes holat yoki sifat happiness baxt
-ity iti holat yoki sifat activity faollik
-ty ti holat yoki sifat safety xavfsizlik
-ship ship holat yoki munosabat friendship do‘stlik
-hood hud holat yoki hayot bosqichi childhood bolalik
-dom dom holat yoki hudud kingdom qirollik
-th th holat yoki sifat warmth iliqlik
-ment ment natija yoki jarayon development rivojlanish
-tion shn jarayon yoki natija education ta’lim
-sion jn / shn jarayon yoki natija decision qaror
-ion ion / shn jarayon yoki natija action harakat
-ation eyshn jarayon organization tashkilot
-al al jarayon yoki natija arrival kelish
-ance ans holat yoki jarayon appearance tashqi ko‘rinish
-ence ans holat existence mavjudlik
-ancy ansi holat expectancy kutilish
-ency ensi holat efficiency samaradorlik
-age ij natija yoki jarayon marriage nikoh
-ure yur natija yoki holat failure muvaffaqiyatsizlik
-ing ing ot yoki faoliyat shakli swimming suzish
-ism izm ta’limot yoki g‘oya capitalism kapitalizm
-cracy krasi boshqaruv tizimi democracy demokratiya
-crat krat muayyan boshqaruv tizimi tarafdori democrat demokrat
-archy arki boshqaruv tizimi monarchy monarxiya
-arch ark hukmdor monarch monarx
-logy logi fan yoki ta’limot biology biologiya
-graphy grafi yozuv yoki tasvir sohasi geography geografiya
-graph graf yozuvchi yoki qayd etuvchi vosita autograph avtograf
-meter metr o‘lchash asbobi thermometer termometr
-metry metri o‘lchash jarayoni geometry geometriya
-scope skop ko‘rish yoki kuzatish asbobi telescope teleskop
-scopy skopi tekshirish yoki kuzatish usuli microscopy mikroskopiya
-nomy nomi tizim yoki qonuniyat astronomy astronomiya
-phobia fobiya qo‘rquv arachnophobia o‘rgimchaklardan qo‘rqish
-phile fil sevadigan kishi bibliophile kitobsevar
-philia filiya mehr yoki moyillik audiophilia audio va tovushga qiziqish
-phone fon tovush yoki tovush qurilmasi telephone telefon
-phony foni tovush bilan bog‘liq tizim symphony simfoniya
-path pat muayyan holat yoki kasallikka ega shaxs psychopath psixopat
-pathy pati kasallik yoki holat neuropathy neyropatiya
-itis aytis yallig‘lanish arthritis artrit
-osis ozis holat yoki kasallik diagnosis tashxis
-emia emiya qon bilan bog‘liq holat anemia anemiya, kamqonlik
-oma oma o‘sma yoki shish carcinoma karsinoma
-ectomy ektomiya jarrohlik yo‘li bilan olib tashlash appendectomy appendiksni olib tashlash
-otomy otomiya jarrohlik yo‘li bilan kesish tracheotomy traxeotomiya
-plasty plastika jarrohlik yo‘li bilan tuzatish rhinoplasty rinoplastika
-let let kichraytirish booklet kitobcha
-ling ling kichiklik yoki yosh duckling o‘rdakcha
-ette et kichraytirish kitchenette kichik oshxona
-kin kin kichraytirish manikin kichik maneken
-oid oid o‘xshash humanoid odamsimon
-esque esk ...ga o‘xshash picturesque manzarali
-like layk ...ga o‘xshash childlike bolalarcha
-ish ish taxminiy o‘xshashlik yoki tus greenish yashilimtir
-ster ster muayyan faoliyat bilan bog‘liq shaxs youngster yosh kishi
-eer ir muayyan faoliyat bilan shug‘ullanuvchi shaxs auctioneer kimoshdi savdosi olib boruvchisi
-ard ard shaxsni tavsiflovchi so‘z coward qo‘rqoq
-some sam muayyan xususiyatga ega troublesome muammoli, bezovta qiluvchi
-worthy werzi ...ga loyiq trustworthy ishonchli
-proof pruf ...dan himoyalangan waterproof suv o‘tkazmaydigan
-free fri ...siz sugar-free shakarsiz
-wide wayd bo‘ylab, butun worldwide butun dunyo bo‘ylab
-ward ward ...tomonga backward orqaga
-wise wayz usulda yoki yo‘nalishda clockwise soat mili yo‘nalishida
-fold fold marta, barobar threefold uch baravar
23- Frazeologik fe’llar (PHRASAL VERBS)
Phrasal verb = fe’l va odatda up, out, off, on, away, back, in, over kabi so‘zlardan tashkil topgan birikma.
