1- fakaʻilonga lea faka-Pilitānia

১. A a — fakaongo kra hy়: ay — /eɪ/ — okkhr A bla hy় «i» pray়, yemn suru sbd «kon».

২. B b — fakaongo kra hy়: bee — /b/ — okkhr B bla hy় «bi», ebng er tbni /b/ yemn: book.

৩. C c — fakaongo kra hy়: cee — /k/, /s/ — okkhr C bla hy় «si». er tbni hte pare /k/ yemn: cat, o /s/ yemn: city.

৪. D d — fakaongo kra hy়: dee — /d/ — okkhr D bla hy় «di», ebng er tbni /d/ yemn: dog.

৫. E e — fakaongo kra hy়: ee — /iː/ — okkhr E bla hy় «i», yemn tbni vi sbd see.

৬. F f — fakaongo kra hy়: ef — /f/ — okkhr F bla hy় «ef», ebng er tbni /f/ yemn: fis.

৭. G g — fakaongo kra hy়: gee — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — okkhr G bla hy় «ji». er tbni hte pare /ɡ/ yemn: go, o /dʒ/ yemn: giant.

৮. H h — fakaongo kra hy়: aits — /h/ — okkhr H bla hy় «iits», ebng er tbni /h/ yemn: house.

৯. I i — fakaongo kra hy়: eye — /aɪ/ — okkhr I bla hy় «aai», yemn sbd eye.

১০. J j — fakaongo kra hy়: jay — /dʒ/ — okkhr J bla hy় «je», ebng er tbni /dʒ/ yemn: job.

১১. K k — fakaongo kra hy়: kay — /k/ — okkhr K bla hy় «ke», ebng er tbni /k/ yemn: key.

১২. L l — fakaongo kra hy়: el — /l/ — okkhr L bla hy় «el», ebng er tbni /l/ yemn: love.

১৩. M m — fakaongo kra hy়: em — /m/ — okkhr M bla hy় «em», ebng er tbni /m/ yemn: man.

১৪. N n — fakaongo kra hy়: en — /n/ — okkhr N bla hy় «en», ebng er tbni /n/ yemn: name.

১৫. O o — fakaongo kra hy়: oh — /oʊ/ — okkhr O bla hy় «o», ebng er tbni /oʊ/ yemn: go.

১৬. P p — fakaongo kra hy়: pee — /p/ — okkhr P bla hy় «bi», ebng er tbni /p/ yemn: pen.

১৭. Q q — fakaongo kra hy়: cue — /k/ — okkhr Q bla hy় «kiu», ebngsatarnt aaia er sngge okkhr U, yemn: queen.

১৮. R r — fakaongo kra hy়: ar — /r/ — okkhr R bla hy় «aar», ebng er tbni /r/ yemn: red.

১৯. S s — fakaongo kra hy়: ess — /s/, /z/ — okkhr S bla hy় «es». er tbni hte pare /s/ yemn: sun, o /z/ yemn: rose.

২০. T t — fakaongo kra hy়: tee — /t/ — okkhr T bla hy় «ti», ebng er tbni /t/ yemn: ten.

২১. U u — fakaongo kra hy়: u — /juː/, /ʌ/ — okkhr U bla hy় «iu» /juː/, ebngpare ye/krte imtl /ʌ/ yemn: cup.

২২. V v — fakaongo kra hy়: vee — /v/ — okkhr V bla hy় «vi», ebng er tbni /v/ yemn: very.

২৩. W w — fakaongo kra hy়: double-u — /w/ — okkhr W bla hy় «dabl-iu», ebng er tbni /w/ yemn: water.

২৪. X x — fakaongo kra hy়: ex — /ks/ — okkhr X bla hy় «eks», ebng satarnt hte er tbni /ks/ yemn: box.

২৫. Y y — fakaongo kra hy়: why — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — okkhr Y bla hy় «oy়ai». er tbni hte pare /j/ yemn: yes, o /ɪ/ yemn: happy, o /aɪ/ yemn: my.

২৬. Z z — fakaongo kra hy়: zee* — /z/ — okkhr Z bla hy় «ji» vi ingreji aamerikan. ofi ingreji britis bla hy় satarnt «zed» (jed). er tbni /z/ yemn: zoo.

2- fakahokohoko ʻo e ngaahi lea (WORD ORDER)

1 sētesi tefito fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue sabjekt + varb I sleep. aai slib ʻOku ou mohe.

2 meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt I read a book. aai rid oya buk ʻOku ou lau ha tohi.

3 tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue sabjekt + varb + indirekt objekt + direkt objekt I give him a book. aai giv him oya buk ʻOku ou ʻoange kiate ia ha tohi.

4 tokotaha ʻoku ʻaonga ki ai fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + for + aalskhs sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + fr + tohirsn I buy a book for him. aai bai oya buk fr him ʻOku ou fakatau ha tohi maʻana.

5 fetongi hingoa ʻo e tokotaha maʻu fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + fetongi hingoa ʻo e tokotaha maʻu + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue sabjekt + varb + indirekt objekt proʻikaiun + direkt objekt I give her a book. aai giv har oya buk ʻOku ou ʻoange kiate ia ha tohi.

6 lea fakamatala fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + lea fakamatala sabjekt + bi + adjektiv The book is big. dy buk ij bg tohi big.

7 lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue sabjekt + varb + oyadvarb He reads quickly. hi rid‌j kuikli hu ia pd়e bsraaa.

8 meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + oyadvarb I read a book quickly. aai rid oya buk kuikli au lau ekti tohi bsraaa.

9 lea fakamatala ʻo e taimi fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e taimi sabjekt + varb + taim oyadvarb I work today. aai oy়ark tude ʻOku ou ngāue he ʻaho ni.

10 lea fakamatala ʻo e feituʻu fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e feituʻu sabjekt + varb + blis oyadvarb She lives tere. si liv‌j dey়ar hi ko koe/ia bas kro/kre kinautoluaak.

11 kupulau ʻoku kamata ʻaki ha preposition fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + kupulau ʻoku kamata ʻaki ha preposition sabjekt + bi + prepojisʻikail frej The book is on te table. dy buk ij on dy tebil tohi tebiler upr.

12 meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + feituʻu fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + aabaara feituʻu sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + plis prij I put a book on te table. aai put oya buk on dy tebil aadaa ekti tohi upr tebilti.

13 lea fakangatangata + hingoa lea fakangatangata + hingoa ditarmiʻikair + ʻikaiun This book is new. dis buk ij niu ʻOku foʻou ʻa e tohí ni.

14 lea fakangatangata + lea fakamatala + hingoa lea fakangatangata + lea fakamatala + hingoa ditarmiʻikair + oyadjektiv + ʻikaiun This big book is new. dis bg buk ij niu ei lahi tohi foʻou.

15 fika + hingoa fika + hingoa niumeral + ʻikaiun Two books are new. tu bks aar niu ʻOku foʻou ʻa e ongo tohí.

16 fakahoko fakataha fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + and + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue sabjekt + varb + oyand + sabjekt + varb I read and he writes. aai rid oyand hi raits ʻOku ou lau pea ʻoku tohi ia.

17 fakahoko fakataha mo e meʻa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + and + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + oyand + sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt I read a book and he writes a letter. aai rid oya buk oyand hi raits oya ltr au ekti tohi lau ebng ia ekti siti tohi.

18 sētesi pasivi vi aalmdaaraa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup tritiy় sabjekt + bi + vi tri The book is read. dy buk ij red ʻOku lau ʻa e tohí.

19 sētesi pasivi + tokotaha fai ngāue fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup tritiy় + by + tokotaha fai ngāue sabjekt + bi + vi tri + bai + ejent The book is read by te teaser. dy buk ij red bai dy tisar ke lau ʻa e tohí hy় dbara sikkhk.

20 sētesi pasivi + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup tritiy় + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa sabjekt + bi + vi tri + tu + indirekt objekt The book is given to him. dy buk ij given tu him ʻOku ʻoange ʻa e tohí kiate ia.

21 sētesi pasivi + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + tokotaha fai ngāue fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup tritiy় + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + by + tokotaha fai ngāue sabjekt + bi + vi tri + tu + indirekt objekt + bai + ejent The book is given to him by te teaser. dy buk ij given tu him bai dy tisar tohi take deoy়a hy় dbara sikkhk.

22 sētesi pasivi + lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup tritiy় + lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue sabjekt + bi + vi tri + oyadvarb The book is read now. dy buk ij red naao ke lau ʻa e tohí hy় he taimí ni.

23 sētesi pasivi + feituʻu fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup tritiy় + aabaara feituʻu sabjekt + bi + vi tri + lokesn The book is put on te table. dy buk ij put on dy tebil rakha hy় tohi tebiler upr.

24 sētesi pasivi + tokotaha fai ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e taimi fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup tritiy় + by + tokotaha fai ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e taimi sabjekt + bi + vi tri + bai + ejent + taim oyadvarb The book is read by te teaser today. dy buk ij red bai dy tisar tude ke lau ʻa e tohí hy় dbara sikkhk he ʻaho ni.

25 sētesi pasivi + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + tokotaha fai ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e taimi fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup tritiy় + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + by + tokotaha fai ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e taimi sabjekt + bi + vi tri + tu + indirekt objekt + bai + ejent + taim oyadvarb The book is given to te student by te teaser today. dy buk ij given tu dy student bai dy tisar tude iaataa tohi satrke dbara sikkhk he ʻaho ni.

26 pasivi kuo ʻosi ʻi he taimi lolotonga fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + has/have been + rup tritiy় sabjekt + hyaj/hyav bin + vi tri The book has been read. dy buk hyaj bin red itimtye smpnn hy়ese lau tohi.

27 pasivi kuo ʻosi + tokotaha fai ngāue fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + has/have been + rup tritiy় + by + tokotaha fai ngāue sabjekt + hyaj/hyav bin + vi tri + bai + ejent The book has been read by te teaser. dy buk hyaj bin red bai dy tisar itimtye smpnn hy়ese lau tohi dbara sikkhk.

28 pasivi ʻo e kahaʻu fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + will be + rup tritiy় + kal sabjekt + uil bi + vi tri + taim The book will be read tomorrow. dy buk uil bi red tumro ske lau ʻa e tohí hy় ʻapongipongi.

29 pasivi ʻo e kahaʻu + tokotaha fai ngāue fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + will be + rup tritiy় + by + tokotaha fai ngāue + kal sabjekt + uil bi + vi tri + bai + ejent + taim The book will be read by te teaser tomorrow. dy buk uil bi red bai dy tisar tumro ske lau ʻa e tohí hy় dbara sikkhk ʻapongipongi.

30 sētesi pasivi sngge kra naaks fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue aalnaaks + be + rup tritiy় sabjekt + modal varb + bi + vi tri The book must be read. dy buk mast bi red Kuo pau ke lau ʻa e tohí.

31 founga fakafisi fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue tokoni + not + ngāue sabjekt + oksiliy়ari varb + nt + varb I do not read a book. aai du nt rid oya buk au au kono tohi lau ʻikai.

32 founga pasivi fakafisi fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + not + rup tritiy় + by + tokotaha fai ngāue sabjekt + bi + nt + vi tri + bai + ejent The book is not read by te teaser. dy buk ij nt red bai dy tisar ʻikai ke lau ʻa e tohí hy় dbara sikkhk.

33 fehuʻi ʻio/pē ngāue tokoni + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue? oksiliy়ari varb + sabjekt + vrb? Do you read a book? du iu rid oya bk? ʻOkú ke lau ha tohi?

34 fehuʻi sētesi pasivi be + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + rup aaltaalt? bi + sabjekt + vi tri? Is te book being read? ij dy buk biing rd? ki/hy় ki hy়/kra hy় lau aalktaab?

35 fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai smprke fehuʻi who + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue? hu + varb + direkt aaobjkt? Who reads te book? hu rid‌j dy bk? Ko hai ʻokú ne lau ʻa e tohí?

36 tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa smprke fehuʻi who/whom + ngāue tokoni + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + to? hu/hum + oksiliy়ari varb + sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + to? Who do you give te book to? hu du iu giv dy buk to? Ko hai ʻokú ke ʻoange ki ai ʻa e tohí?

37 founga tuʻutuʻuni ngāue +...! varb +...! Read! rid! Lau!!

38 aades + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa! varb + direkt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt! Give te book to him! giv dy buk tu him! ʻOange ʻa e tohí kiate ia!

39 tuʻutuʻuni pasivi let + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + be + rup tritiy়! lt + direkt objekt + bi + vi tri! Let te book be read! lt dy buk bi red! tohi ke lau dao!

40 founga infinitive to + ngāue tu + varb to read tu rid lau / ke lau

41 founga infinitive + krm mbaasr to + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue tu + varb + direkt objekt to read a book tu rid oya buk ke lau ha tohi

42 founga infinitive + krm mbaasr nirdist to + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue lea fakangatangata tu + varb + spesifik direkt objekt to read te book tu rid dy buk ke lau ʻa e tohí

43 taumuʻa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + to + ngāue sabjekt + varb + tu + varb I eat to play. aai it tu ple ʻOku ou kai ke u lava ʻo vaʻinga.

44 sētesi fakafehokotaki hingoa + upkrn/sihn aalosl + sētesi ʻikaiun + riletiv oy়ard + klj The book tat I read is interesting. dy buk dyat aai rid ij intaresting au ye tohi lau ta aakrsniy়.

45 sētesi fakafehokotaki pasivi hingoa + upkrn/sihn aalosl + sētesi pasivi ʻikaiun + riletiv oy়ard + vy়es The book tat is being read by te teaser is interesting. dy buk dyat ij biing red bai dy tisar ij intaresting tohi ye/yini hy়/kra hy় lau hy় dbara sikkhk aanndday়k.

46 tuʻunga fakakondisoni if + sētesi, fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue if + kloj, sabjekt + varb If I have time, I read. if aai hyav taaim, aai rid Kapau ʻoku ou maʻu ha taimi, ʻoku ou lau.

47 tuʻunga fakakondisoni + sētesi pasivi if + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + rup aaltaalt, fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue if + sabjekt + bi + vi tri, sabjekt + varb If te book is read, he learns. if dy buk ij rd, hi lrnj ydi ke lau ʻa e tohí hy়, ia sekhe.

48 lea fakahāhā fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + tat + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue sabjekt + varb + dyat + sabjekt + varb He said tat he was reading. hi sd dyat hi oy়aj riding Naʻá ne pehē naʻá ne lau.

49 fehuʻi fakahāhā fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + if/wheter + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue sabjekt + varb + if/oy়edar + sabjekt + varb He asked if I was reading. hi aaskt if aai oy়aj riding Naʻá ne ʻeke pe naʻá ku lau.

50 tuʻutuʻuni pe kole fakahāhā fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + krm + to + ngāue sabjekt + varb + objekt + tu + varb He asked me to read. hi aaskt mi tu rid Naʻá ne kole mai ke u lau.

lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue:

1 founga (Manner): foungabask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueti ngāue ba krmer pre aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + krm + lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue। I read te book quickly. — aai rid dy buk kuikli। — au tohi vave lau।

2 feituʻu (Place): feituʻubask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueti ngāue ba krmer pre aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + krm + feituʻu। I read te book at home. — aai rid dy buk oyat hom। — au ʻi ʻapi tohi lau।

3 taimi (Time): taimibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue satarnt sētesier sese ba surute aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + krm + taimi। I read te book yesterday. — aai rid dy buk iy়estarde। — au ʻi he ʻaneafi tohi pd়esi।

4 tuʻo lahi (Frequency): tuʻo lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue satarnt prtan ngāuer aage aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + tuʻo lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue + ngāue। I often read books. — aai ofen rid buks। — au pray়i tohi lau।

5 tuʻo lahi + be (Frequency + be): tuʻo lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueti be ngāuer pre aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be ngāue + tuʻo lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue। He is always happy. — hi ij oloy়ej hyapi। — ia sbtaimi fiefia।

6 tuʻo lahi + say়k ngāue (Frequency + auxiliary): tuʻo lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueti prtm say়k ngāuer pre aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + say়k ngāue + tuʻo lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue + ngāue। I have never seen it. — aai hyav nevar sin it। — au eti kkhno dekhini।

7 lahi (Degree): lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueti ye lea fakamatala ba lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueke brnʻikai kre tar aage aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue + lea fakamatala / lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue। It is very good. — it ij veri gud। — eti khub valo।

8 lahi + ngāue (Degree + verb): byvrit lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueer opr nirvr kre lahibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueti ngāuer aage ba pre aaste pare। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue। I really like it. — aai riy়eli laik it। — au eti styii psnd kri।

9 sētesibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue (Sentence adverb): eti sētesier surute, majhkhane ba sese aaste pare ebng puro sētesi smprke bktar mnovab prkas kre। lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue + sētesi। Fortunately, I won. — frsunetli, aai oy়an। — souvagykrme, au kuó u ikuna।

10 mntbysusk lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue (Comment adverb): eti satarnt sētesier surute aaia ebng bktar mtamt ba mntby prkas kre। lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue + sētesi। Honestly, I don't know. — onestli, aai dont no। — styi blte, au jani ʻikai।

11 sngyogkari lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue (Linking adverb): eti satarnt sētesier surute ba majhkhane aaia ebng duti tarna ba sētesike sngyukt kre। sētesi + sngyogkari lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue + sētesi। I was tired; however, I worked. — aai oy়aj taiy়ard; haoevar, aai oy়arkt। — au klant silam; tbe au kaj kresi।

12 feituʻu ki ai (Direction): feituʻu ki aibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāueti ngāue ba krmer pre aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + krm + feituʻu ki aibask lea fakamatala ʻo e ngāue। She went outside. — si oy়ent aautsaid। — ia tuʻa gel।

13 tuʻo lahi pau (Definite frequency): tuʻo lahi paur taimisusk ovibykti sētesier surute ba sese aaste pare। taimisusk ovibykti + sētesi। I go tere every day. — aai go dey়ar evri de। — au ʻi he ʻaho kotoa ʻi ai yai।

14 lōloa ʻo e taimi (Duration): lōloa ʻo e taimier ovibykti satarnt sētesier sese aaia। fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + krm + lōloa ʻo e taimi। I studied for two hours. — aai stadid fr tu aaoy়ars। — au dui ghnta lausoʻikai kresi।

15 taumuʻa (Purpose): taumuʻasusk ovibykti satarnt sētesier sese aaia ebng kajti krar karn prkas kre। sētesi + taumuʻa। I went tere to study. — aai oy়ent dey়ar tu stadi। — au lausoʻikai krte ʻi ai giy়esilam।

INDIRECT OBJECT: tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa

# faʻahinga founga langa aarbite fakaongo ʻo e founga langa ingrejite aarbite sīpinga sīpingaer aarbi fakaongo aarbi liliu

1 tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa aage prtykkh fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue sabjekt + varb + indirekt objekt + direkt objekt I gave him a book. aai giv him oya buk au take diy়esi ekti tohi.

2 meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt I gave a book to him. aai giv oya buk tu him au diy়esi ekti tohi tar jny.

3 tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa aage prtykkh fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue sabjekt + varb + indirekt objekt + direkt objekt She sent me a letter. si iant mi oya ltr au patiy়esi aamar jny siti.

4 meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt She sent a letter to me. si iant oya ltr tu mi au patiy়esi siti aamar jny.

5 tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa aage prtykkh sngge for fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue sabjekt + varb + indirekt objekt + direkt objekt I bought her a gift. aai bt har oya gift au kinesi tar jny ufar.

6 meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + for + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + for + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + fr + indirekt objekt I bought a gift for her. aai bt oya gift fr har au kinesi ufar tar jny.

7 tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa vi sētesi pasivi tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa + be + rup tritiy় + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue indirekt objekt + bi + vi tri + direkt objekt He was given a book. hi oy়aj given oya buk aaaati ekti tohi.

8 meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue vi sētesi pasivi + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + be + rup tritiy় + to + tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa direkt objekt + bi + vi tri + tu + indirekt objekt A book was given to him. oya buk oy়aj given tu him aaaati ekti tohi tar jny.

9 tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa smprke fehuʻi upkrn/sihn aalaastfhaam + ngāue tokoni + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue + to? o + du/daj/did + sabjekt + varb + direkt objekt + to? Who did you give it to? hu did iu giv it to? kake au take diy়esi?

10 tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa smprke aanustanik fehuʻi To whom + ngāue tokoni + fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + ngāue + meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai e ngāue? tu hum + oksiliy়ari + sabjekt + varb + direkt aaobjkt? To whom did you give it? tu hum did iu giv it? kake au take diy়esi?

GENITIVE: ʻaʻana / vā fetuʻutaki

# faʻahinga founga langa aarbite fakaongo ʻo e founga langa ingrejite aarbite sīpinga sīpingaer aarbi fakaongo liliu

1 ʻaʻana ʻa e tokotaha pē taha hingoa + 's + hingoa ʻikaiun + ij + ʻikaiun John's car jonj kar gad়i jon.

2 fakahaaʻi ʻa e ʻaʻana ʻaki ʻa e of hingoa + of + hingoa ʻikaiun + aav + ʻikaiun te car of John dy kar aav jon gad়i jon.

3 ʻaʻana ʻa e tokolahi hingoa aaljmaa + ' + hingoa plural ʻikaiun + oyapostrfi + ʻikaiun students' books stiodnts bks tohigulo aaltlaab.

4 ʻaʻana ʻa e tokolahi taʻefakalao hingoa + 's + hingoa ʻikaiun + ij + ʻikaiun sildren's toys tsldrnj toij aalaaaab aalaatfaal.

5 ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana aalsiaa baastkhdaam of hingoa + of + hingoa ʻikaiun + aav + ʻikaiun te roof of te house dy ruf aav dy haus skf bad়iti.

6 lea fakangatangata ʻo e ʻaʻana lea fakangatangata ʻo e ʻaʻana + hingoa pjesiv ditarmiʻikair + ʻikaiun my car mai kar siaarti.

7 sbatin ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana fetongi hingoa ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana aalmstkl pjesiv proʻikaiun The car is mine. dy kar ij maain aalsiaara aamar jny / aalsiaara aamar.

8 ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana aalmjdoja hingoa + of + fetongi hingoa ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana aalmstkl ʻikaiun + aav + pjesiv proʻikaiun a friend of mine oya frnd aav maain sdik aamar jny / aahd aasdkaaii.

9 ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana taimi taimier hingoa + 's + hingoa taim ʻikaiun + ij + ʻikaiun today's news tdaaij nioj aakhbaar he ʻaho ni.

10 kiaas aaljmaa fika + primaper ekk + ' + hingoa niumeral + iont + oyapostrfi + ʻikaiun two weeks' vacation tu oiks vkisn aatla mdtaa aasboaaaan.

11 ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana smprke fehuʻi whose + hingoa? huj + naaon? Whose book? huj bk? tohi ke? / kake ei aalktaab?

12 sētesi fakafehokotakie ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana whose + hingoa + sētesi huj + ʻikaiun + klj te man whose car... dy myan huj kar... purusti ye/yini siaart...

13 yout ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana hingoa aalaaol + and + hingoa aaltaani + 's + hingoa ʻikaiun + oyand + ʻikaiun + ij + ʻikaiun John and Mary's house jon oyand mirij haus mnjl jon omaari yout.

14 pritk ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana hingoa aalaaol + 's + and + hingoa aaltaani + 's + hingoa ʻikaiun + ij + oyand + ʻikaiun + ij + ʻikaiun John's and Mary's houses jonj oyand mirij haaojj mnjlaa jon omaari; lkl ekjn/ekti tekekinautoluaa mnjlh.

INDEPENDENT: sbatin ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana fetongi hingoa

aalskhs lea fakangatangata ʻo e ʻaʻana fakaongo lea fakangatangata ʻo e ʻaʻana fetongi hingoa ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana aalmstkl fakaongo fetongi hingoa ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana sīpinga smpurn sīpingaer aarbi fakaongo liliu

I = au my mai mine maain This book is mine. dis buk ij maain ei tohi aamar jny / ei tohi aamar.

you = ko koe / ko koe your ior yours ior‌j This book is yours. dis buk ij ior‌j ei tohi tomar jny / ei tohi mlkk.

he = hu his hij his hij This book is his. dis buk ij hij ei tohi tar jny / ei tohi tar.

se = hi her har hers harj This book is hers. dis buk ij harj ei tohi tar jny / ei tohi tar.

it = hu/hi lgir aalaaaakl its its ʻikai iojd fetongi hingoa ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana mstkl prslit — The dog hurt its leg. dy dog hrt its lg aaghat pey়ese aalklb vi tar pa.

we = kitautolu our aaoy়ar ours aaoy়ar‌j This book is ours. dis buk ij aaoy়ar‌j ei tohi aamader jny / ei tohi aamader.

tey = kinautolu / kinautolu teir dey়ar teirs dey়ar‌j This book is teirs. dis buk ij dey়ar‌j ei tohi jnykinautolu / ei tohi ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻanakinautolu.

The book is te boy's. = tohi ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana seleti.

The book is for te boy. = tohi llold.

NAʻE TEUTEU KE: naʻe teu ke fai / naʻe totonu ke fai

fetongi hingoa founga langa aarbite fakaongo ʻo e founga langa ingrejite aarbite sīpinga sīpingaer aarbi fakaongo ʻuhinga

I = au au + was going to + ngāue aai + oy়aj goy়ing tu + varb I was going to eat. aai oy়aj goy়ing tu it silam/sile au khab / silam/sile aanoi ye/krte aakl.

you = ko koe/ko koe ko koe + were going to + ngāue iu + oy়ar goy়ing tu + varb You were going to eat. iu oy়ar goy়ing tu it silam/sile staakl / silam/sile tnoi ye/krte taakl.

he = hu hu + was going to + ngāue hi + oy়aj goy়ing tu + varb He was going to eat. hi oy়aj goy়ing tu it sil siaakl / sil issa kre ye/krte iaakl.

se = hi hi + was going to + ngāue si + oy়aj goy়ing tu + varb She was going to eat. si oy়aj goy়ing tu it sil staakl / sil tnoi ye/krte taakl.

it = hu/hi lgir aalaaaakl hu/hi + was going to + ngāue it + oy়aj goy়ing tu + varb It was going to rain. it oy়aj goy়ing tu rein sil teke aalmtokaa ye/krte tmtr / sil aalmtr sihtl.

we = kitautolu kitautolu + were going to + ngāue ui + oy়ar goy়ing tu + varb We were going to eat. ui oy়ar goy়ing tu it kitautolu silam kitautolu khab / kitautolu silam nnoi ye/krte naakl.

tey = kinautolu/kinautolu kinautolu/kinautolu + were going to + ngāue de + oy়ar goy়ing tu + varb They were going to eat. de oy়ar goy়ing tu it sil kinautolu siaaklon / sil kinautolu inoon ye/krte iaakloaa.

[oy়aj aabot tu/oy়ar aabot tu] was about to/were about to o nstkhdm

Was about to = kono kisu ghtte yassil.

Was supposed to = kisu krar kta sil, kintu kono kisu take bata diy়ese ba vinn kisu ghtese.

I was supposed to clean up today, but due to te bad weater, I am not. = sil teke kta sil ye/krte aanjf aaliom, kintu karne kharap aavaoy়a krbe ʻikai aafaal iai.

2- NGAAHI HINGOA

aarbi tarna founga langa aarbite sīpinga fakaongo ingrejite aarbite aarbi

aaljmaa hingoa + s [s] books buks tohigulo

aaljmaa hingoa + es [ij] boxes boksj snaadik

aalmfrd lea fakangatangata te [dy] + hingoa te book dy bok tohi

aaljmaa lea fakangatangata te [dy] + hingoa vubsn te books dy buks tohigulo

aalmfrd o- / ny় lea fakangatangata a [oya] + hingoa a book oya bok tohi

aalmfrd o- / ny় lea fakangatangata (ydi aalklma baat ibdaa vrf aalaa) an [aan] + hingoa an apple aan oyapl tfaaha

tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + kra + krm tar sngge/eti diy়e o- / ny় mbaasr + krm tar sngge/eti diy়e mbaasr I give him te book. aai giv him dy bok take dii tohi.

tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa sngge to fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + kra + krm tar sngge/eti diy়e mbaasr + to [tu] + krm tar sngge/eti diy়e o- / ny় mbaasr I give te book to him. aai giv dy bok tu him au dii tohi tar jny.

ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana maliker hingoa + 's [s] + ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻanatin hingoa John's car jonj kar gad়i jon

ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana aaljmaa hingoa vubsn aalmaalk + s' [s] + ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻanatin hingoa te boys'' books dy by়j buks tohigulo selera

fakahaaʻi ʻa e ʻaʻana ʻaki ʻa e of ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻanatin hingoa + of [ov] + maliker hingoa te door of te house dy dor ov dy haus baab bad়iti

sbder sesangs ki yog kri? sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia

besirvag sbd -s book → books bok -> buks

s -es bus → buses bas -> basij

ss -es class → classes klas -> klasij

s -es dis → dises dis -> disij

s -es wats → watses oy়as -> oy়asij

x -es box → boxes buks -> boksj

z -es quiz → quizzes kuij -> kuijij

consonant + y -ies baby → babies bebi -> bebij

vowel + y -s boy → boys by় -> by়j

kisu f/fe -ves knife → knives ʻikaiif -> ʻikaiivj

kisu f/fe -s roof → roofs ruf -> rufs

onirdist hle oaaljmaa hte yemn aalmfrdA ydi sil hingoa o- / ny় maadod, ʻikai ndaa

INDIRECT OBJECT: tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e meʻa

ʻOku ʻi ai ha founga tefito ʻe tolu ke fokotuʻu ai ʻa e indirect object ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá:

1- Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

I give a boy a book. = au dii oldaa ekti tohi.

2- Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to + Indirect Object

I give a book to a boy. = au dii ekti tohi lold.

3- Subject + Verb + to + Indirect Object + Direct Object

I give to a boy a book. = au dii lold ekti tohi.

ʻOku ngali taʻefakanatula ʻa e founga ko ʻení ʻi he lea faka-Pilitānia ʻo onopōní; ʻoku lahi ange hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e founga ʻuluakí mo e ua.

GENITIVE: ʻātakai ʻo e ʻaʻana

ʻOku ʻi ai ha founga tefito ʻe ua ke fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e ʻaʻana ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá:

1- Owner's + Possession

The boy's book = tohi seleti.

2- Possession + of + Owner

The book of te boy = tohi seleti.

3- NGAAHI LEA FAKAMATALA

aarbite faʻahinga founga langa aarbite fakaongo ʻo e founga langa ingrejite aarbite sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

brnʻikaimulk lea fakamatala lea fakamatala + hingoa oyadjektiv + ʻikaiun a beautiful house oya biutiful haus mnjl sundr

primanbask lea fakamatala kmia + hingoa koaantti + ʻikaiun many books mni buks tohigulo onek

fikabask lea fakamatala fika + hingoa nmbr + ʻikaiun tree books tri buks tin tohigulo

nirdesk lea fakamatala tis/tat/tese/tose + hingoa dis/dyat/dij/doj + ʻikaiun tis book dis bok ei tohi

lea fakamatala ʻo e ʻaʻana my/your/his/her/its/our/teir + hingoa mai/ior/hij/har/its/aaoy়ar/dey়ar + ʻikaiun my car mai kar siaarti

fehuʻibask lea fakamatala whis/what/whose + hingoa uis/ot/huj + ʻikaiun whis book? uis bok? kon ktaab?

onirdist lea fakamatala sbd o- / ny় mhdda + hingoa indfnt oy়ard + ʻikaiun some books sm buks kisu tohigulo

bntnbask lea fakamatala eas/every/eiter/neiter + hingoa iits/ivri/iiyr/niyr + ʻikaiun eas student iits student prtiti/sb taalb / prtiti/sb ekjn/ekti teke aaltlaab

hingoaʻikaim teke gtit lea fakamatala hingoa aalm → lea fakamatala prpar ʻikaiun → oyadjektiv Englis language inglis lyangguy়ej aallga ingreji

yougik lea fakamatala sbd + sbd oy়ard + oy়ard a well-known actor oya oy়el-non oyaktr mmtl msiar

brtman/otit ngāuebask lea fakamatala teke gtit lea fakamatala V-ing / V-ed vi-ing / vi-id a boring movie oya boring muvi film birktikr

tulʻikaimulk lea fakamatala lea fakamatala + er / more + lea fakamatala oyadjektiv + ir / mor + oyadjektiv bigger house bgr haus mnjl aakbr

srbosstabask lea fakamatala lea fakamatala + est / most + lea fakamatala oyadjektiv + ist / most + oyadjektiv te biggest house dy bgst haus aakbr mnjl

lea fakamatala aalmtsaaoia aalmttaabaaa lea fakamatala + , + lea fakamatala + hingoa oyadjektiv + faasla + oyadjektiv + ʻikaiun a long, difficult journey oya long, difikalt jarni rhla dirgh osaaba

hingoaer aage lea fakamatala lea fakamatala + hingoa oyadjektiv + ʻikaiun a red car oya red kar gad়i hmraaaa

bitey় lea fakamatala fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + be + lea fakamatala sabjekt + bi + oyadjektiv The car is red. dy kar ij red aalsiaara hmraaaa

hingoaer pre lea fakamatala hingoa + lea fakamatala ʻikaiun + oyadjektiv someting interesting smtng intrstng kisu mtir llaahtmaam

sbtntr lea fakamatala lea fakamatala oyadjektiv perfect brfkt smpurn / aadrs

jorprdrsk lea fakamatala lea fakamatala + hingoa oyadjektiv + ʻikaiun my own car mai on kar siaarti nijsb

bismy়susk lea fakamatala what + lea fakamatala + hingoa ot + oyadjektiv + ʻikaiun What a beautiful day! ot oya biutiful daai iaa tar jny teke iom sundr!

. taimi lolotonga faingofua — Present Simple

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + am/is/are + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + oyam/ij/aar + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa founga langa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I am I am happy. aai oyam hyapi au fiefia.

You You are You are happy. iu aar hyapi ko koe fiefia.

He He is He is happy. hi ij hyapi hu fiefia.

She She is She is happy. si ij hyapi hi fiefia.

It It is It is cold. it ij kold aaljo momoko.

We We are We are happy. ui aar hyapi kitautolu fiefia.

You You are You are happy. iu aar hyapi tomra fiefia.

They They are They are happy. de aar hyapi kinautolu fiefia.

2. taimi kuo ʻosi faingofua — Past Simple

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + was/were + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + ohe ʻaho ni/oy়ar + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa founga langa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I was I was happy. aai ohe ʻaho ni hyapi silam/sile fiefia.

You You were You were happy. iu oy়ar hyapi silam/sile fiefia.

He He was He was happy. hi ohe ʻaho ni hyapi sil fiefia.

She She was She was happy. si ohe ʻaho ni hyapi sil fiefia.

It It was It was cold. it ohe ʻaho ni kold sil aaljo momoko.

We We were We were happy. ui oy়ar hyapi kitautolu silam fiefia.

You You were You were happy. iu oy়ar hyapi tomra sile fiefia.

They They were They were happy. de oy়ar hyapi sil kinautolu fiefia.

