1- Alfabeti ya Kiingereza

1. A a — Hutamkwa: ey — /eɪ/ — Herufi A huitwa “ey”, na sauti yake inafanana na mwanzo wa neno “ace”.

2. B b — Hutamkwa: bii — /b/ — Herufi B huitwa “bii”, na sauti yake ni /b/, kama katika: book.

3. C c — Hutamkwa: sii — /k/, /s/ — Herufi C huitwa “sii”. Inaweza kuwa na sauti /k/, kama katika cat, au /s/, kama katika city.

4. D d — Hutamkwa: dii — /d/ — Herufi D huitwa “dii”, na sauti yake ni /d/, kama katika dog.

5. E e — Hutamkwa: ii — /iː/ — Herufi E huitwa “ii”, kama sauti ya vokali katika neno see.

6. F f — Hutamkwa: ef — /f/ — Herufi F huitwa “ef”, na sauti yake ni /f/, kama katika fish.

7. G g — Hutamkwa: jii — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — Herufi G huitwa “jii”. Inaweza kuwa na sauti /ɡ/, kama katika go, au /dʒ/, kama katika giant.

8. H h — Hutamkwa: eich — /h/ — Herufi H huitwa “eich”, na sauti yake ni /h/, kama katika house.

9. I i — Hutamkwa: ai — /aɪ/ — Herufi I huitwa “ai”, kama katika neno eye.

10. J j — Hutamkwa: jei — /dʒ/ — Herufi J huitwa “jei”, na sauti yake ni /dʒ/, kama katika job.

11. K k — Hutamkwa: kei — /k/ — Herufi K huitwa “kei”, na sauti yake ni /k/, kama katika key.

12. L l — Hutamkwa: el — /l/ — Herufi L huitwa “el”, na sauti yake ni /l/, kama katika love.

13. M m — Hutamkwa: em — /m/ — Herufi M huitwa “em”, na sauti yake ni /m/, kama katika man.

14. N n — Hutamkwa: en — /n/ — Herufi N huitwa “en”, na sauti yake ni /n/, kama katika name.

15. O o — Hutamkwa: ou — /oʊ/ — Herufi O huitwa “ou”, na sauti yake ni /oʊ/, kama katika go.

16. P p — Hutamkwa: pii — /p/ — Herufi P huitwa “pii”, na sauti yake ni /p/, kama katika pen.

17. Q q — Hutamkwa: kiu — /k/ — Herufi Q huitwa “kiu” na kwa kawaida huandamana na herufi U, kama katika queen.

18. R r — Hutamkwa: ar — /r/ — Herufi R huitwa “ar”, na sauti yake ni /r/, kama katika red.

19. S s — Hutamkwa: es — /s/, /z/ — Herufi S huitwa “es”. Inaweza kuwa na sauti /s/, kama katika sun, au /z/, kama katika rose.

20. T t — Hutamkwa: tii — /t/ — Herufi T huitwa “tii”, na sauti yake ni /t/, kama katika ten.

21. U u — Hutamkwa: yu — /juː/, /ʌ/ — Herufi U huitwa “yu” /juː/, na inaweza pia kuwa na sauti /ʌ/, kama katika cup.

22. V v — Hutamkwa: vii — /v/ — Herufi V huitwa “vii”, na sauti yake ni /v/, kama katika very.

23. W w — Hutamkwa: dabal-yu — /w/ — Herufi W huitwa “double-u”, na sauti yake ni /w/, kama katika water.

24. X x — Hutamkwa: eks — /ks/ — Herufi X huitwa “eks”, na kwa kawaida huwa na sauti /ks/, kama katika box.

25. Y y — Hutamkwa: wai — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — Herufi Y huitwa “wai”. Inaweza kuwa na sauti /j/, kama katika yes, /ɪ/, kama katika happy, au /aɪ/, kama katika my.

26. Z z — Hutamkwa: zii* — /z/ — Katika Kiingereza cha Marekani, herufi Z huitwa “zee”. Katika Kiingereza cha Uingereza, kwa kawaida huitwa “zed”. Sauti yake ni /z/, kama katika zoo.

2- Mpangilio wa maneno (WORD ORDER)

1. Sentensi ya msingi | Kiima + kitenzi | Subject + Verb | I sleep. | Ai sliip | Ninalala.

2. Yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Direct Object | I read a book. | Ai riid a buk | Ninasoma kitabu.

3. Yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object | I give him a book. | Ai giv him a buk | Ninampa kitabu.

4. Mnufaika | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + for + mtu | Subject + Verb + Direct Object + For + Person | I buy a book for him. | Ai bai a buk for him | Ninamnunulia kitabu.

5. Kiwakilishi cha yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + kiwakilishi cha yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Indirect Object Pronoun + Direct Object | I give her a book. | Ai giv har a buk | Ninampa kitabu.

6. Kivumishi | Kiima + be + kivumishi | Subject + Be + Adjective | The book is big. | Dha buk iz big | Kitabu ni kikubwa.

7. Kielezi cha namna | Kiima + kitenzi + kielezi | Subject + Verb + Adverb | He reads quickly. | Hii riidz kwikli | Anasoma haraka.

8. Yambwa ya moja kwa moja + kielezi | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + kielezi | Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adverb | I read a book quickly. | Ai riid a buk kwikli | Ninasoma kitabu haraka.

9. Kielezi cha wakati | Kiima + kitenzi + kielezi cha wakati | Subject + Verb + Time Adverb | I work today. | Ai werk tudei | Ninafanya kazi leo.

10. Kielezi cha mahali | Kiima + kitenzi + kielezi cha mahali | Subject + Verb + Place Adverb | She lives there. | Shii livz dhea | Anaishi huko.

11. Kirai kihusishi | Kiima + be + kirai kihusishi | Subject + Be + Prepositional Phrase | The book is on the table. | Dha buk iz on dha teibl | Kitabu kiko juu ya meza.

12. Yambwa ya moja kwa moja + mahali | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + mahali | Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Place Phrase | I put a book on the table. | Ai put a buk on dha teibl | Ninaweka kitabu juu ya meza.

13. Kibainishi + nomino | Kibainishi + nomino | Determiner + Noun | This book is new. | Dhis buk iz nyuu | Kitabu hiki ni kipya.

14. Kibainishi + kivumishi + nomino | Determiner + Adjective + Noun | This big book is new. | Dhis big buk iz nyuu | Kitabu hiki kikubwa ni kipya.

15. Nambari + nomino | Numeral + Noun | Two books are new. | Tuu buks ar nyuu | Vitabu viwili ni vipya.

16. Uunganishaji | Kiima + kitenzi + and + kiima + kitenzi | Subject + Verb + And + Subject + Verb | I read and he writes. | Ai riid and hii raits | Ninasoma na yeye anaandika.

17. Uunganishaji wenye yambwa | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + and + kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Direct Object + And + Subject + Verb + Direct Object | I read a book and he writes a letter. | Ai riid a buk and hii raits a leta | Ninasoma kitabu na yeye anaandika barua.

18. Kauli ya kutendwa | Kiima + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi | Subject + Be + V3 | The book is read. | Dha buk iz red | Kitabu kinasomwa.

19. Kauli ya kutendwa + mtendaji | Kiima + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + by + mtendaji | Subject + Be + V3 + By + Agent | The book is read by the teacher. | Dha buk iz red bai dha tiicha | Kitabu kinasomwa na mwalimu.

20. Kauli ya kutendwa + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Be + V3 + To + Indirect Object | The book is given to him. | Dha buk iz given tuu him | Kitabu anapewa yeye.

21. Kauli ya kutendwa + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + mtendaji | Kiima + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + by + mtendaji | Subject + Be + V3 + To + Indirect Object + By + Agent | The book is given to him by the teacher. | Dha buk iz given tuu him bai dha tiicha | Kitabu anapewa yeye na mwalimu.

22. Kauli ya kutendwa + kielezi | Kiima + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + kielezi | Subject + Be + V3 + Adverb | The book is read now. | Dha buk iz red nau | Kitabu kinasomwa sasa.

23. Kauli ya kutendwa + mahali | Kiima + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + mahali | Subject + Be + V3 + Location | The book is put on the table. | Dha buk iz put on dha teibl | Kitabu kinawekwa juu ya meza.

24. Kauli ya kutendwa + mtendaji + kielezi cha wakati | Kiima + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + by + mtendaji + kielezi cha wakati | Subject + Be + V3 + By + Agent + Time Adverb | The book is read by the teacher today. | Dha buk iz red bai dha tiicha tudei | Kitabu kinasomwa na mwalimu leo.

25. Kauli ya kutendwa + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + mtendaji + kielezi cha wakati | Subject + Be + V3 + To + Indirect Object + By + Agent + Time Adverb | The book is given to the student by the teacher today. | Dha buk iz given tuu dha styudent bai dha tiicha tudei | Kitabu kinapewa mwanafunzi na mwalimu leo.

26. Kauli ya kutendwa ya wakati uliopo timilifu | Kiima + has/have been + umbo la tatu la kitenzi | Subject + Has/Have Been + V3 | The book has been read. | Dha buk haz bin red | Kitabu kimeshasomwa.

27. Wakati uliopo timilifu wa kauli ya kutendwa + mtendaji | Kiima + has/have been + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + by + mtendaji | Subject + Has/Have Been + V3 + By + Agent | The book has been read by the teacher. | Dha buk haz bin red bai dha tiicha | Kitabu kimeshasomwa na mwalimu.

28. Kauli ya kutendwa ya wakati ujao | Kiima + will be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + wakati | Subject + Will Be + V3 + Time | The book will be read tomorrow. | Dha buk wil bii red tumoro | Kitabu kitasomwa kesho.

29. Kauli ya kutendwa ya wakati ujao + mtendaji | Kiima + will be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + by + mtendaji + wakati | Subject + Will Be + V3 + By + Agent + Time | The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. | Dha buk wil bii red bai dha tiicha tumoro | Kitabu kitasomwa na mwalimu kesho.

30. Kauli ya kutendwa yenye kitenzi kisaidizi cha hali | Kiima + kitenzi kisaidizi cha hali + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi | Subject + Modal Verb + Be + V3 | The book must be read. | Dha buk mast bii red | Kitabu lazima kisomwe.

31. Umbo la ukanushi | Kiima + kitenzi kisaidizi + not + kitenzi | Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Not + Verb | I do not read a book. | Ai duu not riid a buk | Sisomi kitabu.

32. Ukanushi wa kauli ya kutendwa | Kiima + be + not + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + by + mtendaji | Subject + Be + Not + V3 + By + Agent | The book is not read by the teacher. | Dha buk iz not red bai dha tiicha | Kitabu hakisomwi na mwalimu.