Misol:
give + up → give up = taslim bo‘lmoq / biror ishni to‘xtatmoq
Eslatma: fe’l + predlog yoki ravishdan tashkil topgan barcha birikmalar ham bir xil turga kirmaydi. Ular phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs yoki phrasal-prepositional verbs bo‘lishi mumkin.
1. Asosiy phrasal verbs
Phrasal verb Talaffuzi O‘zbekcha ma’nosi To‘liq misol Misol talaffuzi
add up ed ap yig‘indisi to‘g‘ri chiqmoq The numbers add up. Ze nambers ed ap.
ask for ask for so‘ramoq She asked for help. Shi askt for help.
back up bek ap zaxira nusxa yaratmoq / qo‘llab-quvvatlamoq Please back up your files. Pliz bek ap yor faylz.
break down breyk daun buzilmoq / ishdan chiqmoq My car broke down. May kar brouk daun.
break in breyk in bostirib kirmoq Someone broke in last night. Samwan brouk in last nayt.
break out breyk aut boshlanmoq / avj olmoq A fire broke out. E fayr brouk aut.
break up breyk ap ajrashmoq / munosabatni tugatmoq They broke up last year. Zey brouk ap last yir.
bring back bring bek qaytarib olib kelmoq Please bring back my book. Pliz bring bek may buk.
bring in bring in olib kelmoq / jalb qilmoq They brought in a new manager. Zey brot in e nyu menijer.
bring up bring ap tilga olmoq / tarbiyalamoq She brought up an important issue. Shi brot ap en important ishu.
call back kol bek qayta qo‘ng‘iroq qilmoq I'll call you back later. Ayl kol yu bek leyter.
call off kol of bekor qilmoq They called off the meeting. Zey kold of ze miting.
carry on keri on davom ettirmoq Please carry on working. Pliz keri on working.
carry out keri aut bajarmoq / amalga oshirmoq They carried out the plan. Zey kerid aut ze plen.
catch up kech ap yetib olmoq I need to catch up with you. Ay nid tu kech ap wiz yu.
check in chek in ro‘yxatdan o‘tmoq We checked in at the hotel. Wi chekt in et ze hotel.
check out chek aut chiqishni rasmiylashtirmoq / tekshirmoq We checked out at noon. Wi chekt aut et nun.
clean up klin ap tozalamoq Clean up your room. Klin ap yor rum.
come back kam bek qaytib kelmoq He came back yesterday. Hi keym bek yesterdey.
come in kam in ichkariga kirmoq Come in, please. Kam in, pliz.
come out kam aut chiqmoq / nashr etilmoq The new book came out yesterday. Ze nyu buk keym aut yesterdey.
come over kam over mehmonga kelmoq Come over tonight. Kam over tunayt.
cut down kat daun kamaytirmoq I'm trying to cut down on sugar. Aym trying tu kat daun on shugar.
cut off kat of uzib qo‘ymoq They cut off the electricity. Zey kat of zi elektrisiti.
deal with dil wiz shug‘ullanmoq / hal qilmoq We need to deal with this problem. Wi nid tu dil wiz zis problem.
do without du wizaut ...siz ish ko‘rmoq We can do without a car. Wi ken du wizaut e kar.