3. taimi kahaʻu faingofua — Future Simple

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + will be + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + uil bi + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa founga langa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I will be I will be happy. aai uil bi hyapi au hb fiefia.

You You will be You will be happy. iu uil bi hyapi hbe fiefia.

He He will be He will be happy. hi uil bi hyapi hbe fiefia.

She She will be She will be happy. si uil bi hyapi hbe fiefia.

It It will be It will be cold. it uil bi kold hbe aaljo momoko.

We We will be We will be happy. ui uil bi hyapi kitautolu hb fiefia.

You You will be You will be happy. iu uil bi hyapi stkonon fiefia.

They They will be They will be happy. de uil bi hyapi kinautolu hbe fiefia.

4. taimi lolotonga hokohoko — Present Continuous

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + am/is/are being + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + oyam/ij/aar biing + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa founga langa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I am being I am being careful. aai oyam biing key়arful au aatsrf sabtane.

You You are being You are being careful. iu aar biing key়arful ko koe ttsrf sabtane.

He He is being He is being careful. hi ij biing key়arful hu itsrf sabtane.

She She is being She is being careful. si ij biing key়arful hi ttsrf sabtane.

It It is being It is being repaired. it ij biing ripey়ard hy়/kra hy় islaahh.

We We are being We are being careful. ui aar biing key়arful kitautolu ntsrf sabtane.

You You are being You are being careful. iu aar biing key়arful tomra ttsrfon sabtane.

They They are being They are being careful. de aar biing key়arful kinautolu itsrfon sabtane.

5. taimi kuo ʻosi hokohoko — Past Continuous

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + was/were being + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + ohe ʻaho ni/oy়ar biing + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa founga langa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I was being I was being careful. aai ohe ʻaho ni biing key়arful silam/sile aatsrf sabtane.

You You were being You were being careful. iu oy়ar biing key়arful silam/sile ttsrf sabtane.

He He was being He was being careful. hi ohe ʻaho ni biing key়arful sil itsrf sabtane.

She She was being She was being careful. si ohe ʻaho ni biing key়arful sil ttsrf sabtane.

It It was being It was being repaired. it ohe ʻaho ni biing ripey়ard sil hy়/kra hy় islaahh.

We We were being We were being careful. ui oy়ar biing key়arful kitautolu silam ntsrf sabtane.

You You were being You were being careful. iu oy়ar biing key়arful tomra sile ttsrfon sabtane.

They They were being They were being careful. de oy়ar biing key়arful sil kinautolu itsrfon sabtane.

6. taimi kahaʻu hokohoko — Future Continuous

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + will be being + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + uil bi biing + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I will be being careful. aai uil bi biing key়arful au hb mstmraa vi aaltsrf sabtane.

You You will be being careful. iu uil bi biing key়arful hbe mstmraa vi aaltsrf sabtane.

He He will be being careful. hi uil bi biing key়arful hbe mstmraa vi aaltsrf sabtane.

She She will be being careful. si uil bi biing key়arful hbe mstmra vi aaltsrf sabtane.

It It will be being repaired. it uil bi biing ripey়ard hbe mstmraa islaahh.

We We will be being careful. ui uil bi biing key়arful kitautolu hb mstmrin vi aaltsrf sabtane.

You You will be being careful. iu uil bi biing key়arful stkonon mstmrin vi aaltsrf sabtane.

They They will be being careful. de uil bi biing key়arful kinautolu hbe mstmrin vi aaltsrf sabtane.

ʻOku totonu fakakalama ʻa e tense ko ʻení, ka ʻoku tātātaha ʻaupito hono ngāueʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Pilitānia angamahení.

7. taimi lolotonga kuo kakato — Present Perfect

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + have/has been + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + hyav/hyaj bin + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I have been happy. aai hyav bin hyapi itimtye silam/sile fiefia.

You You have been happy. iu hyav bin hyapi itimtye silam/sile fiefia.

He He has been happy. hi hyaj bin hyapi itimtye sil fiefia.

She She has been happy. si hyaj bin hyapi itimtye sil fiefia.

It It has been cold. it hyaj bin kold itimtye sil aaljo momoko.

We We have been happy. ui hyav bin hyapi itimtye kitautolu silam fiefia.

You You have been happy. iu hyav bin hyapi itimtye tomra sile fiefia.

They They have been happy. de hyav bin hyapi itimtye sil kinautolu fiefia.

8. taimi kuo ʻosi kakato — Past Perfect

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + had been + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + hyad bin + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I had been happy. aai hyad bin hyapi silam/sile itimtye/hy়ese silam/sile fiefia.

You You had been happy. iu hyad bin hyapi silam/sile itimtye/hy়ese silam/sile fiefia.

He He had been happy. hi hyad bin hyapi sil itimtye/hy়ese sil fiefia.

She She had been happy. si hyad bin hyapi sil itimtye/hy়ese sil fiefia.

It It had been cold. it hyad bin kold sil aaljo itimtye/hy়ese sil momoko.

We We had been happy. ui hyad bin hyapi kitautolu silam itimtye/hy়ese kitautolu silam fiefia.

You You had been happy. iu hyad bin hyapi tomra sile itimtye/hy়ese tomra sile fiefia.

They They had been happy. de hyad bin hyapi sil kinautolu itimtye/hy়ese sil kinautolu fiefia.

9. taimi kahaʻu kuo kakato — Future Perfect

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + will have been + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + uil hyav bin + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I will have been happy. aai uil hyav bin hyapi au hb itimtye/hy়ese silam/sile fiefia.

You You will have been happy. iu uil hyav bin hyapi hbe itimtye/hy়ese silam/sile fiefia.

He He will have been happy. hi uil hyav bin hyapi hbe itimtye/hy়ese sil fiefia.

She She will have been happy. si uil hyav bin hyapi hbe itimtye/hy়ese sil fiefia.

It It will have been cold. it uil hyav bin kold hbe aaljo itimtye/hy়ese sil momoko.

We We will have been happy. ui uil hyav bin hyapi kitautolu hb itimtye/hy়ese kitautolu silam fiefia.

You You will have been happy. iu uil hyav bin hyapi stkonon itimtye/hy়ese tomra sile fiefia.

They They will have been happy. de uil hyav bin hyapi kinautolu hbe itimtye/hy়ese sil kinautolu fiefia.

10. taimi lolotonga kuo kakato mo hokohoko — Present Perfect Continuous

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + have/has been being + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + hyav/hyaj bin biing + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I have been being careful. aai hyav bin biing key়arful silam/sile mstmraa vi aaltsrf sabtane.

You You have been being careful. iu hyav bin biing key়arful silam/sile mstmraa vi aaltsrf sabtane.

He He has been being careful. hi hyaj bin biing key়arful sil mstmraa vi aaltsrf sabtane.

She She has been being careful. si hyaj bin biing key়arful sil mstmra vi aaltsrf sabtane.

It It has been being repaired. it hyaj bin biing ripey়ard sil mstmraa islaahh.

We We have been being careful. ui hyav bin biing key়arful kitautolu silam mstmrin vi aaltsrf sabtane.

You You have been being careful. iu hyav bin biing key়arful tomra sile mstmrin vi aaltsrf sabtane.

They They have been being careful. de hyav bin biing key়arful sil kinautolu mstmrin vi aaltsrf sabtane.

11. taimi kuo ʻosi kakato mo hokohoko — Past Perfect Continuous

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + had been being + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + hyad bin biing + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I had been being careful. aai hyad bin biing key়arful silam/sile itimtye/hy়ese jllt aatsrf sabtane.

You You had been being careful. iu hyad bin biing key়arful silam/sile itimtye/hy়ese jllt ttsrf sabtane.

He He had been being careful. hi hyad bin biing key়arful sil itimtye/hy়ese jl itsrf sabtane.

She She had been being careful. si hyad bin biing key়arful sil itimtye/hy়ese jlt ttsrf sabtane.

It It had been being repaired. it hyad bin biing ripey়ard sil itimtye/hy়ese aastmr islaahh.

We We had been being careful. ui hyad bin biing key়arful kitautolu silam itimtye/hy়ese jllnaa ntsrf sabtane.

You You had been being careful. iu hyad bin biing key়arful tomra sile itimtye/hy়ese jlltm ttsrfon sabtane.

They They had been being careful. de hyad bin biing key়arful sil kinautolu itimtye/hy়ese jloaa itsrfon sabtane.

12. taimi kahaʻu kuo kakato mo hokohoko — Future Perfect Continuous

founga langa: fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai + will have been being + khbr

fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: sabjekt + uil hyav bin biing + kmpliment

fetongi hingoa sīpinga fakaongo ʻi he tohi faka-Pilitānia ʻuhinga

I I will have been being careful. aai uil hyav bin biing key়arful au hb itimtye/hy়ese jllt aatsrf sabtane.

You You will have been being careful. iu uil hyav bin biing key়arful hbe itimtye/hy়ese jllt ttsrf sabtane.

He He will have been being careful. hi uil hyav bin biing key়arful hbe itimtye/hy়ese jl itsrf sabtane.

She She will have been being careful. si uil hyav bin biing key়arful hbe itimtye/hy়ese jlt ttsrf sabtane.

It It will have been being repaired. it uil hyav bin biing ripey়ard hbe itimtye/hy়ese aastmr islaahh.

We We will have been being careful. ui uil hyav bin biing key়arful kitautolu hb itimtye/hy়ese jllnaa ntsrf sabtane.

You You will have been being careful. iu uil hyav bin biing key়arful stkonon itimtye/hy়ese jlltm ttsrfon sabtane.

They They will have been being careful. de uil hyav bin biing key়arful kinautolu hbe itimtye/hy়ese jloaa itsrfon sabtane.

4- Ngaahi Fetongi Hingoa (PRONOUNS)

1. Ngaahi fetongi hingoa fakafoʻituitui — ngaahi tuʻunga tefito kotoa

Tuʻunga / Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Ko e founga langa Ko e fakaongo ʻo e founga langa Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

Tuʻunga ʻo e kaveinga Fetongi hingoa ʻo e kaveinga Subject pronoun I ai au

Tuʻunga ʻo e kaveinga Fetongi hingoa ʻo e kaveinga Subject pronoun you iu ko koe / kimoutolu

Tuʻunga ʻo e kaveinga Fetongi hingoa ʻo e kaveinga Subject pronoun he hi ia (tangata)

Tuʻunga ʻo e kaveinga Fetongi hingoa ʻo e kaveinga Subject pronoun she si ia (fefine)

Tuʻunga ʻo e kaveinga Fetongi hingoa ʻo e kaveinga Subject pronoun it iti ia (meʻa pe monumanu)

Tuʻunga ʻo e kaveinga Fetongi hingoa ʻo e kaveinga Subject pronoun we ui kitautolu

Tuʻunga ʻo e kaveinga Fetongi hingoa ʻo e kaveinga Subject pronoun they jei kinautolu

Ngaahi sīpinga

Fetongi hingoa Sīpinga Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I read. ai riidi ʻOku ou lau.

you You work. iu uoki ʻOku ke ngāue. / ʻOku mou ngāue.

he He sleeps. hi silipisi ʻOku mohe ia.

she She cooks. si kukisi ʻOku feimeʻatokoni ia.

it It works. iti uokisi ʻOku ngāue ia.

we We study. ui sitadi ʻOku tau ako.

they They live here. jei livi sia ʻOku nau nofo ʻi heni.

2. Tuʻunga ʻo e meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue

ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fetongi hingoa ko ʻení ko e meʻa fakahangatonu pe meʻa taʻe-fakahangatonu ʻi he sētesí.

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Ko e founga langa Ko e fakaongo ʻo e founga langa Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

Meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue Fetongi hingoa ʻo e meʻa Object pronoun me mi au / kiate au

Meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue Fetongi hingoa ʻo e meʻa Object pronoun you iu koe / kimoutolu

Meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue Fetongi hingoa ʻo e meʻa Object pronoun him himi ia / kiate ia (tangata)

Meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue Fetongi hingoa ʻo e meʻa Object pronoun her hā ia / kiate ia (fefine)

Meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue Fetongi hingoa ʻo e meʻa Object pronoun it iti ia (meʻa pe monumanu)

Meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue Fetongi hingoa ʻo e meʻa Object pronoun us as kitautolu / kiate kitautolu

Meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue Fetongi hingoa ʻo e meʻa Object pronoun them tem kinautolu / kiate kinautolu

Ngaahi sīpinga

Sīpinga Fakaongo ʻUhinga

She called me. si kooldi mi Naʻá ne tā mai kiate au.

I saw you. ai soo iu Naʻá ku sio kiate koe / kimoutolu.

We helped him. ui helipiti himi Naʻa tau tokoni kiate ia.

I know her. ai noo hā ʻOku ou ʻiloʻi ia.

I bought it. ai bot iti Naʻá ku fakatau ia.

He invited us. hi invaititi as Naʻá ne fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

She called them. si kooldi tem Naʻá ne tā kiate kinautolu.

3. Ngaahi lea fakahaaʻi ʻa e tokotaha ʻoku ʻaʻana ʻoku muʻomuʻa ʻi he hingoa

ʻOku faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻi muʻa ʻi ha hingoa ke fakahaaʻi ʻa e tokotaha ʻoku ʻaʻana ʻa e meʻá.

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Ko e founga langa Ko e fakaongo ʻo e founga langa Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

ʻAʻana my + noun mai + nauni my mai ʻeku / ʻaʻaku

ʻAʻana your + noun iuā + nauni your iuā ʻoʻou / ʻaʻau

ʻAʻana his + noun hisi + nauni his hisi ʻoʻona (tangata)

ʻAʻana her + noun hā + nauni her hā ʻoʻona (fefine)

ʻAʻana its + noun itsi + nauni its itsi ʻoʻona (meʻa pe monumanu)

ʻAʻana our + noun auā + nauni our auā ʻo ʻetau / ʻo ʻetau kotoa

ʻAʻana their + noun teā + nauni their teā ʻo kinautolu

Ngaahi sīpinga

Sīpinga Fakaongo ʻUhinga

My book is new. mai buku isi niu ʻOku foʻou ʻeku tohí.

Your car is fast. iuā kā isi fāsiti ʻOku vave hoʻo kaá.

His house is big. hisi haus isi bigi ʻOku lahi hono falé.

Her phone is new. hā fooni isi niu ʻOku foʻou ʻene telefoní.

Its color is beautiful. itsi kalā isi biutifuli ʻOku fakaʻofoʻofa hono lanu.

Our teacher is nice. auā tisā isi nais ʻOku anga-lelei ʻetau faiakó.

Their house is large. teā haus isi lāsi ʻOku lahi honau falé.

4. Ngaahi fetongi hingoa tauʻatāina ʻo e ʻaʻana

ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻo ʻikai muimui ki ai ha hingoa.

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Ko e founga langa Ko e fakaongo ʻo e founga langa Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

ʻAʻana tauʻatāina mine main mine main ʻaʻaku / ʻoku ʻaʻaku

ʻAʻana tauʻatāina yours iuāsi yours iuāsi ʻaʻau / ʻoku ʻaʻau

ʻAʻana tauʻatāina his hisi his hisi ʻaʻana / ʻoku ʻaʻana

ʻAʻana tauʻatāina hers hāsi hers hāsi ʻaʻana / ʻoku ʻaʻana

ʻAʻana tauʻatāina ours auāsi ours auāsi ʻa kitautolu / ʻoku ʻa kitautolu

ʻAʻana tauʻatāina theirs teāsi theirs teāsi ʻa kinautolu / ʻoku ʻa kinautolu

Fakatokangaʻi: ʻOku ʻikai faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ha fetongi hingoa tauʻatāina ʻo e ʻaʻana maʻá e it.

Ngaahi sīpinga

Sīpinga Fakaongo ʻUhinga

This book is mine. tisi buku isi main ʻOku ʻaʻaku ʻa e tohí ni.

The car is yours. te kā isi iuāsi ʻOku ʻaʻau ʻa e kaá.

The house is his. te haus isi hisi ʻOku ʻaʻana ʻa e falé.

The bag is hers. te bagi isi hāsi ʻOku ʻaʻana ʻa e katoá.

The room is ours. te rūmi isi auāsi ʻOku ʻa kitautolu ʻa e lokí.

The books are theirs. te bukisi ā teāsi ʻOku ʻa kinautolu ʻa e ngaahi tohí.

5. Ngaahi fetongi hingoa fakafoki

ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fetongi hingoa ko ʻení ʻi he taimi ʻoku foki ai ʻa e ngāué ki he tokotaha pē ʻokú ne fakahoko ʻa e ngāué.

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Ko e founga langa Ko e fakaongo ʻo e founga langa Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

Fakafoki my + self mai + self myself mai self au pē

Fakafoki your + self iuā + self yourself iuā self koe pē

Fakafoki him + self himi + self himself himi self ia pē (tangata)

Fakafoki her + self hā + self herself hā self ia pē (fefine)

Fakafoki it + self iti + self itself iti self ia pē (meʻa pe monumanu)

Fakafoki our + selves auā + selves ourselves auā selves kitautolu pē

Fakafoki your + selves iuā + selves yourselves iuā selves kimoutolu pē

Fakafoki them + selves tem + selves themselves tem selves kinautolu pē

Ngaahi sīpinga

Sīpinga Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I hurt myself. ai hāti mai self Naʻá ku fakalaveaʻi au pē.

You did it yourself. iu didi iti iuā self Naʻá ke fai ia ʻiate koe pē.

He introduced himself. hi introdūsi himi self Naʻá ne fakafeʻiloaki ia pē.

She taught herself English. si toti hā self ingilisi Naʻá ne akoʻi pē ia ke ne lea faka-Pilitānia.

The machine turned itself off. te masini tātiniti iti self ofi Naʻe tāmateʻi pē ʻe he misiní ia.

We enjoyed ourselves. ui injōidi auā selves Naʻa tau fiefia.

They introduced themselves. jei introdūsi tem selves Naʻa nau fakafeʻiloaki kinautolu pē.

6. Ngaahi fetongi hingoa tuhu

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Ko e founga langa Ko e fakaongo ʻo e founga langa Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

Tuhu ki ha meʻa ofi, toko taha this tisi this tisi ʻeni

Tuhu ki ha meʻa mamaʻo, toko taha that teti that teti ko ia

Tuhu ki ha ngaahi meʻa ofi these tīsi these tīsi ʻení / ngaahi meʻa ko ʻení

Tuhu ki ha ngaahi meʻa mamaʻo those tōsi those tōsi ko iá / ngaahi meʻa ko iá

Ngaahi sīpinga

This is my book.

Tisi isi mai buku.

Ko ʻeku tohí ʻeni.

That is your car.

Teti isi iuā kā.

Ko hoʻo kaá ia.

These are my shoes.

Tīsi ā mai sūsi.

Ko ʻeku ngaahi suú ʻeni.

Those are their houses.

Tōsi ā teā hausisi.

Ko honau ngaahi falé ia.

7. Ngaahi fetongi hingoa fehuʻi

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Ko e founga langa Ko e fakaongo ʻo e founga langa Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

Fehuʻi ki ha tokotaha ʻoku fai ha ngāue who hu who hu Ko hai?

Fehuʻi ki ha tokotaha ʻoku fai ki ai ha ngāue whom humi whom humi Ko hai? / Ko hai ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāué?

Fehuʻi ki he tokotaha ʻoku ʻaʻana ʻa e meʻa whose hūsi whose hūsi ʻA hai?

Fehuʻi ki ha meʻa pe fili what uati what uati Ko e hā?

Fehuʻi ki ha fili which uisi which uisi Ko fē?

Ngaahi sīpinga

Who called you?

Hu kooldi iu?

Ko hai naʻá ne tā kiate koé?

Whom did you see?

Humi didi iu sī?

Ko hai naʻá ke sio ki aí?

Whose is this?

Hūsi isi tisi?

ʻA hai ʻeni?

What happened?

Uati hapenedi?

Ko e hā naʻe hokó?

Which is yours?

Uisi isi iuāsi?

Ko fē ʻaʻau?

8. Ngaahi fetongi hingoa fakafehokotaki

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Ko e founga langa Ko e fakaongo ʻo e founga langa Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

Fakafehokotaki ki ha tokotaha who hu who hu ʻa ia / ko ia ʻoku

Fakafehokotaki ki he meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e ngāue whom humi whom humi ʻa ia / ko ia ʻoku fai ki ai

Fakafehokotaki ki he tokotaha ʻoku ʻaʻana whose hūsi whose hūsi ʻa ia ʻoku ʻaʻana

Fakafehokotaki ki ha meʻa which uisi which uisi ʻa ia

Fakafehokotaki ki ha tokotaha pe meʻa that teti that teti ʻa ia

Ngaahi sīpinga

The man who works here is my brother.

Te mani hu uokisi siā isi mai brata.

Ko e tangata ʻoku ngāue ʻi heni ko hoku tokoua ia.

The book which I bought is interesting.

Te buku uisi ai bot isi interesitingi.

ʻOku fakafiefia ʻa e tohi naʻá ku fakataú.

The girl whose car was stolen called the police.

Te gāli hūsi kā uasi sitōleni kooldi te polisi.

Ko e taʻahine naʻe kaihaʻasi hono kaá naʻá ne tā ki he kau polisí.

9. Ngaahi fetongi hingoa taʻefakapapau

ʻOku tuhu ʻa e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ki ha tokotaha pe meʻa ʻoku ʻikai fakapapauʻi.

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Fetongi hingoa Fakaongo ʻUhinga

Tokotaha taʻefakapapau someone sam uani ha taha

Tokotaha taʻefakapapau somebody sam badi ha taha

Tokotaha taʻefakapapau ʻi he ngaahi fehuʻi pe fakafisi anyone eni uani ha taha / ha tokotaha pē

Tokotaha taʻefakapapau ʻi he ngaahi fehuʻi pe fakafisi anybody eni badi ha taha / ha tokotaha pē

ʻIkai ha taha no one no uani ʻikai ha taha

ʻIkai ha taha nobody no badi ʻikai ha taha

Tokotaha kotoa everyone evri uani tokotaha kotoa pē

Tokotaha kotoa everybody evri badi tokotaha kotoa pē

Meʻa taʻefakapapau something samtingi ha meʻa

Meʻa taʻefakapapau ʻi he fehuʻi pe fakafisi anything eni tingi ha meʻa pē

ʻIkai ha meʻa nothing natingi ʻikai ha meʻa

Meʻa kotoa everything evri tingi ngaahi meʻa kotoa pē

5- Ngaahi Taimi ʻo e Ngāue

1. Taimi Lolotonga Faingofua

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ngaahi tōʻonga angamaheni, ngaahi moʻoni, mo e ngaahi ngāue ʻoku toutou hokó.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + V1 + ...

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I work. ai uoki ʻOku ou ngāue.

you You work. iu uoki ʻOku ke ngāue.

he He works. hi uokisi ʻOku ngāue ia.

she She works. si uokisi ʻOku ngāue ia.

it It works. iti uokisi ʻOku ngāue ia.

we We work. ui uoki ʻOku tau ngāue.

you You work. iu uoki ʻOku mou ngāue.

they They work. jei uoki ʻOku nau ngāue.

Fakataha mo e he / she / it, ʻoku faʻa tānaki ʻa e -s ki he foʻi ngāué.

2. Taimi Kuo ʻOsi Faingofua

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ko ha ngāue naʻe hoko ʻi ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + V2 + ...

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I worked. ai uokiti Naʻá ku ngāue.

you You worked. iu uokiti Naʻá ke ngāue.

he He worked. hi uokiti Naʻá ne ngāue.

she She worked. si uokiti Naʻá ne ngāue.

it It worked. iti uokiti Naʻe ngāue ia.

we We worked. ui uokiti Naʻa tau ngāue.

you You worked. iu uokiti Naʻa mou ngāue.

they They worked. jei uokiti Naʻa nau ngāue.

3. Taimi Kahaʻu Faingofua

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ha meʻa ʻe hoko ʻi he kahaʻú.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + will + V1

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I will work. ai uili uoki Te u ngāue.

you You will work. iu uili uoki Te ke ngāue.

he He will work. hi uili uoki Te ne ngāue.

she She will work. si uili uoki Te ne ngāue.

it It will work. iti uili uoki Te ne ngāue / ʻe ngāue ia.

we We will work. ui uili uoki Te tau ngāue.

you You will work. iu uili uoki Te mou ngāue.

they They will work. jei uili uoki Te nau ngāue.

4. Taimi Lolotonga Hokohoko

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ha meʻa ʻoku lolotonga hokohoko ʻi he taimí ni.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + am/is/are + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I am working. ai am uokingi ʻOku ou lolotonga ngāue he taimí ni.

you You are working. iu ā uokingi ʻOku ke lolotonga ngāue he taimí ni.

he He is working. hi isi uokingi ʻOku ne lolotonga ngāue he taimí ni.

she She is working. si isi uokingi ʻOku ne lolotonga ngāue he taimí ni.

it It is working. iti isi uokingi ʻOku lolotonga ngāue ia.

we We are working. ui ā uokingi ʻOku tau lolotonga ngāue he taimí ni.

you You are working. iu ā uokingi ʻOku mou lolotonga ngāue he taimí ni.

they They are working. jei ā uokingi ʻOku nau lolotonga ngāue he taimí ni.

5. Taimi Kuo ʻOsi Hokohoko

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ha meʻa naʻe lolotonga hoko ʻi ha taimi pau ʻi he kuohilí.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + was/were + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I was working. ai uasi uokingi Naʻá ku lolotonga ngāue.

you You were working. iu uā uokingi Naʻá ke lolotonga ngāue.

he He was working. hi uasi uokingi Naʻá ne lolotonga ngāue.

she She was working. si uasi uokingi Naʻá ne lolotonga ngāue.

it It was working. iti uasi uokingi Naʻe lolotonga ngāue ia.

we We were working. ui uā uokingi Naʻa tau lolotonga ngāue.

you You were working. iu uā uokingi Naʻa mou lolotonga ngāue.

they They were working. jei uā uokingi Naʻa nau lolotonga ngāue.

6. Taimi Kahaʻu Hokohoko

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ha meʻa ʻe lolotonga hoko ʻi ha taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + will be + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I will be working. ai uili bi uokingi Te u lolotonga ngāue.

you You will be working. iu uili bi uokingi Te ke lolotonga ngāue.

he He will be working. hi uili bi uokingi Te ne lolotonga ngāue.

she She will be working. si uili bi uokingi Te ne lolotonga ngāue.

it It will be working. iti uili bi uokingi Te ne lolotonga ngāue.

we We will be working. ui uili bi uokingi Te tau lolotonga ngāue.

you You will be working. iu uili bi uokingi Te mou lolotonga ngāue.

they They will be working. jei uili bi uokingi Te nau lolotonga ngāue.

7. Taimi Lolotonga Kuo Kakato

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ko ha ngāue naʻe hoko ʻi he kuohilí pea ʻoku kei ʻi ai hono kaunga ki he taimí ni, ʻo ʻikai fakahā ha taimi pau.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + have/has + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I have worked. ai hav uokiti Kuó u ngāue.

you You have worked. iu hav uokiti Kuó ke ngāue.

he He has worked. hi hasi uokiti Kuó ne ngāue.

she She has worked. si hasi uokiti Kuó ne ngāue.

it It has worked. iti hasi uokiti Kuó ne ngāue.

we We have worked. ui hav uokiti Kuó tau ngāue.

you You have worked. iu hav uokiti Kuó mou ngāue.

they They have worked. jei hav uokiti Kuó nau ngāue.

8. Taimi Kuo ʻOsi Kakató

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ko ha ngāue naʻe ʻosi hoko kimuʻa ʻi ha ngāue ʻe taha ʻi he kuohilí.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + had + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I had worked. ai hadi uokiti Kuó u ʻosi ngāue kimuʻa.

you You had worked. iu hadi uokiti Kuó ke ʻosi ngāue kimuʻa.

he He had worked. hi hadi uokiti Kuó ne ʻosi ngāue kimuʻa.

she She had worked. si hadi uokiti Kuó ne ʻosi ngāue kimuʻa.

it It had worked. iti hadi uokiti Naʻe ʻosi ngāue ia kimuʻa.

we We had worked. ui hadi uokiti Naʻa tau ʻosi ngāue kimuʻa.

you You had worked. iu hadi uokiti Naʻa mou ʻosi ngāue kimuʻa.

they They had worked. jei hadi uokiti Naʻa nau ʻosi ngāue kimuʻa.

9. Taimi Kahaʻu Kuo Kakato

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ko ha ngāue ʻe ʻosi kakato ʻi ha taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + will have + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I will have worked. ai uili hav uokiti Te u ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

you You will have worked. iu uili hav uokiti Te ke ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

he He will have worked. hi uili hav uokiti Te ne ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

she She will have worked. si uili hav uokiti Te ne ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

it It will have worked. iti uili hav uokiti Te ne ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

we We will have worked. ui uili hav uokiti Te tau ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

you You will have worked. iu uili hav uokiti Te mou ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

they They will have worked. jei uili hav uokiti Te nau ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

10. Taimi Lolotonga Kuo Kakato mo Hokohoko

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ko ha ngāue naʻe kamata ʻi he kuohilí pea kei hokohoko atu ki he taimí ni, ʻo faʻa fakahā hono lōloá.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + have/has been + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I have been working. ai hav bin uokingi Kuó u ngāue ʻo kamata mei ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

you You have been working. iu hav bin uokingi Kuó ke ngāue ʻo kamata mei ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

he He has been working. hi hasi bin uokingi Kuó ne ngāue ʻo kamata mei ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

she She has been working. si hasi bin uokingi Kuó ne ngāue ʻo kamata mei ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

it It has been working. iti hasi bin uokingi Kuó ne ngāue ʻo kamata mei ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

we We have been working. ui hav bin uokingi Kuó tau ngāue ʻo kamata mei ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

you You have been working. iu hav bin uokingi Kuó mou ngāue ʻo kamata mei ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

they They have been working. jei hav bin uokingi Kuó nau ngāue ʻo kamata mei ha taimi kuo ʻosi.

11. Taimi Kuo ʻOsi Kuo Kakato mo Hokohoko

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ko ha ngāue naʻe hokohoko atu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa pea hoko ha meʻa ʻi he kuohilí.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + had been + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I had been working. ai hadi bin uokingi Naʻá ku lolotonga ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

you You had been working. iu hadi bin uokingi Naʻá ke lolotonga ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

he He had been working. hi hadi bin uokingi Naʻá ne lolotonga ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

she She had been working. si hadi bin uokingi Naʻá ne lolotonga ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

it It had been working. iti hadi bin uokingi Naʻe lolotonga ngāue ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

we We had been working. ui hadi bin uokingi Naʻa tau lolotonga ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

you You had been working. iu hadi bin uokingi Naʻa mou lolotonga ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

they They had been working. jei hadi bin uokingi Naʻa nau lolotonga ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

12. Taimi Kahaʻu Kuo Kakato mo Hokohoko

Fakaʻaongaʻi: ko ha ngāue ʻe hokohoko atu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻo aʻu ki ha taimi ʻi he kahaʻú.

Founga langa: Kaveinga + will have been + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I will have been working. ai uili hav bin uokingi Te u ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

you You will have been working. iu uili hav bin uokingi Te ke ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

he He will have been working. hi uili hav bin uokingi Te ne ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

she She will have been working. si uili hav bin uokingi Te ne ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

it It will have been working. iti uili hav bin uokingi Te ne ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

we We will have been working. ui uili hav bin uokingi Te tau ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

you You will have been working. iu uili hav bin uokingi Te mou ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

they They will have been working. jei uili hav bin uokingi Te nau ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

6- Ngaahi Taimi ʻo e Ngāue Pasivi

1. Taimi Lolotonga Faingofua Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + am/is/are + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + am/is/are + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I am written about. ai am riten abaut ʻOku tohi fekauʻaki mo au.

you You are written about. iu ā riten abaut ʻOku tohi fekauʻaki mo koe.

he He is written about. hi isi riten abaut ʻOku tohi fekauʻaki mo ia.

she She is written about. si isi riten abaut ʻOku tohi fekauʻaki mo ia.

it It is written about. iti isi riten abaut ʻOku tohi fekauʻaki mo ia (meʻa pe monumanu).

we We are written about. ui ā riten abaut ʻOku tohi fekauʻaki mo kitautolu.

you You are written about. iu ā riten abaut ʻOku tohi fekauʻaki mo kimoutolu.

they They are written about. jei ā riten abaut ʻOku tohi fekauʻaki mo kinautolu.

Ko ha sīpinga ʻoku toe anga-maheni ange:

The book is written in English.

Te buku isi riten ini ingilisi.

ʻOku tohi ʻa e tohí ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá.

2. Taimi Kuo ʻOsi Faingofua Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + was/were + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + was/were + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I was invited. ai uasi invaititi Naʻe fakaafeʻi au.

you You were invited. iu uā invaititi Naʻe fakaafeʻi koe.

he He was invited. hi uasi invaititi Naʻe fakaafeʻi ia.

she She was invited. si uasi invaititi Naʻe fakaafeʻi ia.

it It was invited. iti uasi invaititi Naʻe fakaafeʻi ia (meʻa pe monumanu).

we We were invited. ui uā invaititi Naʻe fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

you You were invited. iu uā invaititi Naʻe fakaafeʻi kimoutolu.

they They were invited. jei uā invaititi Naʻe fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

3. Taimi Kahaʻu Faingofua Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + will be + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + will be + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I will be invited. ai uili bi invaititi ʻE fakaafeʻi au.

you You will be invited. iu uili bi invaititi ʻE fakaafeʻi koe.

he He will be invited. hi uili bi invaititi ʻE fakaafeʻi ia.

she She will be invited. si uili bi invaititi ʻE fakaafeʻi ia.

it It will be invited. iti uili bi invaititi ʻE fakaafeʻi ia.

we We will be invited. ui uili bi invaititi ʻE fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

you You will be invited. iu uili bi invaititi ʻE fakaafeʻi kimoutolu.

they They will be invited. jei uili bi invaititi ʻE fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

4. Taimi Lolotonga Hokohoko Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + am/is/are being + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + am/is/are being + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I am being watched. ai am biingiu uochiti ʻOku lolotonga siofi au.

you You are being watched. iu ā biingiu uochiti ʻOku lolotonga siofi koe.

he He is being watched. hi isi biingiu uochiti ʻOku lolotonga siofi ia.

she She is being watched. si isi biingiu uochiti ʻOku lolotonga siofi ia.

it It is being watched. iti isi biingiu uochiti ʻOku lolotonga siofi ia.

we We are being watched. ui ā biingiu uochiti ʻOku lolotonga siofi kitautolu.

you You are being watched. iu ā biingiu uochiti ʻOku lolotonga siofi kimoutolu.

they They are being watched. jei ā biingiu uochiti ʻOku lolotonga siofi kinautolu.

5. Taimi Kuo ʻOsi Hokohoko Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + was/were being + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + was/were being + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I was being watched. ai uasi biingiu uochiti Naʻe lolotonga siofi au.

you You were being watched. iu uā biingiu uochiti Naʻe lolotonga siofi koe.

he He was being watched. hi uasi biingiu uochiti Naʻe lolotonga siofi ia.

she She was being watched. si uasi biingiu uochiti Naʻe lolotonga siofi ia.

it It was being watched. iti uasi biingiu uochiti Naʻe lolotonga siofi ia.

we We were being watched. ui uā biingiu uochiti Naʻe lolotonga siofi kitautolu.

you You were being watched. iu uā biingiu uochiti Naʻe lolotonga siofi kimoutolu.

they They were being watched. jei uā biingiu uochiti Naʻe lolotonga siofi kinautolu.