33. Swali la ndiyo/hapana | Kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi? | Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb? | Do you read a book? | Duu yuu riid a buk? | Je, unasoma kitabu?

34. Swali la kauli ya kutendwa | Be + kiima + umbo la tatu la kitenzi? | Be + Subject + V3? | Is the book being read? | Iz dha buk biiing red? | Je, kitabu kinasomwa?

35. Swali kuhusu mtendaji | Who + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja? | Who + Verb + Direct Object? | Who reads the book? | Huu riidz dha buk? | Nani anayesoma kitabu?

36. Swali kuhusu yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Who/whom + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + to? | Who/Whom + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb + Direct Object + To? | Who do you give the book to? | Huu duu yuu giv dha buk tuu? | Unampa nani kitabu?

37. Umbo la amri | Kitenzi + ...! | Verb + ...! | Read! | Riid! | Soma!

38. Amri + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja! | Verb + Direct Object + To + Indirect Object! | Give the book to him! | Giv dha buk tuu him! | Mpe kitabu!

39. Amri ya kauli ya kutendwa | Let + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi! | Let + Direct Object + Be + V3! | Let the book be read! | Let dha buk bii red! | Kitabu kisomwe!

40. Infinitive | to + kitenzi | To + Verb | to read | Tuu riid | Kusoma.

41. Infinitive + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | to + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | To + Verb + Direct Object | to read a book | Tuu riid a buk | Kusoma kitabu.

42. Infinitive + yambwa maalumu ya moja kwa moja | to + kitenzi + yambwa maalumu ya moja kwa moja | To + Verb + Specific Direct Object | to read the book | Tuu riid dha buk | Kusoma kitabu hicho.

43. Kusudi | Kiima + kitenzi + to + kitenzi | Subject + Verb + To + Verb | I eat to play. | Ai iit tuu plei | Ninakula ili nicheze.

44. Kishazi rejeshi | Nomino + neno rejeshi + kishazi | Noun + Relative Word + Clause | The book that I read is interesting. | Dha buk dhat ai red iz intristing | Kitabu ninachosoma kinavutia.

45. Kishazi rejeshi cha kauli ya kutendwa | Nomino + neno rejeshi + kauli ya kutendwa | Noun + Relative Word + Passive Voice | The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. | Dha buk dhat iz biiing red bai dha tiicha iz intristing | Kitabu kinachosomwa na mwalimu kinavutia.

46. Sharti | if + kishazi, kiima + kitenzi | If + Clause, Subject + Verb | If I have time, I read. | If ai hav taim, ai riid | Ikiwa nina wakati, ninasoma.

47. Sharti + kauli ya kutendwa | if + kiima + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi, kiima + kitenzi | If + Subject + Be + V3, Subject + Verb | If the book is read, he learns. | If dha buk iz red, hii lernz | Ikiwa kitabu kinasomwa, yeye hujifunza.

48. Usemi wa taarifa | Kiima + kitenzi + that + kiima + kitenzi | Subject + Verb + That + Subject + Verb | He said that he was reading. | Hii sed dhat hii waz riiding | Alisema kwamba alikuwa akisoma.

49. Swali la taarifa | Kiima + kitenzi + if/whether + kiima + kitenzi | Subject + Verb + If/Whether + Subject + Verb | He asked if I was reading. | Hii askt if ai waz riiding | Aliuliza ikiwa nilikuwa nikisoma.

50. Amri au ombi lililoripotiwa | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa + to + kitenzi | Subject + Verb + Object + To + Verb | He asked me to read. | Hii askt mii tuu riid | Aliniomba nisome.

Vielezi:

1. Namna (Manner): Kielezi cha namna huja baada ya kitenzi au yambwa. Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa + kielezi. I read the book quickly. — Ai riid dha buk kwikli. — Ninasoma kitabu haraka.

2. Mahali (Place): Kielezi cha mahali huja baada ya kitenzi au yambwa. Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa + mahali. I read the book at home. — Ai riid dha buk at houm. — Ninasoma kitabu nyumbani.

3. Wakati (Time): Kielezi cha wakati kwa kawaida huja mwishoni au mwanzoni mwa sentensi. Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa + wakati. I read the book yesterday. — Ai riid dha buk yestadei. — Nilisoma kitabu jana.

4. Marudio (Frequency): Kielezi cha marudio kwa kawaida huja kabla ya kitenzi kikuu. Kiima + kielezi cha marudio + kitenzi. I often read books. — Ai ofen riid buks. — Mara nyingi mimi husoma vitabu.

5. Marudio + be (Frequency + be): Kielezi cha marudio huja baada ya kitenzi be. Kiima + be + kielezi cha marudio. He is always happy. — Hii iz olweiz hapi. — Yeye huwa na furaha kila wakati.

6. Marudio + kitenzi kisaidizi (Frequency + auxiliary): Kielezi cha marudio huja baada ya kitenzi kisaidizi cha kwanza. Kiima + kitenzi kisaidizi + kielezi cha marudio + kitenzi. I have never seen it. — Ai hav neve siin it. — Sijawahi kukiona.

7. Kiwango (Degree): Kielezi cha kiwango huja kabla ya kivumishi au kielezi kinachofafanuliwa. Kiima + kielezi cha kiwango + kivumishi/kielezi. It is very good. — It iz veri gud. — Ni kizuri sana.

8. Kiwango + kitenzi (Degree + verb): Kutegemea kielezi kinachotumiwa, kielezi cha kiwango kinaweza kuja kabla au baada ya kitenzi. Kiima + kitenzi + kielezi. I really like it. — Ai rieli laik it. — Ninakipenda sana.

9. Kielezi cha sentensi (Sentence adverb): Kinaweza kuja mwanzoni, katikati au mwishoni mwa sentensi na huonyesha mtazamo wa mzungumzaji kuhusu sentensi nzima. Kielezi + sentensi. Fortunately, I won. — Fortshunetli, ai wan. — Kwa bahati nzuri, nilishinda.

10. Kielezi cha maoni (Comment adverb): Kwa kawaida huja mwanzoni mwa sentensi na huonyesha maoni au tathmini ya mzungumzaji. Kielezi + sentensi. Honestly, I don't know. — Onestli, ai dount nou. — Kwa kweli, sijui.

11. Kielezi cha kuunganisha (Linking adverb): Kwa kawaida huja mwanzoni au katikati ya sentensi na huunganisha mawazo au sentensi mbili. Sentensi + kielezi cha kuunganisha + sentensi. I was tired; however, I worked. — Ai waz taiard; hauever, ai werkt. — Nilikuwa nimechoka; hata hivyo, nilifanya kazi.

12. Mwelekeo (Direction): Kielezi cha mwelekeo huja baada ya kitenzi au yambwa. Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa + kielezi cha mwelekeo. She went outside. — Shii went autsaid. — Alienda nje.

13. Marudio maalumu (Definite frequency): Usemi unaoonyesha marudio maalumu unaweza kuja mwanzoni au mwishoni mwa sentensi. Usemi wa marudio + sentensi. I go there every day. — Ai gou dhea evri dei. — Ninaenda huko kila siku.

14. Muda (Duration): Usemi wa muda kwa kawaida huja mwishoni mwa sentensi. Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa + muda. I studied for two hours. — Ai stadid for tuu auaz. — Nilisoma kwa saa mbili.

15. Kusudi (Purpose): Usemi wa kusudi kwa kawaida huja mwishoni mwa sentensi na huonyesha sababu ya kufanya jambo. Sentensi + kusudi. I went there to study. — Ai went dhea tuu stadi. — Nilienda huko kusoma.

YAMBWA ISIYO YA MOJA KWA MOJA (INDIRECT OBJECT)

# | Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Mfano | Matamshi ya mfano | Tafsiri

1. Yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja kabla ya yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object | I gave him a book. | Ai geiv him a buk | Nilimpa kitabu.

2. Yambwa ya moja kwa moja + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Direct Object + To + Indirect Object | I gave a book to him. | Ai geiv a buk tuu him | Nilimpa kitabu.

3. Yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja kabla ya yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object | She sent me a letter. | Shii sent mii a leta | Alinitumia barua.

4. Yambwa ya moja kwa moja + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Direct Object + To + Indirect Object | She sent a letter to me. | Shii sent a leta tuu mii | Alinitumia barua.

5. Yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja kabla ya yambwa ya moja kwa moja pamoja na for | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object | I bought her a gift. | Ai bot har a gift | Nilimnunulia zawadi.

6. Yambwa ya moja kwa moja + for + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + for + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Subject + Verb + Direct Object + For + Indirect Object | I bought a gift for her. | Ai bot a gift for har | Nilimnunulia zawadi.

7. Yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja katika kauli ya kutendwa | Yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | Indirect Object + Be + V3 + Direct Object | He was given a book. | Hii waz given a buk | Alipewa kitabu.

8. Yambwa ya moja kwa moja katika kauli ya kutendwa + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Yambwa ya moja kwa moja + be + umbo la tatu la kitenzi + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Direct Object + Be + V3 + To + Indirect Object | A book was given to him. | A buk waz given tuu him | Kitabu kilipewa yeye.

9. Swali kuhusu yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Neno la kuuliza + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + to? | Who + Do/Does/Did + Subject + Verb + Direct Object + To? | Who did you give it to? | Huu did yuu giv it tuu? | Ulimpa nani hicho?

10. Swali rasmi kuhusu yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | To whom + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja? | To Whom + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Direct Object? | To whom did you give it? | Tuu huum did yuu giv it? | Ulimpa nani hicho?

UMILIKI / UHUSIANO (GENITIVE)

# | Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Mfano | Matamshi ya mfano | Tafsiri

1. Umiliki wa umoja | Nomino ya mmiliki + 's + nomino ya kitu kinachomilikiwa | Noun + iz + Noun | John's car | Jonz kaar | Gari la John.

2. Umiliki kwa kutumia of | Nomino ya kitu kinachomilikiwa + of + nomino ya mmiliki | Noun + ov + Noun | The car of John | Dha kaar ov Jon | Gari la John.

3. Umiliki wa wingi wa kawaida | Nomino ya wingi + apostrofi (') + nomino | Plural Noun + Apostrophe + Noun | Students' books | Styudents buks | Vitabu vya wanafunzi.

4. Umiliki wa wingi usio wa kawaida | Nomino + 's + nomino | Noun + iz + Noun | Children's toys | Childrenz toiz | Vichezeo vya watoto.

5. Umiliki kwa kutumia of | Nomino ya kitu kinachomilikiwa + of + nomino ya mmiliki | Noun + ov + Noun | The roof of the house | Dha ruuf ov dha haus | Paa la nyumba.

6. Kibainishi cha umiliki | Kibainishi cha umiliki + nomino | Possessive Determiner + Noun | My car | Mai kaar | Gari langu.