drop off drop of tashlab ketmoq I'll drop you off at school. Ayl drop yu of et skul.
end up end ap oxir-oqibat ... bo‘lmoq We ended up staying home. Wi endid ap steying houm.
fall apart fol apart parchalanmoq / buzilib ketmoq The old chair fell apart. Ze ould cher fel apart.
fall behind fol bihaynd ortda qolmoq He fell behind in class. Hi fel bihaynd in klas.
figure out figer aut tushunib olmoq / yechimini topmoq I can't figure it out. Ay kent figer it aut.
fill in fil in to‘ldirmoq Please fill in this form. Pliz fil in zis form.
fill out fil aut anketani to‘ldirmoq Fill out the application. Fil aut zi aplikeishn.
find out faynd aut bilib olmoq / aniqlamoq I found out the truth. Ay faund aut ze truth.
get back get bek qaytmoq I'll get back home soon. Ayl get bek houm sun.
get in get in ichkariga kirmoq Get in the car. Get in ze kar.
get off get of transportdan tushmoq Get off the bus. Get of ze bas.
get on get on transportga chiqmoq Get on the bus. Get on ze bas.
get out get aut tashqariga chiqmoq Get out of the room. Get aut ov ze rum.
get over get over yengib o‘tmoq She got over her fear. Shi got over her fir.
get up get ap turmoq I get up at seven. Ay get ap et seven.
give back giv bek qaytarib bermoq Give me back my phone. Giv mi bek may foun.
give in giv in taslim bo‘lmoq He finally gave in. Hi faynali geyv in.
give up giv ap taslim bo‘lmoq / voz kechmoq Don't give up. Dount giv ap.
go ahead gou ehed boshlamoq / davom etishga ruxsat bermoq Go ahead and start. Gou ehed end start.
go back gou bek qaytmoq We went back home. Wi went bek houm.
go on gou on davom etmoq Please go on. Pliz gou on.
go out gou aut tashqariga chiqmoq We went out last night. Wi went aut last nayt.
grow up grou ap ulg‘aymoq I grew up in Kuwait. Ay gru ap in Kuwait.
hand in hend in topshirmoq Hand in your homework. Hend in yor houmwork.
hang on heng on kutmoq / mahkam ushlamoq Hang on a minute. Heng on e minit.
hang out heng aut birga vaqt o‘tkazmoq We hang out together. Wi heng aut tugeder.
hold on hould on kutmoq / mahkam ushlamoq Hold on, please. Hould on, pliz.
keep on kip on davom ettirmoq Keep on trying. Kip on trying.
keep up kip ap sur’atni saqlamoq / davom ettirmoq Keep up the good work. Kip ap ze gud work.
kick out kik aut haydab chiqarmoq They kicked him out. Zey kikt him aut.
look after luk after g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoq She looks after her children. Shi luks after her children.
look for luk for qidirmoq I'm looking for my keys. Aym looking for may kiz.
look into luk intu tekshirib ko‘rmoq We'll look into the problem. Wil luk intu ze problem.
look out luk aut ehtiyot bo‘lmoq Look out! Luk aut!
look up luk ap ma’lumot qidirmoq Look up the word. Luk ap ze word.
make up meyk ap yarashmoq / o‘ylab topmoq They made up after the argument. Zey meyd ap after zi argument.
move on muv on oldinga intilmoq / davom etmoq It's time to move on. Its taym tu muv on.
pick up pik ap ko‘tarib olmoq / olib ketmoq Pick up the phone. Pik ap ze foun.
point out poynt aut ko‘rsatib bermoq She pointed out a mistake. Shi pointid aut e misteyk.
put away put ewey joyiga qo‘ymoq Put your clothes away. Put yor klouz ewey.
put down put daun qo‘ymoq / pastga tushirmoq Put the book down. Put ze buk daun.
put off put of keyinga qoldirmoq Don't put it off. Dount put it of.
put on put on kiymoq / yoqmoq Put on your jacket. Put on yor jakit.