6. Taimi Kahaʻu Hokohoko Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + will be being + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + will be being + V3

ʻOku tātātaha ʻaupito ʻa e founga ko ʻení ʻi he lea faka-Pilitānia ʻo onopōní.

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I will be being watched. ai uili bi biingiu uochiti ʻE lolotonga siofi au.

you You will be being watched. iu uili bi biingiu uochiti ʻE lolotonga siofi koe.

he He will be being watched. hi uili bi biingiu uochiti ʻE lolotonga siofi ia.

she She will be being watched. si uili bi biingiu uochiti ʻE lolotonga siofi ia.

it It will be being watched. iti uili bi biingiu uochiti ʻE lolotonga siofi ia.

we We will be being watched. ui uili bi biingiu uochiti ʻE lolotonga siofi kitautolu.

you You will be being watched. iu uili bi biingiu uochiti ʻE lolotonga siofi kimoutolu.

they They will be being watched. jei uili bi biingiu uochiti ʻE lolotonga siofi kinautolu.

7. Taimi Lolotonga Kuo Kakato Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + have/has been + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + have/has been + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I have been invited. ai hav bin invaititi Kuó u fakaafeʻi.

you You have been invited. iu hav bin invaititi Kuó ke fakaafeʻi.

he He has been invited. hi hasi bin invaititi Kuó ne fakaafeʻi.

she She has been invited. si hasi bin invaititi Kuó ne fakaafeʻi.

it It has been invited. iti hasi bin invaititi Kuó fakaafeʻi ia.

we We have been invited. ui hav bin invaititi Kuó tau fakaafeʻi.

you You have been invited. iu hav bin invaititi Kuó mou fakaafeʻi.

they They have been invited. jei hav bin invaititi Kuó nau fakaafeʻi.

8. Taimi Kuo ʻOsi Kuo Kakato Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + had been + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + had been + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I had been invited. ai hadi bin invaititi Naʻe ʻosi fakaafeʻi au kimuʻa.

you You had been invited. iu hadi bin invaititi Naʻe ʻosi fakaafeʻi koe kimuʻa.

he He had been invited. hi hadi bin invaititi Naʻe ʻosi fakaafeʻi ia kimuʻa.

she She had been invited. si hadi bin invaititi Naʻe ʻosi fakaafeʻi ia kimuʻa.

it It had been invited. iti hadi bin invaititi Naʻe ʻosi fakaafeʻi ia kimuʻa.

we We had been invited. ui hadi bin invaititi Naʻe ʻosi fakaafeʻi kitautolu kimuʻa.

you You had been invited. iu hadi bin invaititi Naʻe ʻosi fakaafeʻi kimoutolu kimuʻa.

they They had been invited. jei hadi bin invaititi Naʻe ʻosi fakaafeʻi kinautolu kimuʻa.

9. Taimi Kahaʻu Kuo Kakato Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + will have been + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + will have been + V3

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I will have been invited. ai uili hav bin invaititi ʻE ʻosi fakaafeʻi au ʻi he taimi ko iá.

you You will have been invited. iu uili hav bin invaititi ʻE ʻosi fakaafeʻi koe ʻi he taimi ko iá.

he He will have been invited. hi uili hav bin invaititi ʻE ʻosi fakaafeʻi ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

she She will have been invited. si uili hav bin invaititi ʻE ʻosi fakaafeʻi ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

it It will have been invited. iti uili hav bin invaititi ʻE ʻosi fakaafeʻi ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

we We will have been invited. ui uili hav bin invaititi ʻE ʻosi fakaafeʻi kitautolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

you You will have been invited. iu uili hav bin invaititi ʻE ʻosi fakaafeʻi kimoutolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

they They will have been invited. jei uili hav bin invaititi ʻE ʻosi fakaafeʻi kinautolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

10. Taimi Lolotonga Kuo Kakato mo Hokohoko Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + have/has been being + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + have/has been being + V3

ʻOku totonu fakakalama ʻa e founga ko ʻení, ka ʻoku tātātaha ʻaupito hono fakaʻaongaʻí pea ʻoku ʻikai faʻa anga-maheni.

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I have been being watched. ai hav bin biingiu uochiti Kuó u lolotonga siofi ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi aʻu ki he taimí ni.

you You have been being watched. iu hav bin biingiu uochiti Kuó ke lolotonga siofi ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi aʻu ki he taimí ni.

he He has been being watched. hi hasi bin biingiu uochiti Kuó ne lolotonga siofi ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi aʻu ki he taimí ni.

she She has been being watched. si hasi bin biingiu uochiti Kuó ne lolotonga siofi ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi aʻu ki he taimí ni.

it It has been being watched. iti hasi bin biingiu uochiti Kuó ne lolotonga siofi ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi aʻu ki he taimí ni.

we We have been being watched. ui hav bin biingiu uochiti Kuó tau lolotonga siofi ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi aʻu ki he taimí ni.

you You have been being watched. iu hav bin biingiu uochiti Kuó mou lolotonga siofi ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi aʻu ki he taimí ni.

they They have been being watched. jei hav bin biingiu uochiti Kuó nau lolotonga siofi ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi aʻu ki he taimí ni.

11. Taimi Kuo ʻOsi Kuo Kakato mo Hokohoko Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + had been being + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + had been being + V3

ʻOku tātātaha ʻaupito ʻa e founga ko ʻení.

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I had been being watched. ai hadi bin biingiu uochiti Naʻe hokohoko atu hono siofi au ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

you You had been being watched. iu hadi bin biingiu uochiti Naʻe hokohoko atu hono siofi koe ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

he He had been being watched. hi hadi bin biingiu uochiti Naʻe hokohoko atu hono siofi ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

she She had been being watched. si hadi bin biingiu uochiti Naʻe hokohoko atu hono siofi ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

it It had been being watched. iti hadi bin biingiu uochiti Naʻe hokohoko atu hono siofi ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

we We had been being watched. ui hadi bin biingiu uochiti Naʻe hokohoko atu hono siofi kitautolu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

you You had been being watched. iu hadi bin biingiu uochiti Naʻe hokohoko atu hono siofi kimoutolu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

they They had been being watched. jei hadi bin biingiu uochiti Naʻe hokohoko atu hono siofi kinautolu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi kimuʻa.

12. Taimi Kahaʻu Kuo Kakato mo Hokohoko Pasivi

Founga langa: Kaveinga + will have been being + V3

Fakaongo ʻo e founga langa: Subject + will have been being + V3

ʻOku tātātaha ʻaupito ʻa e founga ko ʻení ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá.

Fetongi hingoa Sētesi Fakaongo ʻUhinga

I I will have been being watched. ai uili hav bin biingiu uochiti ʻE hokohoko atu hono siofi au ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

you You will have been being watched. iu uili hav bin biingiu uochiti ʻE hokohoko atu hono siofi koe ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

he He will have been being watched. hi uili hav bin biingiu uochiti ʻE hokohoko atu hono siofi ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

she She will have been being watched. si uili hav bin biingiu uochiti ʻE hokohoko atu hono siofi ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

it It will have been being watched. iti uili hav bin biingiu uochiti ʻE hokohoko atu hono siofi ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

we We will have been being watched. ui uili hav bin biingiu uochiti ʻE hokohoko atu hono siofi kitautolu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

you You will have been being watched. iu uili hav bin biingiu uochiti ʻE hokohoko atu hono siofi kimoutolu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

they They will have been being watched. jei uili hav bin biingiu uochiti ʻE hokohoko atu hono siofi kinautolu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻi he kahaʻú.

7- FAKAFISINGA (NEGATION)

. Ko e kuohili faingofua — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + do/does + not + V1

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I do not work. Ai tu noti uoki ʻOku ʻikai te u ngāue.

You You do not work. Iu tu noti uoki ʻOku ʻikai te ke ngāue.

He He does not work. Hi das noti uoki ʻOku ʻikai te ne ngāue.

She She does not work. Si das noti uoki ʻOku ʻikai te ne ngāue.

It It does not work. Iti das noti uoki ʻOku ʻikai ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá.

We We do not work. Ui tu noti uoki ʻOku ʻikai te tau ngāue.

They They do not work. Tei tu noti uoki ʻOku ʻikai te nau ngāue.

Ngaahi fakanounou:

do not → don't — tu noti

does not → doesn't — das noti

⚠️ Hili ʻa e doesn't, ngāueʻaki ʻa e V1:

He doesn't work. ✅

He doesn't works. ❌

2. Ko e kuohili faingofua — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + did + not + V1

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I did not work. Ai didi noti uoki Naʻe ʻikai te u ngāue.

You You did not work. Iu didi noti uoki Naʻe ʻikai te ke ngāue.

He He did not work. Hi didi noti uoki Naʻe ʻikai te ne ngāue.

She She did not work. Si didi noti uoki Naʻe ʻikai te ne ngāue.

It It did not work. Iti didi noti uoki Naʻe ʻikai ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá.

We We did not work. Ui didi noti uoki Naʻe ʻikai te tau ngāue.

They They did not work. Tei didi noti uoki Naʻe ʻikai te nau ngāue.

did not → didn't — didi noti

⚠️ Hili ʻa e didn't, ngāueʻaki ʻa e V1:

I didn't work. ✅

I didn't worked. ❌

3. Ko e kahaʻu faingofua — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + will + not + V1

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I will not work. Ai uil noti uoki ʻE ʻikai te u ngāue.

You You will not work. Iu uil noti uoki ʻE ʻikai te ke ngāue.

He He will not work. Hi uil noti uoki ʻE ʻikai te ne ngāue.

She She will not work. Si uil noti uoki ʻE ʻikai te ne ngāue.

It It will not work. Iti uil noti uoki ʻE ʻikai ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá.

We We will not work. Ui uil noti uoki ʻE ʻikai te tau ngāue.

They They will not work. Tei uil noti uoki ʻE ʻikai te nau ngāue.

will not → won't — uoniti

Ko e taimi kahaʻu hokohoko

4. Ko e lolotonga hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + am/is/are + not + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I am not working. Ai am noti uoking ʻOku ʻikai te u ngāue he taimí ni.

You You are not working. Iu ar noti uoking ʻOku ʻikai te ke ngāue he taimí ni.

He He is not working. Hi is noti uoking ʻOku ʻikai te ne ngāue he taimí ni.

She She is not working. Si is noti uoking ʻOku ʻikai te ne ngāue he taimí ni.

It It is not working. Iti is noti uoking ʻOku ʻikai ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá he taimí ni.

We We are not working. Ui ar noti uoking ʻOku ʻikai te tau ngāue he taimí ni.

They They are not working. Tei ar noti uoking ʻOku ʻikai te nau ngāue he taimí ni.

Ngaahi fakanounou:

is not → isn't — is noti

are not → aren't — ar noti

am not → I'm not — aim noti

5. Ko e kuohili hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + was/were + not + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I was not working. Ai uoz noti uoking Naʻe ʻikai te u ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

You You were not working. Iu uer noti uoking Naʻe ʻikai te ke ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

He He was not working. Hi uoz noti uoking Naʻe ʻikai te ne ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

She She was not working. Si uoz noti uoking Naʻe ʻikai te ne ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

It It was not working. Iti uoz noti uoking Naʻe ʻikai ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá ʻi he taimi ko iá.

We We were not working. Ui uer noti uoking Naʻe ʻikai te tau ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

They They were not working. Tei uer noti uoking Naʻe ʻikai te nau ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

Ngaahi fakanounou:

was not → wasn't — uoz noti

were not → weren't — uer noti

6. Ko e kahaʻu hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + will + not + be + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I will not be working. Ai uil noti bi uoking ʻE ʻikai te u lolotonga ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

You You will not be working. Iu uil noti bi uoking ʻE ʻikai te ke lolotonga ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

He He will not be working. Hi uil noti bi uoking ʻE ʻikai te ne lolotonga ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

She She will not be working. Si uil noti bi uoking ʻE ʻikai te ne lolotonga ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

It It will not be working. Iti uil noti bi uoking ʻE ʻikai lolotonga ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá ʻi he taimi ko iá.

We We will not be working. Ui uil noti bi uoking ʻE ʻikai te tau lolotonga ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

They They will not be working. Tei uil noti bi uoking ʻE ʻikai te nau lolotonga ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

Ko e kahaʻu hokohoko kakato

7. Ko e lolotonga kakato — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + have/has + not + V3

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I have not worked. Ai hav noti uokiti ʻOku teʻeki ai ke u ngāue.

You You have not worked. Iu hav noti uokiti ʻOku teʻeki ai ke ke ngāue.

He He has not worked. Hi haz noti uokiti ʻOku teʻeki ai ke ne ngāue.

She She has not worked. Si haz noti uokiti ʻOku teʻeki ai ke ne ngāue.

It It has not worked. Iti haz noti uokiti ʻOku teʻeki ai ke ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá.

We We have not worked. Ui hav noti uokiti ʻOku teʻeki ai ke tau ngāue.

They They have not worked. Tei hav noti uokiti ʻOku teʻeki ai ke nau ngāue.

Ngaahi fakanounou:

have not → haven't — hav noti

has not → hasn't — haz noti

8. Ko e kuohili kakato — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + had + not + V3

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I had not worked. Ai had noti uokiti Naʻe teʻeki ai ke u ngāue.

You You had not worked. Iu had noti uokiti Naʻe teʻeki ai ke ke ngāue.

He He had not worked. Hi had noti uokiti Naʻe teʻeki ai ke ne ngāue.

She She had not worked. Si had noti uokiti Naʻe teʻeki ai ke ne ngāue.

It It had not worked. Iti had noti uokiti Naʻe teʻeki ai ke ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá.

We We had not worked. Ui had noti uokiti Naʻe teʻeki ai ke tau ngāue.

They They had not worked. Tei had noti uokiti Naʻe teʻeki ai ke nau ngāue.

had not → hadn't — had noti

9. Ko e kahaʻu kakato — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + will + not + have + V3

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I will not have worked. Ai uil noti hav uokiti ʻE ʻikai ke u ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

You You will not have worked. Iu uil noti hav uokiti ʻE ʻikai ke ke ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

He He will not have worked. Hi uil noti hav uokiti ʻE ʻikai ke ne ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

She She will not have worked. Si uil noti hav uokiti ʻE ʻikai ke ne ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

It It will not have worked. Iti uil noti hav uokiti ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá ʻi he taimi ko iá.

We We will not have worked. Ui uil noti hav uokiti ʻE ʻikai ke tau ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

They They will not have worked. Tei uil noti hav uokiti ʻE ʻikai ke nau ʻosi ngāue ʻi he taimi ko iá.

Ko e kahaʻu kakato hokohoko

10. Ko e lolotonga kakato hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I have not been working. Ai hav noti bin uoking Kuó teʻeki ai ke u ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

You You have not been working. Iu hav noti bin uoking Kuó teʻeki ai ke ke ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

He He has not been working. Hi haz noti bin uoking Kuó teʻeki ai ke ne ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

She She has not been working. Si haz noti bin uoking Kuó teʻeki ai ke ne ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

It It has not been working. Iti haz noti bin uoking Kuó teʻeki ai ke ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

We We have not been working. Ui hav noti bin uoking Kuó teʻeki ai ke tau ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

They They have not been working. Tei hav noti bin uoking Kuó teʻeki ai ke nau ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

11. Ko e kuohili kakato hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + had + not + been + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I had not been working. Ai had noti bin uoking Naʻe teʻeki ai ke u ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

You You had not been working. Iu had noti bin uoking Naʻe teʻeki ai ke ke ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

He He had not been working. Hi had noti bin uoking Naʻe teʻeki ai ke ne ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

She She had not been working. Si had noti bin uoking Naʻe teʻeki ai ke ne ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

It It had not been working. Iti had noti bin uoking Naʻe teʻeki ai ke ngāue ʻa e meʻa ko iá ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

We We had not been working. Ui had noti bin uoking Naʻe teʻeki ai ke tau ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

They They had not been working. Tei had noti bin uoking Naʻe teʻeki ai ke nau ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi.

12. Ko e kahaʻu kakato hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga: Kaveinga + will + not + have + been + V-ing

Fetongi hingoa Lea Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I will not have been working. Ai uil noti hav bin uoking ʻE ʻikai ke u ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

You You will not have been working. Iu uil noti hav bin uoking ʻE ʻikai ke ke ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

He He will not have been working. Hi uil noti hav bin uoking ʻE ʻikai ke ne ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

She She will not have been working. Si uil noti hav bin uoking ʻE ʻikai ke ne ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

It It will not have been working. Iti uil noti hav bin uoking ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻa e meʻa ko iá ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

We We will not have been working. Ui uil noti hav bin uoking ʻE ʻikai ke tau ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

They They will not have been working. Tei uil noti hav bin uoking ʻE ʻikai ke nau ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

. Ko e leʻo pasiva ʻi he lolotonga faingofua — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + am/is/are + not + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + am/iz/ar + noti + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I am not invited. Ai am noti invaitid ʻOku ʻikai fakaafeʻi au.

You You are not invited. Iu ar noti invaitid ʻOku ʻikai fakaafeʻi koe.

He He is not invited. Hi iz noti invaitid ʻOku ʻikai fakaafeʻi ia.

She She is not invited. Si iz noti invaitid ʻOku ʻikai fakaafeʻi ia.

It It is not used. Iti iz noti iuzid ʻOku ʻikai ngāueʻaki ia.

We We are not invited. Ui ar noti invaitid ʻOku ʻikai fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

They They are not invited. Tei ar noti invaitid ʻOku ʻikai fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

is not → isn't — iz noti

are not → aren't — ar noti

2. Ko e leʻo pasiva ʻi he kuohili faingofua — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + was/were + not + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + uoz/uer + noti + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I was not invited. Ai uoz noti invaitid Naʻe ʻikai fakaafeʻi au.

You You were not invited. Iu uer noti invaitid Naʻe ʻikai fakaafeʻi koe.

He He was not invited. Hi uoz noti invaitid Naʻe ʻikai fakaafeʻi ia.

She She was not invited. Si uoz noti invaitid Naʻe ʻikai fakaafeʻi ia.

It It was not used. Iti uoz noti iuzid Naʻe ʻikai ngāueʻaki ia.

We We were not invited. Ui uer noti invaitid Naʻe ʻikai fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

They They were not invited. Tei uer noti invaitid Naʻe ʻikai fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

was not → wasn't — uoz noti

were not → weren't — uer noti

3. Ko e leʻo pasiva ʻi he kahaʻu faingofua — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + will + not + be + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + uil + noti + bi + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I will not be invited. Ai uil noti bi invaitid ʻE ʻikai fakaafeʻi au.

You You will not be invited. Iu uil noti bi invaitid ʻE ʻikai fakaafeʻi koe.

He He will not be invited. Hi uil noti bi invaitid ʻE ʻikai fakaafeʻi ia.

She She will not be invited. Si uil noti bi invaitid ʻE ʻikai fakaafeʻi ia.

It It will not be used. Iti uil noti bi iuzid ʻE ʻikai ngāueʻaki ia.

We We will not be invited. Ui uil noti bi invaitid ʻE ʻikai fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

They They will not be invited. Tei uil noti bi invaitid ʻE ʻikai fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

will not → won't — uoniti

4. Ko e leʻo pasiva ʻi he lolotonga hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + am/is/are + not + being + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + am/iz/ar + noti + biing + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I am not being invited. Ai am noti biing invaitid ʻOku ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi au.

You You are not being invited. Iu ar noti biing invaitid ʻOku ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi koe.

He He is not being invited. Hi iz noti biing invaitid ʻOku ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi ia.

She She is not being invited. Si iz noti biing invaitid ʻOku ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi ia.

It It is not being used. Iti iz noti biing iuzid ʻOku ʻikai lolotonga ngāueʻaki ia.

We We are not being invited. Ui ar noti biing invaitid ʻOku ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

They They are not being invited. Tei ar noti biing invaitid ʻOku ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

5. Ko e leʻo pasiva ʻi he kuohili hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + was/were + not + being + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + uoz/uer + noti + biing + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I was not being invited. Ai uoz noti biing invaitid Naʻe ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi au ʻi he taimi ko iá.

You You were not being invited. Iu uer noti biing invaitid Naʻe ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi koe ʻi he taimi ko iá.

He He was not being invited. Hi uoz noti biing invaitid Naʻe ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

She She was not being invited. Si uoz noti biing invaitid Naʻe ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

It It was not being used. Iti uoz noti biing iuzid Naʻe ʻikai lolotonga ngāueʻaki ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

We We were not being invited. Ui uer noti biing invaitid Naʻe ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi kitautolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

They They were not being invited. Tei uer noti biing invaitid Naʻe ʻikai lolotonga fakaafeʻi kinautolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

6. Ko e leʻo pasiva ʻi he kahaʻu hokohoko — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + will + not + be + being + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + uil + noti + bi + biing + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I will not be being invited. Ai uil noti bi biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai lolotonga fai ʻa e ngāue fakaafeʻi kiate au ʻi he taimi ko iá.

You You will not be being invited. Iu uil noti bi biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai lolotonga fai ʻa e ngāue fakaafeʻi kiate koe ʻi he taimi ko iá.

He He will not be being invited. Hi uil noti bi biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai lolotonga fai ʻa e ngāue fakaafeʻi kiate ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

She She will not be being invited. Si uil noti bi biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai lolotonga fai ʻa e ngāue fakaafeʻi kiate ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

We We will not be being invited. Ui uil noti bi biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai lolotonga fai ʻa e ngāue fakaafeʻi kiate kitautolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

They They will not be being invited. Tei uil noti bi biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai lolotonga fai ʻa e ngāue fakaafeʻi kiate kinautolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

⚠️ ʻOku totonu fakakalama ʻa e faʻunga ko ʻení, ka ʻoku fuʻu tātātaha hono ngāueʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá. ʻOku faʻa ngāueʻaki ha faʻunga faingofua ange.

7. Ko e leʻo pasiva ʻi he lolotonga kakato — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + have/has + not + been + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + hav/haz + noti + bin + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I have not been invited. Ai hav noti bin invaitid Teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi au.

You You have not been invited. Iu hav noti bin invaitid Teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi koe.

He He has not been invited. Hi haz noti bin invaitid Teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi ia.

She She has not been invited. Si haz noti bin invaitid Teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi ia.

It It has not been used. Iti haz noti bin iuzid Teʻeki ai ke ngāueʻaki ia.

We We have not been invited. Ui hav noti bin invaitid Teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

They They have not been invited. Tei hav noti bin invaitid Teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

have not → haven't — hav noti

has not → hasn't — haz noti

8. Ko e leʻo pasiva ʻi he kuohili kakato — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + had + not + been + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + had + noti + bin + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I had not been invited. Ai had noti bin invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi au.

You You had not been invited. Iu had noti bin invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi koe.

He He had not been invited. Hi had noti bin invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi ia.

She She had not been invited. Si had noti bin invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi ia.

We We had not been invited. Ui had noti bin invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

They They had not been invited. Tei had noti bin invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

had not → hadn't — had noti

9. Ko e leʻo pasiva kakato ʻi he kahaʻu — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + will + not + have + been + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + uil + noti + hav + bin + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I will not have been invited. Ai uil noti hav bin invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi fakaafeʻi au ʻi he taimi ko iá.

You You will not have been invited. Iu uil noti hav bin invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi fakaafeʻi koe ʻi he taimi ko iá.

He He will not have been invited. Hi uil noti hav bin invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi fakaafeʻi ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

She She will not have been invited. Si uil noti hav bin invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi fakaafeʻi ia ʻi he taimi ko iá.

We We will not have been invited. Ui uil noti hav bin invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi fakaafeʻi kitautolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

They They will not have been invited. Tei uil noti hav bin invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi fakaafeʻi kinautolu ʻi he taimi ko iá.

10. Ko e leʻo pasiva kakato hokohoko ʻi he lolotonga — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + have/has + not + been + being + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + hav/haz + noti + bin + biing + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I have not been being invited. Ai hav noti bin biing invaitid ʻOku teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi au.

You You have not been being invited. Iu hav noti bin biing invaitid ʻOku teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi koe.

He He has not been being invited. Hi haz noti bin biing invaitid ʻOku teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi ia.

She She has not been being invited. Si haz noti bin biing invaitid ʻOku teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi ia.

We We have not been being invited. Ui hav noti bin biing invaitid ʻOku teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

They They have not been being invited. Tei hav noti bin biing invaitid ʻOku teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

⚠️ ʻOku fuʻu tātātaha hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e faʻunga ko ʻení ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá.

11. Ko e leʻo pasiva kakato hokohoko ʻi he kuohili — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + had + not + been + being + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + had + noti + bin + biing + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I had not been being invited. Ai had noti bin biing invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi au.

You You had not been being invited. Iu had noti bin biing invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi koe.

He He had not been being invited. Hi had noti bin biing invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi ia.

She She had not been being invited. Si had noti bin biing invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi ia.

We We had not been being invited. Ui had noti bin biing invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi kitautolu.

They They had not been being invited. Tei had noti bin biing invaitid Naʻe teʻeki ai ke hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi kinautolu.

⚠️ ʻOku fuʻu tātātaha ʻa e faʻunga ko ʻení.

12. Ko e leʻo pasiva kakato hokohoko ʻi he kahaʻu — Fōtunga fakafisinga

Faʻunga

Faʻunga faka-Tonga: Kaveinga + will + not + have + been + being + V3

Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá: Sabijekiti + uil + noti + hav + bin + biing + vi thrii

Fetongi hingoa Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Tonga ʻUhinga

I I will not have been being invited. Ai uil noti hav bin biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi au ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

You You will not have been being invited. Iu uil noti hav bin biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi koe ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

He He will not have been being invited. Hi uil noti hav bin biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

She She will not have been being invited. Si uil noti hav bin biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi ia ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

We We will not have been being invited. Ui uil noti hav bin biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi kitautolu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

They They will not have been being invited. Tei uil noti hav bin biing invaitid ʻE ʻikai ke ʻosi hokohoko hono fakaafeʻi kinautolu ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau.

⚠️ Ko e faʻunga ko ʻení ʻoku fuʻu tātātaha, pea ʻoku faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ha faʻunga kehe.

no + noun

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Faʻunga faka-Tonga Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

Hingoa lau taha no + hingoa lau taha no + naun no book no buk ʻIkai ha tohi

Hingoa lau tokolahi no + hingoa lau tokolahi no + bolol naun no books no buks ʻIkai ha ngaahi tohi

Hingoa ʻoku ʻikai lau no + hingoa ʻoku ʻikai lau no + ankauntabol naun no water no uota ʻIkai ha vai

ʻOku ʻi ai ha meʻa there is + no + hingoa lau taha/hingoa ʻoku ʻikai lau there iz + no + naun There is no book. There iz no buk ʻOku ʻikai ha tohi.

ʻOku ʻi ai ha ngaahi meʻa there are + no + hingoa lau tokolahi there ar + no + bolol naun There are no books. There ar no buks ʻOku ʻikai ha ngaahi tohi.

Maʻu/ʻikai maʻu have/has + no + hingoa hav/haz + no + naun I have no books. Ai hav no buks ʻOku ʻikai haʻaku ngaahi tohi.

8- NGAAHI FEHUʻI

1 Ko e lolotonga faingofua Do/Does + kaveinga + V1...? — tu/das + sabijekiti + vi uan? — Do you work? — Tu iu uoki? — ʻOkú ke ngāue?

2 Ko e kuohili faingofua Did + kaveinga + V1...? — didi + sabijekiti + vi uan? — Did you work? — Didi iu uoki? — Naʻá ke ngāue?

3 Ko e kahaʻu faingofua Will + kaveinga + V1...? — uil + sabijekiti + vi uan? — Will you work? — Uil iu uoki? — Te ke ngāue?

4 Ko e lolotonga hokohoko Am/Is/Are + kaveinga + V-ing...? — am/iz/ar + sabijekiti + vi ing? — Are you working? — Ar iu uoking? — ʻOkú ke lolotonga ngāue?

5 Ko e kuohili hokohoko Was/Were + kaveinga + V-ing...? — uoz/uer + sabijekiti + vi ing? — Were you working? — Uer iu uoking? — Naʻá ke lolotonga ngāue?

6 Ko e kahaʻu hokohoko Will + kaveinga + be + V-ing...? — uil + sabijekiti + bi + vi ing? — Will you be working? — Uil iu bi uoking? — Te ke lolotonga ngāue ʻi he kahaʻú?

7 Ko e lolotonga kakato Have/Has + kaveinga + V3...? — hav/haz + sabijekiti + vi thrii? — Have you worked? — Hav iu uokiti? — Kuó ke ngāue?

8 Ko e kuohili kakato Had + kaveinga + V3...? — had + sabijekiti + vi thrii? — Had you worked? — Had iu uokiti? — Naʻá ke ʻosi ngāue?

9 Ko e kahaʻu kakato Will + kaveinga + have + V3...? — uil + sabijekiti + hav + vi thrii? — Will you have worked? — Uil iu hav uokiti? — Te ke ʻosi ngāue ʻi he kahaʻú?

10 Ko e lolotonga kakato hokohoko Have/Has + kaveinga + been + V-ing...? — hav/haz + sabijekiti + bin + vi ing? — Have you been working? — Hav iu bin uoking? — Kuó ke ngāue hokohoko / Kuó ke ngāue ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi?

11 Ko e kuohili kakato hokohoko Had + kaveinga + been + V-ing...? — had + sabijekiti + bin + vi ing? — Had you been working? — Had iu bin uoking? — Naʻá ke ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi?

12 Ko e kahaʻu kakato hokohoko Will + kaveinga + have + been + V-ing...? — uil + sabijekiti + hav + bin + vi ing? — Will you have been working? — Uil iu hav bin uoking? — Te ke ʻosi ngāue hokohoko ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau?

Fakakaukau faka-Tonga Faʻunga faka-Tonga Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha meʻa What + auxiliary + kaveinga + foʻi lea ngāue? Uot + oksiliari + sabijekiti + veb?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha tokotaha ko e kaveinga Who + foʻi lea ngāue? Huu + veb?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha tokotaha ko e meʻa Who/Whom + auxiliary + kaveinga + foʻi lea ngāue? Huu/Huum + oksiliari + sabijekiti + veb?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha feituʻu Where + auxiliary + kaveinga + foʻi lea ngāue? Uea + oksiliari + sabijekiti + veb?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha taimi When + auxiliary + kaveinga + foʻi lea ngāue? Uen + oksiliari + sabijekiti + veb?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha ʻuhinga Why + auxiliary + kaveinga + foʻi lea ngāue? Uai + oksiliari + sabijekiti + veb?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha fili Which + hingoa + auxiliary + kaveinga + foʻi lea ngāue? Uich + naun + oksiliari + sabijekiti + veb?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e maʻumaʻá Whose + hingoa +...? Huuz + naun +...?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e founga How + auxiliary + kaveinga + foʻi lea ngāue? Hau + oksiliari + sabijekiti + veb?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e lahi How many + hingoa lau tokolahi +...? Hau meni + bolol naun +...?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e lahi ʻo ha meʻa ʻoku ʻikai lau How much + hingoa ʻoku ʻikai lau +...? Hau mach + ankauntabol naun +...?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e lōloá How long +...? Hau long +...?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e tuʻo lahi How often +...? Hau ofen +...?

Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e mamaʻó How far +...? Hau far +...?

KO E TUʻUTUʻUNI TEFITO

Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fehuʻi WH ʻoku muimui ki he faʻunga ko ʻení:

WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?

Ue-eich uodi + oksiliari + sabijekiti + mein veb?

Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga:

Where + do + you + live?

Uea + tu + iu + liv?

= ʻOku ke nofo ʻi fē?

Ka ʻo kapau ko e WH-word pē ʻa e kaveingá, ʻoku ʻikai faʻa ngāueʻaki ʻa e do/does/did:

Who + works here?

Huu uoks hia?

= Ko hai ʻoku ngāue heni?

Ko e faikehekehe tefitó ʻeni:

Who did you see? → Huu didi iu sii? → Ko hai naʻá ke sio ki aí?

Who saw you? → Huu soo iu? → Ko hai naʻe sio kiate koé?

8- Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala (Adverbs)

. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Tuʻo Hoko

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Ko e founga hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

Tuʻo hoko maʻu pē Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence always óluēsi maʻu pē

Tuʻo hoko meimei maʻu pē Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence usually iūjuāli ko e anga maheni

Tuʻo hoko angamaheni Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence normally nōmāli angamaheni / fakanatula

Tuʻo hoko angamaheni Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence generally jenerāli ko e meimei kotoa

Tuʻo hoko angamaheni Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence frequently frīkuentli ʻo toutou hoko

Tuʻo hoko ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence often ófen ʻo faʻa hoko / lahi

Tuʻo hoko ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence sometimes samtaimisi ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi

Tuʻo hoko taʻetāu Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence occasionally okējenāli ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi

Tuʻo hoko taʻetāu Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence rarely rēāli taʻetāu

Tuʻo hoko meimei ʻikai ʻaupito Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence seldom seldom taʻetāu

ʻIkai ʻaupito Lea fakamatala ʻo e tuʻo hokó + sētesi Adverb of frequency + sentence never neva ʻikai ʻaupito

Fakatātā:

I always study English.

Ai óluēsi stadi Ingilisi.

ʻOku ou ako maʻu pē ʻa e lea Faka-Pilitāniá.

2. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Taimí

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Ko e founga hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

Taimi lolotonga Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb now nau he taimí ni

Taimi lolotonga Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb currently kārentli ʻi he taimí ni

Taimi lolotonga Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb presently prēzentli ʻi he taimí ni

Taimi kuo toki ʻosí Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb recently rīsentli ʻi he kuohilí ʻo toki ʻosí

Taimi kuo hili Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb yesterday iestade ʻi he ʻaneafí

Taimi kuo hili Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb before bifō ki muʻa

Taimi kuo hili Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb previously prīviəsli ki muʻa

Taimi kuo hili Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb formerly fōmāli ki muʻa

Taimi hokohoko Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb still stili kei

Taimi kahaʻu Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb soon sūn ʻi ha taimi nounou

Taimi kahaʻu Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb later lēta kimui ange

Taimi kahaʻu Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb eventually ivénchuali ʻi he ngataʻangá / ʻi he faai mai ʻa e taimí

Taimi muʻomuʻa Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb early āli ki muʻa

Taimi tōmui Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb late lēti tōmui

Kamataʻanga Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb first fēsti ʻuluaki

Ngataʻanga Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb finally faināli fakaʻosí

ʻI he taimi tatau Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb meanwhile mīnuaili ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e meʻa ko iá

Fakahokohoko Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb then den ʻi he hili iá / hoko mai

Fakahokohoko Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb afterward áftauōdi ʻi he hili iá

Fakahokohoko Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb afterwards áftauōdz ʻi he hili iá

Fakahokohoko Lea fakamatala ʻo e taimí Time adverb subsequently sabsikuentli kimui ange / ʻi he hili iá

3. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Taimi ʻOku Fakahaaʻi Ai ʻa e ʻOsí, Hokohoko mo e Tuʻo Hoko

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

already ólredi kuo ʻosi / ʻosi pē

yet iet ʻi he hili iá / kaeʻoua ke aʻu ki he taimí ni

still stili kei

just jasti koe pē / toki (ʻoku faʻa muʻomuʻa ʻi he foʻi lea ngāué)

ever eva ʻi ha taimi pē / ʻi ha taimi kimuʻa

never neva ʻikai ʻaupito

once uansi tuʻo taha

twice tuaisi tuʻo ua

again agen toe

again and again agen and agen ʻo toutou fai

forever foreva ʻo taʻengata

temporarily temporalili ki ha taimi nounou

permanently pēmanently ʻo taʻengata / maʻu pē

Fakatātā:

She has already finished.