7. Kiwakilishi huru cha umiliki | Kiwakilishi cha umiliki | Possessive Pronoun | The car is mine. | Dha kaar iz main | Gari ni langu.

8. Umiliki wa aina mbili | Nomino + of + kiwakilishi huru cha umiliki | Noun + Of + Possessive Pronoun | A friend of mine | A frend ov main | Rafiki yangu mmoja.

9. Umiliki wa wakati | Nomino ya wakati + 's + nomino | Time Noun + Iz + Noun | Today's news | Tudeiz nyuuz | Habari za leo.

10. Kipimo cha muda katika umiliki wa wingi | Nambari + kipimo + apostrofi + nomino | Numeral + Unit + Apostrophe + Noun | Two weeks' vacation | Tuu wiiks vakeishan | Likizo ya wiki mbili.

11. Swali kuhusu umiliki | Whose + nomino? | Whose + Noun? | Whose book? | Huuz buk? | Kitabu cha nani?

12. Umiliki katika kishazi rejeshi | Whose + nomino + kishazi | Whose + Noun + Clause | The man whose car... | Dha man huuz kaar... | Mwanamume ambaye gari lake...

13. Umiliki wa pamoja | Mmiliki wa kwanza + and + mmiliki wa pili + 's + kitu kinachomilikiwa | Noun + And + Noun + Iz + Noun | John and Mary's house | Jon and Meriz haus | Nyumba ya John na Mary kwa pamoja.

14. Umiliki tofauti | Mmiliki wa kwanza + 's + and + mmiliki wa pili + 's + nomino | Noun + Iz + And + Noun + Iz + Noun | John's and Mary's houses | Jonz and Meriz hauziz | Nyumba za John na Mary, kila mmoja akiwa na nyumba yake.

VIWAKILISHI HURU VYA UMILIKI (INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS)

Mtu | Kibainishi cha umiliki | Matamshi | Kiwakilishi huru cha umiliki | Matamshi | Mfano kamili | Matamshi ya mfano | Tafsiri

I = Mimi | my | mai | mine | main | This book is mine. | Dhis buk iz main | Kitabu hiki ni changu.

You = Wewe | your | yor | yours | yorz | This book is yours. | Dhis buk iz yorz | Kitabu hiki ni chako.

He = Yeye (mwanaume) | his | hiz | his | hiz | This book is his. | Dhis buk iz hiz | Kitabu hiki ni chake.

She = Yeye (mwanamke) | her | har | hers | harz | This book is hers. | Dhis buk iz harz | Kitabu hiki ni chake.

It = Kitu au mnyama | its | its | Hakina kiwakilishi huru cha umiliki kinachotumika kwa kawaida | — | The dog hurt its leg. | Dha dog hert its leg | Mbwa aliumiza mguu wake.

We = Sisi | our | aua | ours | auaz | This book is ours. | Dhis buk iz auaz | Kitabu hiki ni chetu.

They = Wao | their | dhea | theirs | dheaz | This book is theirs. | Dhis buk iz dheaz | Kitabu hiki ni chao.

The book is the boy's. = Kitabu ni cha mvulana.

The book is for the boy. = Kitabu ni kwa ajili ya mvulana.

WAS GOING TO: Nilikuwa ninakwenda kufanya / Nilikuwa nimepanga kufanya

Kiwakilishi | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Mfano | Matamshi ya mfano | Maana

I = Mimi | I + was going to + kitenzi | Ai + waz gouing tuu + verb | I was going to eat. | Ai waz gouing tuu iit | Nilikuwa ninakwenda kula.

You = Wewe | You + were going to + kitenzi | Yuu + wer gouing tuu + verb | You were going to eat. | Yuu wer gouing tuu iit | Ulikuwa unakwenda kula.

He = Yeye (mwanaume) | He + was going to + kitenzi | Hii + waz gouing tuu + verb | He was going to eat. | Hii waz gouing tuu iit | Alikuwa anakwenda kula.

She = Yeye (mwanamke) | She + was going to + kitenzi | Shii + waz gouing tuu + verb | She was going to eat. | Shii waz gouing tuu iit | Alikuwa anakwenda kula.

It = Kitu au mnyama | It + was going to + kitenzi | It + waz gouing tuu + verb | It was going to rain. | It waz gouing tuu rein | Mvua ilikuwa karibu kunyesha.

We = Sisi | We + were going to + kitenzi | Wii + wer gouing tuu + verb | We were going to eat. | Wii wer gouing tuu iit | Tulikuwa tunakwenda kula.

They = Wao | They + were going to + kitenzi | Dhei + wer gouing tuu + verb | They were going to eat. | Dhei wer gouing tuu iit | Walikuwa wanakwenda kula.

Pia hutumika: was about to / were about to.

Was about to = Jambo lilikuwa karibu kutokea.

Was supposed to = Ilitarajiwa kwamba mtu angefanya jambo, lakini jambo fulani lilimzuia au mambo yalibadilika.

I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. = Nilipaswa kufanya usafi leo, lakini kwa sababu ya hali mbaya ya hewa, sitafanya hivyo.

3- Nomino (NOUNS)

Dhana | Muundo | Mfano | Matamshi | Tafsiri

Wingi | Nomino + s | books | buks | Vitabu.

Wingi | Nomino + es | boxes | boksiz | Masanduku.

Umoja wenye kibainishi maalumu | the + nomino | the book | dha buk | Kitabu hicho.

Wingi wenye kibainishi maalumu | the + nomino ya wingi | the books | dha buks | Vitabu hivyo.

Umoja usio maalumu | a + nomino | a book | a buk | Kitabu kimoja.

Umoja usio maalumu: an hutumika kabla ya sauti ya vokali | an + nomino | an apple | an apl | Tufaha.

Yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja + yambwa ya moja kwa moja | I give him the book. | Ai giv him dha buk | Ninampa kitabu hicho.

Yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja kwa kutumia to | Kiima + kitenzi + yambwa ya moja kwa moja + to + yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja | I give the book to him. | Ai giv dha buk tuu him | Ninampa kitabu hicho.

Umiliki | Nomino ya mmiliki + 's + nomino ya kitu kinachomilikiwa | John's car | Jonz kaar | Gari la John.

Umiliki wa wingi | Nomino ya wingi ya wamiliki + apostrofi + nomino ya kitu kinachomilikiwa | the boys' books | dha boiz buks | Vitabu vya wavulana.

Umiliki kwa kutumia of | Nomino ya kitu kinachomilikiwa + of + nomino ya mmiliki | the door of the house | dha dor ov dha haus | Mlango wa nyumba.

Jinsi neno linavyoishia | Nini huongezwa? | Mfano | Matamshi

Maneno mengi | -s | book → books | buk → buks

s | -es | bus → buses | bas → basiz

ss | -es | class → classes | klas → klasiz

sh | -es | dish → dishes | dish → dishiz

ch | -es | watch → watches | woch → wochiz

x | -es | box → boxes | boks → boksiz

z | -es | quiz → quizzes | kwiz → kwiziz

Konsonanti + y | -ies | baby → babies | beibi → beibiz

Vokali + y | -s | boy → boys | boi → boiz

Baadhi ya maneno yanayoishia kwa f/fe | -ves | knife → knives | naif → naivz

Baadhi ya maneno yanayoishia kwa f/fe | -s | roof → roofs | ruuf → ruufs

Ikiwa nomino ni ya kuhesabika na iko katika umoja, kwa kawaida hutumia kibainishi kama a, an au the, kulingana na maana.

YAMBWA ISIYO YA MOJA KWA MOJA (INDIRECT OBJECT)

Kuna njia tatu za msingi za kuweka yambwa isiyo ya moja kwa moja katika Kiingereza:

1- Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

I give a boy a book. = Ninampa mvulana kitabu.

2- Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to + Indirect Object

I give a book to a boy. = Ninampa mvulana kitabu.

3- Subject + Verb + to + Indirect Object + Direct Object

I give to a boy a book. = Ninampa mvulana kitabu.

Muundo huu wa tatu unasikika kuwa usio wa kawaida katika Kiingereza cha kisasa. Muundo wa kwanza na wa pili hutumiwa zaidi.

UMILIKI (GENITIVE)

Kuna njia mbili za msingi za kuonyesha umiliki katika Kiingereza:

1- Owner's + Possession

The boy's book = Kitabu cha mvulana.

2- Possession + of + Owner

The book of the boy = Kitabu cha mvulana.

4- Vivumishi (ADJECTIVES)

Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

Kivumishi cha maelezo | Kivumishi + nomino | Adjective + Noun | a beautiful house | a byuutiful haus | Nyumba nzuri.

Kivumishi cha kiasi | Kiasi + nomino | Quantity + Noun | many books | meni buks | Vitabu vingi.

Kivumishi cha nambari | Nambari + nomino | Number + Noun | three books | thrii buks | Vitabu vitatu.

Kivumishi cha kuonyesha | this/that/these/those + nomino | dhis/dhat/dhiiz/dhouz + noun | this book | dhis buk | Kitabu hiki.

Kivumishi cha umiliki | my/your/his/her/its/our/their + nomino | mai/yor/hiz/har/its/aua/dhea + noun | my car | mai kaar | Gari langu.

Kivumishi cha kuuliza | which/what/whose + nomino | wich/wot/huuz + noun | which book? | wich buk? | Kitabu kipi?

Kivumishi kisicho maalumu | Neno lisilo maalumu + nomino | Indefinite Word + Noun | some books | sam buks | Baadhi ya vitabu.

Kivumishi cha mgawanyo | each/every/either/neither + nomino | iich/evri/aidha/naidha + noun | each student | iich styudent | Kila mwanafunzi.

Kivumishi kinachotokana na jina maalumu | Nomino ya jina maalumu → kivumishi | Proper Noun → Adjective | English language | Ingilishi langwij | Lugha ya Kiingereza.

Kivumishi ambatani | Neno + neno | Word + Word | a well-known actor | a wel-noun aktor | Mwigizaji anayejulikana sana.

Kivumishi kinachotokana na kitenzi cha sasa au cha zamani | V-ing / V-ed | V-ing / V-ed | a boring movie | a boring muuvi | Filamu inayochosha.

Kivumishi cha kulinganisha | Kivumishi + er / more + kivumishi | Adjective + er / More + Adjective | bigger house | biger haus | Nyumba kubwa zaidi.

Kivumishi cha kiwango cha juu zaidi | Kivumishi + est / most + kivumishi | Adjective + est / Most + Adjective | the biggest house | dha bigist haus | Nyumba kubwa kuliko zote.

Vivumishi viwili vinavyoeleza nomino | Kivumishi + koma + kivumishi + nomino | Adjective + Comma + Adjective + Noun | a long, difficult journey | a long, difikalt jerni | Safari ndefu na ngumu.