put out put aut o‘chirmoq Put out the fire. Put aut ze fayr.
put up put ap osmoq / o‘rnatmoq Put up the picture. Put ap ze pikcher.
run into ran intu tasodifan uchratmoq I ran into an old friend. Ay ren intu en ould frend.
run out ran aut tugab qolmoq We ran out of milk. Wi ren aut ov milk.
set up set ap tashkil qilmoq / o‘rnatmoq They set up a new company. Zey set ap e nyu kampani.
show up shou ap kelmoq / paydo bo‘lmoq He didn't show up. Hi didnt shou ap.
shut down shat daun yopmoq / faoliyatini to‘xtatmoq The factory shut down. Ze factory shat daun.
sit down sit daun o‘tirmoq Please sit down. Pliz sit daun.
stand up stend ap turmoq Please stand up. Pliz stend ap.
take back teyk bek qaytarib olmoq / gapidan qaytmoq I take back what I said. Ay teyk bek wot ay sed.
take off teyk of yechmoq / havoga ko‘tarilmoq The plane took off. Ze pleyn tuk of.
take on teyk on o‘z zimmasiga olmoq She took on a new job. Shi tuk on e nyu job.
take out teyk aut tashqariga olib chiqmoq Take out the trash. Teyk aut ze trash.
take over teyk over boshqaruvni qo‘lga olmoq She took over the company. Shi tuk over ze kampani.
take up teyk ap biror mashg‘ulotni boshlamoq He took up swimming. Hi tuk ap swimming.
throw away throu ewey uloqtirib tashlamoq Don't throw it away. Dount throu it ewey.
try on tray on kiyib ko‘rmoq Try on this shirt. Tray on zis shirt.
turn down tern daun rad etmoq / pasaytirmoq She turned down the offer. Shi ternd daun zi offer.
turn off tern of o‘chirmoq Turn off the light. Tern of ze layt.
turn on tern on yoqmoq Turn on the TV. Tern on ze ti vi.
turn up tern ap ovozni ko‘tarmoq / paydo bo‘lmoq Turn up the volume. Tern ap ze volyum.
wake up weyk ap uyg‘onmoq I woke up early. Ay wou k ap erli.
work out work aut mashq qilmoq / yechim topmoq I work out every day. Ay work aut evri dey.
write down rayt daun yozib olmoq Write down the answer. Rayt daun zi anser.
2. Boshqa asosiy turlar
Tur Tuzilishi Tuzilish talaffuzi Misol Tarjimasi
Ajraladigan phrasal verb Fe’l + ravish + to‘ldiruvchi Verb + adverb + object Turn off the light. Chiroqni o‘chir.
Olmosh bilan Fe’l + olmosh + ravish Verb + pronoun + adverb Turn it off. Uni o‘chir.
Ajralmaydigan birikma Fe’l + ravish/predlog + to‘ldiruvchi Verb + adverb/preposition + object Look after the child. Bolaga g‘amxo‘rlik qil.
O‘timsiz birikma Fe’l + ravish Verb + adverb The plane took off. Samolyot havoga ko‘tarildi.
Phrasal-prepositional verb Fe’l + ravish + predlog + to‘ldiruvchi Verb + adverb + preposition + object I look forward to the trip. Sayohatni intiqlik bilan kutyapman.
3. Muhim qoida: birikmani ajratish mumkinmi?
Turn off — ajratish mumkin:
Turn off the light.
Turn the light off.
Turn it off. ✅
Turn off it. ❌
Ammo look after — ajratib bo‘lmaydi:
Look after the child. ✅
Look the child after. ❌
Look after him. ✅
24- Qisqartmalar (CONTRACTIONS)
Qisqartma — ikki yoki undan ortiq so‘zning qisqartirilgan shakli. U kundalik ingliz tilida, ayniqsa, og‘zaki nutq va norasmiy yozuvda ko‘p ishlatiladi.