Si haz ólredi finisht.

Kuó ne ʻosi ʻosi.

4. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Feituʻú

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

here hia ʻi heni

there dea ʻi ai

everywhere evriuea ʻi he feituʻu kotoa pē

somewhere samuea ʻi ha feituʻu

anywhere eniuea ʻi ha feituʻu pē

nowhere nouea ʻikai ha feituʻu

abroad abrōd ʻi muli

overseas ōvasi ʻi muli / ʻi he tahi mamaʻo

nearby niabai ofi mai

close klōsi ofi

far fā mamaʻo

away auē mamaʻo

back baki ki mui / foki

forward fōuōdi ki muʻa

backward bakuaudi ki mui

indoors indōsi ʻi loto fale

outdoors autdōsi ʻi tuʻa

upstairs apstēsi ʻi he fungavaka ki ʻolungá

downstairs daunstēsi ʻi he fungavaka ki lalo

inside insaid ʻi loto

outside autsaid ʻi tuʻa

5. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Tuʻunga

ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻa e lahi pe tuʻunga ʻo ha fakaʻilonga, foʻi lea ngāue pe lea fakamatala.

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

very veri ʻo lahi ʻaupito

really rīli moʻoni / lahi ʻaupito

extremely ikstrīmli ʻo lahi ʻaupito

highly haili ʻi ha tuʻunga māʻolunga

absolutely absolūtli haohaoa / kakato ʻaupito

completely komplītli kakato ʻaupito

totally tōtali kakato ʻaupito

entirely intāiāli ʻi hono kotoa

fully fuli ʻi hono kotoa

quite kuait ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻe niʻihi / lahi, ʻo fakatatau ki he tuʻungá

rather rāda ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻe niʻihi / kiʻi lahi

fairly fēāli ʻi ha tuʻunga feʻunga

pretty priti ʻi ha tuʻunga lahi

somewhat samuat ʻi ha tuʻunga siʻi

slightly slaitli kiʻi siʻi

a little ə liteli kiʻi siʻi

too tū ʻo lahi ange ʻi he meʻa ʻoku fie maʻú

enough ināf feʻunga

almost ōlmōst meimei

nearly niāli meimei

barely bēāli ʻi ha meimei ʻikai

hardly hādli ʻi ha meimei ʻikai

scarcely skēəsli ʻi ha meimei ʻikai

deeply dīpli ʻo loloto / lahi ʻaupito

greatly grētli ʻi ha tuʻunga lahi ʻaupito

so sō ʻo lahi / ʻi he tuʻunga ko ʻení

such sach hangē ko ʻení / ʻi he tuʻunga ko ʻení

a lot ə lot ʻo lahi

a bit ə bit kiʻi siʻi

a little bit ə litel bit kiʻi siʻi ʻaupito

Fakatātā:

The movie is extremely interesting.

De mūvi ikstrīmli intristing.

ʻOku fakafiefia ʻaupito ʻa e filimí.

6. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Malava mo e Ngalingali

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

certainly sētenli ʻoku pau

definitely definitli ʻoku pau ʻaupito

surely shōli ʻoku pau

probably probabli ngalingali

possibly posibli mahalo ʻe lava

perhaps pēhapi mahalo

maybe meibi mahalo

apparently apārently hangē ʻoku hā mai ai

evidently evidently ʻo fakatatau ki he fakamoʻoní / hangē ʻoku hā maí

clearly klīāli mahino

obviously obviəsli ʻo hā mahino

presumably prizūmabli ngalingali / ʻoku fakakaukauʻi

supposedly sapōzidli ʻo fakatatau ki he meʻa ʻoku pehē

undoubtedly andautidli taʻe ha veiveiua

arguably āgūəbli ʻe lava ke tau pehē

likely laikli ngalingali

unlikely anlaikli ʻoku ʻikai ngalingali

7. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Fakakaukau mo e Tuʻunga ʻo e Tokotaha ʻOku Lea

ʻOku ui ʻa e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ko e sentence adverbs / stance adverbs, koeʻuhí ʻoku nau fakahaaʻi ʻa e fakakaukau pe tuʻunga ʻo e tokotaha ʻoku lea fekauʻaki mo e sētesí kotoa.

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

fortunately fōtshənətli ko e meʻa lelei ʻoku hokó

unfortunately anfōtshənətli ko e meʻa kovi ʻoku hokó

luckily lakili ko e meʻa lelei ʻoku hokó

sadly sadli ʻofa mamahi / fakaloloma

honestly onestli ʻi he faitotonu

frankly frankli ʻi he lea hangatonu

personally pēsonāli ʻi heʻeku fakakaukau fakafoʻituituí

seriously sīriəsli ʻi he founga mamafa

technically teknikali ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni fakatekinikalé

basically bēsikali ʻi he tefitoʻi moʻoní

generally jenerāli ʻi he anga fakalūkufuá

normally nōmāli ʻi he anga angamahení

naturally nachərāli ʻi he anga fakanatulá

ideally> aidīəli ʻi he tuʻunga lelei tahá

theoretically thīoretikali ʻi he fakakaukau fakateōliá

practically praktikali ʻi he ngāueʻangá

politically politikali ʻi he tuʻunga fakapolitikalé

economically īkonomikali ʻi he tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmiká

personally pēsonāli ʻi he tuʻunga fakafoʻituituí

surprisingly sapraizingli ʻi ha founga fakaofo

strangely strēnjli ʻi ha founga kehe

interestingly intristingli ʻi ha founga fakafiefia

importantly importantly ʻi ha founga mahuʻinga

especially ispeshəli tautefito ki ai

particularly partikyəlāli tautefito ki ai

8. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Fakataputapu mo e Fakangatangata

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

only ōnli koe pē

just jasti koe pē / toki

even īven naʻa mo

also ōlsō foki

too tū foki

as well az wel foki

mainly mēnli tautefito ki he

mostly mōstli ko e tokolahi taha / meimei kotoa

merely mīəli koe pē

simply simpli ʻi he founga faingofuá / koe pē

particularly partikyəlāli tautefito ki ai

especially ispeshəli tautefito ki ai

exactly igzaktli tonu ʻaupito

precisely prisaisli tonu / fakalelei

specifically spesifikāli ʻi he founga pau

solely sōlli koe pē / ʻataʻatā pē

largely lājli ʻi ha tuʻunga lahi

even īven naʻa mo

indeed indīd moʻoni / ʻio moʻoni

Fakatātā:

Only John knows the answer.

Ōnli Jon nōz de ānsa.

Ko Sione pē ʻokú ne ʻiloʻi ʻa e talí.

9. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala Fakaʻikaiʻi

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

not not ʻikai / ʻikai ko e

never neva ʻikai ʻaupito

nowhere nouea ʻikai ha feituʻu

hardly hādli ʻi ha meimei ʻikai

scarcely skēəsli ʻi ha meimei ʻikai

barely bēāli ʻi ha meimei ʻikai

rarely rēāli taʻetāu

seldom seldom taʻetāu

Fakatokangaʻi:

not ko e foʻi lea pe fakaʻilonga ʻoku ngāueʻaki ke faʻu ʻaki ʻa e fakaʻikaiʻí.

I do not work.

Ai dū not uōki.

ʻOku ʻikai te u ngāue.

10. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Ola mo e Fakahokoʻanga

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

therefore dēfō ko ia ai / ko hono olá

thus das ʻi he founga ko iá / ko ia ai

consequently konsikuentli ko hono olá

accordingly akōdingly ʻo fakatatau ki ai

hence hens ko ia ai / ko hono olá

otherwise adēuaiz kapau ʻikai / ʻi ha founga kehe

Fakatātā:

He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.

Hi uaz sik; dēfō, hi steid hōm.

Naʻe puke ia; ko ia ai, naʻá ne nofo pē ʻi ʻapi.

11. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Tānaki Atu mo e Fekauʻaki

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

also ōlsō foki

too tū foki

additionally adishənāli ʻikai ko ia pē, ka toe

moreover mōrōva ʻikai ko ia pē, ka toe

furthermore fēdəmō ʻikai ko ia pē, ka toe

besides bisaidz ʻikai ko ia pē, ka toe

likewise laikuaiz ʻi he founga tatau

similarly similāli ʻi he founga tatau

12. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Fakatatau mo e Fakafehoanaki

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

similarly similāli ʻi he founga tatau

likewise laikuaiz ʻi he founga tatau

equally īkuāli ʻi he tuʻunga tatau

similarly similāli ʻi ha founga tatau

comparatively kompārətivli ʻi he fakafehoanaki

relatively relətivli ʻi ha tuʻunga fakafehoanaki

correspondingly kōrispondingly ʻo fakatatau ki he meʻa tatau

13. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Fakahokohoko mo e Fokotuʻutuʻu

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi lea fakamatala ko ʻení ke fakahokohoko mo fokotuʻutuʻu ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukaú.

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

however hauēva kae kehe / ka

therefore dēfō ko ia ai

moreover mōrōva ʻikai ko ia pē, ka toe

furthermore fēdəmō ʻikai ko ia pē, ka toe

nevertheless nevedeles neongo ia

nonetheless nondeles neongo ia

meanwhile mīnuaili ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e meʻa ko iá

instead insted ko hono fetongi

otherwise adēuaiz kapau ʻikai / ʻi ha founga kehe

consequently konsikuentli ko hono olá

subsequently sabsikuentli ʻi he hili iá

alternatively oltēnətivli ko ha fili kehe

finally faināli ʻi he fakaʻosí

firstly fēstli ʻuluakí

secondly sekəndli ua

thirdly thēdli tolu

next neksti ʻi he hoko maí

then den ʻi he hili iá

afterward áftauōdi ʻi he hili iá

14. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala Fehuʻi

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ke fai ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fehuʻi WH fekauʻaki mo e founga, tuʻunga, lahi mo e tuʻo hokó.

Lea Puʻaki ʻUhinga

how hau ʻI fēfē / founga fēfē

when uen ko fē taimi

where uea ʻi fē

why uai ko e hā hono ʻuhingá

how much hau mach ʻe fiha / ko e hā hono lahi

how many hau meni ʻe fiha

how often hau ófen ko e tuʻo fiha

how long hau long ko e fuoloa fēfē

how far hau fā ko e mamaʻo fēfē

how soon hau sūn ko e vave fēfē / ko fē taimi vave

how well hau wel ʻi he tuʻunga lelei fēfē

how quickly hau kuikli ʻi he vave fēfē

Fakatātā:

How often do you exercise?

Hau ófen dū iu eksēsaiz?

ʻOku ke fakamālohisino tuʻo fiha?

15. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Founga Fakahoko

ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻa e founga ʻoku fakahoko ai ha ngāue.

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

quickly kuikli ʻi he vave

slowly slōli ʻi he māmālie

carefully kēfəli ʻi he tokanga

easily īzili ʻi he faingofua

badly badli ʻi ha founga kovi

well wel ʻi he founga lelei

clearly klīāli ʻi he founga mahino

quietly kuaiətli ʻi he fakalongolongo

loudly laudli ʻi he leʻo lahi

secretly sīkretli ʻi he fufū

openly ōpenli ʻi he fakahāhā

together tageda ʻi he fakataha

apart apāt mavahe

directly direktli ʻi he founga hangatonu

indirectly indirektli ʻi he founga taʻe hangatonu

deliberately dilibərətli ʻi he loto pau

accidentally aksidentli ʻi he fakatuʻupakē

carefully kēfəli ʻi he tokanga

successfully saksesfəli ʻi he lavameʻa

differently diferentli ʻi ha founga kehe

16. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e ʻAmanaki mo e ʻIloʻi Kimuʻa

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

hopefully hōpfuli ʻoku ʻamanaki lelei

presumably prizūmabli ʻo fakatatau ki he fakakaukaú

supposedly sapōzidli ʻo fakatatau ki he meʻa ʻoku mahaloʻí

predictably pridiktəbli ʻi ha founga ʻe lava ke tomuʻa ʻiloʻi

unexpectedly anekspiktidli ʻi ha founga taʻeʻamanekina

inevitably inevitəbli ʻoku pau ke hoko / ʻikai lava ke taʻofi

eventually ivénchuali ʻi he ngataʻangá / ʻi he faai mai ʻa e taimí

17. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Fakahokohoko

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

first fēsti ʻuluaki

firstly fēstli ʻuluaki

second sekənd ua

secondly sekəndli ua

third thēd tolu

thirdly thēdli tolu

next neksti ʻi he hoko maí

then den ʻi he hili iá

finally faināli ʻi he fakaʻosí

lastly lāstli ʻi he fakaʻosí

18. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Fakamamafaʻi

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

certainly sētenli ʻoku pau

definitely definitli ʻoku pau ʻaupito

indeed indīd moʻoni

really rīli moʻoni

truly trūli moʻoni

absolutely absolūtli ʻi he kakato

actually akchuali ʻi he moʻoní

literally literāli ʻi hono ʻuhinga totonu ʻo e ngaahi leá

genuinely jenyuinli ʻi he moʻoni / loto moʻoni

clearly klīāli ʻi he mahino

obviously obviəsli ʻo hā mahino

surely shōli ʻoku pau

right (ʻoku haʻu ia kimuʻa ʻi he lea fakamatala) rait tonu

19. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Fakatonutonu mo e Fakamatala Mahino

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

actually akchuali ʻi he moʻoní

really rīli ʻi he moʻoni

rather rāda ʻi hono kehé / kae

instead insted ko hono fetongi

specifically spesifikāli ʻi he founga pau

precisely prisaisli tonu

exactly igzaktli tonu ʻaupito

namely nēmli ʻa ia ko e / ʻi he fakamatala pau

simply simpli ʻi he founga faingofua

basically bēsikali ʻi he tefitoʻi moʻoní

20. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Meimei Tatau

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

almost ōlmōst meimei

nearly niāli meimei

approximately aprōksimətli meimei

roughly rafli meimei

about abaut ʻo feʻunga mo / meimei

around araun ʻo feʻunga mo / meimei

virtually vēchuali meimei / ʻi he ngāueʻangá

practically praktikali meimei / ʻi he ngāueʻangá

roughly rafli ʻi ha founga fakafuofua

21. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Fakataputapu

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

only ōnli koe pē

merely mīəli koe pē

solely sōlli koe pē / ʻataʻatā pē

exclusively iksklūsivli ʻataʻatā pē

otherwise adēuaiz kapau ʻikai

apart apāt tuku kehe / mavahe

22. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻo e Kakato

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

altogether ōltageda ʻi hono kotoa / fakakātoa

entirely intāiāli ʻi hono kotoa

completely komplītli kakato ʻaupito

fully fuli ʻi hono kotoa

wholly hōli ʻi hono kotoa

universally iūnivēsāli ʻi he founga fakalūkufua / ʻi he māmani kotoa

23. Ngaahi Lea Fakamatala ʻoku Fekauʻaki mo e Fakamatala ʻo e Sētesí

Ko e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ko e sentence adverbs:

Lea fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

actually akchuali ʻi he moʻoní

apparently apārently hangē ʻoku hā mai ai

certainly sētenli ʻoku pau

clearly klīāli ʻi he mahino

definitely definitli ʻoku pau ʻaupito

evidently evidently ʻo fakatatau ki he fakamoʻoní

fortunately fōtshənətli ko e meʻa lelei ʻoku hokó

frankly frankli ʻi he lea hangatonu

generally jenerāli ʻi he anga fakalūkufuá

honestly onestli ʻi he faitotonu

ideally aidīəli ʻi he tuʻunga lelei tahá

indeed indīd moʻoni

naturally nachərāli ʻi he anga fakanatulá

obviously obviəsli ʻo hā mahino

personally pēsonāli ʻi he tuʻunga fakafoʻituituí

perhaps pēhapi mahalo

probably probabli ngalingali

seriously sīriəsli ʻi he founga mamafa

surely shōli ʻoku pau

surprisingly sapraizingli ʻi ha founga fakaofo

theoretically thīoretikali ʻi he fakakaukau fakateōliá

unfortunately anfōtshənətli ko e meʻa kovi ʻoku hokó

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Ko e founga hono puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá Fakatātā Puʻaki ʻUhinga

Lea fakamatala mei ha fakaʻilonga – founga angamaheni Fakaʻilonga + -ly Adjective + -ly quick → quickly kuik → kuikli vave → ʻi he vave

Fakaʻilonga ʻoku ngata ʻi he y Toʻo ʻa e y + -ily Adjective − y + -ily happy → happily hapi → hapili fiefia → ʻi he fiefia

Fakaʻilonga ʻoku ngata ʻi he -le Toʻo ʻa e e + -y Adjective − e + -y gentle → gently jentel → jentli angavaivai → ʻi he angavaivai

Fakaʻilonga ʻoku ngata ʻi he -ic Fakaʻilonga + -ally Adjective + -ally basic → basically bēsik → bēsikali tefitoʻi → ʻi he founga tefito

Ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻoku ngata ʻi he -ic Fakaʻilonga + -ally Adjective + -ally dramatic → dramatically dramatik → dramatikali fakafiefia / fakaofo → ʻi ha founga fakaofo

Ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻoku ngata ʻi he -ue Fakaʻilonga + -ly Adjective + -ly true → truly trū → trūli moʻoni → ʻi he moʻoni

Fakaʻilonga ʻoku ngata ʻi he -ll Fakaʻilonga + -y Adjective + -y full → fully ful → fuli kakato → ʻi hono kotoa

Lea fakamatala ʻoku ʻikai liliu Ko e foʻi lea tatau Same word fast → fast fāst → fāst vave → ʻi he vave

Lea fakamatala ʻoku ʻikai liliu Ko e foʻi lea tatau Same word hard → hard hād → hād faingataʻa / mālohi → ʻi he founga mālohi

Lea fakamatala ʻoku ʻikai liliu Ko e foʻi lea tatau Same word late → late lēti → lēti tōmui → ʻi he tōmui

Lea fakamatala ʻoku ʻikai liliu Ko e foʻi lea tatau Same word early → early āli → āli ki muʻa → ʻi he taimi ki muʻa

Lea fakamatala taʻefakaʻapaʻapa ki he founga angamahení Founga makehe Irregular form good → well gud → wel lelei → ʻi he founga leleí

Lea fakamatala mei ha hingoa Hingoa + -ward/-wards Noun + -ward/-wards home → homeward hōm → hōmuēdi ʻapi → ki he ʻapí

Lea fakamatala mei ha hingoa Hingoa + -wise Noun + -wise clock → clockwise klok → klokuaiz foʻi uasi → ʻi he tafaʻaki tatau mo e ngaahi nima ʻo e uasí

Lea fakamatala faʻu mei ha ngaahi foʻi lea Lea + lea Word + word somehow samhaū ʻi ha founga

Lea fakamatala faʻu mei ha ngaahi foʻi lea Lea + lea Word + word everywhere evriuea ʻi he feituʻu kotoa pē

Ko e kupuʻi lea fakamatala Lea / kupuʻi lea + hingoa mo e preposition Adverbial phrase in the morning in de mōning ʻi he pongipongí

9- Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki (CONJUNCTIONS)

. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki Tatau — Coordinating Conjunctions

ʻOku fakafehokotaki ʻe he faʻahinga lea ko ʻení ha ongo kupuʻi lea pe sētesi ʻoku tatau honau tuʻunga fakakalama.

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

and ʻaneti mo

but pati ka

or oa pe

nor noa pe ʻikai foki

for foa koeʻuhi / he

yet iet ka neongo ia

so sou ko ia ai / ko ia

FANBOYS

For — foa

And — ʻaneti

Nor — noa

But — pati

Or — oa

Yet — iet

So — sou

I was tired, but I worked.

Ai wasu taiati, pati ai woakati.

Naʻe helaʻia au, ka naʻá ku ngāue.

2. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki Fakavahevahe — Subordinating Conjunctions

ʻOku fakafehokotaki ʻe he faʻahinga lea ko ʻení ha kupuʻi lea fakavahevahe ki ha sētesi tefito.

ʻUhinga

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

because bikos/koos koeʻuhi

since sins koeʻuhi / talu mei he

as asi koeʻuhi / ʻi he taimi ʻoku

seeing that siing dhati ʻi he mahino ko e

seeing as siing asi koeʻuhi / ʻi he taimi ʻoku

now that nao dhati koeʻuhi kuo / ʻi he taimi ní

given that given dhati ʻi hono fakakaukauʻi ko e

considering that konsidering dhati ʻi hono fakakaukauʻi ko e

inasmuch as inasamatsi asi ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia / koeʻuhi

insofar as insou faa asi ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia / ʻo fakatatau ki he

insomuch as insomatsi asi ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia

in that in dhati ʻi he ʻuhinga ko e

I stayed home because I was tired.

Ai steiti houm bikos ai wasu taiati.

Naʻá ku nofo ʻi ʻapi koeʻuhi naʻá ku helaʻia.

3. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Tuʻunga — Conditional Conjunctions

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

if ifi kapau

unless anlesi kapau ʻe ʻikai / tuku kehe kapau

provided provaideti ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

provided that provaideti dhati ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

providing provaidini ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

providing that provaidini dhati ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

as long as asi long asi ʻi he taimi kotoa pē ʻoku / ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

so long as sou long asi ʻi he taimi kotoa pē ʻoku

on condition that on kondishini dhati ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

in case in keisi ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻe hoko ai / koeʻuhi ke mateuteu

in the event that in dhi iventi dhati kapau ʻe hoko ha meʻa

assuming that asumini dhati ʻo tau pehē ko e

supposing that supousini dhati ʻo tau fakakaukau ko e

suppose that supousi dhati fakakaukau ange ko e

given that given dhati ʻi hono fakakaukauʻi ko e

granted that granteti dhati neongo ʻoku tali ko e

granting that grantini dhati neongo ʻoku tali ko e

If you study, you will learn.

Ifi iu satati, iu wil loani.

Kapau te ke ako, te ke ʻilo.

4. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Fehangahangaí mo e Fakangatangatá

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

although ooldhou neongo ʻoku / neongo ko e

though dhou neongo ʻoku / neongo ko e

even though iiven dhou neongo ʻoku

even if iiven ifi neongo kapau

whereas weaasi ka ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá / lolotonga ʻoku

while waili lolotonga / ka ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá

whilst wailsti lolotonga

albeit oolbiiti neongo ʻoku / neongo ko e

much as matsi asi neongo ʻoku

however much haowevā matsi ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko e hā hono lahi

no matter how nou mata hau ʻo tatau ai pē pe ʻoku fēfē

no matter what nou mata woti ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko e hā

no matter who nou mata huu ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko hai

no matter where nou mata wea ʻo tatau ai pē pe ʻi fē

no matter when nou mata wen ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko fē taimi

no matter which nou mata witisi ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko fē

Even though he was tired, he continued.

Iiven dhou hii wasu taiati, hii kontinuiiti.

Neongo naʻe helaʻia ia, naʻá ne kei hokohoko atu.

5. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Taimí

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

when weni ʻi he taimi ʻoku

whenever>weneva ʻi ha taimi pē / ʻi he taimi kotoa pē

while waili lolotonga

whilst wailsti lolotonga

before bifoa kimuʻa

after aftā hili

until / till / 'til / 'till antili / til / til / til ʻo aʻu ki he / kae ʻoua kuo

since sinsi talu mei he

once wansi ʻi he taimi pē ko ia

as soon as asi suuni asi ʻi he taimi pē ʻoku

as long as asi long asi ʻi he taimi kotoa pē

so long as sou long asi ʻi he taimi kotoa pē

by the time bai dhi taimi ʻi he taimi kuo

every time evri taimi ʻi he taimi kotoa pē

each time iitsi taimi ʻi he taimi takitaha

the moment dhi moumenti ʻi he mōmeniti pē ko ia

the minute dhi miniti ʻi he taimi pē ko ia

the instant dhi instanti ʻi he taimi pē ko ia

directly direktili ʻi he taimi pē ko ia

immediately imediateli ʻi he taimi pē ko ia

hardly... when haatli... weni kuo teʻeki... kuo

scarcely... when skeasli... weni kuo meimei ʻikai... kuo

no sooner... than nou suuna... dhani ʻi he taimi pē... kuo

Call me when you arrive.

Kool mii weni iu araivi.

Telefoni mai ʻi he taimi te ke aʻu mai aí.

6. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Taumuʻá

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

so that sou dhati koeʻuhi ke / ke

in order that in ooda dhati koeʻuhi ke

lest lesti naʻa / ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei

for fear that foa fia dhati koeʻuhi ko e manavahē naʻa

in case in keisi koeʻuhi ke mateuteu

I studied hard so that I could pass.

Ai satatiet haati sou dhati ai kudi paasi.

Naʻá ku ako mālohi koeʻuhi ke u lava ʻo paasi.

7. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Ola

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

so... that sou... dhati ʻo fuʻu... ʻo tupu ai

such... that satsi... dhati ʻo pehē... ʻo tupu ai

so that sou dhati koeʻuhi ko ia / koeʻuhi ke

such that satsi dhati ʻo pehē ai

He was so tired that he slept immediately.

Hii wasu sou taiati dhati hii slepiti imidiateli.

Naʻe fuʻu helaʻia ia ʻo ne mohe leva.

8. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Fakafehoanaki

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

than dhani ʻi hono fakafehoanaki ki

as... as asi... asi ʻo tatau mo / ʻo hangē ko

not as... as noti asi... asi ʻikai tatau mo

as if asi ifi ʻo hangē pē ko e

as though asi dhou ʻo hangē pē ko e

just as jasti asi ʻo hangē tofu pē ko

the more... the more dhi moo... dhi moo ko e lahi ange... ko e lahi ange

the more... the less dhi moo... dhi lesi ko e lahi ange... ko e siʻi ange

the less... the more dhi lesi... dhi moo ko e siʻi ange... ko e lahi ange

the less... the less dhi lesi... dhi lesi ko e siʻi ange... ko e siʻi ange

She is taller than I am.

Shii isi toolā dhani ai am.

ʻOku lōloa ange ia ʻiate au.

9. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Founga mo e Hangē-ha-meʻá

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

as asi ʻo hangē ko

as if asi ifi ʻo hangē pē ko e

as though asi dhou ʻo hangē pē ko e

just as jasti asi ʻo hangē tofu pē ko

the way dhi wei ʻi he founga ko ia

in the way that in dhi wei dhati ʻi he founga ko ia

however haowevā ʻo tatau ai pē pe fēfē / ʻi ha founga

however you haowevā iu ʻo tatau ai pē pe ʻoku fēfē koe

He talks as if he knows everything.

Hii tooksi asi ifi hii nouzi evrithini.

ʻOku lea ia ʻo hangē ʻoku ne ʻiloʻi ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē.

10. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Filí

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

or oa pe

either... or iidha... oa pe... pe

whether... or wedha... oa tatau ai pē pe... pe

whether... or not wedha... oa noti tatau ai pē pe... pe ʻikai

Either you come or I leave.

Idha iu kami oa ai liivi.

Pe te ke haʻu, pe te u ʻalu.

11. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki Fakalua

Correlative Conjunctions

Faʻunga Puʻaki ʻUhinga

both... and bouth... andi ʻa e toko ua... mo

either... or iidha... oa pe... pe

neither... nor naidha... noa ʻikai... pea ʻikai foki

not only... but also noti ounli... pati oolso ʻikai ngata pē... ka ʻoku toe

whether... or wedha... oa tatau ai pē pe... pe

whether... or not wedha... oa noti tatau ai pē pe... pe ʻikai

rather... than radha... dhani kae ʻikai ko

no sooner... than nou suuna... dhani ʻi he taimi pē... kuo

hardly... when haatli... weni kuo teʻeki... kuo

scarcely... when skeasli... weni kuo meimei ʻikai... kuo

barely... when beali... weni kuo meimei ʻikai... kuo

the more... the more dhi moo... dhi moo ko e lahi ange... ko e lahi ange

the more... the less dhi moo... dhi lesi ko e lahi ange... ko e siʻi ange

the less... the more dhi lesi... dhi moo ko e siʻi ange... ko e lahi ange

the less... the less dhi lesi... dhi lesi ko e siʻi ange... ko e siʻi ange

12. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Tānaki Atu

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

and ʻaneti mo

as well as asi weli asi pea pehē foki ki

not to mention noti tuu menshini ʻikai lau ki ai

besides bisaidzi tānaki atu ki ai

let alone let alouni ʻoua ʻe toe lau ki

much less matsi lesi tautefito ki he siʻi ange

to say nothing of tuu sei nathini ov ʻikai lau ha meʻa fekauʻaki mo

apart from apaati fromi tuku kehe mei / tānaki atu ki ai

aside from asaidi fromi tuku kehe mei / tānaki atu ki ai

Ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi faʻunga ko ʻení ʻoku lava ke hoko ko ha ngaahi kupuʻi lea prepositional pe ngaahi faʻunga fakafehokotaki, ʻo fakatatau ki hono ngāueʻaki. Ko ia ai, ʻoku ʻikai fakakalakalasi kotoa kinautolu ko e conjunctions ʻi he ngaahi fakamatala fakakalama kotoa pē.

13. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Tukukehe

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

except that iksepti dhati tuku kehe ʻoku

except when iksepti weni tuku kehe ʻi he taimi ʻoku

except if iksepti ifi tuku kehe kapau

save that seivi dhati tuku kehe ʻoku

but that pati dhati tuku kehe ʻoku

unless anlesi tuku kehe kapau / kapau ʻe ʻikai

14. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Fakakaukau pe Fakafeʻungaʻi

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

assuming that asumini dhati ʻo tau pehē ko e

supposing that supousini dhati ʻo tau fakakaukau ko e

suppose that supousi dhati fakakaukau ange ko e

presuming that presumini dhati ʻo tau pehē ko e

provided that provaideti dhati ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

providing that provaidini dhati ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

given that given dhati ʻi hono fakakaukauʻi ko e

granting that grantini dhati neongo ʻoku tali ko e

granted that granteti dhati neongo ʻoku tali ko e

15. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki ʻo e Tuʻunga Kotoa Pē

Lea fakafehokotaki Puʻaki ʻUhinga

whoever huueva ha taha pē / ko hai pē

whomever humeeva ha taha pē ʻoku hoko ko e taumuʻa ʻo e ngāue

whatever woteva ha meʻa pē / ko e hā pē

whichever witiseva ha fili pē

wherever weareva ʻi ha feituʻu pē

whenever>weneva ʻi ha taimi pē

however haowevā ʻi ha founga pē / tatau ai pē pe fēfē

Whoever comes can enter.

Huueva kami keni enta.

ʻE lava ke hū ha taha pē ʻoku haʻu.

Whatever you choose is fine.

Woteva iu tshuusi isi faini.

Ko ha meʻa pē te ke fili ʻoku sai.

16. Ngaahi Lea Fakafehokotaki Motuʻa mo Faka-Fakamaau

ʻOku kei ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá, ka ʻoku ʻikai faʻa ngāueʻaki kinautolu ʻi he lea fakaʻaho ʻo e kuongá ni:

Lea Puʻaki ʻUhinga

albeit oolbiiti neongo ʻoku

albeit that oolbiiti dhati neongo ʻoku

albeit when oolbiiti weni neongo ʻoku hoko ʻi he taimi

albeit with oolbiiti witi neongo ʻoku fakataha mo

insofar as insou faa asi ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia

inasmuch as inasamatsi asi ʻi hono fakakaukauʻi ko e

insomuch as insomatsi asi ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia

notwithstanding that noutwidstandini dhati neongo ʻoku

whereas weaasi ka ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá

whilst wailsti lolotonga

lest lesti naʻa

save that seivi dhati tuku kehe ʻoku

provided that provaideti dhati ʻi he tuʻunga ko e

supposing that supousini dhati ʻo tau fakakaukau ko e

17. Ngaahi Lea ʻOku Hangē ko e Conjunctions ka ʻOku ʻIkai Ko Ha Conjunctions Tuʻunga Fakakalama

ʻOku faʻa fakakaukauʻi ʻa e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ko ha ngaahi lea fakafehokotaki, ka ʻoku ʻikai ko ha ngaahi conjunctions totonu kinautolu:

Lea Puʻaki Kalasi Angamaheni ʻUhinga

however haowevā conjunctive adverb ka neongo ia

therefore dheafō conjunctive adverb ko ia ai

moreover moo-ovā conjunctive adverb ko e meʻa ia ʻoku toe tānaki atu

furthermore fadhamoo conjunctive adverb pea toe tānaki atu ki ai

nevertheless nevadhelesi conjunctive adverb neongo ia

nonetheless nandhelesi conjunctive adverb neongo ia

consequently konsikwentli conjunctive adverb ko ia ai

otherwise adhewaisi conjunctive adverb ka ʻikai

instead instedi conjunctive adverb ko hono fetongi ʻo ia

meanwhile miinwaili conjunctive adverb ʻi he taimi tatau

thus dhasi conjunctive adverb ko ia ai / ʻi he founga ko iá

hence hensi conjunctive adverb ko ia ai / ko hono olá

Fakatātā:

I was tired; however, I worked.

Ai wasu taiati; haowevā, ai woakati.

Naʻe helaʻia au; ka neongo ia, naʻá ku ngāue.

Ko ia ai, ʻoku ʻikai tatau ʻa however mo but.

ʻOua ʻe ngāueʻaki pehē:

❌ I was tired, however I worked.

Ko e ngaahi founga totonu ʻeni:

✅ I was tired, but I worked.

Pe:

✅ I was tired; however, I worked.

If only -> ʻAmanaki pē

If only I played — ʻAmanaki pē naʻá ku vaʻinga.