Kivumishi kabla ya nomino | Kivumishi + nomino | Adjective + Noun | a red car | a red kaar | Gari jekundu.

Kivumishi cha kiarifu | Kiima + be + kivumishi | Subject + Be + Adjective | The car is red. | Dha kaar iz red | Gari ni jekundu.

Kivumishi baada ya nomino | Nomino + kivumishi | Noun + Adjective | something interesting | samthing intristing | Kitu cha kuvutia.

Kivumishi huru | Kivumishi | Adjective | perfect | perfikt | Kamili / bora kabisa.

Kivumishi cha kusisitiza | Kivumishi + nomino | Adjective + Noun | my own car | mai oun kaar | Gari langu mwenyewe.

Kivumishi cha mshangao | what + kivumishi + nomino | Wot + Adjective + Noun | What a beautiful day! | Wot a byuutiful dei! | Siku nzuri kama nini!

1. Wakati uliopo wa kawaida — Present Simple

Muundo: Kiima + am/is/are + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + am/is/are + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Muundo | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I am | I am happy. | Ai am hapi | Nina furaha.

You | You are | You are happy. | Yuu ar hapi | Una furaha.

He | He is | He is happy. | Hii iz hapi | Ana furaha.

She | She is | She is happy. | Shii iz hapi | Ana furaha.

It | It is | It is cold. | It iz kould | Kuna baridi.

We | We are | We are happy. | Wii ar hapi | Tuna furaha.

You | You are | You are happy. | Yuu ar hapi | Mna furaha.

They | They are | They are happy. | Dhei ar hapi | Wana furaha.

2. Wakati uliopita wa kawaida — Past Simple

Muundo: Kiima + was/were + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + waz/wer + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Muundo | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I was | I was happy. | Ai waz hapi | Nilikuwa na furaha.

You | You were | You were happy. | Yuu wer hapi | Ulikuwa na furaha.

He | He was | He was happy. | Hii waz hapi | Alikuwa na furaha.

She | She was | She was happy. | Shii waz hapi | Alikuwa na furaha.

It | It was | It was cold. | It waz kould | Kulikuwa na baridi.

We | We were | We were happy. | Wii wer hapi | Tulikuwa na furaha.

You | You were | You were happy. | Yuu wer hapi | Mlikuwa na furaha.

They | They were | They were happy. | Dhei wer hapi | Walikuwa na furaha.

3. Wakati ujao wa kawaida — Future Simple

Muundo: Kiima + will be + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + wil bii + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Muundo | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will be | I will be happy. | Ai wil bii hapi | Nitakuwa na furaha.

You | You will be | You will be happy. | Yuu wil bii hapi | Utakuwa na furaha.

He | He will be | He will be happy. | Hii wil bii hapi | Atakuwa na furaha.

She | She will be | She will be happy. | Shii wil bii hapi | Atakuwa na furaha.

It | It will be | It will be cold. | It wil bii kould | Kutakuwa na baridi.

We | We will be | We will be happy. | Wii wil bii hapi | Tutakuwa na furaha.

You | You will be | You will be happy. | Yuu wil bii hapi | Mtakuwa na furaha.

They | They will be | They will be happy. | Dhei wil bii hapi | Watakuwa na furaha.

4. Wakati uliopo unaoendelea — Present Continuous

Muundo: Kiima + am/is/are being + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + am/is/are being + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Muundo | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I am being | I am being careful. | Ai am biiing kerful | Ninakuwa mwangalifu.

You | You are being | You are being careful. | Yuu ar biiing kerful | Unakuwa mwangalifu.

He | He is being | He is being careful. | Hii iz biiing kerful | Anakuwa mwangalifu.

She | She is being | She is being careful. | Shii iz biiing kerful | Anakuwa mwangalifu.

It | It is being | It is being repaired. | It iz biiing ripeard | Kinarekebishwa.

We | We are being | We are being careful. | Wii ar biiing kerful | Tunakuwa waangalifu.

You | You are being | You are being careful. | Yuu ar biiing kerful | Mnakuwa waangalifu.

They | They are being | They are being careful. | Dhei ar biiing kerful | Wanakuwa waangalifu.

5. Wakati uliopita unaoendelea — Past Continuous

Muundo: Kiima + was/were being + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + waz/wer biiing + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Muundo | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I was being | I was being careful. | Ai waz biiing kerful | Nilikuwa nikifanya mambo kwa uangalifu.

You | You were being | You were being careful. | Yuu wer biiing kerful | Ulikuwa ukifanya mambo kwa uangalifu.

He | He was being | He was being careful. | Hii waz biiing kerful | Alikuwa akifanya mambo kwa uangalifu.

She | She was being | She was being careful. | Shii waz biiing kerful | Alikuwa akifanya mambo kwa uangalifu.

It | It was being | It was being repaired. | It waz biiing ripeard | Kilikuwa kikirekebishwa.

We | We were being | We were being careful. | Wii wer biiing kerful | Tulikuwa tukifanya mambo kwa uangalifu.

You | You were being | You were being careful. | Yuu wer biiing kerful | Mlikuwa mkifanya mambo kwa uangalifu.

They | They were being | They were being careful. | Dhei wer biiing kerful | Walikuwa wakifanya mambo kwa uangalifu.

6. Wakati ujao unaoendelea — Future Continuous

Muundo: Kiima + will be being + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + wil bii biiing + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will be being careful. | Ai wil bii biiing kerful | Nitakuwa nikiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

You | You will be being careful. | Yuu wil bii biiing kerful | Utakuwa ukiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

He | He will be being careful. | Hii wil bii biiing kerful | Atakuwa akiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

She | She will be being careful. | Shii wil bii biiing kerful | Atakuwa akiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

It | It will be being repaired. | It wil bii biiing ripeard | Kitakuwa kikirekebishwa.

We | We will be being careful. | Wii wil bii biiing kerful | Tutakuwa tukiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

You | You will be being careful. | Yuu wil bii biiing kerful | Mtakuwa mkiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

They | They will be being careful. | Dhei wil bii biiing kerful | Watakuwa wakiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

Wakati huu ni sahihi kisarufi, lakini hutumika mara chache sana katika Kiingereza cha kawaida.

7. Wakati uliopo timilifu — Present Perfect

Muundo: Kiima + have/has been + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + hav/haz bin + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I have been happy. | Ai hav bin hapi | Nimekuwa na furaha.

You | You have been happy. | Yuu hav bin hapi | Umekuwa na furaha.

He | He has been happy. | Hii haz bin hapi | Amekuwa na furaha.

She | She has been happy. | Shii haz bin hapi | Amekuwa na furaha.

It | It has been cold. | It haz bin kould | Kumekuwa na baridi.

We | We have been happy. | Wii hav bin hapi | Tumekuwa na furaha.

You | You have been happy. | Yuu hav bin hapi | Mmekuwa na furaha.

They | They have been happy. | Dhei hav bin hapi | Wamekuwa na furaha.

8. Wakati uliopita timilifu — Past Perfect

Muundo: Kiima + had been + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + had bin + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I had been happy. | Ai had bin hapi | Nilikuwa nimekuwa na furaha.

You | You had been happy. | Yuu had bin hapi | Ulikuwa umekuwa na furaha.

He | He had been happy. | Hii had bin hapi | Alikuwa amekuwa na furaha.

She | She had been happy. | Shii had bin hapi | Alikuwa amekuwa na furaha.

It | It had been cold. | It had bin kould | Kulikuwa kumekuwa na baridi.

We | We had been happy. | Wii had bin hapi | Tulikuwa tumekuwa na furaha.

You | You had been happy. | Yuu had bin hapi | Mlikuwa mmekuwa na furaha.

They | They had been happy. | Dhei had bin hapi | Walikuwa wamekuwa na furaha.

9. Wakati ujao timilifu — Future Perfect

Muundo: Kiima + will have been + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + wil hav bin + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will have been happy. | Ai wil hav bin hapi | Nitakuwa nimekuwa na furaha.

You | You will have been happy. | Yuu wil hav bin hapi | Utakuwa umekuwa na furaha.

He | He will have been happy. | Hii wil hav bin hapi | Atakuwa amekuwa na furaha.

She | She will have been happy. | Shii wil hav bin hapi | Atakuwa amekuwa na furaha.

It | It will have been cold. | It wil hav bin kould | Kutakuwa kumekuwa na baridi.

We | We will have been happy. | Wii wil hav bin hapi | Tutakuwa tumekuwa na furaha.

You | You will have been happy. | Yuu wil hav bin hapi | Mtakuwa mmekuwa na furaha.

They | They will have been happy. | Dhei wil hav bin hapi | Watakuwa wamekuwa na furaha.

10. Wakati uliopo timilifu unaoendelea — Present Perfect Continuous

Muundo: Kiima + have/has been being + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + hav/haz bin biiing + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I have been being careful. | Ai hav bin biiing kerful | Nimekuwa nikiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

You | You have been being careful. | Yuu hav bin biiing kerful | Umekuwa ukiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

He | He has been being careful. | Hii haz bin biiing kerful | Amekuwa akiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

She | She has been being careful. | Shii haz bin biiing kerful | Amekuwa akiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

It | It has been being repaired. | It haz bin biiing ripeard | Kimekuwa kikirekebishwa.

We | We have been being careful. | Wii hav bin biiing kerful | Tumekuwa tukiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

You | You have been being careful. | Yuu hav bin biiing kerful | Mmekuwa mkiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

They | They have been being careful. | Dhei hav bin biiing kerful | Wamekuwa wakiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

11. Wakati uliopita timilifu unaoendelea — Past Perfect Continuous

Muundo: Kiima + had been being + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + had bin biiing + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I had been being careful. | Ai had bin biiing kerful | Nilikuwa nikiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

You | You had been being careful. | Yuu had bin biiing kerful | Ulikuwa ukiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

He | He had been being careful. | Hii had bin biiing kerful | Alikuwa akiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

She | She had been being careful. | Shii had bin biiing kerful | Alikuwa akiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

It | It had been being repaired. | It had bin biiing ripeard | Kilikuwa kikiendelea kurekebishwa.

We | We had been being careful. | Wii had bin biiing kerful | Tulikuwa tukiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

You | You had been being careful. | Yuu had bin biiing kerful | Mlikuwa mkiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

They | They had been being careful. | Dhei had bin biiing kerful | Walikuwa wakiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

12. Wakati ujao timilifu unaoendelea — Future Perfect Continuous

Muundo: Kiima + will have been being + kijalizo

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + wil hav bin biiing + Complement

Kiwakilishi | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will have been being careful. | Ai wil hav bin biiing kerful | Nitakuwa nikiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

You | You will have been being careful. | Yuu wil hav bin biiing kerful | Utakuwa ukiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

He | He will have been being careful. | Hii wil hav bin biiing kerful | Atakuwa akiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

She | She will have been being careful. | Shii wil hav bin biiing kerful | Atakuwa akiendelea kuwa mwangalifu.