Misollar:
I am → I'm → talaffuzi: aym → men ...man
I have → I've → talaffuzi: ayv → menda bor / allaqachon ...ganman
I will → I'll → talaffuzi: ayl → ... qilaman / ... bo‘ladi
I would → I'd → talaffuzi: ayd → ... qilardim / ... bo‘lardi (kontekstga qarab)
1- BE fe'lining qisqartmalari
am → 'm
I am → I'm → talaffuzi: aym → men ...man
Misol: I'm happy. → Aym hepi. → Men baxtliman.
are → 're
You are → You're → talaffuzi: yor → sen ...san / siz ...siz
Misol: You're right. → Yor rayt. → Sen haqsan.
We are → We're → talaffuzi: wir → biz ...miz
Misol: We're ready. → Wir redi. → Biz tayyormiz.
They are → They're → talaffuzi: zeyr → ular ...
Misol: They're here. → Zeyr hir. → Ular shu yerda.
is → 's
He is → He's → talaffuzi: hiz → u ... (erkak)
Misol: He's tired. → Hiz tayrd. → U charchagan.
She is → She's → talaffuzi: shiz → u ... (ayol)
Misol: She's happy. → Shiz hepi. → U baxtli.
It is → It's → talaffuzi: its → u / bu (narsa yoki holat)
Misol: It's cold. → Its kould. → Havo sovuq.
2- HAVE fe'lining qisqartmalari
have → 've
I have → I've → talaffuzi: ayv → menda bor / men ...ganman
Misol: I've finished. → Ayv finisht. → Men tugatdim.
You have → You've → talaffuzi: yuv → senda bor / sen ...gansan
Misol: You've changed. → Yuv cheynjd. → Sen o‘zgargansan.
We have → We've → talaffuzi: wiv → bizda bor / biz ...ganmiz
Misol: We've arrived. → Wiv arayvd. → Biz yetib keldik.
They have → They've → talaffuzi: zeyv → ularda bor / ular ...gan
Misol: They've left. → Zeyv left. → Ular ketishdi.
He has → He's → talaffuzi: hiz → unda bor / u ...gan
Misol: He's finished. → Hiz finisht. → U tugatdi.
She has → She's → talaffuzi: shiz → unda bor / u ...gan
Misol: She's gone. → Shiz gon. → U ketgan.
3- WILL fe'lining qisqartmalari
will → 'll
I will → I'll → talaffuzi: ayl → men ... qilaman
Misol: I'll help you. → Ayl help yu. → Men senga yordam beraman.
You will → You'll → talaffuzi: yul → sen ... qilasan / siz ... qilasiz
Misol: You'll understand. → Yul anderstend. → Sen tushunasan.
He will → He'll → talaffuzi: hil → u ... qiladi
Misol: He'll come tomorrow. → Hil kam tumorou. → U ertaga keladi.
She will → She'll → talaffuzi: shil → u ... qiladi
Misol: She'll call you. → Shil kol yu. → U senga qo‘ng‘iroq qiladi.
We will → We'll → talaffuzi: wil → biz ... qilamiz
Misol: We'll see. → Wil si. → Ko‘ramiz.
They will → They'll → talaffuzi: zeyl → ular ... qiladi
Misol: They'll arrive soon. → Zeyl arayv sun. → Ular tez orada yetib kelishadi.
4- WOULD fe'lining qisqartmalari
would → 'd
I would → I'd → talaffuzi: ayd → men ... qilardim
Misol: I'd help you. → Ayd help yu. → Men senga yordam bergan bo‘lardim.
You would → You'd → talaffuzi: yud → sen ... qilarding
Misol: You'd like it. → Yud layk it. → Bu senga yoqardi.
He would → He'd → talaffuzi: hid → u ... qilardi
Misol: He'd come. → Hid kam. → U kelgan bo‘lardi.
She would → She'd → talaffuzi: shid → u ... qilardi
Misol: She'd help us. → Shid help as. → U bizga yordam bergan bo‘lardi.
We would → We'd → talaffuzi: wid → biz ... qilardik
Misol: We'd go. → Wid gou. → Biz borgan bo‘lardik.