Anyway/Anyways -> ʻI ha tuʻunga pē / neongo ia

10- Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa (PREPOSITIONS)

Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa Mahuʻinga

Lea muʻomuʻa Puʻaki ʻUhinga Fakatātā kakato Puʻaki Liliu

about abaoti fekauʻaki mo / kau ki We talked about the problem. Wii tookiti abaoti dhi problem. Naʻá ma talanoa fekauʻaki mo e palopalemá.

above abavi ʻi ʻolunga / māʻolunga ange mei The lamp is above the table. Dhi lamp isi abavi dhi teibeli. ʻOku ʻi ʻolunga ʻa e māmá ʻi he tēpilé.

across akrosi ʻe fakalaka ki he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá We walked across the street. Wii wokiti akrosi dhi striiti. Naʻá ma lue fakalaka ʻi he hala.

after aftā hili We met after lunch. Wii meti aftā lantshi. Naʻá ma fetaulaki hili ʻa e kai hoʻatā.

against agensti fakafepaki ki / fakapipiki ki The ladder is against the wall. Dhi ladder isi agensti dhi wooli. ʻOku fakapipiki ʻa e tuʻunga kaka ki he holisí.

along alongi ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo / ʻo muimui ki We walked along the river. Wii wokiti alongi dhi rive. Naʻá ma lue ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo e vaitafé.

amid amidi ʻi lotolotonga He stood amid the crowd. Hii stoodi amidi dhi kraodi. Naʻá ne tuʻu ʻi lotolotonga ʻo e kakaí.

among amongi ʻi lotolotonga ʻo ha tokolahi She was among friends. Shii wasu amongi frendzi. Naʻá ne ʻi lotolotonga ʻo hono ngaahi kaungāmeʻá.

around araoundi ʻi he takatakai We sat around the table. Wii sati araoundi dhi teibeli. Naʻá ma tangutu takatakai ʻi he tēpilé.

at ati ʻi / ʻi ha feituʻu pau I am at school. Ai amu ati skuuli. ʻOku ou ʻi he ʻapiakó.

before bifoa kimuʻa Come before noon. Kami bifoa nuuni. Haʻu kimuʻa ʻi he hoʻatā.

behind bihaindi ʻi mui The car is behind the house. Dhi kaa isi bihaindi dhi hausi. ʻOku ʻi mui ʻa e kaá ʻi he falé.

below bilou ʻi lalo / maʻulalo ange The temperature is below zero. Dhi temperachā isi bilou ziirou. ʻOku maʻulalo ange ʻa e mafana ʻo e ʻeá ʻi he siiló.

beneath biniith ʻi lalo The keys are beneath the book. Dhi kiizi aa biniith dhi buki. ʻOku ʻi lalo ʻa e ngaahi kī ʻi he tohí.

beside bisaidi ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo Sit beside me. Siti bisaidi mii. Tangutu ʻi hoku tafaʻakí.

besides bisaidzi tānaki atu ki ai Besides English, she speaks Arabic. Bisaidzi Inglish, shii spiiksi Arabic. Tānaki atu ki he lea faka-Pilitāniá, ʻoku lea faka-ʻAlepea foki ia.

between bitwiini ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha meʻa ʻe ua The shop is between two buildings. Dhi shopi isi bitwiini tuu bildini. ʻOku ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha fale ʻe ua ʻa e falekoloá.

beyond biyondi ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá / mamaʻo ange mei The village is beyond the mountain. Dhi viliji isi biyondi dhi maountini. ʻOku ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha ʻo e moʻungá ʻa e kolo siʻí.

by bai ʻe / ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo / kimuʻa ʻi ha taimi pau The book was written by her. Dhi buki wasu ritini bai haa. Naʻá ne tohi ʻa e tohí.

concerning konsāningi fekauʻaki mo / kau ki We talked concerning the project. Wii tookiti konsāningi dhi projeki. Naʻá ma talanoa fekauʻaki mo e polokalamá.

despite dispaaiti neongo Despite the rain, we went out. Dispaaiti dhi reini, wii wenti aouti. Neongo ʻa e ʻuhá, naʻá ma ʻalu ki tuʻa.

down daoun ki lalo He walked down the hill. Hii wokiti daoun dhi hili. Naʻá ne lue hifo ʻi he moʻungá.

during diuringi ʻi he lolotonga / lolotonga I slept during the flight. Ai slepiti diuringi dhi flaiti. Naʻá ku mohe lolotonga ʻa e puna vakapuná.

except iksepti tuku kehe mei Everyone came except John. Evriwan keimi iksepti John. Naʻe haʻu ʻa e tokotaha kotoa pē tuku kehe ʻa John.

for foa maʻa / koeʻuhi ko / ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi This gift is for you. Dhisi gifti isi foa iu. ʻOku ʻaʻau ʻa e meʻaʻofa ko ʻení.

from fromi meí / mei I came from Kuwait. Ai keimi fromi Kuwait. Naʻá ku haʻu mei Kuwait.

in ini ʻi loto / ʻi S he is in the room. Shii isi ini dhi ruumi. ʻOku ʻi loto ia ʻi he lokí.

inside insaidi ʻi loto The keys are inside the bag. Dhi kiizi aa insaidi dhi bagi. ʻOku ʻi loto ʻa e ngaahi kī ʻi he tangai.

into intuu ki loto / hū ki loto He went into the room. Hii wenti intuu dhi ruumi. Naʻá ne hū ki loto ʻi he lokí.

like laiki ʻo hangē ko He runs like a professional. Hii ransi laiki a professional. ʻOku lele ia ʻo hangē ha tokotaha fakapalofesinale.

near nia ofi ki I live near the school. Ai livi nia dhi skuuli. ʻOku ou nofo ofi ki he ʻapiakó.

of ovi ʻo / mei / ʻoku ʻa The door of the house is open. Dhi doa ovi dhi hausi isi oupeni. ʻOku ava ʻa e matapā ʻo e falé.

off ofi mavahe mei / toʻo mei Take your shoes off the table. Teiki ioo shuusi ofi dhi teibeli. Toʻo ho suú mei he tēpilé.

on oni ʻi ʻolunga The book is on the table. Dhi buki isi oni dhi teibeli. ʻOku ʻi ʻolunga ʻa e tohí ʻi he tēpilé.

onto ontuu ki ʻolunga / ki he funga The cat jumped onto the table. Dhi kati jampti ontuu dhi teibeli. Naʻe puna hake ʻa e pusi ki he tēpilé.

opposite opoziti ʻi he fehangahangaí The bank is opposite the hotel. Dhi banki isi opoziti dhi hoteli. ʻOku fehangahangai ʻa e pangikē mo e hōtelé.

out auti ki tuʻa / mavahe ki tuʻa He went out the door. Hii wenti auti dhi doa. Naʻá ne hū ki tuʻa ʻi he matapaá.

outside autsaidi ʻi tuʻa They are outside the house. Dhei aa autsaidi dhi hausi. ʻOku nau ʻi tuʻa ʻi he falé.

over ouva ʻi ʻolunga / fakalaka ʻi The plane flew over the city. Dhi pleini fluu ouva dhi siti. Naʻe puna ʻa e vakapuna ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he koló.

past pasti hili / fakalaka ʻi We walked past the school. Wii wokiti pasti dhi skuuli. Naʻá ma lue fakalaka ʻi he ʻapiakó.

regarding regāding fekauʻaki mo / kau ki I have a question regarding the plan. Ai havi a kwesishini regāding dhi plani. ʻOku ʻi ai ʻeku fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e palaní.

round raoundi takatakai We walked round the park. Wii wokiti raoundi dhi paaki. Naʻá ma lue takatakai ʻi he paʻaké.

since sinsi talu mei I have lived here since 2020. Ai havi liviti hia sinsi tuu thousand twenti. ʻOku ou nofo heni talu mei he taʻu 2020.

through thruu ʻo fakalaka ʻi / ʻi loto ʻo We walked through the tunnel. Wii wokiti thruu dhi taneli. Naʻá ma lue fakalaka ʻi he foʻi hala fakalalo.

throughout thruuauti ʻi he kotoa ʻo / ʻi he taimi kotoa ʻo It rained throughout the day. Iti reiniti thruuauti dhi deii. Naʻe ʻuha ʻi he ʻaho kotoa pē.

till tili ʻo aʻu ki / kae ʻoua kuo Wait till tomorrow. Weiti tili tumoro. Tatali kae ʻoua kuo ʻapongipongi.

to tuu ki / ki he feituʻu I went to school. Ai wenti tuu skuuli. Naʻá ku ʻalu ki he ʻapiakó.

toward towādi ki he tafaʻaki ʻo He walked toward me. Hii wokiti towādi mii. Naʻá ne lue mai kiate au.

towards towādz ki he tafaʻaki ʻo She ran towards the door. Shii rani towādz dhi doa. Naʻá ne lele ki he matapaá.

under anda ʻi lalo The cat is under the table. Dhi kati isi anda dhi teibeli. ʻOku ʻi lalo ʻa e pusí ʻi he tēpilé.

underneath andan iith ʻi lalo The bag is underneath the chair. Dhi bagi isi andaniith dhi chea. ʻOku ʻi lalo ʻa e tangai ʻi he sea.

unlike anlaiki ʻo ʻikai tatau mo / kehe mei Unlike him, I am quiet. Anlaiki himi, ai amu kwaieti. ʻOku kehe au meiate ia, he ʻoku ou fakalongolongo.

until antili ʻo aʻu ki / kae ʻoua kuo Stay here until Friday. Steii hia antili Fraidei. Nofo heni ʻo aʻu ki he Falaite.

up api ki ʻolunga He walked up the stairs. Hii wokiti api dhi steaz. Naʻá ne ʻalu hake ʻi he sitepú.

upon apon ʻi ʻolunga / ʻi he taimi pē Upon arrival, call me. Apon araivali, kool mii. ʻI he taimi te ke aʻu aí, telefoni mai.

via vaia / via ʻo fakafou ʻi / ʻi he hala ʻo We traveled via Dubai. Wii traveldi vaia Dubai. Naʻá ma fononga ʻo fakafou ʻi Dubai.

with witi fakataha mo / ʻaki I went with my brother. Ai wenti witi mai bradha. Naʻá ku ʻalu fakataha mo hoku tokouá.

within widhini ʻi loto / ʻi he vahaʻa taimi ʻo Finish it within an hour. Finisi iti widhini an aua. Fakakakato ia ʻi loto ʻi ha houa ʻe taha.

without widhaouti taʻe ʻi ai / taʻe fakataha mo He left without his phone. Hii lefti widhaouti hizi founi. Naʻá ne ʻalu taʻe ʻi ai ʻene telefoní.

2. Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa Fakalahi

ʻOku ʻi ai ha ngaahi lea muʻomuʻa lahi ange, ka te tau ako kinautolu tahataha.

Fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga Fakatātā Puʻaki Liliu

according to akoding tuu fakatatau ki According to the report, sales increased. Akoding tuu dhi ripooti, seilzi inkriisti. Fakatatau ki he lipootí, naʻe fakautuutu ʻa e fakatau.

ahead of ahedi ovi ʻi muʻa ʻi / kimuʻa She arrived ahead of us. Shii araiviti ahedi ovi asi. Naʻá ne aʻu mai kimuʻa ʻiate kimautolu.

along with alongi witi fakataha mo / tānaki atu ki ai He came along with his brother. Hii keimi alongi witi hizi bradha. Naʻá ne haʻu fakataha mo hono tokouá.

apart from apaati fromi tuku kehe mei / tānaki atu ki ai Apart from John, everyone agreed. Apaati fromi John, evriwan agridi. Tuku kehe ʻa John, naʻe loto-tatau ʻa e tokotaha kotoa pē.

as for asi foa ko e meʻa ki / fekauʻaki mo As for me, I agree. Asi foa mii, ai agrī. Ko e meʻa kiate aú, ʻoku ou loto-tatau.

as of asi ovi mei he taimi ko ia As of Monday, the rule applies. Asi ovi Monday, dhi ruuli aplaisi. ʻE kamata ngāue ʻa e tuʻutuʻuní mei he Mōnite.

as to asi tuu fekauʻaki mo / kau ki There is uncertainty as to the cause. Dheaa isi ansātantii asi tuu dhi koozi. ʻOku ʻikai pau ʻa e ʻuhinga ki aí.

because of bikos ovi koeʻuhi ko We stayed home because of the rain. Wii steiti houm bikos ovi dhi reini. Naʻá ma nofo ʻi ʻapi koeʻuhi ko e ʻuhá.

by means of bai miinzi ovi ʻo fakafou ʻi / ʻaki We solved it by means of a computer. Wii solvdi iti bai miinzi ovi a kompiuta. Naʻá ma fakaleleiʻi ia ʻaki ha komipiuta.

by way of bai wei ovi ʻo fakafou ʻi / ʻi he hala ʻo We went by way of London. Wii wenti bai wei ovi London. Naʻá ma ʻalu ʻo fakafou ʻi Lonitoni.

close to klous tuu ofi ki The school is close to my house. Dhi skuuli isi klous tuu mai hausi. ʻOku ofi ʻa e ʻapiakó ki hoku falé.

due to djuu tuu koeʻuhi ko The flight was delayed due to fog. Dhi flaiti wasu dileiti djuu tuu fogi. Naʻe tōmui ʻa e puna vakapuná koeʻuhi ko e ʻao fakapoʻuli.

except for iksepti foa tuku kehe mei Everyone came except for Mary. Evriwan keimi iksepti foa Mary. Naʻe haʻu ʻa e tokotaha kotoa pē tuku kehe ʻa Mary.

far from faa fromi mamaʻo mei / ʻikai ofi ki The answer is far from simple. Dhi ansā isi faa fromi simpli. ʻOku mamaʻo ʻa e talí mei he faingofuá.

in addition to ini adishini tuu tānaki atu ki In addition to English, he studies Arabic. Ini adishini tuu Inglish, hii statizi Arabic. Tānaki atu ki he lea faka-Pilitāniá, ʻoku ako foki ia ki he lea faka-ʻAlepeá.

in case of ini keisi ovi ʻi he taimi ʻoku hoko ai ha In case of emergency, call me. Ini keisi ovi imājensi, kool mii. ʻI ha tuʻunga fakatuʻupakē, telefoni mai.

in front of ini fronti ovi ʻi muʻa ʻi The car is in front of the house. Dhi kaa isi ini fronti ovi dhi hausi. ʻOku ʻi muʻa ʻa e kaá ʻi he falé.

in place of ini pleisi ovi ko e fetongi ʻo Use this in place of sugar. Iuusi dhisi ini pleisi ovi shuga. Ngāueʻaki ʻeni ko e fetongi ʻo e suka.

in spite of ini spaiti ovi neongo In spite of the rain, we left. Ini spaiti ovi dhi reini, wii lefti. Neongo ʻa e ʻuhá, naʻá ma ʻalu.

in terms of ini taamzi ovi ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo / fekauʻaki mo In terms of price, it is cheap. Ini taamzi ovi praisi, iti isi chiipi. ʻI he tuʻunga ʻo e totongí, ʻoku maʻamaʻa ia.

instead of instedi ovi ko e fetongi ʻo I drank tea instead of coffee. Ai dranku tii instedi ovi kofi. Naʻá ku inu tii kae ʻikai ko e kofí.

next to neksti tuu ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo Sit next to me. Siti neksti tuu mii. Tangutu ʻi hoku tafaʻakí.

on account of oni akaounti ovi koeʻuhi ko The match was canceled on account of rain. Dhi matchi wasu kanseldi oni akaounti ovi reini. Naʻe kaniseli ʻa e vaʻingá koeʻuhi ko e ʻuhá.

on behalf of oni bihaafi ovi ko e fakafofonga ʻo I spoke on behalf of the team. Ai spouki oni bihaafi ovi dhi tiimi. Naʻá ku lea ko e fakafofonga ʻo e timí.

on top of oni topi ovi ʻi ʻolunga ʻi / tānaki atu ki The keys are on top of the box. Dhi kiizi aa oni topi ovi dhi boksi. ʻOku ʻi ʻolunga ʻa e ngaahi kī ʻi he puhá.

out of auti ovi ki tuʻa mei / mei He walked out of the room. Hii wokiti auti ovi dhi ruumi. Naʻá ne hū ki tuʻa mei he lokí.

owing to ouini tuu koeʻuhi ko The event was canceled owing to rain. Dhi eventi wasu kanseldi ouini tuu reini. Naʻe kaniseli ʻa e meʻa fakalangilangi koeʻuhi ko e ʻuhá.

prior to praia tuu kimuʻa Prior to the meeting, we prepared. Praia tuu dhi miitini, wii pripēdi. Kimuʻa ʻi he fakatahá, naʻá ma teuteu.

regardless of regādlisi ovi ʻo tatau ai pē pe We will continue regardless of the cost. Wii wil kontinui regādlisi ovi dhi kosti. Te tau hokohoko atu ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko e hā ʻa e fakamolé.

thanks to thanks tuu koeʻuhi ko / fakafetaʻi ki Thanks to you, we succeeded. Thanks tuu iu, wii saksidi. Naʻa mau lavameʻa koeʻuhi ko koe.

together with togedha witi fakataha mo She came together with her friends. Shii keimi togedha witi haa frendzi. Naʻá ne haʻu fakataha mo hono ngaahi kaungāmeʻá.

up to api tuu ʻo aʻu ki / lava ke Up to ten people can enter. Api tuu ten piipeli keni enta. ʻE lava ke hū ki ai ha kakai ʻe toko hongofulu.

with regard to witi regādi tuu fekauʻaki mo With regard to your question, I agree. Witi regādi tuu ioo kwesishini, ai agrī. Fekauʻaki mo hoʻo fehuʻí, ʻoku ou loto-tatau.

with respect to witi rispekti tuu fekauʻaki mo With respect to this issue, we disagree. Witi rispekti tuu dhisi ishuu, wii disagrii. Fekauʻaki mo e palopalema ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke ma loto-tatau.

3. Ngaahi Kupuʻi Lea Fakalahi ʻoku Ngāueʻaki ko e Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa

Fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

by virtue of bai vātshu ovi koeʻuhi ko / ʻi he mafai ʻo

by dint of bai dint ovi koeʻuhi ko / tupu mei he

by reason of bai riizoni ovi koeʻuhi ko

by courtesy of bai katesi ovi koeʻuhi ko / ʻi he tokoni ʻa

by order of bai ooda ovi ʻi he tuʻutuʻuni ʻa

by reference to bai referensi tuu ʻo fakafou ʻi he fakamatala ki

by means of bai miinzi ovi ʻo fakafou ʻi

by way of bai wei ovi ʻo fakafou ʻi

in accordance with ini akodansi witi fakatatau ki

in comparison with ini komparisini witi ʻi hono fakafehoanaki mo

in connection with ini konekishini witi fekauʻaki mo

in contrast to ini kontrasti tuu ʻo kehe mei

in exchange for ini ikschēnji foa ko e fetongi ʻo

in favor of ini feiva ovi ʻo poupou ki

in lieu of ini liuu ovi ko e fetongi ʻo

in relation to ini rileishini tuu ʻi he fekauʻaki mo

in response to ini risponsi tuu ko e tali ki

in search of ini saachi ovi ko e kumi ki

in view of ini viiu ovi ʻi hono fakakaukauʻi

on the basis of oni dhi beisisi ovi ʻi he makatuʻunga ʻo

on the grounds of oni dhi graoundzi ovi ʻi he makatuʻunga ʻo / koeʻuhi ko

with a view to witi a viiu tuu ʻi he taumuʻa ke

with the exception of witi dhi iksepshini ovi tuku kehe mei

with the help of witi dhi helbi ovi ʻi he tokoni ʻa

with reference to witi referensi tuu ʻo fakafou ʻi he fakamatala ki / fekauʻaki mo

4. Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa Motuʻa, Fakafonua mo Faka-Fakamaau

ʻOku toe hā ʻa e ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻi he lea faka-Pilitānia motuʻá, fakalao, fakafonua mo e lea fakaʻofisiale:

Lea Puʻaki ʻUhinga

abaft abafti ʻi mui / ki mui ʻo ha vaka

alongside alongsaidi ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo

amidst amidsti ʻi lotolotonga

amongst amongsti ʻi lotolotonga

astride astraidi ʻi ʻolunga / fakakavakava

athwart athwooti fakalaka fakalaka ʻi he tafaʻaki

atop atopi ʻi ʻolunga

barring bārini tuku kehe mei / kapau ʻe ʻikai

circa sākā ʻo ofi ki he taʻu / taimi

cum kami fakataha mo / ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo

ere iia kimuʻa

notwithstanding noutwidstandini neongo / tatau ai pē

per pā ʻi he / ʻi he founga ʻo

save seivi tuku kehe mei

vis-à-vis vi-a-vi ʻi he fehangahangaí / fekauʻaki mo

worth wathi mahuʻinga / taau mo e totongi

Fakatātā:

Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.

Noutwidstandini dhi difikaltizi, wii kontinuiiti.

Neongo ʻa e ngaahi faingataʻá, naʻa mau hokohoko atu.

5. Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa ʻo e Feituʻú

ʻE lava ke fokotuʻutuʻu ʻa e ngaahi lea muʻomuʻa ko ʻení ʻo fakatatau ki he founga ko ʻení:

Fekauʻaki Lea muʻomuʻa

ʻi loto in, inside, within

ki loto into

ki tuʻa out, outside

ʻi he funga on

ki he funga onto

ʻi ʻolunga above, over, atop, on top of

ʻi lalo under, below, beneath, underneath

ʻi muʻa in front of, before

ʻi mui behind

ʻi he tafaʻaki beside, by, next to, alongside

ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha meʻa ʻe ua between

ʻi lotolotonga ʻo ha tokolahi among, amongst

ofi ki near, close to

fehangahangai opposite, across from

takatakai around, round

fakalaka ʻi across, through

ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo e hala along

ki he tafaʻaki ʻo toward, towards

mamaʻo mei away from, off

fakalaka atu past, beyond

6. Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa ʻo e Taimí

Fekauʻaki mo e taimí Lea muʻomuʻa Fakatātā

taimi pau at at 5 o'clock

ʻaho / ʻaho ʻo e uiké on on Monday

māhina / taʻu / vahaʻa taimi in in 2026

kimuʻa before, prior to, ahead of before lunch

hili after, following after work

lolotonga during during the meeting

talu mei since since Monday

ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi for for two hours

ʻo aʻu ki until, till until Friday

mei he taimi ki he taimi from … to from Monday to Friday

ʻi he taʻu kotoa pē throughout throughout the year

kimuʻa ʻi ha taimi pau by by Friday

kimuʻa ʻi ha taimi pau by by 6 p.m.

ʻi loto ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi within within two hours

ʻo ofi ki around, about around noon

ofi ki ha taimi near near midnight

7. Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa ʻo e ʻUhingá mo e Taumuʻá

Lea muʻomuʻa / fakamatala Puʻaki ʻUhinga

because of bikos ovi koeʻuhi ko

due to djuu tuu koeʻuhi ko

owing to ouini tuu koeʻuhi ko

on account of oni akaounti ovi koeʻuhi ko

as a result of asi a rizalti ovi ko e ola ʻo

thanks to thanks tuu koeʻuhi ko / fakafetaʻi ki

for foa koeʻuhi / ʻi he vahaʻa taimi

for the sake of foa dhi seiki ovi koeʻuhi ko / maʻá e lelei ʻa

with a view to witi a viiu tuu ʻi he taumuʻa ke

in order to ini ooda tuu koeʻuhi ke / ʻi he taumuʻa ke*

* ʻOku faʻa muimui ʻa e in order to ʻi ha foʻi lea ngāue, ko ia ai ʻoku faʻa fakakaukauʻi ia ko ha faʻunga ʻo e taumuʻá kae ʻikai ko ha lea muʻomuʻa angamaheni.

8. Fakatokanga Mahuʻinga: Lea Muʻomuʻa + Hā?

Tuʻutuʻuni tefito:

Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing

Lea muʻomuʻa + hingoa / fetongi hingoa / V-ing

Fakatātā:

Hingoa

I am in the house.

Ai amu ini dhi hausi.

ʻOku ou ʻi loto ʻi he falé.

Fetongi hingoa

This gift is for him.

Dhisi gifti isi foa himi.

ʻOku ʻaʻana ʻa e meʻaʻofa ko ʻení.

Fakatokanga:

for him ✅

for he ❌

Koeʻuhi ko e fetongi hingoa ʻoku muimui ki ha lea muʻomuʻa, ʻoku totonu ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e tuʻunga object ʻo e fetongi hingoá.

V-ing

She is good at cooking.

Shii isi goodi ati kukini.

ʻOku lelei ia ʻi he feimeʻatokoní.

He left without saying goodbye.

Hii lefti widhaouti seini gudbai.

Naʻá ne ʻalu taʻe te ne lea fakamāvae.

9. Faikehekehe ʻi he Ngaahi Lea Muʻomuʻa ʻoku Hangē Tatau

Lea ʻUhinga tefito Fakatātā

in ʻi loto in the room

into ngaʻunu ki loto go into the room

on ʻi he funga on the table

onto ngaʻunu ki he funga jump onto the table

at feituʻu pau at the station

to ʻalu ki ha feituʻu go to school

by ʻi he tafaʻaki / ʻaki / kimuʻa ʻi ha taimi pau by the door / by car / by Friday

with fakataha mo / ngāueʻaki with him / with a knife

from meí from London

of fekauʻaki / maʻu the door of the house

for koeʻuhi / maʻá / ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi for you / for two hours

since talu mei ha taimi kamata since Monday

during ʻi he lolotonga ʻo ha vahaʻa taimi during the meeting

until ʻo aʻu ki ha taimi until Friday

between ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha meʻa ʻe ua between John and Mary

among ʻi lotolotonga ʻo ha tokolahi among friends

above māʻolunga ange mei above the table

over ʻi ʻolunga / fakalaka ʻi over the bridge

below maʻulalo ange mei below the line

under ʻi lalo under the table

beside ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo beside me

besides tānaki atu ki ai besides English

because of/cause of koeʻuhi ko because of rain

despite neongo despite the rain

in spite of neongo in spite of the rain

aboard -> ʻi he vaka / ʻi loto ʻi ha vaka

11- KAI FAKAHOKO (DETERMINERS)

Ngaahi kai fakahoko tefito

Determiner Puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga kakato Puʻaki ʻo e sīpinga Fakatonulea

a a ko ha taha / ko ha meʻa / taʻe pau I saw a dog. ai so a dog Naʻaku sio ki ha kulī.

an an ko ha taha / ko ha meʻa / taʻe pau She ate an apple. shi eit an apol Naʻá ne kai ha ʻāpele.

the thə / dhi ʻa e / ko e meʻa ʻiloa I saw the dog. ai so dhə dog Naʻaku sio ki he kulī.

this dhis ʻeni This book is useful. dhis buk is yusful ʻOku ʻaonga ʻa e tohí ni.

that dhat ʻa e / ko e meʻa ko ia That car is expensive. dhat kaar is ikspensiv ʻOku mamafa ʻa e meʻalele ko iá.

these dhiz ʻeni (meʻa tokolahi) These books are new. dhiz buks ar nyu ʻOku foʻou ʻa e ngaahi tohi ko ʻení.

those dhouz ko ia (meʻa tokolahi) Those houses are old. dhouz hauziz ar ould ʻOku motuʻa ʻa e ngaahi fale ko iá.

2. Ngaahi fakahoko ʻo e maʻú

ʻOku haʻu ʻa e fakahoko ʻo e maʻú kimuʻa ʻi he hingoa ʻo e meʻá.

Determiner Puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga

my mai ʻeku My book is here.

your yɔr ʻoʻo / hoʻo Your car is outside.

his hiz ʻoʻona His house is big.

her hər ʻoʻona Her bag is black.

its its ʻoʻona (ki ha meʻa pe monumanu) The dog moved its tail.

our auər ʻo ʻetau Our teacher is kind.

their dheər ʻo kinautolu Their house is beautiful.

Ngaahi sīpinga

my book = ʻeku tohí

your car = hoʻo meʻalele

his phone = ʻene telefoní

her bag = ʻene kato

our house = hotau falé

their children = ʻenau fānaú

Ka neongo ia:

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs ko e ngaahi lea ʻoku tuʻu tokotaha pē ʻo fakahaaʻi ʻa e maʻú; ʻoku nau fetongi ʻa e fakahoko ʻo e maʻú:

This book is mine.

dhis buk is main.

ʻOku ʻaʻaku ʻa e tohí ni.

3. Ngaahi fakahoko tuhu

Determiner Puʻaki Fika Mamaʻo Sīpinga

this dhis Taha Ofi this book

that dhat Taha Mamaʻo that book

these dhiz Tokolahi Ofi these books

those dhouz Tokolahi Mamaʻo those books

Tuʻutuʻuni

this + singular noun

this book

dhis buk

ʻa e tohí ni

these + plural noun

these books

dhiz buks

ʻa e ngaahi tohí ni

that + singular noun

that car

dhat kaar

ʻa e meʻalele ko iá

those + plural noun

those cars

dhouz kaars

ʻa e ngaahi meʻalele ko iá

4. Ngaahi fakahoko ʻo e lahi

ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻa e lahi ʻo e ngaahi hingoa.

Determiner Puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga

some sam niʻihi / ha niʻihi I bought some books.

any eni ha / niʻihi Do you have any questions?

no nou ʻikai ha / ʻikai ʻi ai I have no money.

much mach lahi (ki he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ʻikai lau fakafoʻituitui) I don't have much time.

many meni lahi (ki he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku lava ke lau) She has many books.

little litl kiʻi siʻi I have little time.

a little a litl kiʻi lahi siʻi I have a little time.

few fyu kiʻi tokosiʻi Few people came.

a few a fyu niʻihi siʻi I have a few questions.

enough inof feʻunga We have enough food.

more mor ʻo lahi ange I need more water.

less les ʻo siʻi ange I need less sugar.

fewer fyuər ʻo tokosiʻi ange We need fewer chairs.

all ol kotoa All students passed.

both bouth ko e toko ua / fakatouʻosi Both students passed.

half haaf haafe Half the class left.

most moust ko e tokolahi taha Most people agreed.

enough inof feʻunga We have enough money.

5. Ngaahi fakahoko fika

ʻOku tuʻu ʻa e ngaahi fika kimuʻa ʻi he hingoa ke fakahaaʻi ʻa e tokolahi pe lahi.

Ngaahi fika

Fika Puʻaki Sīpinga

one wan one book

two tu two books

three thri three books

four for four books

five faiv five books

six siks six books

seven sevn seven books

eight eit eight books

nine nain nine books

ten ten ten books

hundred handred a hundred books

thousand thauzand a thousand books

million milion a million people

billion bilion a billion dollars

ʻE lava ke fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fika ʻa e lahi totonu ʻo e ngaahi meʻa.

6. Ngaahi fakahoko tufaki

ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻa e tufaki ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ki he tokotaha takitaha pe kulupu.

Determiner Puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga

each ich takitaha Each student has a book.

every evri takitaha / kotoa Every student passed.

either aiðər / iðər ko ha taha pē ʻi he toko ua Either answer is acceptable.

neither niðər / naiðər ʻikai ha taha ʻi he toko ua Neither answer is correct.

Faikehekehe

each

Each student received a book.

ich styudent risivd a buk.

Naʻe maʻu ʻe he tokotaha ako takitaha ha tohi.

ʻOku fakatefito ʻa e lea ko ʻení ʻi he tokotaha takitaha.

every

Every student received a book.

evri styudent risivd a buk.

Naʻe maʻu ʻe he tokotaha ako takitaha ha tohi.

ʻOku fakatefito ʻa e lea ko ʻení ʻi he kulupu fakakātoa.

7. Ngaahi fakahoko fehuʻi

ʻOku ngāueʻaki kinautolu ke fai ha fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha hingoa.

Determiner Puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga

what wat ko e hā / fē What book do you want?

which wich ko fē Which book do you want?

whose huz ʻa hai Whose book is this?

what kind of wat kaind ov ko e faʻahinga fē What kind of car do you want?

which kind of wich kaind ov ko e faʻahinga fē Which kind of food do you prefer?

Sīpinga

Which book do you want?

wich buk du yu want?

Ko fē ʻa e tohi ʻokú ke fie maʻú?

Whose car is this?

huz kaar is dhis?

ʻA hai ʻa e meʻalele ko ʻení?

8. Ngaahi fakahoko taʻefakaikiiki

ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi lea ko ʻení ʻa e kakai pe ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ʻikai fakapapauʻi.

Determiner Puʻaki ʻUhinga

a a ha taha / ha meʻa taʻefakapapauʻi

an an ha taha / ha meʻa taʻefakapapauʻi

some sam niʻihi

any eni ha / niʻihi

no nou ʻikai ha / ʻikai ʻi ai

another anadhər ha taha kehe / ha meʻa kehe

other adhər kehe / ngaahi meʻa kehe

such sach pehē / faʻahinga pehē

9. another mo e other

ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻaupito ʻa e faikehekehe ʻi he ngaahi lea ko ʻení.

another

another + singular countable noun

I need another book.

ai nid anadhər buk.

ʻOku ou fiemaʻu ha tohi ʻe taha kehe.

other

other + plural noun

I need other books.

ai nid adhər buks.

ʻOku ou fiemaʻu ha ngaahi tohi kehe.

the other

The other book is mine.

dhə adhər buk is main.

ʻOku ʻaʻaku ʻa e tohi kehe ko iá.

the other + plural

The other books are mine.

dhə adhər buks ar main.

ʻOku ʻaʻaku ʻa e ngaahi tohi kehe ko iá.

10. Ngaahi fakahoko ʻo e fakapapauʻi mo e faʻahinga

such

such + a/an + adjective + singular noun

She is such a nice person.

shi is sach a nais pərson.

Ko ha tokotaha anga-lelei ʻaupito ia.

ʻI he ngaahi hingoa fakakātoa:

such people

sach pipol

ngaahi kakai pehē

Mo e ngaahi hingoa ʻoku ʻikai lau fakafoʻituitui:

such good advice

sach gud advais

ha faleʻi lelei pehē

11. Ngaahi fakahoko ʻo e lahi mo e fakakātoa

Determiner Puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga

all ol kotoa all students

both bouth fakatouʻosi both books

each ich takitaha each student

every evri takitaha / kotoa every student

either aiðər ko ha taha pē ʻi he toko ua either book

neither niðər ʻikai ha taha ʻi he toko ua neither book

enough inof feʻunga enough food

much mach ha lahi (meʻa ʻoku ʻikai lau fakafoʻituitui) much water

many meni ha tokolahi many books

most moust ko e tokolahi taha most people

more mor ʻo lahi ange more time

less les ʻo siʻi ange less water

fewer fyuər ʻo tokosiʻi ange fewer people

half haaf haafe half the money

plenty of plenti ov ha lahi ʻaupito plenty of food

a lot of a lot ov ha lahi ʻaupito a lot of people

lots of lots ov ha lahi ʻaupito lots of books

12. Ngaahi kupuʻi lea ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻa e lahi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa

ʻOku lava ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi kupuʻi lea ko ʻení ke fakahaaʻi ʻa e lahi ʻo e ngaahi hingoa:

Kupuʻi lea Puʻaki ʻUhinga

a lot of a lot ov ha lahi ʻaupito

lots of lots ov ha lahi ʻaupito

plenty of plenti ov ha lahi / hulu

a number of a namber ov ha tokolahi

a great number of a greit namber ov ha tokolahi ʻaupito

a large number of a laarj namber ov ha tokolahi ʻaupito

a small number of a smol namber ov ha tokosiʻi

a great deal of a greit dil ov ha lahi ʻaupito

a large amount of a laarj amaunt ov ha lahi ʻaupito

a small amount of a smol amaunt ov ha kiʻi lahi siʻi

a majority of a majoriti ov ko e tokolahi taha

a minority of a minoriti ov ko e tokosiʻi taha

a pair of a peər ov ko ha meʻa ʻe ua

a couple of a kapol ov ko ha meʻa ʻe ua / niʻihi siʻi

a range of a reinj ov ha ngaahi faʻahinga kehekehe

a variety of a vairaiti ov ha ngaahi faʻahinga kehekehe

a series of a siriz ov ha fakahokohoko

a set of a set ov ha kulupu

a group of a grup ov ha kulupu

a number of a namber ov ha tokolahi

Sīpinga:

A lot of students study English.

a lot ov styudents stadi inglish.