It | It will have been being repaired. | It wil hav bin biiing ripeard | Kitakuwa kikiendelea kurekebishwa.

We | We will have been being careful. | Wii wil hav bin biiing kerful | Tutakuwa tukiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

You | You will have been being careful. | Yuu wil hav bin biiing kerful | Mtakuwa mkiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

They | They will have been being careful. | Dhei wil hav bin biiing kerful | Watakuwa wakiendelea kuwa waangalifu.

4- Viwakilishi (PRONOUNS)

1. Viwakilishi vya nafsi — aina zote za msingi

Hali / Dhana ya Kiswahili | Muundo | Matamshi ya Kiingereza | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Kiima | Kiwakilishi cha kiima | Subject pronoun | I | Ai | Mimi

Kiima | Kiwakilishi cha kiima | Subject pronoun | you | Yu | Wewe / ninyi

Kiima | Kiwakilishi cha kiima | Subject pronoun | he | Hii | Yeye (mwanaume)

Kiima | Kiwakilishi cha kiima | Subject pronoun | she | Shii | Yeye (mwanamke)

Kiima | Kiwakilishi cha kiima | Subject pronoun | it | It | Kitu au mnyama

Kiima | Kiwakilishi cha kiima | Subject pronoun | we | Wii | Sisi

Kiima | Kiwakilishi cha kiima | Subject pronoun | they | Dheii | Wao

Mifano

Kiwakilishi | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I | I read. | Ai riid | Mimi husoma.

you | You work. | Yu werk | Wewe unafanya kazi.

he | He sleeps. | Hii sliips | Yeye analala.

she | She cooks. | Shii kuks | Yeye anapika.

it | It works. | It werks | Kinafanya kazi.

we | We study. | Wii stadi | Sisi tunasoma.

they | They live here. | Dheii liv hir | Wao wanaishi hapa.

2. Viwakilishi vya yambwa (Object Pronouns)

Viwakilishi hivi hutumika kama yambwa ya moja kwa moja au isiyo ya moja kwa moja katika sentensi.

Dhana ya Kiswahili | Muundo | Matamshi ya Kiingereza | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Yambwa | Kiwakilishi cha yambwa | Object pronoun | me | Mii | Mimi / kwangu

Yambwa | Kiwakilishi cha yambwa | Object pronoun | you | Yu | Wewe / ninyi

Yambwa | Kiwakilishi cha yambwa | Object pronoun | him | Him | Yeye (mwanaume)

Yambwa | Kiwakilishi cha yambwa | Object pronoun | her | Her | Yeye (mwanamke)

Yambwa | Kiwakilishi cha yambwa | Object pronoun | it | It | Kitu hicho

Yambwa | Kiwakilishi cha yambwa | Object pronoun | us | As | Sisi / kwetu

Yambwa | Kiwakilishi cha yambwa | Object pronoun | them | Dhem | Wao

Mifano

Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

She called me. | Shii kold mii | Alinipigia simu.

I saw you. | Ai soo yu | Nilikuona / niliwaona.

We helped him. | Wii helpt him | Tulimsaidia.

I know her. | Ai noo her | Ninammjua.

I bought it. | Ai bot it | Nilikununua.

He invited us. | Hii invaitid as | Alitualika.

She called them. | Shii kold dhem | Aliwapigia simu.

3. Vivumishi vimilikishi vinavyotangulia nomino

Maneno haya huonyesha umiliki na kwa kawaida hutangulia nomino.

Dhana ya Kiswahili | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Umiliki | my + nomino | Mai + noun | my | Mai | -angu / yangu

Umiliki | your + nomino | Yor + noun | your | Yor | -ako / yako / -enu / yenu

Umiliki | his + nomino | Hiz + noun | his | Hiz | -ake / yake (mwanaume)

Umiliki | her + nomino | Her + noun | her | Her | -ake / yake (mwanamke)

Umiliki | its + nomino | Its + noun | its | Its | -ake / yake (kitu au mnyama)

Umiliki | our + nomino | Awar + noun | our | Awar | -etu / yetu

Umiliki | their + nomino | Dheir + noun | their | Dheir | -ao / yao

Mifano

Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

My book is new. | Mai buk iz nyuu | Kitabu changu ni kipya.

Your car is fast. | Yor kaar iz faast | Gari lako ni la kasi.

His house is big. | Hiz haus iz big | Nyumba yake ni kubwa.

Her phone is new. | Her foun iz nyuu | Simu yake ni mpya.

Its color is beautiful. | Its kala iz byuutiful | Rangi yake ni nzuri.

Our teacher is nice. | Awar tiicher iz nais | Mwalimu wetu ni mzuri.

Their house is large. | Dheir haus iz laarj | Nyumba yao ni kubwa.

4. Viwakilishi vimilikishi huru

Hivi hutumika bila nomino inayofuata.

Dhana ya Kiswahili | Muundo | Matamshi | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Umiliki huru | mine | Main | mine | Main | Changu / yangu

Umiliki huru | yours | Yorz | yours | Yorz | Chako / yako / chenu / yenu

Umiliki huru | his | Hiz | his | Hiz | Chake / yake

Umiliki huru | hers | Herz | hers | Herz | Chake / yake

Umiliki huru | ours | Awarz | ours | Awarz | Chetu / yetu

Umiliki huru | theirs | Dheirz | theirs | Dheirz | Chao / yao

Kumbuka: Kwa kawaida, kiwakilishi huru cha umiliki hakitumiki kwa it.

Mifano

Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

This book is mine. | Dhis buk iz main | Kitabu hiki ni changu.

The car is yours. | Dha kaar iz yorz | Gari ni lako.

The house is his. | Dha haus iz hiz | Nyumba ni yake.

The bag is hers. | Dha bag iz herz | Begi ni lake.

The room is ours. | Dha ruum iz awarz | Chumba ni chetu.

The books are theirs. | Dha buks ar dheirz | Vitabu ni vyao.

5. Viwakilishi rejeshi (Reflexive Pronouns)

Hutumika wakati tendo linaporudi kwa mtendaji mwenyewe.

Dhana ya Kiswahili | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Rejeshi | my + self | Mai + self | myself | Mai-self | Mimi mwenyewe

Rejeshi | your + self | Yor + self | yourself | Yor-self | Wewe mwenyewe

Rejeshi | him + self | Him + self | himself | Him-self | Yeye mwenyewe (mwanaume)

Rejeshi | her + self | Her + self | herself | Her-self | Yeye mwenyewe (mwanamke)

Rejeshi | it + self | It + self | itself | It-self | Kitu chenyewe

Rejeshi | our + selves | Awar + selvz | ourselves | Awar-selvz | Sisi wenyewe

Rejeshi | your + selves | Yor + selvz | yourselves | Yor-selvz | Ninyi wenyewe

Rejeshi | them + selves | Dhem + selvz | themselves | Dhem-selvz | Wao wenyewe

Mifano

Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

I hurt myself. | Ai hert mai-self | Nilijiumiza.

You did it yourself. | Yu did it yor-self | Ulifanya mwenyewe.

He introduced himself. | Hii introdyuust him-self | Alijitambulisha.

She taught herself English. | Shii tot her-self inglish | Alijifunza Kiingereza mwenyewe.

The machine turned itself off. | Dha mashiin ternd it-self of | Mashine ilijizima yenyewe.

We enjoyed ourselves. | Wii injoyd awar-selvz | Tulifurahia wakati wetu.

They introduced themselves. | Dheii introdyuust dhem-selvz | Walijitambulisha.

6. Viwakilishi vya kuonyesha (Demonstrative Pronouns)

Dhana ya Kiswahili | Muundo | Matamshi | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Kuonyesha kitu kilicho karibu, umoja | this | Dhis | this | Dhis | Hiki / huyu

Kuonyesha kitu kilicho mbali, umoja | that | Dhat | that | Dhat | Hicho / yule

Kuonyesha vitu vilivyo karibu, wingi | these | Dhiiz | these | Dhiiz | Hivi / hawa

Kuonyesha vitu vilivyo mbali, wingi | those | Dhouz | those | Dhouz | Hivyo / wale

Mifano

This is my book.

Dhis iz mai buk.

Hiki ni kitabu changu.

That is your car.

Dhat iz yor kaar.

Hilo ni gari lako.

These are my shoes.

Dhiiz ar mai shuuz.

Hivi ni viatu vyangu.

Those are their houses.

Dhouz ar dheir hauziz.

Hizo ni nyumba zao.

7. Viwakilishi vya kuuliza (Interrogative Pronouns)

Dhana ya Kiswahili | Muundo | Matamshi | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Kuuliza kuhusu mtu | who | Huu | who | Huu | Nani?

Kuuliza kuhusu mtu kama yambwa | whom | Huum | whom | Huum | Nani?

Kuuliza kuhusu umiliki | whose | Huuz | whose | Huuz | Cha nani?

Kuuliza kuhusu kitu au jambo | what | Wat | what | Wat | Nini?

Kuuliza kuhusu uchaguzi | which | Witch | which | Witch | Kipi? / Yupi?

Mifano

Who called you?

Huu kold yu?

Nani aliyekupigia simu?

Whom did you see?

Huum did yu sii?

Ulimwona nani?

Whose is this?

Huuz iz dhis?

Hiki ni cha nani?

What happened?

Wat hapend?

Nini kilitokea?

Which is yours?

Witch iz yorz?

Kipi ni chako?

8. Viwakilishi vya uhusiano (Relative Pronouns)

Dhana ya Kiswahili | Muundo | Matamshi | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Kwa mtu | who | Huu | who | Huu | Ambaye

Kwa mtu kama yambwa | whom | Huum | whom | Huum | Ambaye / ambaye ...

Kuonyesha umiliki | whose | Huuz | whose | Huuz | Ambaye ... wake

Kwa kitu au mnyama | which | Witch | which | Witch | Ambacho / ambaye

Kwa mtu au kitu | that | Dhat | that | Dhat | Ambaye / ambacho

Mifano

The man who works here is my brother.

Dha man huu werks hir iz mai bradhar.

Mwanaume anayefanya kazi hapa ni ndugu yangu.

The book which I bought is interesting.

Dha buk witch ai bot iz intristing.

Kitabu nilichonunua kinavutia.

The girl whose car was stolen called the police.

Dha gerl huuz kaar waz stoulen kold dha paliis.

Msichana ambaye gari lake liliibwa aliwapigia polisi simu.

9. Viwakilishi visivyo maalumu (Indefinite Pronouns)

Hivi hutaja watu au vitu bila kubainisha mtu au kitu fulani hasa.