They would → They'd → talaffuzi: zeyd → ular ... qilardi
Misol: They'd agree. → Zeyd egri. → Ular rozi bo‘lgan bo‘lardi.
5- HAD fe'lining qisqartmalari
had → 'd
I had → I'd → talaffuzi: ayd → men ... qilgan edim
Misol: I'd finished before he arrived. → Ayd finisht bifor hi arayvd. → U kelishidan oldin men tugatgan edim.
You had → You'd → talaffuzi: yud → sen ... qilgan eding
Misol: You'd already left. → Yud olredi left. → Sen allaqachon ketgan eding.
He had → He'd → talaffuzi: hid → u ... qilgan edi
Misol: He'd eaten. → Hid itn. → U ovqatlangan edi.
She had → She'd → talaffuzi: shid → u ... qilgan edi
Misol: She'd finished. → Shid finisht. → U tugatgan edi.
6- Muhim farq: 'd ikki xil ma'noni anglatadi
I'd = I would yoki I had
I'd go. → Ayd gou. → Men borardim.
I'd gone. → Ayd gon. → Men ketgan edim.
Odatda, gapning qolgan qismi va zamoniga qarab qaysi ma'no nazarda tutilganini aniqlash mumkin.
7- NOT so‘zining qisqartmalari
not → n't
is not → isn't → talaffuzi: iznt → emas
Misol: He isn't here. → Hi iznt hir. → U bu yerda emas.
are not → aren't → talaffuzi: arnt → emassiz / emasmiz / emaslar
Misol: They aren't ready. → Zey arnt redi. → Ular tayyor emas.
was not → wasn't → talaffuzi: woznt → emas edi
Misol: He wasn't there. → Hi woznt zer. → U u yerda emas edi.
were not → weren't → talaffuzi: wernt → emas edik / emas edingiz / emas edilar
Misol: We weren't late. → Wi wernt leyt. → Biz kechikmadik.
have not → haven't → talaffuzi: hevnt → ...maganman / ...magan
Misol: I haven't finished. → Ay hevnt finisht. → Men hali tugatmadim.
has not → hasn't → talaffuzi: heznt → ...magan
Misol: She hasn't arrived. → Shi heznt arayvd. → U hali yetib kelmadi.
had not → hadn't → talaffuzi: hedn’t → ...magan edi
Misol: He hadn't eaten. → Hi hedn’t itn. → U ovqatlanmagan edi.
do not → don't → talaffuzi: dount → ...mayman / ...ma
Misol: I don't know. → Ay dount nou. → Men bilmayman.
does not → doesn't → talaffuzi: daznt → ...maydi
Misol: He doesn't know. → Hi daznt nou. → U bilmaydi.
did not → didn't → talaffuzi: didnt → ...madi
Misol: I didn't see him. → Ay didnt si him. → Men uni ko‘rmadim.
8- Boshqa qisqartmalar
cannot → can't → talaffuzi: kent → qila olmaydi / mumkin emas
could not → couldn't → talaffuzi: kudnt → qila olmadi
should not → shouldn't → talaffuzi: shudnt → qilmaslik kerak
would not → wouldn't → talaffuzi: wudnt → qilmas edi
must not → mustn't → talaffuzi: masnt → qilmasligi shart / taqiqlanadi
will not → won't → talaffuzi: wount → qilmaydi / qilmayman
Misol: I won't go. → Ay wount gou. → Men bormayman.
9- Muhim eslatma
Bu qisqartmalar odatda so‘z yasovchi suffikslar hisoblanmaydi. Ular ikki so‘zning birlashishi va qisqarishi orqali hosil bo‘ladi; yozuvda esa apostrof (') ishlatiladi.
Misollar:
I + will → I'll
You + have → You've
He + is → He's
They + are → They're
Do + not → Don't
Can + not → Can't
Shuning uchun Contractions = qisqartmalar, Suffixes = suffikslar.