ʻOku ako lea faka-Pilitānia ha tokolahi ʻo e kau akó.

13. Ngaahi fakahoko ʻo e konga mo e vahe

Kupuʻi lea Puʻaki ʻUhinga

half haaf haafe

a half a haaf haafe

quarter kwortər kuata

a quarter a kwortər ha kuata

third thərd ko e vahe tolu

a third a thərd ko e vahe tolu

two-thirds tu thərdz ko e vahe ua ʻi he tolu

three-quarters thri kwortərz ko e kuata ʻe tolu

part of paart ov ko ha konga ʻo e

most of moust ov ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e

some of sam ov niʻihi ʻo e

all of ol ov kotoa ʻo e

none of nan ov ʻikai ha taha ʻo e

Sīpinga:

Half the students left.

haaf dhə styudents left.

Naʻe mavahe ʻa e vaheua ʻo e kau akó.

Most of the students passed.

moust ov dhə styudents paast.

Naʻe lava ʻa e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau akó.

14. none mo e neither

none

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ia mo ha kulupu ʻoku tokolahi ange ʻi he toko ua:

None of the students came.

nan ov dhə styudents keim.

Naʻe ʻikai ha taha ʻo e kau akó naʻe haʻu.

neither

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ia ki he toko ua:

Neither student came.

niðər styudent keim.

Naʻe ʻikai ha taha ʻo e ongo tokotaha ako naʻe haʻu.

either

Ko ha taha pē ʻi he toko ua:

Either student can help you.

aiðər styudent kan help yu.

ʻE lava ke tokoni atu ha taha pē ʻi he ongo tokotaha akó.

15. Ngaahi fakahoko ʻi he tuʻunga fakaʻikaiʻi

Determiner Puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga

no nou ʻikai ha / ʻikai ʻi ai no money

neither niðər ʻikai ha taha ʻi he toko ua neither student

no other nou adhər ʻikai ha meʻa pe tokotaha kehe no other option

not a not a ʻikai ha taha not a single person

not any not eni ʻikai ha / ʻikai ha taha not any books

Sīpinga:

No student was absent.

nou styudent waz absənt.

Naʻe ʻikai ha tokotaha ako naʻe ʻikai haʻu.

16. Ngaahi lea ʻoku ʻaonga ka ʻoku ʻikai ko e ngaahi fakahoko pau maʻu pē

ʻE lava ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi lea ʻe niʻihi ko e fakahoko ʻo fakatatau ki honau tuʻunga mo honau ngāueʻaki.

Lea Puʻaki Sīpinga ʻi he fakahoko

certain sərtn certain people = ha kakai pau

certain sərtn a certain person = ha tokotaha pau

particular partikyulər a particular reason = ha ʻuhinga pau

specific spesifik a specific case = ha tuʻunga pau

given givən given circumstances = ngaahi tuʻunga kuo ʻosi fakahā

same seim the same person = ʻa e tokotaha tatau

next nekst next week = uike ka hoko maí

last laast last year = taʻu kuo ʻosí

previous priviəs previous examples = ngaahi sīpinga kimuʻá

following folouing the following day = ʻa e ʻaho hono hokó

certain sərtn certain circumstances = ngaahi tuʻunga pau

various veəriəs various reasons = ngaahi ʻuhinga kehekehe

numerous nyumerəs numerous examples = ngaahi sīpinga tokolahi

countless kauntles countless possibilities = ngaahi malava taʻe lau

different difrənt different ideas = ngaahi fakakaukau kehekehe

same seim the same answer = ʻa e tali tatau

17. Ngaahi lea hangē ko e next mo e last

ʻOku liliu ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻo e ngaahi kupuʻi lea ko ʻení ʻo fakatatau ki he ngāueʻaki ʻo e the.

next week

I will travel next week.

ai wil travel nekst wik.

Te u folau ʻi he uike ka hoko maí.

the next week

ʻOku ʻuhinga ʻa e the next week ki he uike hono hokó ʻi ha taimi pau pe ʻosi hoko.

The next week was very busy.

dhə nekst wik waz veri bizi.

Naʻe femoʻuekina ʻaupito ʻa e uike hono hokó.

Ko e fakakaukau tatau:

last year = ʻi he taʻu kuo ʻosí

the last year = ko e taʻu fakaʻosi / ko e taʻu ki muʻa taha

18. Ngaahi fakahoko fakakātoa ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻa e tufaki

Kupuʻi lea Puʻaki ʻUhinga

each and every ich and evri takitaha kotoa pē

every single evri singol takitaha kotoa pē

each individual ich indivijual tokotaha takitaha

any given eni givən ha taha pau / fili pē

a certain a sərtn ha taha pau

one particular wan partikular ha taha pau

the whole dhə houl ʻa e kakato

the entire dhə entaiər ʻa e kakato

the total dhə toutal ʻa e fakakātoa

Sīpinga:

Every single student passed.

evri singol styudent paast.

Naʻe lava ʻa e tokotaha ako kotoa pē.

The entire class left.

dhə entaiər klaas left.

Naʻe mavahe ʻa e kalasi kotoa.

19. whole mo e entire

ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e ʻuhinga meimei tatau ʻi he ongo lea ko ʻení: kakato.

the whole + noun

I read the whole book.

ai red dhə houl buk.

Naʻaku lau ʻa e tohi kotoa.

the entire + noun

I read the entire book.

ai red dhə entaiər buk.

Naʻaku lau ʻa e tohi kakato.

20. Ngaahi fakahoko makehe ʻo e maʻú mo e puleʻi

ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻa e maʻú ʻaki ha ngaahi faʻunga hangē ko ʻení:

Kupuʻi lea Puʻaki ʻUhinga

John's johnz ʻa John

Mary's meriz ʻa Mary

the man's dhə manz ʻa e tangatá

the students' dhə styudents ʻa e kau akó

Sīpinga:

John's car is new.

johnz kaar is nyu.

ʻOku foʻou ʻa e meʻalele ʻa John.

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻa e John's ke fakahaaʻi ʻa e maʻú.

21. Fakahokohoko ʻo e ngaahi fakahoko

ʻOku faʻa muʻomuʻa ʻa e fakahoko ki he ngaahi fakamatala kehe.

Sīpinga:

the three old books

dhə thri ould buks

ʻa e ngaahi tohi motuʻa ʻe tolu

ʻOku hala:

❌ three the books

Ko e fakahokohoko angamahení:

Fakahoko tefito + fika / lahi + lea fakamatala + hingoa

Sīpinga:

the two beautiful houses

dhə tu byutiful hauziz

ʻa e ongo fale fakaʻofoʻofa ko iá

22. ʻE lava ke ngāueʻaki fakataha ʻa e ngaahi fakahoko?

ʻI he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻio, ka ʻoku ʻikai lava ke ngāueʻaki fakataha ʻa e fakahoko kotoa pē.

❌ a the book

ʻOua naʻa pehē:

❌ a the book

❌ this my book

ʻI he lea faka-Pilitāniá, ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke pehē:

❌ this my book

Ka ke pehē:

this book of mine

dhis buk ov main

ʻOku ʻaʻaku ʻa e tohí ni.

Ka ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi faʻunga hangē ko ʻení:

all my books

ol mai buks

ʻeku ngaahi tohi kotoa

ʻOku pehē:

all + my + books

Pea:

both my parents

bouth mai peərənts

ʻeku ongo mātuʻa fakatouʻosi

Pea:

half the money

haaf dhə mani

ko e vaheua ʻo e paʻangá

23. Ngaahi fakahoko mo e ngaahi hingoa ʻoku lava ke lau mo ʻikai lava ke lau

Hingoa ʻoku lava ke lau, tokotaha

ʻE lava ke ngāueʻaki:

a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another

Sīpinga:

a book

a buk

ha tohi

this book

dhis buk

ʻa e tohí ni

every book

evri buk

tohi kotoa pē

Hingoa ʻoku lava ke lau, tokolahi

ʻE lava ke ngāueʻaki:

the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer

Sīpinga:

many books

meni buks

ha ngaahi tohi tokolahi

Hingoa ʻoku ʻikai lava ke lau

ʻE lava ke ngāueʻaki:

the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most

Sīpinga:

much water

mach wotər

ha vai lahi

24. several

Ko e several ko ha fakahoko ia ʻoku ʻuhinga ki ha tokolahi siʻi.

Several students came.

sevərəl styudents keim.

Naʻe haʻu ha kau ako tokosiʻi.

Ko hono ʻuhinga ofi:

Ha tokolahi siʻi ʻoku lahi ange ʻi he toko ua, ka ʻoku ʻikai fuʻu tokolahi.

25. certain / various / numerous

Lea Puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga

certain sərtn niʻihi / pau certain people

various veəriəs kehekehe / faʻahinga kehekehe various reasons

numerous nyumerəs lahi / tokolahi numerous examples

countless kauntles taʻe lava ke lau countless opportunities

several sevərəl ha tokosiʻi several books

different difrənt kehekehe different ideas

12- NGAAHI SĒTESI FAKATUʻUNGA (IF CONDITIONAL)

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá Kuonga / ʻuhinga

Zero conditional If + Simple Present, Simple Present ef + simple present, simple present Moʻoni fakalukufua / tuʻutuʻuni angamaheni

First conditional If + Simple Present, will + base verb V1 ef + simple present, wil + vi wan Ko ha malava ʻi he kahaʻú

Second conditional If + Simple Past, would + base verb V1 ef + simple past, wud + vi wan Ko ha fakakaukau pe malava ʻoku ʻikai moʻoni he taimí ni / kahaʻú

Third conditional If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle V3 ef + past perfect, wud hav + vi thri Ko ha fakakaukau ki ha meʻa ʻi he kuohilí naʻe ʻikai hoko

First mixed conditional If + Past Perfect, would + base verb V1 ef + past perfect, wud + vi wan Kuohili → taimí ni

Second mixed conditional If + Simple Past, would have + past participle V3 ef + simple past, wud hav + vi thri Taimí ni → kuohili

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá Sīpinga Puʻaki ʻo e sīpinga ʻUhinga

Would Simple would + V1 wud + vi wan I would eat. ai wud it Te u kai / Te u kai kapau...

Would Continuous would be + V-ing wud bi + vi-ing I would be eating. ai wud bi iting Te u lolotonga kai kapau...

Would Perfect would have + V3 wud hav + vi thri I would have eaten. ai wud hav itən Naʻá ku mei ʻosi kai / Naʻá ku mei kai kapau...

Would Perfect Continuous would have been + V-ing wud hav bin + vi-ing I would have been eating. ai wud hav bin iting Naʻá ku mei lolotonga kai ʻi ha taimi lōloa kapau...

Mo e ngaahi fetongi lea kotoa

Fetongi lea Would + V1 Would be + V-ing Would have + V3 Would have been + V-ing

I I would eat. I would be eating. I would have eaten. I would have been eating.

You You would eat. You would be eating. You would have eaten. You would have been eating.

He He would eat. He would be eating. He would have eaten. He would have been eating.

She She would eat. She would be eating. She would have eaten. She would have been eating.

It It would eat. It would be eating. It would have eaten. It would have been eating.

We We would eat. We would be eating. We would have eaten. We would have been eating.

They They would eat. They would be eating. They would have eaten. They would have been eating.

Ngaahi faʻunga kotoa ʻo e Would Negative – Active

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá Sīpinga Puʻaki ʻo e sīpinga ʻUhinga

Simple / hypothetical would would not + base verb V1 wud not + vi wan I would not eat. ai wud not it ʻE ʻikai te u kai / ʻE ʻikai te u mei kai

Hypothetical Continuous would not be + verb with -ing V-ing wud not bi + vi-ing I would not be eating. ai wud not bi iting ʻE ʻikai te u lolotonga kai

Hypothetical Perfect would not have + past participle V3 wud not hav + vi thri I would not have eaten. ai wud not hav itən Naʻe ʻikai te u mei ʻosi kai

Hypothetical Perfect Continuous would not have been + verb with -ing V-ing wud not hav bin + vi-ing I would not have been eating. ai wud not hav bin iting Naʻe ʻikai te u mei lolotonga kai ʻi ha taimi lōloa

Fetongi lea kotoa

Fetongi lea Would not + V1 Would not be + V-ing Would not have + V3 Would not have been + V-ing

I I would not eat. I would not be eating. I would not have eaten. I would not have been eating.

You You would not eat. You would not be eating. You would not have eaten. You would not have been eating.

He He would not eat. He would not be eating. He would not have eaten. He would not have been eating.

She She would not eat. She would not be eating. She would not have eaten. She would not have been eating.

It It would not eat. It would not be eating. It would not have eaten. It would not have been eating.

We We would not eat. We would not be eating. We would not have eaten. We would not have been eating.

They They would not eat. They would not be eating. They would not have eaten. They would not have been eating.

Ngaahi fakanounou

Faʻunga kakato Fakanounou Puʻaki

would not + V1 wouldn't + V1 wudnt + vi wan

would not be + V-ing wouldn't be + V-ing wudnt bi + vi-ing

would not have + V3 wouldn't have + V3 wudnt hav + vi thri

would not have been + V-ing wouldn't have been + V-ing wudnt hav bin + vi-ing

Ngaahi faʻunga kotoa ʻo e Would Passive

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Puʻaki ʻo e faʻungá Sīpinga Puʻaki ʻo e sīpinga ʻUhinga

Simple would be + past participle V3 wud bi + vi thri The book would be read. dhə buk wud bi red ʻE mei lau ʻa e tohí

Continuous would be being + past participle V3 wud bi biing + vi thri The book would be being read. dhə buk wud bi biing red ʻE mei lolotonga lau ʻa e tohí

Perfect would have been + past participle V3 wud hav bin + vi thri The book would have been read. dhə buk wud hav bin red Naʻe mei ʻosi lau ʻa e tohí

Perfect Continuous would have been being + past participle V3 wud hav bin biing + vi thri The book would have been being read. dhə buk wud hav bin biing red Naʻe mei lolotonga lau ʻa e tohí ʻi ha taimi lōloa

Mo e ngaahi fetongi lea kotoa

Fetongi lea Would Passive Simple Would Passive Continuous Would Passive Perfect Would Passive Perfect Continuous

I I would be seen. I would be being seen. I would have been seen. I would have been being seen.

You You would be seen. You would be being seen. You would have been seen. You would have been being seen.

He He would be seen. He would be being seen. He would have been seen. He would have been being seen.

She She would be seen. She would be being seen. She would have been seen. She would have been being seen.

It It would be seen. It would be being seen. It would have been seen. It would have been being seen.

We We would be seen. We would be being seen. We would have been seen. We would have been being seen.

They They would be seen. They would be being seen. They would have been seen. They would have been being seen.

Faʻunga fakaʻikaiʻi — Would Passive Negative

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Sīpinga Puʻaki ʻo e sīpinga ʻUhinga

Simple would not be + V3 The book would not be read. dhə buk wud not bi red ʻE ʻikai lau ʻa e tohí

Continuous would not be being + V3 The book would not be being read. dhə buk wud not bi biing red ʻE ʻikai lolotonga lau ʻa e tohí

Perfect would not have been + V3 The book would not have been read. dhə buk wud not hav bin red Naʻe ʻikai mei ʻosi lau ʻa e tohí

Perfect Continuous would not have been being + V3 The book would not have been being read. dhə buk wud not hav bin biing red Naʻe ʻikai mei lolotonga lau ʻa e tohí ʻi ha taimi lōloa

. Ngaahi lea tefito ki he ngaahi sētesi fakatuʻunga

Lea / kupuʻi lea Puʻaki faka-Pilitānia ʻUhinga Ngāueʻaki

if ef kapau / ʻo ka Ko e fakaʻilonga tefito ʻo e tuʻunga

if not ef not kapau ʻikai / ʻo ka ʻikai Tuʻunga fakaʻikaiʻi

unless anles tukukehe kapau / kapau ʻikai ʻOku meimei tatau mo e if... not

when wen ʻi he taimi / kapau Ki he ngaahi tuʻunga ʻoku ʻamanekina pe toutou hoko

whenever wenever ʻi he taimi kotoa pē Ki he ngaahi tuʻunga ʻoku toutou hoko

even if iven ef neongo kapau Ko ha tuʻunga ʻoku ʻikai liliu ai ʻa e olá

only if ounli ef kapau pē Ko ha tuʻunga ʻoku fiemaʻu

if and only if ef and ounli ef kapau pea kapau pē Ko ha tuʻunga ʻoku fiemaʻu mo feʻunga

as long as az long az ʻi he taimi kotoa pē / kapau Ko ha tuʻunga

so long as sou long az ʻi he taimi kotoa pē / kapau ʻOku tatau mo e as long as

provided that provaided dhat ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia Ko ha tuʻunga

providing that provaiding dhat ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia Ko ha tuʻunga

on condition that on kondishən dhat ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia Ko ha tuʻunga pau

in case in keis naʻa hoko / ke mateuteu Ki he tokanga, ka ʻoku ʻikai tatau maʻu pē mo e if

in the event that in dhə ivent dhat ʻi he tuʻunga ʻe hoko ai Ko ha tuʻunga pau

assuming that asuming dhat ʻo tau pehē Ko ha fakakaukau pe tuʻunga ʻoku tau tali

supposing that səpousing dhat ʻo tau pehē Ko ha fakakaukau pe tuʻunga ʻoku tau tali

suppose səpouz pehē / fēfē kapau Ko ha kamataʻanga ʻo ha fakakaukau

what if wat ef fēfē kapau Fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha malava

if only ef ounli pehē mai / kapau pē Ko ha holi pe fakaʻamu

even though iven dhou neongo ʻOku ʻikai ko ha fakaʻilonga tuʻunga; ko ha kupuʻi lea fakafehoanaki

whether wedhər pe / pe ʻikai Ko e ongo malava pe fili ʻe ua

when = wen ʻi he taimi

only when = ounli wen ʻi he taimi pē / kapau pē

13- Fakahoa mo e Tuʻunga Māʻolunga Taha (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)

Fakahoa nounou Fakahuatanga + -er + than Fakahuatanga + -er + than taller than tōl-er than

Tuʻunga Māʻolunga Nounou the + fakahuatanga + -est the + adjective + -est the tallest the tōl-est

Fakahoa Lōloa more + fakahuatanga + than mōr + adjective + than more beautiful than mōr byuutiful than

Tuʻunga Māʻolunga Lōloa the most + fakahuatanga the mōst + adjective the most beautiful the mōst byuutiful

Fakahoa Siʻisiʻi less + fakahuatanga + than les + adjective + than less expensive than les ikspensiv than

Tuʻunga Siʻisiʻi Taha the least + fakahuatanga the līst + adjective the least expensive the līst ikspensiv

Tuʻunga Tatau as + fakahuatanga + as as + adjective + as as tall as as tōl as

Tuʻunga ʻIkai Tatau not as + fakahuatanga + as not as + adjective + as not as tall as not as tōl as

Fakahoa Tatau Fakahuatanga + as as + adjective tall as tōl as

Fakahoa ʻIkai Tatau not + fakahuatanga + as not + adjective + as not tall as not tōl as

Fakahoa Fakamālohi much/far/a lot + fakahoa mach/fār/ə lāt + comparative much better mach beter

Fakahoa Fakamāmā a little/slightly + fakahoa ə litəl/slāitli + comparative slightly better slāitli beter

Fakalahi Māmālie fakahoa + and + fakahoa comparative + and + comparative bigger and bigger bigər and bigər

Fakahoa Fakalahi the + fakahoa, the + fakahoa the + comparative, the + comparative the more, the better the mōr, the beter

Meʻa Lelei Taha ʻi ha Kulupu the + fakahoa māʻolunga taha + in/of the + superlative + in/of the best in the class the best in the klas

Ko e Taha ʻo e Meʻa Lelei Tahá one of the + fakahoa māʻolunga taha + hingoa tokolahi wan əv the + superlative + plural noun one of the best students wan of the best stūdents

Tuʻunga Māʻolunga Taha Fakamālohi by far + the + fakahoa māʻolunga taha bai fār + the + superlative by far the best bai fār the best

Fakahoa ʻo e Ngāue Veape + more/less vərb + mōr/les work more wərk mōr

Fakahoa ʻo e Hingoa Lau More/fewer + hingoa tokolahi mōr/fyūər + plural noun more books / fewer books mōr buks / fyūər buks

Fakahoa ʻo e Hingoa ʻIkai Lau more/less + hingoa ʻikai lau mōr/les + uncountable noun more water / less water mōr wōtər / les wōtər

Fakahoa ʻo e Paʻanga more/less + hingoa mōr/les + noun more money mōr mani

Fakahoa ʻo e Tokolahi more/fewer + hingoa tokolahi mōr/fyūər + plural noun more people mōr pīpol

Lahi Tuʻo Ua twice as much as twāis as mach as twice as much money twāis as mach mani

Tokolahi Tuʻo Ua twice as many as twāis as meni as twice as many books twāis as meni buks

ʻOku ou māʻolunga tatau mo ia. I am as tall as him ai am as tōl as him

Ko e fē taimi ʻoku tau ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e -er pea ko e fē taimi ʻoku tau ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e more?

Ko e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni mahuʻinga ʻeni.

Tuʻunga ʻo e fakahuatanga Foʻi lea ʻoku ngāueʻaki Taʻanga Lea fakahā ʻUhinga

Fakahuatanga nounou, faʻa lea-silapa ʻe taha -er taller tōl-ər māʻolunga ange

Fakahuatanga nounou, faʻa lea-silapa ʻe taha -er smaller smōl-ər kiʻi siʻisiʻi ange

Fakahuatanga ʻoku ngata ʻi he -y -er pea liliu ʻa e y ki he i happier hapi-ər fiefia ange

Fakahuatanga ʻoku ngata ʻi he -e -r larger lārj-ər lahi ange

Fakahuatanga lōloa, faʻa lahi ange ʻi he lea-silapa ʻe taha more more beautiful mōr byuutiful fakaʻofoʻofa ange

Fakahuatanga lōloa more more expensive mōr ikspensiv mamafa ange hono mahuʻinga

Fakahuatanga lōloa more more interesting mōr intristing fakaʻofoʻofa ange ke vakai ki ai

15- Ngaahi Kupuʻi Lea Fekauʻaki (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

Faʻahinga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Meʻa fakahoko/fakailoga/tuʻunga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻunga Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Fakatonulea faka-Tonga

Kupuʻi lea fakangatangata who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why hū / hūm / hūz / wich / dhat / wēər / wen / wāi The man who lives here is my teacher. dhe man hū livz hīər iz mai tīchər Ko e tangata ʻoku nofo ʻi heni ko ʻeku faiako.

Kupuʻi lea ʻikai fakangatangata who / whom / whose / which / where / when hū / hūm / hūz / wich / wēər / wen My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. mai bradhar, hū livz in Landan, iz a doktor Ko hoku tokoua, ʻa ia ʻoku nofo ʻi Lonitoni, ko ha toketā.

Kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki mo e tokotaha fai who/which/that + veape hū / wich / dhat + dhe verb The woman who works here is friendly. dhe wuman hū wərks hīər iz frendli Ko e fefine ʻoku ngāue heni ʻoku anga fakakaumeʻa.

Kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki mo e meʻa tali who/whom/which/that + tokotaha fai + veape hū / hūm / wich / dhat + dhe subject + dhe verb The man whom I met was kind. dhe man hūm ai met waz kāind Ko e tangata naʻá ku fetaulaki mo ia naʻe angaʻofa.

Kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki kuo toʻo ʻa e fakahū hingoa + tokotaha fai + veape dhe noun + dhe subject + dhe verb The book I bought is interesting. dhe buk ai bōt iz intristing Ko e tohi naʻá ku fakatau naʻe fakafiefia.

Kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki mo e maʻu whose + hingoa hūz + dhe noun The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. dhe gərl hūz fādhər iz a doktor iz mai frend Ko e taʻahine ʻoku toketā ʻene tamai ko hoku kaumeʻa.

Kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki mo e feituʻu where + kupuʻi lea wēər + dhe clause This is the house where I grew up. dhis iz dhe haus wēər ai grū ap Ko e fale ʻeni naʻá ku tupu hake ai.

Kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki mo e taimi when + kupuʻi lea wen + dhe clause I remember the day when we met. ai rimembər dhe dei wen wī met ʻOku ou manatuʻi ʻa e ʻaho naʻá ta fetaulaki ai.

Kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki mo e ʻuhinga why + kupuʻi lea wāi + dhe clause I know the reason why he left. ai nō dhe rīzan wāi hī left ʻOku ou ʻiloʻi ʻa e ʻuhinga naʻá ne mavahe ai.

Kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki mo e kamataʻanga lea fakahū lea fakahū fakamaʻu + whom/which dhe preposition + hūm / wich The person to whom I spoke was helpful. dhe pərsan tū hūm ai spōk waz helpfəl Ko e tokotaha naʻá ku lea ki ai naʻe tokoni.

Kupuʻi lea nounou V-ing hingoa + V-ing dhe noun + V-ing The man standing there is my brother. dhe man standing dhēər iz mai bradhar Ko e tangata ʻoku tuʻu mai ko hoku tokoua.

Kupuʻi lea nounou V3 hingoa + V3 dhe noun + V3 The documents signed yesterday are important. dhe dokyuments sāind yestərdei ār important ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻa e ngaahi tohi naʻe fakamoʻoni hingoa ki ai ʻaneafi.

Kupuʻi lea infinitive hingoa + to + V1 dhe noun + tū + V1 She was the first person to arrive. shī waz dhe fərst pərsan tū arāiv Ko ia ʻa e tokotaha ʻuluaki naʻe aʻu mai.

Kupuʻi lea fakakatoa whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however hūevər / wotevər / wich-evər / wēər-evər / wen-evər / hau-evər Take whatever you want. teik wotevər yū want Take ha meʻa pē ʻokú ke loto ki ai.

Kupuʻi lea fakalahi, kakato , which + kupuʻi lea wich + dhe clause He missed the bus, which made him late. hī mist dhe bas, wich meid him leit Naʻe tōmui ia ʻi he pāsí, pea ko ia naʻá ne tōmui ai.

Kupuʻi lea hingoa what / whatever / whoever / whichever wot / wotevər / hūevər / wich-evər I know what you mean. ai nō wot yū mīn ʻOku ou ʻiloʻi ʻa e meʻa ʻokú ke ʻuhinga ki aí.

Kupuʻi lea fakahū ʻi loto ʻi ha kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki ʻi loto ʻi ha kupuʻi lea fekauʻaki relative clause inside relative clause The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. dhe man hū livz in dhe haus dhat ai bōt iz mai neibər Ko e tangata ʻoku nofo ʻi he fale naʻá ku fakatau ko hoku kaungāʻapi.

16- Lea Fakamatala mo e Lea Hangatonu (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)

Faʻahinga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Faʻunga angamaheni Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻunga Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga hangatonu Lea fakamatala Fakatonulea

Kupuʻi lea fakamatala pau said (that) + kupuʻi lea sed (dhat) + dhe clause He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. Naʻá ne pehē naʻe helaʻia ia.

Kupuʻi lea fakamatala fakafisi said (that) + tokotaha fai + not + veape sed (dhat) + dhe subject + not + dhe verb He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. Naʻá ne pehē naʻe ʻikai ke helaʻia ia.

Fehuʻi ʻIo/ʻIkai asked if/whether + kupuʻi lea āskt if/wedhər + dhe clause He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. Naʻá ne ʻeke pe naʻá ku mateuteu.

Fehuʻi ʻaki ha foʻi lea fehuʻi asked + foʻi lea fehuʻi + kupuʻi lea āskt + kweschən wərd + dhe clause He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. Naʻá ne ʻeke pe ko e fē feituʻu naʻá ku nofo aí.

Fekau pau told + meʻa tali + to + V1 tōld + dhe object + tū + V1 He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. Naʻá ne fekauʻi au ke u fakaava ʻa e matapaá.

Fekau fakafisi told + meʻa tali + not to + V1 tōld + dhe object + not tū + V1 He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. Naʻá ne fekauʻi au ke ʻoua naʻá ku fakaava ʻa e matapaá.

Kole asked + meʻa tali + to + V1 āskt + dhe object + tū + V1 She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. Naʻá ne kole mai ke u tokoni kiate ia.

Kole fakafisi asked + meʻa tali + not to + V1 āskt + dhe object + not tū + V1 She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. Naʻá ne kole mai ke ʻoua naʻá ku mavahe.

Faleʻi advised + meʻa tali + to + V1 ad-vāizd + dhe object + tū + V1 He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. Naʻá ne faleʻi au ke u ako mālohi ange.

Faleʻi fakafisi advised + meʻa tali + not to + V1 ad-vāizd + dhe object + not tū + V1 He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. Naʻá ne faleʻi au ke ʻoua naʻá ku fakaʻuli vave.

Fokotuʻu suggested + V-ing sə-jestid + V-ing He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. Naʻá ne fokotuʻu ke tau ʻalu.

Fokotuʻu fakataha mo e that suggested that + tokotaha fai + should + V1 sə-jestid dhat + dhe subject + shud + V1 He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. Naʻá ne fokotuʻu mai ke tau ʻalu.

Palōmesi promised + to + V1 promist + tū + V1 He said, “I will help you.” He promised to help me. Naʻá ne palōmesi ke tokoniʻi au.

Fakafisi refused + to + V1 rifyūzd + tū + V1 He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. Naʻá ne fakafisi ke ʻalu.

Foaki tokoni offered + to + V1 ofərd + tū + V1 He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. Naʻá ne tuʻuaki ke tokoniʻi au.

Fakatokanga warned + meʻa tali + to + V1 wōrnd + dhe object + tū + V1 He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. Naʻá ne fakatokanga mai ke u tokanga.

Fakatokanga fakafisi warned + meʻa tali + not to + V1 wōrnd + dhe object + not tū + V1 He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. Naʻá ne fakatokanga mai ke ʻoua naʻá ku ala ki ai.

kole fakamolemole apologized for + V-ing apolojāizd for + V-ing He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. Naʻá ne kole fakamolemole ʻi he loi.

Fakapapauʻi/admit admitted + V-ing admitid + V-ing He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. Naʻá ne fakahā naʻá ne maumauʻi ia.

Fakaʻikaiʻi denied + V-ing dināid + V-ing He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. Naʻá ne fakaʻikaiʻi naʻá ne maumauʻi ia.

Fakahāhā ha tukuakiʻi accused + meʻa tali + of + V-ing akyūzd + dhe object + of + V-ing He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. Naʻá ne tukuakiʻi au ki he kaihaʻasi iá.

Tukuakiʻi/blame blamed + meʻa tali + for + V-ing bleimd + dhe object + for + V-ing He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. Naʻá ne tukuakiʻi au ki hono fakatupu ʻo e palopalemá.

Fakamālō congratulated + meʻa tali + on + V-ing/noun kongrachuleitid + dhe object + on + V-ing/noun He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. Naʻá ne fakamālō kiate au ʻi he ikuna.

Liliu ʻo e taimi ʻi he Lea Fakamatala

ʻI he taimi ʻoku liliu ai ha lea hangatonu ki ha lea fakamatala, ʻoku faʻa hoko ʻa e Backshift, ʻa ia ko e liliu ʻo e taimi lolotonga ki ha taimi kuo hili:

Lea Hangatonu Lea Fakamatala Lea fakahā ʻo e konga hono ua

Present Simple Past Simple present simpl

Present Continuous Past Continuous present kontinuəs

Present Perfect Past Perfect present pərfekt

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous present pərfekt kontinuəs

Past Simple Past Perfect past simpl

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous past pərfekt kontinuəs

Past Perfect Past Perfect past pərfekt

will + V1 would + V1 wud + V1

will be + V-ing would be + V-ing wud bī + V-ing

will have + V3 would have + V3 wud hav + V3

can + V1 could + V1 kud + V1

may + V1 might + V1 māit + V1

must + V1 had to + V1 had tū + V1

3. Ngaahi Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga ʻo e Backshift

Lea Hangatonu Lea Fakamatala Fakatonulea

He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. Naʻá ne pehē naʻá ne ngāue ʻi ai.

He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. Naʻá ne pehē naʻá ne lolotonga ngāue.

He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. Naʻá ne pehē kuó ne ʻosi.

He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. Naʻá ne pehē kuó ne ʻosi.

He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. Naʻá ne pehē naʻá ne lolotonga mohe.

He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. Naʻá ne pehē te ne haʻu.

He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. Naʻá ne pehē naʻá ne lava ʻo kakau.

He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. Naʻá ne pehē mahalo te ne haʻu.

4. Liliu ʻo e Fetongi Hingoa

Lea Hangatonu Lea Fakamatala

I he / she

me him / her

my his / her

mine his / hers

we they

us them

our their

ours theirs

you I / we / he / she / they, ʻo fakatatau ki he puipuituʻa

your my / our / his / her / their, ʻo fakatatau ki he puipuituʻa

Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga:

Direct: She said, “I love my house.”

Reported: She said that she loved her house.

Lea fakahā: shī sed dhat shī lavd hər haus.

Fakatonulea: Naʻá ne pehē naʻá ne ʻofa ʻi hono falé.

5. Liliu ʻo e Ngaahi Lea ʻo e Taimi mo e Feituʻu

Lea Hangatonu Lea Fakamatala

now then

today that day

tonight that night

yesterday the day before / the previous day

tomorrow the next day / the following day

last week the previous week

next week the following week

ago before

here there

this that

these those

17- Ngaahi Infinitive mo e Ngaahi Hingoa Ngāue (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)

Faʻahinga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Lea fakangāue faka-Pilitānia Lea fakahā faka-Pilitānia ʻi he tohi lea faka-Tonga Faʻunga Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻunga ʻUhinga/ngāue

Infinitive fakataha mo e to to-infinitive tū infinitiv to + V1 tū + V1 ke fai ha ngāue

Infinitive taʻe ʻi ai ʻa e to bare infinitive bēr infinitiv V1 V1 veape tefito taʻe ʻi ai ʻa e to

Faʻunga -ing ko ha hingoa gerund jerənd V-ing V-ing ko e ngāue ʻoku ngāueʻaki ko ha hingoa

Infinitive kuo ʻosi perfect infinitive pərfekt infinitiv to have + V3 tū hav + V3 ke ʻosi fai ha ngāue

Infinitive hokohoko continuous infinitive kontinyuəs infinitiv to be + V-ing tū bī + V-ing ke lolotonga fai ha ngāue

Infinitive kuo ʻosi mo hokohoko perfect continuous infinitive pərfekt kontinyuəs infinitiv to have been + V-ing tū hav bin + V-ing ke ʻosi lolotonga fai ha ngāue

Infinitive pasivi passive infinitive pasiv infinitiv to be + V3 tū bī + V3 ke fai ki ai ha ngāue

Infinitive pasivi kuo ʻosi perfect passive infinitive pərfekt pasiv infinitiv to have been + V3 tū hav bin + V3 ke ʻosi fai ki ai ha ngāue

# Faʻahinga Faʻunga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻunga Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Fakatonulea faka-Tonga

1 Fakahuatanga + V-ing Tokotaha fai + be + fakahuatanga + V-ing + meʻa tali dhe subject + bī + adjective + V-ing + object I am happy seeing you. ai am hapi sīing yū ʻOku ou fiefia ʻi he sio kiate koe.