Dhana ya Kiswahili | Kiwakilishi | Matamshi | Maana

Mtu asiyeainishwa | someone | Sam-wan | Mtu fulani

Mtu asiyeainishwa | somebody | Sam-badi | Mtu fulani

Mtu yeyote, hasa katika maswali au sentensi hasi | anyone | Eni-wan | Mtu yeyote

Mtu yeyote, hasa katika maswali au sentensi hasi | anybody | Eni-badi | Mtu yeyote

Hakuna mtu | no one | Nou-wan | Hakuna mtu

Hakuna mtu | nobody | Nou-badi | Hakuna mtu

Watu wote | everyone | Evri-wan | Kila mtu

Watu wote | everybody | Evri-badi | Kila mtu

Kitu fulani | something | Sam-thing | Kitu fulani

Kitu chochote | anything | Eni-thing | Kitu chochote

Hakuna kitu | nothing | Nathing | Hakuna kitu

Vitu vyote | everything | Evri-thing | Kila kitu

5- Nyakati za Vitenzi (VERB TENSES)

1. Wakati uliopo wa kawaida (Simple Present)

Matumizi: Mazoea, ukweli na matukio yanayojirudia.

Muundo: Kiima + V1 + ...

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I work. | Ai werk | Ninafanya kazi.

you | You work. | Yu werk | Unafanya kazi.

he | He works. | Hii werks | Anafanya kazi.

she | She works. | Shii werks | Anafanya kazi.

it | It works. | It werks | Kinafanya kazi.

we | We work. | Wii werk | Tunafanya kazi.

you | You work. | Yu werk | Ninyi mnafanya kazi.

they | They work. | Dheii werk | Wanafanya kazi.

Kwa he / she / it, kwa kawaida tunaongeza -s kwenye kitenzi.

2. Wakati uliopita wa kawaida (Simple Past)

Matumizi: Kitendo kilichotokea na kukamilika wakati uliopita.

Muundo: Kiima + V2 + ...

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I worked. | Ai werkt | Nilifanya kazi.

you | You worked. | Yu werkt | Ulifanya kazi.

he | He worked. | Hii werkt | Alifanya kazi.

she | She worked. | Shii werkt | Alifanya kazi.

it | It worked. | It werkt | Kilifanya kazi.

we | We worked. | Wii werkt | Tulifanya kazi.

you | You worked. | Yu werkt | Mlifanya kazi.

they | They worked. | Dheii werkt | Walifanya kazi.

3. Wakati ujao wa kawaida (Simple Future)

Matumizi: Kitu kitakachotokea baadaye.

Muundo: Kiima + will + V1

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will work. | Ai wil werk | Nitafanya kazi.

you | You will work. | Yu wil werk | Utafanya kazi.

he | He will work. | Hii wil werk | Atafanya kazi.

she | She will work. | Shii wil werk | Atafanya kazi.

it | It will work. | It wil werk | Kitafanya kazi.

we | We will work. | Wii wil werk | Tutafanya kazi.

you | You will work. | Yu wil werk | Mtafanya kazi.

they | They will work. | Dheii wil werk | Watafanya kazi.

4. Wakati uliopo endelevu (Present Continuous)

Matumizi: Kitendo kinachoendelea sasa hivi au katika kipindi hiki.

Muundo: Kiima + am/is/are + V-ing

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I am working. | Ai am werking | Ninafanya kazi sasa.

you | You are working. | Yu ar werking | Unafanya kazi sasa.

he | He is working. | Hii iz werking | Anafanya kazi sasa.

she | She is working. | Shii iz werking | Anafanya kazi sasa.

it | It is working. | It iz werking | Kinafanya kazi sasa.

we | We are working. | Wii ar werking | Tunafanya kazi sasa.

you | You are working. | Yu ar werking | Mnafanya kazi sasa.

they | They are working. | Dheii ar werking | Wanafanya kazi sasa.

5. Wakati uliopita endelevu (Past Continuous)

Matumizi: Kitendo kilichokuwa kinaendelea wakati fulani uliopita.

Muundo: Kiima + was/were + V-ing

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I was working. | Ai waz werking | Nilikuwa nikifanya kazi.

you | You were working. | Yu wer werking | Ulikuwa ukifanya kazi.

he | He was working. | Hii waz werking | Alikuwa akifanya kazi.

she | She was working. | Shii waz werking | Alikuwa akifanya kazi.

it | It was working. | It waz werking | Kilikuwa kikifanya kazi.

we | We were working. | Wii wer werking | Tulikuwa tukifanya kazi.

you | You were working. | Yu wer werking | Mlikuwa mkifanya kazi.

they | They were working. | Dheii wer werking | Walikuwa wakifanya kazi.

6. Wakati ujao endelevu (Future Continuous)

Matumizi: Kitendo kitakachokuwa kinaendelea wakati fulani ujao.

Muundo: Kiima + will be + V-ing

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will be working. | Ai wil bii werking | Nitakuwa nikifanya kazi.

you | You will be working. | Yu wil bii werking | Utakuwa ukifanya kazi.

he | He will be working. | Hii wil bii werking | Atakuwa akifanya kazi.

she | She will be working. | Shii wil bii werking | Atakuwa akifanya kazi.

it | It will be working. | It wil bii werking | Kitakuwa kikifanya kazi.

we | We will be working. | Wii wil bii werking | Tutakuwa tukifanya kazi.

you | You will be working. | Yu wil bii werking | Mtakuwa mkifanya kazi.

they | They will be working. | Dheii wil bii werking | Watakuwa wakifanya kazi.

7. Wakati uliopo timilifu (Present Perfect)

Matumizi: Kitendo kilichotokea wakati uliopita na chenye uhusiano na sasa, bila kutaja muda maalumu uliokamilika.

Muundo: Kiima + have/has + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I have worked. | Ai hav werkt | Nimefanya kazi.

you | You have worked. | Yu hav werkt | Umefanya kazi.

he | He has worked. | Hii haz werkt | Amefanya kazi.

she | She has worked. | Shii haz werkt | Amefanya kazi.

it | It has worked. | It haz werkt | Kimefanya kazi.

we | We have worked. | Wii hav werkt | Tumefanya kazi.

you | You have worked. | Yu hav werkt | Mmefanya kazi.

they | They have worked. | Dheii hav werkt | Wamefanya kazi.

8. Wakati uliopita timilifu (Past Perfect)

Matumizi: Kitendo kilichokamilika kabla ya kitendo kingine cha wakati uliopita.

Muundo: Kiima + had + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I had worked. | Ai had werkt | Nilikuwa nimefanya kazi.

you | You had worked. | Yu had werkt | Ulikuwa umefanya kazi.

he | He had worked. | Hii had werkt | Alikuwa amefanya kazi.

she | She had worked. | Shii had werkt | Alikuwa amefanya kazi.

it | It had worked. | It had werkt | Kilikuwa kimefanya kazi.

we | We had worked. | Wii had werkt | Tulikuwa tumefanya kazi.

you | You had worked. | Yu had werkt | Mlikuwa mmefanya kazi.

they | They had worked. | Dheii had werkt | Walikuwa wamefanya kazi.

9. Wakati ujao timilifu (Future Perfect)

Matumizi: Kitendo kitakachokuwa kimekamilika kabla ya wakati fulani ujao.

Muundo: Kiima + will have + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will have worked. | Ai wil hav werkt | Nitakuwa nimefanya kazi.

you | You will have worked. | Yu wil hav werkt | Utakuwa umefanya kazi.

he | He will have worked. | Hii wil hav werkt | Atakuwa amefanya kazi.

she | She will have worked. | Shii wil hav werkt | Atakuwa amefanya kazi.

it | It will have worked. | It wil hav werkt | Kitakuwa kimefanya kazi.

we | We will have worked. | Wii wil hav werkt | Tutakuwa tumefanya kazi.

you | You will have worked. | Yu wil hav werkt | Mtakuwa mmefanya kazi.

they | They will have worked. | Dheii wil hav werkt | Watakuwa wamefanya kazi.

10. Wakati uliopo timilifu endelevu (Present Perfect Continuous)

Matumizi: Kitendo kilichoanza wakati uliopita na kuendelea hadi sasa au kilichodumu kwa kipindi fulani hadi sasa.

Muundo: Kiima + have/has been + V-ing

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I have been working. | Ai hav bin werking | Nimekuwa nikifanya kazi.

you | You have been working. | Yu hav bin werking | Umekuwa ukifanya kazi.

he | He has been working. | Hii haz bin werking | Amekuwa akifanya kazi.

she | She has been working. | Shii haz bin werking | Amekuwa akifanya kazi.

it | It has been working. | It haz bin werking | Kimekuwa kikifanya kazi.

we | We have been working. | Wii hav bin werking | Tumekuwa tukifanya kazi.

you | You have been working. | Yu hav bin werking | Mmekuwa mkifanya kazi.

they | They have been working. | Dheii hav bin werking | Wamekuwa wakifanya kazi.

11. Wakati uliopita timilifu endelevu (Past Perfect Continuous)

Matumizi: Kitendo kilichoendelea kwa muda fulani kabla ya wakati au kitendo kingine cha zamani.

Muundo: Kiima + had been + V-ing

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I had been working. | Ai had bin werking | Nilikuwa nimekuwa nikifanya kazi.

you | You had been working. | Yu had bin werking | Ulikuwa umekuwa ukifanya kazi.

he | He had been working. | Hii had bin werking | Alikuwa amekuwa akifanya kazi.

she | She had been working. | Shii had bin werking | Alikuwa amekuwa akifanya kazi.

it | It had been working. | It had bin werking | Kilikuwa kimekuwa kikifanya kazi.

we | We had been working. | Wii had bin werking | Tulikuwa tumekuwa tukifanya kazi.

you | You had been working. | Yu had bin werking | Mlikuwa mmekuwa mkifanya kazi.

they | They had been working. | Dheii had bin werking | Walikuwa wamekuwa wakifanya kazi.

12. Wakati ujao timilifu endelevu (Future Perfect Continuous)

Matumizi: Kitendo kitakachokuwa kimeendelea kwa muda fulani kufikia wakati maalumu ujao.

Muundo: Kiima + will have been + V-ing

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will have been working. | Ai wil hav bin werking | Nitakuwa nimekuwa nikifanya kazi kwa muda fulani.

you | You will have been working. | Yu wil hav bin werking | Utakuwa umekuwa ukifanya kazi kwa muda fulani.

he | He will have been working. | Hii wil hav bin werking | Atakuwa amekuwa akifanya kazi kwa muda fulani.

she | She will have been working. | Shii wil hav bin werking | Atakuwa amekuwa akifanya kazi kwa muda fulani.

it | It will have been working. | It wil hav bin werking | Kitakuwa kimekuwa kikifanya kazi kwa muda fulani.

we | We will have been working. | Wii wil hav bin werking | Tutakuwa tumekuwa tukifanya kazi kwa muda fulani.

you | You will have been working. | Yu wil hav bin werking | Mtakuwa mmekuwa mkifanya kazi kwa muda fulani.

they | They will have been working. | Dheii wil hav bin werking | Watakuwa wamekuwa wakifanya kazi kwa muda fulani.

6- Nyakati za Kauli Tendwa (PASSIVE VOICE)

1. Wakati uliopo wa kawaida katika kauli tendwa (Simple Present Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + am/is/are + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + am/is/are + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I am written about. | Ai am ritn abaut | Ninaandikiwa / ninaandikwa habari kunihusu.

you | You are written about. | Yu ar ritn abaut | Unaandikiwa / unaandikwa habari kukuhusu.

he | He is written about. | Hii iz ritn abaut | Anaandikiwa / anaandikwa habari kumhusu.

she | She is written about. | Shii iz ritn abaut | Anaandikiwa / anaandikwa habari kumhusu.

it | It is written about. | It iz ritn abaut | Kinaandikiwa / kinaandikwa habari kukihusu.

we | We are written about. | Wii ar ritn abaut | Tunaandikiwa / tunaandikwa habari kutuhusu.

you | You are written about. | Yu ar ritn abaut | Mnaandikiwa / mnaandikwa habari kuwahusu.

they | They are written about. | Dheii ar ritn abaut | Wanaandikiwa / wanaandikwa habari kuwahusu.

Mfano mwingine wa kawaida zaidi:

The book is written in English.

Dha buk iz ritn in inglish.

Kitabu kimeandikwa kwa Kiingereza.

2. Wakati uliopita wa kawaida katika kauli tendwa (Simple Past Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + was/were + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + waz/wer + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I was invited. | Ai waz invaitid | Nilialikwa.

you | You were invited. | Yu wer invaitid | Ulialikwa.

he | He was invited. | Hii waz invaitid | Alialikwa.

she | She was invited. | Shii waz invaitid | Alialikwa.

it | It was invited. | It waz invaitid | Kilialikwa.

we | We were invited. | Wii wer invaitid | Tulialikwa.

you | You were invited. | Yu wer invaitid | Mlikaribishwa / mlikuwa mmealikwa.

they | They were invited. | Dheii wer invaitid | Walialikwa.

3. Wakati ujao wa kawaida katika kauli tendwa (Simple Future Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + will be + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + wil bii + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will be invited. | Ai wil bii invaitid | Nitaalikwa.

you | You will be invited. | Yu wil bii invaitid | Utaalikwa.

he | He will be invited. | Hii wil bii invaitid | Ataalikwa.

she | She will be invited. | Shii wil bii invaitid | Ataalikwa.

it | It will be invited. | It wil bii invaitid | Kitaalikwa.

we | We will be invited. | Wii wil bii invaitid | Tutaalikwa.

you | You will be invited. | Yu wil bii invaitid | Mtaalikwa.

they | They will be invited. | Dheii wil bii invaitid | Wataalikwa.

4. Wakati uliopo endelevu katika kauli tendwa (Present Continuous Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + am/is/are being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + am/is/are bin + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I am being watched. | Ai am bii-ing watcht | Ninaangaliwa sasa.

you | You are being watched. | Yu ar bii-ing watcht | Unaangaliwa sasa.

he | He is being watched. | Hii iz bii-ing watcht | Anaangaliwa sasa.

she | She is being watched. | Shii iz bii-ing watcht | Anaangaliwa sasa.

it | It is being watched. | It iz bii-ing watcht | Kinaangaliwa sasa.

we | We are being watched. | Wii ar bii-ing watcht | Tunaangaliwa sasa.

you | You are being watched. | Yu ar bii-ing watcht | Mnaangaliwa sasa.

they | They are being watched. | Dheii ar bii-ing watcht | Wanaangaliwa sasa.

5. Wakati uliopita endelevu katika kauli tendwa (Past Continuous Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + was/were being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + waz/wer bii-ing + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I was being watched. | Ai waz bii-ing watcht | Nilikuwa nikifuatiliwa.

you | You were being watched. | Yu wer bii-ing watcht | Ulikuwa ukifuatiliwa.

he | He was being watched. | Hii waz bii-ing watcht | Alikuwa akifuatiliwa.

she | She was being watched. | Shii waz bii-ing watcht | Alikuwa akifuatiliwa.

it | It was being watched. | It waz bii-ing watcht | Kilikuwa kikifuatiliwa.

we | We were being watched. | Wii wer bii-ing watcht | Tulikuwa tukifuatiliwa.

you | You were being watched. | Yu wer bii-ing watcht | Mlikuwa mkifuatiliwa.

they | They were being watched. | Dheii wer bii-ing watcht | Walikuwa wakifuatiliwa.

6. Wakati ujao endelevu katika kauli tendwa (Future Continuous Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + will be being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + wil bii bii-ing + V3

Aina hii hutumika mara chache sana katika Kiingereza cha kisasa.

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will be being watched. | Ai wil bii bii-ing watcht | Nitakuwa nikifuatiliwa.

you | You will be being watched. | Yu wil bii bii-ing watcht | Utakuwa ukifuatiliwa.

he | He will be being watched. | Hii wil bii bii-ing watcht | Atakuwa akifuatiliwa.

she | She will be being watched. | Shii wil bii bii-ing watcht | Atakuwa akifuatiliwa.

it | It will be being watched. | It wil bii bii-ing watcht | Kitakuwa kikifuatiliwa.

we | We will be being watched. | Wii wil bii bii-ing watcht | Tutakuwa tukifuatiliwa.

you | You will be being watched. | Yu wil bii bii-ing watcht | Mtakuwa mkifuatiliwa.

they | They will be being watched. | Dheii wil bii bii-ing watcht | Watakuwa wakifuatiliwa.

7. Wakati uliopo timilifu katika kauli tendwa (Present Perfect Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + have/has been + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + hav/haz bin + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I have been invited. | Ai hav bin invaitid | Nimealikwa.

you | You have been invited. | Yu hav bin invaitid | Umealikwa.

he | He has been invited. | Hii haz bin invaitid | Amealikwa.

she | She has been invited. | Shii haz bin invaitid | Amealikwa.

it | It has been invited. | It haz bin invaitid | Kimealikwa.

we | We have been invited. | Wii hav bin invaitid | Tumealikwa.

you | You have been invited. | Yu hav bin invaitid | Mmealikwa.

they | They have been invited. | Dheii hav bin invaitid | Wamealikwa.

8. Wakati uliopita timilifu katika kauli tendwa (Past Perfect Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + had been + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + had bin + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I had been invited. | Ai had bin invaitid | Nilikuwa nimealikwa.

you | You had been invited. | Yu had bin invaitid | Ulikuwa umealikwa.

he | He had been invited. | Hii had bin invaitid | Alikuwa amaalikwa.

she | She had been invited. | Shii had bin invaitid | Alikuwa amaalikwa.

it | It had been invited. | It had bin invaitid | Kilikuwa kimealikwa.

we | We had been invited. | Wii had bin invaitid | Tulikuwa tumealikwa.

you | You had been invited. | Yu had bin invaitid | Mlikuwa mmealikwa.

they | They had been invited. | Dheii had bin invaitid | Walikuwa wamealikwa.

9. Wakati ujao timilifu katika kauli tendwa (Future Perfect Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + will have been + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + wil hav bin + V3

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will have been invited. | Ai wil hav bin invaitid | Nitakuwa nimealikwa.

you | You will have been invited. | Yu wil hav bin invaitid | Utakuwa umealikwa.

he | He will have been invited. | Hii wil hav bin invaitid | Atakuwa amaalikwa.

she | She will have been invited. | Shii wil hav bin invaitid | Atakuwa amaalikwa.

it | It will have been invited. | It wil hav bin invaitid | Kitakuwa kimealikwa.

we | We will have been invited. | Wii wil hav bin invaitid | Tutakuwa tumealikwa.

you | You will have been invited. | Yu wil hav bin invaitid | Mtakuwa mmealikwa.

they | They will have been invited. | Dheii wil hav bin invaitid | Watakuwa wamealikwa.

10. Wakati uliopo timilifu endelevu katika kauli tendwa (Present Perfect Continuous Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + have/has been being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + hav/haz bin bii-ing + V3

Muundo huu unakubalika kisarufi katika mazingira machache, lakini hutumika kwa nadra sana na mara nyingi hubadilishwa na miundo ya kawaida zaidi.

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I have been being watched. | Ai hav bin bii-ing watcht | Nimekuwa nikifuatiliwa mfululizo hadi sasa.

you | You have been being watched. | Yu hav bin bii-ing watcht | Umekuwa ukifuatiliwa mfululizo hadi sasa.

he | He has been being watched. | Hii haz bin bii-ing watcht | Amekuwa akifuatiliwa mfululizo hadi sasa.

she | She has been being watched. | Shii haz bin bii-ing watcht | Amekuwa akifuatiliwa mfululizo hadi sasa.

it | It has been being watched. | It haz bin bii-ing watcht | Kimekuwa kikifuatiliwa mfululizo hadi sasa.

we | We have been being watched. | Wii hav bin bii-ing watcht | Tumekuwa tukifuatiliwa mfululizo hadi sasa.

you | You have been being watched. | Yu hav bin bii-ing watcht | Mmekuwa mkifuatiliwa mfululizo hadi sasa.

they | They have been being watched. | Dheii hav bin bii-ing watcht | Wamekuwa wakifuatiliwa mfululizo hadi sasa.

11. Wakati uliopita timilifu endelevu katika kauli tendwa (Past Perfect Continuous Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + had been being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + had bin bii-ing + V3

Aina hii ni nadra sana kutumika.

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I had been being watched. | Ai had bin bii-ing watcht | Nilikuwa nikifuatiliwa mfululizo.

you | You had been being watched. | Yu had bin bii-ing watcht | Ulikuwa ukifuatiliwa mfululizo.

he | He had been being watched. | Hii had bin bii-ing watcht | Alikuwa akifuatiliwa mfululizo.

she | She had been being watched. | Shii had bin bii-ing watcht | Alikuwa akifuatiliwa mfululizo.

it | It had been being watched. | It had bin bii-ing watcht | Kilikuwa kikifuatiliwa mfululizo.

we | We had been being watched. | Wii had bin bii-ing watcht | Tulikuwa tukifuatiliwa mfululizo.

you | You had been being watched. | Yu had bin bii-ing watcht | Mlikuwa mkifuatiliwa mfululizo.

they | They had been being watched. | Dheii had bin bii-ing watcht | Walikuwa wakifuatiliwa mfululizo.