2 Fakahuatanga + to-infinitive Tokotaha fai + be + fakahuatanga + to + V1 + meʻa tali dhe subject + bī + adjective + tū + V1 + object I am happy to see you. ai am hapi tū sī yū ʻOku ou fiefia ke sio kiate koe.

3 Veape + to-infinitive Tokotaha fai + plan + to + V1 dhe subject + plan + tū + V1 I plan to eat. ai plan tū īt ʻOku ou palani ke kai.

4 Veape + V-ing Tokotaha fai + plan + V-ing dhe subject + plan + V-ing I plan eating. ai plan īting ʻOku ou palani ke kai, ka ʻoku ʻikai ko ha faʻunga angamaheni ʻeni.

5 Veape ʻo e vakai + meʻa tali + V1 Tokotaha fai + see + meʻa tali + V1 dhe subject + sī + object + V1 I see him run. ai sī him ran ʻOku ou sio kiate ia ʻoku lele.

6 Veape ʻo e vakai + meʻa tali + V-ing Tokotaha fai + see + meʻa tali + V-ing dhe subject + sī + object + V-ing I see him running. ai sī him ranning ʻOku ou sio kiate ia ʻoku lolotonga lele.

7> ʻUhinga + to-infinitive Veape + tokotaha fai + to + V1 dhe verb + dhe subject + tū + V1 I eat to play. ai īt tū plē ʻOku ou kai ke u lava ʻo vaʻinga.

8 ʻUhinga + in order to Veape + tokotaha fai + in order to + V1 dhe verb + dhe subject + in ōrdər tū + V1 I eat in order to play. ai īt in ōrdər tū plē ʻOku ou kai koeʻuhí ke u lava ʻo vaʻinga.

18- Faʻunga Fakafehoanaki mo e Fakataumuʻa (SUBJUNCTIVE)

Faʻahinga Faʻunga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻunga Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Fakatonulea

1 Subjunctive Lolotonga Tokotaha fai + that + veape tefito V1 dhe subject + dhat + main verb V1 I suggest that he go. ai sə-jest dhat hī gō ʻOku ou fokotuʻu ke ʻalu ia.

2 Subjunctive Lolotonga Fakafisi Tokotaha fai + that + not + veape tefito V1 dhe subject + dhat + not + main verb V1 I suggest that he not go. ai sə-jest dhat hī not gō ʻOku ou fokotuʻu ke ʻoua naʻá ne ʻalu.

3 Subjunctive ʻo e Be Tokotaha fai + that + be + fakahuatanga/hingoa dhe subject + dhat + bī + adjective/noun It is important that he be ready. it iz important dhat hī bī redi ʻOku mahuʻinga ke mateuteu ia.

4 Hili ha fekau/fokotuʻu Tokotaha fai + that + tokotaha fai + V1 dhe subject + dhat + dhe subject + V1 They demanded that she leave. dhei dimandid dhat shī līv Naʻa nau fekau ke mavahe ia.

5 Hili ʻa e insist Tokotaha fai + that + tokotaha fai + V1 dhe subject + dhat + dhe subject + V1 I insist that he stay. ai insist dhat hī stē ʻOku ou vilitaki ke nofo ia.

6 Hili ʻa e require Tokotaha fai + that + tokotaha fai + V1 dhe subject + dhat + dhe subject + V1 The law requires that everyone be present. dhe lō rikwayərz dhat evriwan bī prezent ʻOku fiemaʻu ʻe he laó ke ʻi ai ʻa e tokotaha kotoa pē.

7 Subjunctive Were If + tokotaha fai + were +... if + dhe subject + wər +... If I were you, I would wait. if ai wər yū, ai wud weit Ka ne hoko au ko koe, te u tatali.

8 Wish + were Tokotaha fai + wish + tokotaha fai + were +... dhe subject + wish + dhe subject + wər +... I wish I were taller. ai wish ai wər tōlər ʻOku ou fakaʻamu ange ke u māʻolunga ange.

9 Fakaliliu Fakafōtunga Fakafakakaukau Were + tokotaha fai +... wər + dhe subject +... Were I you, I would wait. wər ai yū, ai wud weit Ka ne hoko au ko koe, te u tatali.

10 Lea Tuʻumaʻu/fakaʻofisiale God/Heaven + V1 god/heven + V1 God save the King. god sēiv dhe king ʻOfa ke fakahaofi ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻa e Tuʻí.

19- Ngaahi Fehuʻi Fakaʻosi (TAG QUESTIONS)

Faʻahinga Faʻunga Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻunga faka-Pilitānia ʻi he tohi lea faka-Tonga Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga kakato Lea fakahā ʻo e faʻifaʻitakiʻanga Fakatonulea faka-Tonga

Tag Question — Pau kupuʻi lea pau + auxiliary fakafisi + tokotaha fai? dhe positive clause + negative auxiliary + dhe subject? You are ready, aren't you? yū ār redi, ārnt yū? ʻOku ke mateuteu, ʻikai ko ia?

Tag Question — Fakafisi kupuʻi lea fakafisi + auxiliary pau + tokotaha fai? dhe negative clause + positive auxiliary + dhe subject? You aren't ready, are you? yū ārnt redi, ār yū? ʻOku ʻikai ke ke mateuteu, ʻikai?

Present Simple kupuʻi lea + don't/doesn't + tokotaha fai? clause + dont/doesnt + dhe subject? She works here, doesn't she? shī wərks hīər, dəznt shī? ʻOku ngāue heni ia, ʻikai ko ia?

Past Simple kupuʻi lea + didn't/did + tokotaha fai? clause + didnt/did + dhe subject? You saw him, didn't you? yū sō him, didnt yū? Naʻá ke sio kiate ia, ʻikai ko ia?

Be kupuʻi lea + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + tokotaha fai? clause + isnt/arent/wasnt/werent + dhe subject? He is here, isn't he? hī iz hīər, iznt hī? ʻOku ʻi heni ia, ʻikai ko ia?

Present Continuous kupuʻi lea + isn't/aren't + tokotaha fai? clause + isnt/arent + dhe subject? She is working, isn't she? shī iz wərking, iznt shī? ʻOku lolotonga ngāue ia, ʻikai ko ia?

Present Perfect kupuʻi lea + hasn't/haven't + tokotaha fai? clause + hasnt/havent + dhe subject? They have finished, haven't they? dhei hav finished, havent dhei? Kuó nau ʻosi, ʻikai ko ia?

Past Perfect kupuʻi lea + hadn't + tokotaha fai? clause + hadnt + dhe subject? He had left, hadn't he? hī had left, hadnt hī? Naʻe ʻosi mavahe ia, ʻikai ko ia?

Future — will kupuʻi lea + won't + tokotaha fai? clause + wont + dhe subject? You will come, won't you? yū wil kam, wont yū? Te ke haʻu, ʻikai ko ia?

Modal kupuʻi lea + modal fakafisi + tokotaha fai? clause + modal negative + dhe subject? He can swim, can't he? hī kan swim, kānt hī? ʻOku lava ke kakau ia, ʻikai ko ia?

Let's Let's + V1, shall we? lets + V1, shal wī? Let's go, shall we? lets gō, shal wī? Tau ō, ʻikai?

Imperative V1 + will you? V1 + wil yū? Open the door, will you? ōpən dhe dōr, wil yū? Fakaava ʻa e matapaá, kātaki.

Negative Question — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + tokotaha fai + V1? dont/doesnt + dhe subject + V1? Don't you like coffee? dont yū laik kofi? ʻIkai ʻokú ke saiʻia ʻi he kofí?

Negative Question — Past Simple Didn't + tokotaha fai + V1? didnt + dhe subject + V1? Didn't you see him? didnt yū sī him? ʻIkai naʻá ke sio kiate ia?

Negative Question — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + tokotaha fai...? isnt/arent/wasnt/werent + dhe subject? Isn't he ready? isnt hī redi? ʻIkai ʻokú ne mateuteu?

Negative Question — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + tokotaha fai + V-ing? isnt/arent + dhe subject + V-ing? Isn't she working? isnt shī wərking? ʻIkai ʻoku lolotonga ngāue ia?

Negative Question — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + tokotaha fai + V3? havent/hasnt + dhe subject + V3? Haven't you finished? havent yū finished? ʻIkai kuó ke ʻosi?

Negative Question — Future Won't + tokotaha fai + V1? wont + dhe subject + V1? Won't you come with us? wont yū kam with as? ʻIkai te ke haʻu mo kimautolu?

Negative Question — Modal Modal fakafisi + tokotaha fai + V1? modal negative + dhe subject + V1? Can't you help me? kānt yū help mī? ʻIkai te ke lava ʻo tokoniʻi au?

Fehuʻi Fakafisi Kakato Auxiliary + tokotaha fai + not + V1...? auxiliary + dhe subject + not + V1...? Do you not know? dū yū not nō? ʻIkai ʻokú ke ʻilo?

I am — Tag I am +..., aren't I? ai am +..., ārnt ai? I am right, aren't I? ai am rait, ārnt ai? ʻOku ou tonu, ʻikai ko ia?

Tuʻutuʻuni Tefito

Tuʻutuʻuni Faʻifaʻitakiʻanga

Kupuʻi lea pau → Tag fakafisi You like it, don't you?

Kupuʻi lea fakafisi → Tag pau You don't like it, do you?

Negative Question = Fehuʻi fakafisi Don't you like it?

Tag Question = kupuʻi lea + fehuʻi nounou fakaʻosi You like it, don't you?

Kapau ʻoku ʻi ai ha auxiliary ʻi he kupuʻi leá, ngāueʻaki ia ʻi he Tag She is working, isn't she?

Kapau ʻoku ʻikai ha auxiliary ʻi he Present/Past Simple, ngāueʻaki ʻa e do/does/did He works, doesn't he?

ʻI he Negative Question, ngāueʻaki ʻa e veape tefito V1 hili ʻa e do/does/did Didn't you go? ʻOku hala ❌ Didn't you went?

Ko e tali ki he Yes/No Question ʻoku totonu ke muimui ki he moʻoni ʻo e talí Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

20- NGAAHI LEA MODAL MO E NGAAHI FOKOTUʻUTUʻU MODAL (MODAL WORDS)

Modal Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Sīpinga Kupuʻi lea ʻo e sīpingá Ko hono liliú

can ken malava / lava I can swim. Ai ken swim. ʻOku ou lava ʻo kakau.

could kud naʻe malava / naʻe lava ʻi he kuohilí I could swim when I was five. Ai kud swim wen ai woz faiv. Naʻe lava ke u kakau ʻi heʻeku taʻu nimá.

may mei mahalo / ʻe lava nai It may rain. It mei rein. ʻE lava nai ke tō ʻa e ʻuhá.

might mait mahalo pē It might rain. It mait rein. Mahalo pē ʻe tō ʻa e ʻuhá.

must mast kuo pau / fiemaʻu ke You must leave. Yuu mast liiv. Kuo pau ke ke ʻalu.

shall shal ʻe / ʻoku totonu / tau...? Shall we go? Shal wii gow? Te tau ʻalu?

should shud ʻoku totonu ke You should rest. Yuu shud rest. ʻOku totonu ke ke mālōlō.

will wil ʻe / te I will help you. Ai wil help yuu. Te u tokoniʻi koe.

would wud ʻe / naʻe mei / ʻe lava kapau... I would help you. Ai wud help yuu. Te u tokoniʻi koe / Te u tokoniʻi koe kapau...

ought to oot tu ʻoku totonu ke You ought to study. Yuu oot tu stadi. ʻOku totonu ke ke ako.

Tuʻutuʻuni ki hono ngāueʻakí

ʻOku faʻa muʻomuʻa ʻa e central modal ʻi he V1:

modal + V1

Sīpinga:

She can speak English.

Shii ken spiik Inglish.

ʻOku lava ke ne lea faka-Pilitānia.

ʻOku hala:

❌ She can speaks.

2. ʻUhinga mo e ngāue ʻo e modal takitaha

Ngāué Modal words / expressions ʻUhingá

Ability — Malava can, could, be able to malava

Possibility — Malava nai can, could, may, might, might possibly ʻe lava / mahalo

Permission — Fakangofua can, could, may, might lava / ʻe lava nai ke ke...

Request — Kole can, could, will, would, may ʻe lava nai ke...? / ʻe lava nai ke ke...

Advice — Faleʻi should, ought to, had better ʻoku totonu / ʻoku lelei ange ke

Obligation — Fatongia pau must, have to, have got to, need to kuo pau / fiemaʻu ke

Necessity — Fiemaʻu must, have to, need to kuo pau / fiemaʻu ke

Prohibition — Tapui must not, cannot/can't, may not tapu / ʻikai ngofua

Expectation — ʻAmanaki should, ought to, be supposed to ʻoku ʻamanaki ke

Prediction — Tala ki muʻa will, shall, should, ought to ʻe / ʻoku ʻamanaki

Willingness — Loto fiemālie will, would ʻe / loto ke

Refusal — Fakafisi will not, won't, would not, wouldn't fakafisi / ʻe ʻikai

Habit — Anga maheni would, will naʻe faʻa fai / ʻoku faʻa fai

Hypothetical — Meʻa fakakaukau pē would, could, might ʻe lava / ʻe hoko kapau...

Deduction — Fakakaukau mei he fakamoʻoni must, can't, couldn't, may, might kuo pau / ʻikai lava / mahalo

Regret — Fakatomala should have, ought to have, could have, would have naʻe totonu ke / naʻe mei lava

Past possibility may have, might have, could have mahalo naʻe hoko

Past deduction must have, can't have, couldn't have kuo pau naʻe / ʻoku ʻikai lava naʻe

3. Semi-Modals — Ngaahi lea semi-modal

ʻOku ʻikai ko e ngaahi veape central modal kinautolu, ka ʻoku nau maʻu ha ngaahi ngāue ʻoku tatau mo e modal.

Modal expression Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga Sīpinga Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e sīpingá Ko hono liliú

have to hav tu kuo pau / fiemaʻu ke I have to go. Ai hav tu gow. Kuo pau ke u ʻalu.

has to haz tu kuo pau / fiemaʻu ke She has to work. Shii haz tu werk. Kuo pau ke ne ngāue.

had to had tu naʻe pau ke I had to leave. Ai had tu liiv. Naʻe pau ke u ʻalu.

have got to hav gat tu kuo pau / fiemaʻu ke I have got to go. Ai hav gat tu gow. Kuo pau ke u ʻalu.

has got to haz gat tu kuo pau / fiemaʻu ke He has got to leave. Hii haz gat tu liiv. Kuo pau ke ne ʻalu.

had better had beter ʻoku lelei ange ke You had better go. Yuu had beter gow. ʻOku lelei ange ke ke ʻalu.

be able to bii eibal tu lava ke She is able to swim. Shii iz eibal tu swim. ʻOku lava ke ne kakau.

be unable to bii an-eibal tu ʻikai lava ke He is unable to walk. Hii iz an-eibal tu wok. ʻOku ʻikai lava ke ne lue.

be allowed to bii elaud tu ʻoku ngofua ke We are allowed to leave. Wii ar elaud tu liiv. ʻOku ngofua ke mau ʻalu.

be permitted to bii permitid tu ʻoku fakangofua ke You are permitted to enter. Yuu ar permitid tu enter. ʻOku fakangofua koe ke ke hū ki loto.

be supposed to bii sapowzd tu ʻoku totonu ke You are supposed to wait. Yuu ar sapowzd tu weit. ʻOku totonu ke ke tatali.

be required to bii rikwaiard tu ʻoku fiemaʻu ke You are required to sign. Yuu ar rikwaiard tu sain. ʻOku fiemaʻu ke ke fakamoʻoni hingoa.

be expected to bii ikspektid tu ʻoku ʻamanaki ke They are expected to arrive. Thei ar ikspektid tu araiv. ʻOku ʻamanaki ke nau aʻu mai.

be willing to bii wiling tu loto fiemālie ke I am willing to help. Ai am wiling tu help. ʻOku ou loto fiemālie ke tokoni.

be unwilling to bii an-wiling tu ʻikai loto fiemālie ke He is unwilling to cooperate. Hii iz an-wiling tu kow-opereit. ʻOku ʻikai loto fiemālie ke ne ngāue fakataha.

be likely to bii laikli tu mahalo ʻe She is likely to win. Shii iz laikli tu win. ʻOku mahalo ʻe ikuna.

be unlikely to bii an-laikli tu mahalo ʻe ʻikai He is unlikely to come. Hii iz an-laikli tu kam. ʻOku mahalo ʻe ʻikai haʻu.

4. Need — Tatau mo e modal

ʻOku lava ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e need ʻi ha founga makehe.

Modal need

Need I go?

Niid ai gow?

ʻOku fiemaʻu nai ke u ʻalu?

You needn't worry.

Yuu niidnt wori.

ʻOku ʻikai fiemaʻu ke ke hohaʻa.

Main verb need

I need to go.

Ai niid tu gow.

ʻOku fiemaʻu ke u ʻalu.

Founga Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

need niid fiemaʻu / ʻoku totonu ke

needn't niidnt ʻikai fiemaʻu / ʻikai pau

need to niid tu fiemaʻu ke

don't need to downt niid tu ʻikai fiemaʻu ke

didn't need to didnt niid tu naʻe ʻikai fiemaʻu ke

5. Dare — Tatau mo e modal

ʻOku lava ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e dare ko ha veape angamaheni pea mo ha veape tatau mo e modal.

Dare I ask?

Der ai ask?

ʻOku ou loto-toʻa nai ke u ʻeke?

How dare you!

Hau der yuu!

ʻOku anga-fēfē hoʻo loto-toʻa ke fai ia!

Founga Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

dare der loto-toʻa ke

daren't dernt ʻikai loto-toʻa ke

dare not der not ʻoua ʻe loto-toʻa ke

don't dare downt der ʻoua ʻe loto-toʻa ke

6. Used to — Anga maheni ʻi he kuohilí

ʻOku ʻikai ko e central modal ʻa e used to, ka ko ha fokotuʻutuʻu ʻoku tatau mo e modal.

I used to live there.

Ai yuust tu liv ther.

Naʻá ku faʻa nofo ai.

ʻUhinga:

used to + V1

= Ko ha anga pe ko ha tuʻunga naʻe ʻi ai ʻi he kuohilí pea naʻe faʻa hoko ʻi he taimi ko iá.

7. Be going to

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ia ke fakahaaʻi ha palani ki he kahaʻú pe ko ha meʻa ʻoku ʻamanaki ke hoko ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he fakamoʻoni.

I am going to study.

Ai am going tu stadi.

ʻOku ou teu ke ako.

It is going to rain.

It iz going tu rein.

ʻOku teu ke tō ʻa e ʻuhá.

8. Modal expressions — Ngaahi fakalea ʻo e malava nai

ʻOku ʻikai ko e ngaahi veape modal kotoa ʻeni, ka ko ha ngaahi fakalea modal.

Fakalea Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

perhaps perhaps mahalo

maybe meibi mahalo

possibly posibli mahalo / ʻe lava nai

probably probabli mahalo lahi

likely laikli mahalo

unlikely an-laikli mahalo ʻe ʻikai

certainly sertinli ko e moʻoni

definitely definitli ko e moʻoni

surely shurli ko e moʻoni / kuo pau

apparently apparentli hangē ʻoku hā ai

presumably prizuumabli mahalo / ʻoku fakakaukauʻi

conceivably konsiivabli ʻe lava nai ke fakakaukauʻi

arguably argyuabli ʻe lava ke fakakikihiʻi

necessarily nesseserili ʻo fiemaʻu pau

not necessarily not nesseserili ʻoku ʻikai fiemaʻu pau

Sīpinga:

She will probably come.

Shii wil probabli kam.

ʻOku mahalo lahi ʻe haʻu.

9. Expressions of necessity — Ngaahi fakalea ʻo e fiemaʻu pau

Fakalea Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

must mast kuo pau

have to hav tu kuo pau ke

have got to hav gat tu kuo pau ke

need to niid tu fiemaʻu ke / kuo pau ke

be required to bii rikwaiard tu ʻoku fiemaʻu ke

be obliged to bii oblaijd tu ʻoku pau ke

be compelled to bii kompeld tu ʻoku fakamālohiʻi ke

be forced to bii forst tu ʻoku fakamālohiʻi ke

be necessary to bii nesseseri tu ʻoku fiemaʻu ke

be essential to bii isenshal tu ʻoku mātuʻaki fiemaʻu ke

10. Expressions of advice — Ngaahi fakalea ʻo e faleʻí

Fakalea Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

should shud ʻoku totonu ke

ought to oot tu ʻoku totonu ke

had better had beter ʻoku lelei ange ke

might want to mait wont tu mahalo te ke loto ke / ʻoku lelei ange ke

could kud ʻe lava nai / mahalo ʻe lelei ange

be advised to bii advaizd tu ʻoku faleʻi ke

it would be wise to it wud bii waiz tu ʻe fakapotopoto ke

it would be better to it wud bii beter tu ʻe lelei ange ke

Sīpinga:

You might want to check again.

Yuu mait wont tu chek agen.

Mahalo ʻe lelei ange ke ke toe vakaiʻi.

11. Expressions of permission — Ngaahi fakalea ʻo e fakangofuá

Fakalea Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

can ken lava

could kud ʻe lava nai?

may mei ngofua / lava

might mait ʻe lava nai? (fakalea fakaʻapaʻapa ange)

be allowed to bii elaud tu ʻoku ngofua ke

be permitted to bii permitid tu ʻoku fakangofua ke

be authorized to bii othoraizd tu ʻoku maʻu mafai ke

be entitled to bii entaitld tu ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e totonu ke

12. Expressions of ability — Ngaahi fakalea ʻo e malavá

Fakalea Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

can ken malava

could kud naʻe malava

be able to bii eibal tu lava ke

be capable of bii keipabl ov lava ke

manage to manij tu ikunaʻi ke lava

succeed in saksiiid in ikuna ʻi he

Sīpinga:

She was able to solve the problem.

Shii woz eibal tu solv dha problem.

Naʻá ne lava ke solova ʻa e palopalemá.

13. Expressions of expectation

Fakalea Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

should shud ʻoku ʻamanaki ke

ought to oot tu naʻe totonu ke

be supposed to bii sapowzd tu ʻoku totonu ke

be expected to bii ikspektid tu ʻoku ʻamanaki ke

be due to bii dyuu tu kuo fakapapauʻi ke

be scheduled to bii skejuuld tu kuo fakataimi-tēpileʻi ke

Sīpinga:

The train is due to arrive at six.

Dha trein iz dyuu tu araiv at siks.

ʻOku fakapapauʻi ke aʻu mai ʻa e lēlué ʻi he ono.

14. Expressions of willingness

Fakalea Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

will wil ʻe / loto fiemālie

would wud naʻe loto fiemālie / ʻe lava nai ke

be willing to bii wiling tu loto fiemālie ke

be happy to bii hepi tu fiefia ke

be prepared to bii priperd tu teuteu ke

be ready to bii redi tu mateuteu ke

15. Expressions of refusal

Fakalea Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

will not / won't wil not / wont ʻe ʻikai / fakafisi

would not / wouldn't wud not / wudnt naʻe ʻikai loto / fakafisi

refuse to rifyuuz tu fakafisi ke

decline to dikl a in tu fakafisi / ʻikai tali ke

be unwilling to bii an-wiling tu ʻikai loto fiemālie ke

16. Past Modal Constructions

ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fokotuʻutuʻu ko ʻení ʻi he ngaahi modal ke fakahaaʻi ʻaki ha meʻa ʻi he kuohilí.

Fokotuʻutuʻú Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

could have + V3 kud hav + vii thrii naʻe mei lava ke

may have + V3 mei hav + vii thrii mahalo kuo hoko

might have + V3 mait hav + vii thrii mahalo naʻe hoko

must have + V3 mast hav + vii thrii kuo pau naʻe hoko

can't have + V3 ken't hav + vii thrii ʻoku ʻikai lava naʻe hoko

couldn't have + V3 kudnt hav + vii thrii naʻe ʻikai lava ke hoko

should have + V3 shud hav + vii thrii naʻe totonu ke

ought to have + V3 oot tu hav + vii thrii naʻe totonu ke

would have + V3 wud hav + vii thrii naʻe mei hoko

needn't have + V3 niidnt hav + vii thrii naʻe ʻikai fiemaʻu ke

Sīpinga:

You should have called me.

Yuu shud hav kold mii.

Naʻe totonu ke ke tā mai kiate au.

17. Modal + Progressive

ʻE lava ke muʻomuʻa ʻa e modal ʻi he be + veape + ing:

modal + be + verb + ing

Fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga

can be + verb + ing He can be working. Hii ken bii werking. ʻE lava ke ne lolotonga ngāue.

could be + verb + ing He could be working. Hii kud bii werking. ʻE mahalo ʻoku lolotonga ngāue.

may be + verb + ing He may be working. Hii mei bii werking. ʻE lava nai ke ne lolotonga ngāue.

might be + verb + ing He might be working. Hii mait bii werking. Mahalo ʻoku lolotonga ngāue.

must be + verb + ing He must be working. Hii mast bii werking. Kuo pau ʻoku lolotonga ngāue.

should be + verb + ing He should be working. Hii shud bii werking. ʻOku totonu ke ne lolotonga ngāue.

will be + verb + ing He will be working. Hii wil bii werking. Te ne lolotonga ngāue.

would be + verb + ing He would be working. Hii wud bii werking. Naʻe mei lolotonga ngāue.

18. Modal + Perfect Progressive

modal + have been + verb + ing

Sīpinga:

She may have been working.

Shii mei hav bin werking.

Mahalo naʻe lolotonga ngāue.

Fokotuʻutuʻú ʻUhinga

could have been + verb + ing mahalo naʻe malava ke lolotonga fai

may have been + verb + ing mahalo naʻe lolotonga fai

might have been + verb + ing mahalo pē naʻe lolotonga fai

must have been + verb + ing kuo pau naʻe lolotonga fai

should have been + verb + ing naʻe totonu ke lolotonga fai

would have been + verb + ing naʻe mei lolotonga fai

19. Modal + Passive

modal + be + V3

Sīpinga:

The work must be finished.

Dha werk mast bii finisht.

Kuo pau ke fakakakato ʻa e ngāué.

Fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga

can be + V3 It can be done.

could be + V3 It could be done.

may be + V3 It may be done.

might be + V3 It might be done.

must be + V3 It must be done.

should be + V3 It should be done.

will be + V3 It will be done.

would be + V3 It would be done.

20. Modal + Perfect Passive

modal + have been + V3

Sīpinga:

It should have been done.

It shud hav bin dan.

Naʻe totonu ke fakahoko ia.

Fokotuʻutuʻú ʻUhinga

could have been + V3 naʻe mei lava ke fakahoko

may have been + V3 mahalo naʻe fakahoko

might have been + V3 mahalo pē naʻe fakahoko

must have been + V3 kuo pau naʻe fakahoko

should have been + V3 naʻe totonu ke fakahoko

would have been + V3 naʻe mei fakahoko

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

Faʻahinga Fokotuʻutuʻu Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga kakato Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e sīpingá Ko hono liliú

Taha — fakamoʻoni There is + hingoa taha Dher iz + singular noun There is a book on the table. Dher iz a buk on dha teibl. ʻOku ʻi ai ha tohi ʻi he tēpilé.

Tokolahi — fakamoʻoni There are + hingoa tokolahi Dher ar + plural noun There are two books on the table. Dher ar tuu buks on dha teibl. ʻOku ʻi ai ha ongo tohi ʻi he tēpilé.

Hingoa ʻoku ʻikai lau There is + hingoa ʻoku ʻikai lau Dher iz + an-kauntabl noun There is some water in the bottle. Dher iz sam woter in dha botl. ʻOku ʻi ai ha vai ʻi he hina.

Taha — fakaʻikai There isn't + hingoa taha Dher iznt + singular noun There isn't a book here. Dher iznt a buk hir. ʻOku ʻikai ha tohi ʻi heni.

Tokolahi — fakaʻikai There aren't + hingoa tokolahi Dher arnt + plural noun There aren't any books here. Dher arnt eni buks hir. ʻOku ʻikai ha ngaahi tohi ʻi heni.

Fehuʻi — taha Is there + hingoa taha...? Iz dher + noun? Is there a problem? Iz dher a problem? ʻOku ʻi ai ha palopalema?

Fehuʻi — tokolahi Are there + hingoa tokolahi...? Ar dher + noun? Are there any problems? Ar dher eni problems? ʻOku ʻi ai ha ngaahi palopalema?

Fehuʻi fakaʻikai — taha Isn't there + hingoa taha...? Iznt dher + noun? Isn't there a problem? Iznt dher a problem? ʻIkai ʻoku ʻi ai ha palopalema?

Fehuʻi fakaʻikai — tokolahi Aren't there + hingoa tokolahi...? Arnt dher + noun? Aren't there any problems? Arnt dher eni problems? ʻIkai ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi palopalema?

Kuohili taha There was + hingoa taha Dher woz + noun There was a problem. Dher woz a problem. Naʻe ʻi ai ha palopalema.

Kuohili tokolahi There were + hingoa tokolahi Dher wer + noun There were many people. Dher wer meni piipl. Naʻe ʻi ai ha kakai tokolahi.

Kuohili taha fakaʻikai There wasn't + hingoa taha Dher woznt + noun There wasn't a problem. Dher woznt a problem. Naʻe ʻikai ha palopalema.

Kuohili tokolahi fakaʻikai There weren't + hingoa tokolahi Dher wernt + noun There weren't many people. Dher wernt meni piipl. Naʻe ʻikai ha kakai tokolahi.

Fehuʻi kuohili Was there + hingoa taha...? Woz dher + noun? Was there a problem? Woz dher a problem? Naʻe ʻi ai ha palopalema?

Fehuʻi kuohili tokolahi Were there + hingoa tokolahi...? Wer dher + noun? Were there many people? Wer dher meni piipl? Naʻe ʻi ai ha kakai tokolahi?

Kahaʻu There will be + hingoa Dher wil bii + noun There will be a meeting tomorrow. Dher wil bii a miiting tumoro. ʻE ʻi ai ha fakataha ʻapongipongi.

Kahaʻu fakaʻikai There won't be + hingoa Dher wont bii + noun There won't be a meeting tomorrow. Dher wont bii a miiting tumoro. ʻE ʻikai ha fakataha ʻapongipongi.

Fehuʻi kahaʻu Will there be + hingoa...? Wil dher bii + noun? Will there be a meeting tomorrow? Wil dher bii a miiting tumoro? ʻE ʻi ai ha fakataha ʻapongipongi?

Present Perfect There has/have been + hingoa Dher haz/hav bin + noun There has been a mistake. Dher haz bin a misteik. Kuó hoko ha fehālaaki.

Past Perfect There had been + hingoa Dher had bin + noun There had been a problem. Dher had bin a problem. Naʻe ʻi ai ha palopalema.

Modal There can/may/might/must/should be + hingoa Dher ken/mei/mait/mast/shud bii + noun There may be a problem. Dher mei bii a problem. ʻE lava nai ke ʻi ai ha palopalema.

1. Have = Maʻu / ʻAʻana

Faʻahinga Fokotuʻutuʻu Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga kakato Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e sīpingá Ko hono liliú

Fakataha mo I / you / we / they Kaveinga + have + hingoa Dha sabjek + hav + dha noun I have a car. Ai hav a kar. ʻOku ou maʻu ha meʻalele.

Fakataha mo he / she / it Kaveinga + has + hingoa Dha sabjek + haz + dha noun She has a car. Shii haz a kar. ʻOku ne maʻu ha meʻalele.

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻa e Have fakataha mo: I, you, we, they

ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻa e Has fakataha mo: he, she, it

2. Founga fakaʻikai fakataha mo have

Faʻahinga Fokotuʻutuʻu Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga kakato Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e sīpingá Ko hono liliú

Fakaʻikai I/you/we/they Kaveinga + do not + have + hingoa Dha sabjek + du not + hav + dha noun I do not have a car. Ai du not hav a kar. ʻOku ʻikai te u maʻu ha meʻalele.

Fakaʻikai he/she/it Kaveinga + does not + have + hingoa Dha sabjek + daz not + hav + dha noun She does not have a car. Shii daz not hav a kar. ʻOku ʻikai te ne maʻu ha meʻalele.

Manatuʻi: hili ʻa e does not, ʻoku ngāueʻaki maʻu pē ʻa e have, kae ʻikai ko e has:

She doesn't have a car. ✅

She doesn't has a car. ❌

3. Fehuʻi fakataha mo have

Faʻahinga Fokotuʻutuʻu Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga kakato Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e sīpingá Ko hono liliú

Fehuʻi I/you/we/they Do + kaveinga + have + hingoa? Du + dha sabjek + hav + dha noun? Do you have a car? Du yuu hav a kar? ʻOku ʻi ai haʻo meʻalele?

Fehuʻi he/she/it Does + kaveinga + have + hingoa? Daz + dha sabjek + hav + dha noun? Does she have a car? Daz shii hav a kar? ʻOku ne maʻu ha meʻalele?

4. Have ko ha veape tokoni ki he ngaahi taimi Perfect

ʻOku ʻikai ʻuhinga maʻu pē ʻa e have ki he “maʻu”, ka ʻoku toe ngāueʻaki foki ia ke faʻu ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi taimi Perfect.

Taimi Fokotuʻutuʻu Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga Ko hono liliú

Present Perfect Kaveinga + have/has + V3 Dha sabjek + hav/haz + vii thrii I have finished. Kuó u ʻosi.

Present Perfect Continuous Kaveinga + have/has + been + veape + ing Dha sabjek + hav/haz + bin + verb + ing I have been working. Kuó u fuoloa ʻeku ngāué.

Past Perfect Kaveinga + had + V3 Dha sabjek + had + vii thrii I had finished. Naʻá ku ʻosi ʻosi.

Past Perfect Continuous Kaveinga + had + been + veape + ing Dha sabjek + had + bin + verb + ing I had been working. Naʻá ku fuoloa ʻeku ngāue.

Ko e faikehekehe mahuʻinga

I have a car.

→ have = maʻu

I have finished.

→ have = veape tokoni ke faʻu ʻaki ʻa e Present Perfect.

5. Have to = Kuo pau / Fiemaʻu ke

ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he have to ʻa e fiemaʻu pau mo e fatongia.

Faʻahinga Fokotuʻutuʻu Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga kakato Ko hono liliú

I/you/we/they Kaveinga + have to + V1 Dha sabjek + hav tu + vii wan I have to work. Kuo pau ke u ngāue.

he/she/it Kaveinga + has to + V1 Dha sabjek + haz tu + vii wan She has to work. Kuo pau ke ne ngāue.

Kuohili Kaveinga + had to + V1 Dha sabjek + had tu + vii wan I had to work. Naʻe pau ke u ngāue.

Kahaʻu Kaveinga + will have to + V1 Dha sabjek + wil hav tu + vii wan I will have to work. ʻE pau ke u ngāue.

6. Have got = Maʻu / ʻAʻana

ʻI he lea faka-Pilitānia, tautautefito ki he lea faka-Pilitānia ʻa e kau Pilitāniá, ʻe lava ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e:

have got / has got

Fokotuʻutuʻu Sīpinga Ko hono liliú

Kaveinga + have got + hingoa I have got a car. ʻOku ou maʻu ha meʻalele.

Kaveinga + has got + hingoa She has got a car. ʻOku ne maʻu ha meʻalele.

Founga fakaʻikai:

I haven't got a car.

= ʻOku ʻikai te u maʻu ha meʻalele.

Fehuʻi:

Have you got a car?

= ʻOku ʻi ai haʻo meʻalele?

Imperatives — Ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni

Faʻahinga Fokotuʻutuʻu Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻú Sīpinga Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e sīpingá ʻUhinga

Tuʻutuʻuni fakamoʻoni Veape Vii wan Come here. Kam hir. Haʻu ki heni.

Tuʻutuʻuni mo e meʻa Veape + meʻa Vii wan + object Read the book. Riid dha buk. Lau ʻa e tohí.

Tuʻutuʻuni fakaʻikai Don't + veape Downt + vii wan Don't run. Downt ran. ʻOua ʻe lele.

Founga fakaʻikai fakaʻofisiale Do not + veape Du not + vii wan Do not enter. Du not enter. ʻOua ʻe hū ki loto.

Fakataha mo Be Be + lea fakamatala Bii + adjective Be careful. Bii kerful. Tokanga.

Be fakaʻikai Don't be + lea fakamatala Downt bii + adjective Don't be late. Downt bii leit. ʻOua ʻe tōmui.

Fakataha mo Let me Let + me + veape Let + mii + vii wan Let me help you. Let mii help yuu. Tuku muʻa ke u tokoniʻi koe.

Fakataha mo Let him/her/them Let + meʻa + veape Let + object + vii wan Let him go. Let him gow. Tuku ke ne ʻalu.

Let's Let's + veape Lets + vii wan Let's go. Lets gow. Tau ō.

Let's fakaʻikai Let's not + veape Lets not + vii wan Let's not wait. Lets not weit. Tuku ke ʻoua te tau tatali.

Tuʻutuʻuni fakaʻapaʻapa Please + veape Pliiz + vii wan Please sit down. Pliiz sit daun. Kātaki ʻo tangutu hifo.

Tuʻutuʻuni ke fakamamafaʻi Do + veape Du + vii wan Do sit down. Du sit daun. Tangutu hifo muʻa.

Fakahinohino mālohi Never + veape Never + vii wan Never give up. Never giv ap. ʻOua ʻaupito naʻa foʻi.

Anga maheni / faleʻi Always + veape Olweiz + vii wan Always be careful. Olweiz bii kerful. Tokanga maʻu pē.

Tuʻutuʻuni passive Be + participle kuo ʻosi Bii + vii thrii Be prepared. Bii priperd. Teuteuʻi koe.

Tuʻutuʻuni + ola lelei Veape + and + kupuʻi lea Vii wan + and + clause Study hard, and you will pass. Stadi hard, and yuu wil pas. Ako mālohi, pea te ke lavaʻi.

Tuʻutuʻuni + fakatokanga Veape + or + kupuʻi lea Vii wan + or + clause Hurry up, or you'll be late. Hari ap, or yul bii leit. Fakavave, telia naʻa ke tōmui.

Tuʻutuʻuni + fehuʻi fakapapau Veape, will you? Vii wan, wil yuu? Wait here, will you? Weit hir, wil yuu? Tatali heni, kātaki?

Let's + fehuʻi fakapapau Let's + veape, shall we? Lets + vii wan, shal wii? Let's go, shall we? Lets gow, shal wii? Tau ō, ʻikai ko ia?

22- Ngaahi fakamatala ki he kamataʻanga mo e ngataʻanga ʻo e ngaahi foʻi lea (PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES)

Prefix Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Sīpinga ʻUhinga

a- ei / ii ʻikai / ʻikai ko e atypical ʻikai angamaheni

ab- ap fekauʻaki mo e mamaʻo abduct ʻave fakamālohi

ad- ad ki / fakataha mo adjoin fakatahaʻi

ambi- ambi ua / takatakai ambiguous ʻikai mahino lelei

ante- anti ki muʻa antecedent meʻa naʻe hoko kimuʻa

anti- anti fakafepaki antiwar fakafepaki ki he tau

arch- aakisi tuʻunga māʻolunga / pule archbishop pīsope pule

auto- autou ʻoʻona / pē automatic fakakomipiuta / fakalele pē

bi- bai ua bilingual lea ʻe ua

circum- sakam ʻi he takatakai circumference ʻo takatakai

co- kou fakataha cooperate fengāueʻaki

contra- kontara fakafepaki contradict fakafepaki ki ha lea

counter- kautā fakafepaki / tali counterattack ʻo ʻoho fakafepaki

de- di ʻo toʻo / fakafoki deactivate taʻofi hono ngāue

deca- deka hongofulu decade taʻu ʻe hongofulu

deci- desi hongofulu ʻi ha vahe decimeter decimeter

demi- demi vaeua demigod ʻotua vaeua

dis- dis ʻikai / fakafepaki / mavahe disagree ʻikai loto-tatau

dys- dis kovi / palopalema dysfunction ngāue taʻetotonu

eco- iikou ʻatakai ecosystem ʻātakai mo e ngaahi meʻa moʻuí

ecto- ekitou mavahe mei he loto ectoderm kili ʻi tuʻa

endo- endou loto / ʻi loto endoskeleton siviivi ʻi loto

epi- ipi ʻi ʻolunga epidermis kili ʻi ʻolunga

eu- iu lelei euphemism lea fakafiemālie

ex- eks ki muʻa / mavahe ex-president palesiteni ki muʻa

extra- ekisita mavahe / fakalahi extraordinary taʻefakangatangata / makehe

fore- fou ki muʻa / tomuʻa forecast ʻaiʻai ki muʻa

geo- kiou fonua geography ako ki he fonua

hemi- hemi vaeua hemisphere vaeua ʻo e māmaní

hetero- heterou fakalahi / kehekehe heterogeneous kehekehe

homo- houmou tatau / meimei tatau homogeneous ʻo tatau

hyper- haipā māʻolunga ange / tōtuʻa hyperactive ngāue tōtuʻa

hypo- haipou ʻi lalo / siʻisiʻi hypothermia mafana ʻo e sino ʻoku tō lalo

in- in ʻikai / ʻi loto inactive taʻe ngāue

im- im ʻikai / ʻi loto impossible taʻemalava

il- il ʻikai illegal taʻefakalao

ir- ir ʻikai irregular taʻetotonu

infra- infara ʻi lalo infrared maama infrared

inter- inta fakafonua / ʻi he vahaʻa international fakavahaʻapuleʻanga

intra- intra ʻi loto intranet ueʻilei ʻi loto

intro- intarou ki loto introduce fakahū / fakafeʻiloaki

iso- aisou tatau isotope ʻātomi tatau

macro- makrou lahi macroeconomics ako ki he tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmika lahi

mal- mal kovi / hala malfunction ngāue hala

mega- miga lahi ʻaupito megastore fale koloa lahi ʻaupito

meta- meta kimui / fekauʻaki mo ia metadata fakamatala fekauʻaki mo e fakamatala

micro- maikrou kiʻi siʻi microscope meʻangāue sio ki he meʻa iiki

mid- mid lotoloto midnight lotoloto ʻo e pō

mini- mini kiʻi siʻi minibus paasi siʻisiʻi

mono- monou taha monolingual lea ʻe taha

multi- malti laulahi multilingual lea kehekehe lahi

neo- niou foʻou neologism foʻi lea foʻou

non- non ʻikai / ʻikai ko e nonstandard taʻefakalaka

omni- omni kotoa omniscient ʻiloʻi ʻa e meʻa kotoa

out- aut mavahe / lahi ange outperform ngāue lelei ange ʻi ha taha

over- ouvā lahi ange / ʻi ʻolunga overcook taʻo ʻo fuʻu lōloa

paleo- paliou ʻaia motuʻa paleolithic kuonga maka motuʻa

pan- pan kotoa pan-European ʻIulope kotoa

para- para tatafe / meimei tatau paranormal meʻa ʻoku hā ngali fakaofo

peri- peri ʻi he takatakai perimeter ʻo takatakai

poly- poli laulahi polyglot lea ʻi ha ngaahi lea lahi

post- poust kimui postwar kimui ʻi he tau

pre- pri kimuʻa prehistory kimuʻa ʻi he hisitōlia

pro- prou fakafalala / poupou pro-democracy poupou ki he temokalāsí

proto- proutou ʻuluaki / tupuʻanga prototype sīpinga ʻuluaki

pseudo- siudou loi / hangē pē pseudonym hingoa loi

re- ri ʻo toe fai rewrite tohi foʻou

retro- retrou ki mui retroactive ngāue ki mui

semi- semi vaeua / konga semicircle vaeua ʻo ha siakale

sub- sab ʻi lalo / fakavaʻe submarine vaka tahi ʻi lalo

super- supā ʻi ʻolunga / mālohi ange superhuman maʻolunga ange ʻi he tangata

supra- supra ʻi ʻolunga supranational ʻi ʻolunga ʻi ha puleʻanga

syn- sin fakataha / mo synchronize fakahoko ʻi he taimi tatau

tele- teli mamaʻo telephone telefoni

trans- trans fakalaka ki he tafaʻaki ʻe taha transport fakahū / fetuku

tri- trai tolu triangle tapafā-tolu

ultra- ultra mamaʻo ange / tōtuʻa ultramodern foʻou ʻaupito

un- an ʻikai / fakafepaki unhappy taʻe fiefia

under- andā ʻi lalo / siʻisiʻi underpaid maʻu vāhenga siʻisiʻi

uni- uni taha unilateral taha pē ʻa e tafaʻaki

vice- vaisi tokoni / fetongi vice-president fetongi ʻo e palesitení

with- wit mamaʻo / fakafepaki withdraw toʻo ki tuʻa / foki

Suffixes — Ngaahi ngataʻanga ʻo e ngaahi foʻi lea

Suffix Ko hono puʻaki Ngāue Sīpinga ʻUhinga

-er a foʻilea ki ha tokotaha ʻoku ne fai ha ngāue teacher taiako

-or a foʻilea ki ha tokotaha ʻoku ne fai ha ngāue actor tokotaha fakatātaaʻi

-ar a foʻilea ki ha tokotaha ʻoku fekauʻaki mo ha ngāue beggar tokotaha kolekole

-ist ist foʻilea ki ha tokotaha mataotao artist tokotaha faiva

-ian ian foʻilea ki ha tokotaha ʻoku fekauʻaki mo ha ngāue musician tokotaha tāmeʻa

-ant ant foʻilea ki ha tokotaha pe meʻa ʻoku fai ha ngāue assistant tokoni

-ent ent foʻilea ki ha tokotaha ʻoku fai ha ngāue student ākonga

-ee i foʻilea ki ha tokotaha ʻoku maʻu ʻa e ngāue employee tokotaha ngāue

-ess es foʻilea ki ha fefine actress fefine fakatātaaʻi

-ness nes tuʻunga / tuʻunga ʻo ha adjective happiness fiefia

-ity iti tuʻunga / tuʻunga ʻo ha adjective activity ngāue

-ty ti tuʻunga / tuʻunga ʻo ha adjective safety hao

-ship ship tuʻunga / vā fetuʻutaki friendship kaungāmeʻa

-hood hud tuʻunga / kuonga childhood kuonga kei siʻi

-dom dom tuʻunga / feituʻu kingdom puleʻanga

-th th tuʻunga / adjective warmth mafana

-ment ment olaʻanga / ngāue development fakalakalaka

-tion shon ngāue / olaʻanga education ako

-sion jon / shon ngāue / olaʻanga decision fili

-ion ion / shon ngāue / olaʻanga action ngāue

-ation eishon ngāue organization fokotuʻutuʻu

-al al ngāue / olaʻanga arrival aʻu mai

-ance ans tuʻunga / ngāue appearance hā mai

-ence ans tuʻunga existence moʻui / ʻi ai

-ancy ansi tuʻunga expectancy ʻamanaki

-ency ensi tuʻunga efficiency ngāue lelei

-age ij olaʻanga / ngāue marriage mali

-ure iu olaʻanga / tuʻunga failure taʻe lava

-ing ing ngaohi ko ha hingoa / ngāue swimming ʻauʻau

-ism izm tui / fakakaukau capitalism fakapitalisimi

-cracy krasi puleʻanga / founga pule democracy temokalāsia

-crat krat tokotaha ʻi ha founga pule democrat tokotaha poupou ki he temokalāsia

-archy aaki founga pule monarchy pule fakatuʻi

-arch aakisi pule / taki monarch tuʻi

-logy loji ako / saienisi biology ako ki he moʻuí

-graphy grafi tohi / fakamatala geography ako ki he fonua

-graph graf meʻangāue / fakaʻilonga / meʻa ʻoku ne tohi autograph tohi hingoa

-meter mitā meʻangāue fua thermometer meʻangāue fua mafana

-metry metri ngāue fua geometry ako ki he ngaahi fuo

-scope sikoup meʻangāue sio telescope meʻangāue sio mamaʻo

-scopy sikopi siviʻi / vakaiʻi ʻaki ha meʻangāue microscopy siviʻi ʻaki ha microscope

-nomy nomi founga / lao astronomy ako ki he ngaahi fetuʻú

-phobia foubia manavahē arachnophobia manavahē ki he ʻaná

-phile faili ʻofa bibliophile tokotaha ʻoku ʻofa ʻi he ngaahi tohí

-philia filia ʻofa / saiʻia audiophilia ʻofa ki he ongo leʻó

-phone foun leʻo / meʻangāue leʻo telephone telefoni

-phony foni leʻo / founga ʻo e leʻo symphony symphony

-path path tokotaha ʻoku ne maʻu ha tuʻunga / mataotao psychopath tokotaha ʻoku ʻi ai ha palopalema fakaʻatamai

-pathy pathi tuʻunga / mahaki neuropathy mahaki ʻo e ngaahi neave

-itis aitis fufula / vela arthritis fufula ʻo e ngaahi hokotanga hui

-osis ousis tuʻunga / mahaki diagnosis fakapapauʻi ʻo e mahaki

-emia iimia tuʻunga ʻi he toto anemia toto siʻisiʻi

-oma ouma tumō / foʻi tupu carcinoma kanisā

-ectomy ektomi toʻo fakafaitoʻo appendectomy toʻo ʻo e appendiksi

-otomy otomi tuʻusi fakafaitoʻo tracheotomy tuʻusi ʻo e halanga mānava

-plasty plasti fakatonutonu fakafaitoʻo rhinoplasty fakatonutonu ʻo e ihu

-let let fakasiʻisiʻi booklet tohi kiʻi siʻi

-ling ling kiʻi siʻi / tupuʻanga duckling kiʻi pātó

-ette et fakasiʻisiʻi kitchenette kiʻi peito

-kin kin fakasiʻisiʻi manikin kiʻi fakatātā ʻo ha tangata

-oid oid hangē ko e / tatau mo humanoid hangē ko e tangata

-esque esk hangē ko e / fakafōtunga picturesque ʻata fakaʻofoʻofa

-like laik hangē ko e childlike hangē ko ha kiʻi tamasiʻi

-ish ish hangē ko e / meimei greenish hangē ha lanu mata

-ster stā foʻilea ki ha tokotaha youngster tangata kei talavou

-eer iia foʻilea ki ha tokotaha ʻoku fai ha ngāue auctioneer tokotaha fakatau meʻa ʻi he aukisoni

-ard aad foʻilea ki ha tokotaha pe adjective coward tokotaha manavahē

-some som ʻoku fakatupu / ʻoku ʻi ai ha tuʻunga troublesome fakatupu palopalema

-worthy wāthi taau / feʻunga trustworthy taau ke falala ki ai

-proof pruf ʻikai lava ke hū / fakafepaki waterproof ʻikai lava ke hū ai ʻa e vaí

-free firi taʻe ʻi ai ha meʻa sugar-free taʻe ʻi ai ha suka

-wide waid fakalahi ki he feituʻu kotoa worldwide ʻi māmani lahi

-ward wād ki ha tafaʻaki backward ki mui

-wise waiz founga / fakahokohoko clockwise ki he tafaʻaki ʻo e uasi

-fold fould fakalahi ʻaki ha tuʻo lahi threefold tuʻo tolu

23- Ngaahi veape fakakupu (PHRASAL VERBS)

Phrasal verb = veape fakakupu, pea ʻoku faʻa faʻu ʻaki ha veape + ha foʻi lea ʻe taha pe lahi ange hangē ko e up, out, off, on, away, back, in, over.

Sīpinga:

give + up → give up = foʻi lea ʻoku ʻuhinga ki he foʻi pe tuku ha meʻa

Fakatokangaʻi: ʻOku ʻikai ko e ngaahi fakataha kotoa pē ʻo e verb + preposition/adverb ʻoku tatau hono ʻuhingá; ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs mo e phrasal-prepositional verbs.

1. Ngaahi Phrasal Verbs mahuʻinga

Phrasal verb Ko hono puʻaki ʻUhinga ʻi he lea faka-Tonga Sīpinga kakato Ko hono puʻaki ʻo e sīpingá

add up ad ap ko e fakakātoa / tatau ʻa e ngaahi fika The numbers add up. Dha nombāz ad ap.

ask for ask fō kole She asked for help. Shi askit fō help.

back up bak ap poupou / tauhi ha tatau fakafoki Please back up your files. Pliz bak ap yō failz.

break down breik daun maumau / taʻofi hono ngāué My car broke down. Mai kā brouk daun.

break in breik in hū fakamālohi / hū taʻefakalao Somone broke in last night. Samwan brouk in last nait.

break out breik aut kamata fakafokifā / mafola A fire broke out. E fāia brouk aut.

break up breik ap mavae / fakangata ha vā fetuʻutaki They broke up last year. Dhei brouk ap last yia.

bring back bring bak fakafoki mai Please bring back my book. Pliz bring bak mai buk.

bring in bring in fakahū mai They brought in a new manager. Dhei brot in e niu manijā.

bring up bring ap ʻohake ha kaveinga / taukave She brought up an important issue. Shi brot ap an impotant ishu.

call back kōl bak toe telefoni I'll call you back later. Ail kōl yu bak leitā.

call off kōl of fakangata / kaniseli They called off the meeting. Dhei kōld of dha miting.

carry on kāri on hoko atu / fakalaka atu Please carry on working. Pliz kāri on woking.

carry out kāri aut fakahoko They carried out the plan. Dhei kārid aut dha plan.

catch up kach ap aʻu ki he tuʻunga tatau / fakalakalaka ke aʻu I need to catch up with you. Ai nid tu kach ap with yu.

check in chek in lesisita ʻi he hotele We checked in at the hotel. Wi chekt in at dha hotel.

check out chek aut ʻalu mei he hotele / vakaiʻi We checked out at noon. Wi chekt aut at nun.

clean up klin ap fakamaʻa Clean up your room. Klin ap yō rum.

come back kam bak foki mai He came back yesterday. Hi keim bak yestādei.

come in kam in hū mai Come in, please. Kam in, pliz.

come out kam aut hā mai / pulusi The new book came out yesterday. Dha niu buk keim aut yestādei.

come over kam ouvā ʻaʻahi mai Come over tonight. Kam ouvā tunait.

cut down kat daun fakasiʻisiʻi / fakangata ʻi ha konga I'm trying to cut down on sugar. Aim traiing tu kat daun on shugā.

cut off kat of tuʻusi / fakangata They cut off the electricity. Dhei kat of dhi ilektrisiti.

deal with dil with fakaleleiʻi / fekuki mo We need to deal with this problem. Wi nid tu dil with dhis problem.

do without du without moʻui taʻe ʻi ai ha meʻa We can do without a car. Wi kan du without e kā.

drop off drop of ʻave ha taha ki ha feituʻu I'll drop you off at school. Ail drop yu of at skul.

end up end ap iku ʻo hoko ki ha tuʻunga We ended up staying home. Wi ended ap steiing houm.

fall apart fōl apāt maumau / movete The old chair fell apart. Dha ould chēa fel apāt.

fall behind fōl bihaind tōmui / fakalakalaka māmālie ange He fell behind in class. Hi fel bihaind in klas.

figure out figyā aut ʻiloʻi / maʻu ʻa e tali I can't figure it out. Ai kant figyā it aut.

fill in fil in fakafonu / fakakakato ha ngaahi meʻa Please fill in this form. Pliz fil in dhis fōm.

fill out fil aut fakafonu ha foomu Fill out the application. Fil aut dhi aplikēshon.

find out faind aut ʻiloʻi / ʻilo ha moʻoni I found out the truth. Ai faund aut dha trut.

get back get bak foki mai I'll get back home soon. Ail get bak houm sun.

get in get in hū ki loto Get in the car. Get in dha kā.

get off get of ʻalu hifo / hifo mei ha meʻalele Get off the bus. Get of dha bas.

get on get on heka / hū ki ha meʻalele Get on the bus. Get on dha bas.

get out get aut ʻalu ki tuʻa Get out of the room. Get aut of dha rum.

get over get ouvā ikunaʻi / fakalaka mei ha palopalema She got over her fear. Shi got ouvā hā fiā.

get up get ap ʻo tuʻu hake / ʻā hake I get up at seven. Ai get ap at seven.

give back giv bak fakafoki Give me back my phone. Giv mi bak mai foun.

give in giv in tukuange / foʻi He finally gave in. Hi fainali geiv in.

give up giv ap foʻi / tuku Don't give up. Dount giv ap.

go ahead gou ahed hoko atu / kamata Go ahead and start. Gou ahed and stāt.

go back gou bak foki We went back home. Wi went bak houm.

go on gou on hoko atu Please go on. Pliz gou on.

go out gou aut ʻalu ki tuʻa We went out last night. Wi went aut last nait.

grow up grou ap tupu hake / tupu ʻo lahi I grew up in Kuwait. Ai gru ap in Kuwait.

hand in hand in tuku atu / fakahū Hand in your homework. Hand in yō houmwok.

hang on hang on tatali / piki maʻu Hang on a minute. Hang on e minit.

hang out hang aut fakamoleki taimi fakataha We hang out together. Wi hang aut tugedhā.

hold on hold on tatali / piki maʻu Hold on, please. Hold on, pliz.

keep on kip on hoko atu Keep on trying. Kip on traiing.

keep up kip ap tauhi ʻa e tuʻunga lelei / muimui Keep up the good work. Kip ap dha gud wok.

kick out kik aut tuli / kapusi They kicked him out. Dhei kikt him aut.

look after luk aftā tokangaʻi / tauhi She looks after her children. Shi luks aftā hā children.

look for luk fō kumi I'm looking for my keys. Aim luking fō mai kiz.

look into luk intu fakatotolo / vakaiʻi We'll look into the problem. Wil luk intu dha problem.

look out luk aut tokanga! Look out! Luk aut!

look up luk ap kumi ha fakamatala Look up the word. Luk ap dha wōd.

make up meik ap fakalelei / faʻu ha meʻa They made up after the argument. Dhei meid ap aftā dhi āgyument.

move on muv on hiki ki muʻa / hoko atu It's time to move on. Its taim tu muv on.

pick up pik ap hiki hake / toʻo Pick up the phone. Pik ap dha foun.

point out point aut fakahā / fakahinohino She pointed out a mistake. Shi pointed aut e mistake.

put away put awē tuku ki he feituʻu totonu Put your clothes away. Put yō kloudhz awē.

put down put daun tuku hifo / fakasiʻisiʻi Put the book down. Put dha buk daun.

put off put of fakatoloi / tuku ki ha taimi kimui Don't put it off. Dount put it of.

put on put on tui / fakamoʻui Put on your jacket. Put on yō jakit.

put out put aut tāmateʻi / toʻo ki tuʻa Put out the fire. Put aut dha faiā.

put up put ap fokotuʻu / tautau Put up the picture. Put ap dha pikchā.

run into ran intu fetaulaki fakafokifā mo I ran into an old friend. Ai ran intu an ould frend.

run out ran aut ʻosi / ʻikai toe maʻu We ran out of milk. Wi ran aut of milk.

set up set ap fokotuʻu / kamataʻi They set up a new company. Dhei set ap e niu kampani.

show up shou ap hā mai / aʻu mai He didn't show up. Hi didnt shou ap.

shut down shat daun tāmateʻi / tapuni The factory shut down. Dha factory shat daun.

sit down sit daun tangutu hifo Please sit down. Pliz sit daun.

stand up stand ap tuʻu hake Please stand up. Pliz stand ap.

take back teik bak fakafoki / fakafisi ki ha lea naʻe fai I take back what I said. Ai teik bak what ai sed.

take off teik of vete / puna ʻa e vakapuna The plane took off. Dha plein tuk of.

take on teik on tali ha fatongia / maʻu ha ngāue She took on a new job. Shi tuk on e niu job.

take out teik aut toʻo ki tuʻa / ʻave ki tuʻa Take out the trash. Teik aut dha trash.

take over teik ouvā puleʻi / fetongi ha taha She took over the company. Shi tuk ouvā dha kampani.

take up teik ap kamata ha ngāue foʻou He took up swimming. Hi tuk ap swiming.

throw away throu awē lī / liʻaki Don't throw it away. Dount throu it awē.

try on trai on ʻahiʻahi tui Try on this shirt. Trai on dhis shāt.

turn down tān daun fakafisi / fakasiʻisiʻi She turned down the offer. Shi tānd daun dhi ofā.

turn off tān of tāmateʻi Turn off the light. Tān of dha lait.

turn on tān on fakamoʻui Turn on the TV. Tān on dha TV.

turn up tān ap hiki hake ʻa e leʻo / hā mai Turn up the volume. Tān ap dha volium.

wake up weik ap ʻā hake I woke up early. Ai wouk ap āli.

work out wok aut fakamālohisino / maʻu ʻa e tali I work out every day. Ai wok aut evri dei.

write down rait daun tohi hifo Write down the answer. Rait daun dhi ansā.

2. Ngaahi faʻunga lalahi

Faʻahinga Fokotuʻutuʻu Ko hono puʻaki Sīpinga ʻUhinga

Phrasal verb ʻoku lava ke mavae Veape + adverb + object Verb + adverb + object Turn off the light. Tāmateʻi ʻa e maamá.

Fakataha mo ha pronoun Veape + pronoun + adverb Verb + pronoun + adverb Turn it off. Tāmateʻi ia.

ʻIkai lava ke mavae Veape + adverb/preposition + object Verb + adverb/preposition + object Look after the child. Tokangaʻi ʻa e kiʻi tamasiʻí.

Taʻe ʻi ai ha object Veape + adverb Verb + adverb The plane took off. Naʻe puna ʻa e vakapuná.

Phrasal-prepositional Veape + adverb + preposition + object Verb + adverb + preposition + object I look forward to the trip. ʻOku ou ʻamanaki fiefia ki he fonongá.

3. Lao mahuʻinga: ʻE lava ke mavae ʻa e phrasal verb?

Turn off ʻoku lava ke mavae:

Turn off the light.

Turn the light off.

Turn it off. ✅

Turn off it. ❌

Ka ko e look after ʻoku ʻikai lava ke mavae:

Look after the child. ✅

Look the child after. ❌

Look after him. ✅

24- Ngaahi fakanounou ʻo e ngaahi foʻi lea (CONTRACTIONS)

Ko e contraction ko ha faʻunga nounou ʻo ha foʻi lea ʻe ua pe lahi ange, ʻa ia ʻoku faʻa ngāueʻaki ʻi he lea faka-Pilitāniá, tautautefito ʻi he talanoa mo e tohi taʻefakaʻofisiale.

Sīpinga:

I am → I'm → Aim → ko au

I have → I've → Aiv → ʻoku ou maʻu / kuo ʻosi

I will → I'll → Ail → te u

I would → I'd → Aid → te u / naʻá ku mei (fakatatau ki he tuʻunga)

1- Ngaahi contraction ʻo e BE

am → 'm

I am → I'm → Aim → ko au

Example: I'm happy. → Aim hapi. → ʻOku ou fiefia.

are → 're

You are → You're → Yō → ko koe / ʻoku ke

Example: You're right. → Yō rait. → ʻOku ke tonu.

We are → We're → Wiā → ko kitautolu

Example: We're ready. → Wiā redi. → ʻOku mau mateuteu.

They are → They're → Dheā → ko kinautolu

Example: They're here. → Dheā hiā. → ʻOku nau ʻi heni.

is → 's

He is → He's → Hiz → ko ia

Example: He's tired. → Hiz taiād. → ʻOku helaʻia ia.

She is → She's → Shiz → ko ia

Example: She's happy. → Shiz hapi. → ʻOku fiefia ia.

It is → It's → Its → ko ia / ko e meʻa ko ia

Example: It's cold. → Its kould. → ʻOku momoko.

2- Ngaahi contraction ʻo e HAVE

have → 've

I have → I've → Aiv → ʻoku ou maʻu / kuo ʻosi

Example: I've finished. → Aiv finished. → Kuo ʻosi ʻeku ngāué.

You have → You've → Yuv → ʻoku ke maʻu / kuo ʻosi

Example: You've changed. → Yuv cheinjd. → Kuo ke liliu.

We have → We've → Wiv → ʻoku mau maʻu / kuo ʻosi

Example: We've arrived. → Wiv araivd. → Kuo mau aʻu mai.

They have → They've → Dheiv → ʻoku nau maʻu / kuo ʻosi

Example: They've left. → Dheiv left. → Kuo nau ʻalu.

He has → He's → Hiz → ʻoku ne maʻu / kuo ʻosi

Example: He's finished. → Hiz finished. → Kuo ʻosi ʻene ngāué.

She has → She's → Shiz → ʻoku ne maʻu / kuo ʻosi

Example: She's gone. → Shiz gon. → Kuo ʻalu ia.

3- Ngaahi contraction ʻo e WILL

will → 'll

I will → I'll → Ail → te u

Example: I'll help you. → Ail help yu. → Te u tokoniʻi koe.

You will → You'll → Yul → te ke

Example: You'll understand. → Yul andāstand. → Te ke mahino ki ai.

He will → He'll → Hil → te ne

Example: He'll come tomorrow. → Hil kam tumorou. → Te ne haʻu ʻapongipongi.

She will → She'll → Shil → te ne

Example: She'll call you. → Shil kōl yu. → Te ne telefoniʻi koe.

We will → We'll → Wil → te tau / te mau

Example: We'll see. → Wil si. → Te tau sio.

They will → They'll → Dheil → te nau

Example: They'll arrive soon. → Dheil araiv sun. → Te nau aʻu mai vave.

4- Ngaahi contraction ʻo e WOULD

would → 'd

I would → I'd → Aid → te u / naʻá ku mei

Example: I'd help you. → Aid help yu. → Te u tokoniʻi koe.

You would → You'd → Yud → te ke / naʻá ke mei

Example: You'd like it. → Yud laik it. → Te ke saiʻia ai.

He would → He'd → Hid → te ne / naʻá ne mei

Example: He'd come. → Hid kam. → Naʻá ne mei haʻu.

She would → She'd → Shid → te ne / naʻá ne mei

Example: She'd help us. → Shid help as. → Te ne tokoniʻi kitautolu.

We would → We'd → Wid → te tau / naʻa tau mei

Example: We'd go. → Wid gou. → Te tau ʻalu.

They would → They'd → Dheid → te nau / naʻa nau mei

Example: They'd agree. → Dheid agri. → Te nau loto-tatau.

5- Ngaahi contraction ʻo e HAD

had → 'd

I had → I'd → Aid → naʻá ku / kuo ʻosi

Example: I'd finished before he arrived. → Aid finished bifō hi araivd. → Kuo ʻosi ʻeku ngāué kimuʻa pea toki aʻu mai ia.

You had → You'd → Yud → naʻá ke / kuo ʻosi

Example: You'd already left. → Yud olredi left. → Kuo ʻosi hoʻo ʻalu.

He had → He'd → Hid → naʻá ne / kuo ʻosi

Example: He'd eaten. → Hid iitn. → Kuo ʻosi ʻene kai.

She had → She'd → Shid → naʻá ne / kuo ʻosi

Example: She'd finished. → Shid finished. → Kuo ʻosi ʻene ngāué.

6- Ola mahuʻinga: ʻOku ʻuhinga ʻe ua ʻa e 'd

I'd = I would pea mo e I had

I'd go. → Aid gou. → Te u ʻalu.

I'd gone. → Aid gon. → Kuo ʻosi ʻeku ʻalú.

ʻOku faʻa ʻiloʻi ʻa e ʻuhingá mei he ngaahi lea ʻoku hoko mai ʻi he kupuʻi leá.

7- Ngaahi contraction ʻo e NOT

not → n't

is not → isn't → iznt → ʻikai / ʻoku ʻikai

Example: He isn't here. → Hi iznt hiā. → ʻOku ʻikai ʻi heni ia.

are not → aren't → ānt → ʻikai / ʻoku ʻikai

Example: They aren't ready. → Dhei ānt redi. → ʻOku teʻeki ke mateuteu ʻa kinautolu.

was not → wasn't → woznt → naʻe ʻikai

Example: He wasn't there. → Hi woznt dheā. → Naʻe ʻikai ke ʻi ai ia.

were not → weren't → wēnt → naʻe ʻikai

Example: We weren't late. → Wi wēnt leit. → Naʻe ʻikai ke tōmui ʻa kimautolu.

have not → haven't → havnt → teʻeki / ʻoku teʻeki

Example: I haven't finished. → Ai havnt finished. → Kuo teʻeki ke ʻosi ʻeku ngāué.

has not → hasn't → haznt → teʻeki / ʻoku teʻeki

Example: She hasn't arrived. → Shi haznt araivd. → Kuo teʻeki ke aʻu mai ia.

had not → hadn't → hadnt → naʻe teʻeki / kuo teʻeki

Example: He hadn't eaten. → Hi hadnt iitn. → Naʻe teʻeki ke kai ia.

do not → don't → dount → ʻikai

Example: I don't know. → Ai dount nou. → ʻOku ʻikai te u ʻilo.

does not → doesn't → daznt → ʻikai

Example: He doesn't know. → Hi daznt nou. → ʻOku ʻikai te ne ʻilo.

did not → didn't → didnt → naʻe ʻikai

Example: I didn't see him. → Ai didnt si him. → Naʻe ʻikai te u sio ki ai.

8- Ngaahi contraction kehe

cannot → can't → kant → ʻikai lava / ʻikai malava

could not → couldn't → kudnt → naʻe ʻikai lava / ʻikai malava

should not → shouldn't → shudnt → ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke

would not → wouldn't → wudnt → ʻe ʻikai / naʻe ʻikai mei

must not → mustn't → masnt → ʻoku tapu / ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke

will not → won't → wont → ʻe ʻikai

Example: I won't go. → Ai wont gou. → ʻE ʻikai te u ʻalu.

9- Fakatokangaʻi mahuʻinga

Ko e ngaahi contraction ko ʻení ʻoku ʻikai ko ha suffixes ʻi he ʻuhinga fakaʻulungāanga ʻo e lea. Ko e ngaahi foʻi lea ia kuo fakasiʻisiʻi hono tohi, pea ʻoku fakatahaʻi ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lea ʻi he kamataʻangá ʻo ngāueʻaki ha fakaʻilonga apostrophe.

Sīpinga:

I + will → I'll

You + have → You've

He + is → He's

They + are → They're

Do + not → Don't

Can + not → Can't

ʻOku totonu ke ke ui kinautolu ko e Contractions = ngaahi fakanounou, kae ʻikai ko e Suffixes = ngaahi ngataʻanga ʻo e ngaahi foʻi lea.