12. Wakati ujao timilifu endelevu katika kauli tendwa (Future Perfect Continuous Passive)

Muundo: Kiima + will have been being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Subject + wil hav bin bii-ing + V3

Muundo huu ni nadra sana kutumika katika Kiingereza.

Kiwakilishi | Sentensi | Matamshi | Maana

I | I will have been being watched. | Ai wil hav bin bii-ing watcht | Nitakuwa nimekuwa nikifuatiliwa mfululizo.

you | You will have been being watched. | Yu wil hav bin bii-ing watcht | Utakuwa umekuwa ukifuatiliwa mfululizo.

he | He will have been being watched. | Hii wil hav bin bii-ing watcht | Atakuwa amekuwa akifuatiliwa mfululizo.

she | She will have been being watched. | Shii wil hav bin bii-ing watcht | Atakuwa amekuwa akifuatiliwa mfululizo.

it | It will have been being watched. | It wil hav bin bii-ing watcht | Kitakuwa kimekuwa kikifuatiliwa mfululizo.

we | We will have been being watched. | Wii wil hav bin bii-ing watcht | Tutakuwa tumekuwa tukifuatiliwa mfululizo.

you | You will have been being watched. | Yu wil hav bin bii-ing watcht | Mtakuwa mmekuwa mkifuatiliwa mfululizo.

they | They will have been being watched. | Dheii wil hav bin bii-ing watcht | Watakuwa wamekuwa wakifuatiliwa mfululizo.

7- Viambishi vya ukanushi

. Wakati uliopo wa kawaida — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + do/does + not + V1

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I do not work.   Ai du not work   Sifanyi kazi.

You   You do not work.   Yu du not work   Hufanyi kazi.

He   He does not work.   Hi daz not work   Hafanyi kazi.

She   She does not work.   Shi daz not work   Hafanyi kazi.

It   It does not work.   It daz not work   Haifanyi kazi.

We   We do not work.   Wi du not work   Hatufanyi kazi.

They   They do not work.   Dheɪ du not work   Hawafanyi kazi.

Vifupisho:

do not → don't — dount

does not → doesn't — daznt

⚠️ Baada ya doesn't, tumia V1:

He doesn't work. ✅

He doesn't works. ❌

2. Wakati uliopita wa kawaida — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + did + not + V1

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I did not work.   Ai did not work   Sikufanya kazi.

You   You did not work.   Yu did not work   Hukufanya kazi.

He   He did not work.   Hi did not work   Hakufanya kazi.

She   She did not work.   Shi did not work   Hakufanya kazi.

It   It did not work.   It did not work   Haikufanya kazi.

We   We did not work.   Wi did not work   Hatukufanya kazi.

They   They did not work.   Dheɪ did not work   Hawakufanya kazi.

did not → didn't — didnt

⚠️ Baada ya didn't, tumia V1:

I didn't work. ✅

I didn't worked. ❌

3. Wakati ujao wa kawaida — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + will + not + V1

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I will not work.   Ai wil not work   Sitafanya kazi.

You   You will not work.   Yu wil not work   Hutafanya kazi.

He   He will not work.   Hi wil not work   Hatafanya kazi.

She   She will not work.   Shi wil not work   Hatafanya kazi.

It   It will not work.   It wil not work   Haitafanya kazi.

We   We will not work.   Wi wil not work   Hatutafanya kazi.

They   They will not work.   Dheɪ wil not work   Hawatafanya kazi.

will not → won't — wount

Nyakati endelevu

4. Wakati uliopo endelevu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + am/is/are + not + V-ing

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I am not working.   Ai am not working   Sifanyi kazi sasa.

You   You are not working.   Yu ar not working   Hufanyi kazi sasa.

He   He is not working.   Hi iz not working   Hafanyi kazi sasa.

She   She is not working.   Shi iz not working   Hafanyi kazi sasa.

It   It is not working.   It iz not working   Haifanyi kazi sasa.

We   We are not working.   Wi ar not working   Hatufanyi kazi sasa.

They   They are not working.   Dheɪ ar not working   Hawafanyi kazi sasa.

Vifupisho:

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — arnt

am not → I'm not — aim not

5. Wakati uliopita endelevu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + was/were + not + V-ing

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I was not working.   Ai waz not working   Sikuwa nikifanya kazi.

You   You were not working.   Yu wer not working   Hukukuwa ukifanya kazi.

He   He was not working.   Hi waz not working   Hakuwa akifanya kazi.

She   She was not working.   Shi waz not working   Hakuwa akifanya kazi.

It   It was not working.   It waz not working   Haikuwa ikifanya kazi.

We   We were not working.   Wi wer not working   Hatukuwa tukifanya kazi.

They   They were not working.   Dheɪ wer not working   Hawakuwa wakifanya kazi.

Vifupisho:

was not → wasn't — waznt

were not → weren't — wernt

6. Wakati ujao endelevu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + will + not + be + V-ing

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I will not be working.   Ai wil not bi working   Sitakuwa nikifanya kazi.

You   You will not be working.   Yu wil not bi working   Hutakuwa ukifanya kazi.

He   He will not be working.   Hi wil not bi working   Hatakuwa akifanya kazi.

She   She will not be working.   Shi wil not bi working   Hatakuwa akifanya kazi.

It   It will not be working.   It wil not bi working   Haitakuwa ikifanya kazi.

We   We will not be working.   Wi wil not bi working   Hatutakuwa tukifanya kazi.

They   They will not be working.   Dheɪ wil not bi working   Hawatakuwa wakifanya kazi.

Nyakati timilifu

7. Wakati uliopo timilifu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + have/has + not + V3

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I have not worked.   Ai hav not workt   Sijafanya kazi.

You   You have not worked.   Yu hav not workt   Hujafanya kazi.

He   He has not worked.   Hi haz not workt   Hajafanya kazi.

She   She has not worked.   Shi haz not workt   Hajafanya kazi.

It   It has not worked.   It haz not workt   Haijafanya kazi.

We   We have not worked.   Wi hav not workt   Hatujafanya kazi.

They   They have not worked.   Dheɪ hav not workt   Hawajafanya kazi.

Vifupisho:

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. Wakati uliopita timilifu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + had + not + V3

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I had not worked.   Ai had not workt   Sikuwa nimefanya kazi.

You   You had not worked.   Yu had not workt   Hukukuwa umefanya kazi.

He   He had not worked.   Hi had not workt   Hakuwa amefanya kazi.

She   She had not worked.   Shi had not workt   Hakuwa amefanya kazi.

It   It had not worked.   It had not workt   Haikuwa imefanya kazi.

We   We had not worked.   Wi had not workt   Hatukuwa tumefanya kazi.

They   They had not worked.   Dheɪ had not workt   Hawakuwa wamefanya kazi.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. Wakati ujao timilifu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + will + not + have + V3

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I will not have worked.   Ai wil not hav workt   Sitakuwa nimefanya kazi.

You   You will not have worked.   Yu wil not hav workt   Hutakuwa umefanya kazi.

He   He will not have worked.   Hi wil not hav workt   Hatakuwa amefanya kazi.

She   She will not have worked.   Shi wil not hav workt   Hatakuwa amefanya kazi.

It   It will not have worked.   It wil not hav workt   Haitakuwa imefanya kazi.

We   We will not have worked.   Wi wil not hav workt   Hatutakuwa tumefanya kazi.

They   They will not have worked.   Dheɪ wil not hav workt   Hawatakuwa wamefanya kazi.

Nyakati timilifu endelevu

10. Wakati uliopo timilifu endelevu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I have not been working.   Ai hav not bin working   Sijakuwa nikifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

You   You have not been working.   Yu hav not bin working   Hujakuwa ukifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

He   He has not been working.   Hi haz not bin working   Hajakuwa akifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

She   She has not been working.   Shi haz not bin working   Hajakuwa akifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

It   It has not been working.   It haz not bin working   Haijakuwa ikifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

We   We have not been working.   Wi hav not bin working   Hatujakuwa tukifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

They   They have not been working.   Dheɪ hav not bin working   Hawajakuwa wakifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

11. Wakati uliopita timilifu endelevu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + had + not + been + V-ing

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I had not been working.   Ai had not bin working   Sikuwa nimekuwa nikifanya kazi.

You   You had not been working.   Yu had not bin working   Hukukuwa umekuwa ukifanya kazi.

He   He had not been working.   Hi had not bin working   Hakuwa amekuwa akifanya kazi.

She   She had not been working.   Shi had not bin working   Hakuwa amekuwa akifanya kazi.

It   It had not been working.   It had not bin working   Haikuwa imekuwa ikifanya kazi.

We   We had not been working.   Wi had not bin working   Hatukuwa tumekuwa tukifanya kazi.

They   They had not been working.   Dheɪ had not bin working   Hawakuwa wamekuwa wakifanya kazi.

12. Wakati ujao timilifu endelevu — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo: Kiima + will + not + have + been + V-ing

Kiwakilishi   Sentensi   Matamshi   Maana

I   I will not have been working.   Ai wil not hav bin working   Sitakuwa nimekuwa nikifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

You   You will not have been working.   Yu wil not hav bin working   Hutakuwa umekuwa ukifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

He   He will not have been working.   Hi wil not hav bin working   Hatakuwa amekuwa akifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

She   She will not have been working.   Shi wil not hav bin working   Hatakuwa amekuwa akifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

It   It will not have been working.   It wil not hav bin working   Haitakuwa imekuwa ikifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

We   We will not have been working.   Wi wil not hav bin working   Hatutakuwa tumekuwa tukifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

They   They will not have been working.   Dheɪ wil not hav bin working   Hawatakuwa wamekuwa wakifanya kazi kwa kipindi fulani.

. Wakati uliopo wa kawaida katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + am/is/are + not + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + am/iz/ar + not + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I am not invited.   Ai am not invaitid   Sialikwi.

You   You are not invited.   Yu ar not invaitid   Hualikwi.

He   He is not invited.   Hi iz not invaitid   Haalikwi.

She   She is not invited.   Shi iz not invaitid   Haalikwi.

It   It is not used.   It iz not yuzd   Hakitumiki.

We   We are not invited.   Wi ar not invaitid   Hatujaalikwa.

They   They are not invited.   Dheɪ ar not invaitid   Hawajaalikwa.

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — arnt

2. Wakati uliopita wa kawaida katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + was/were + not + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + waz/wer + not + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I was not invited.   Ai waz not invaitid   Sikualikwa.

You   You were not invited.   Yu wer not invaitid   Hukualikwa.

He   He was not invited.   Hi waz not invaitid   Hakualikwa.

She   She was not invited.   Shi waz not invaitid   Hakualikwa.

It   It was not used.   It waz not yuzd   Hakikutumiwa.

We   We were not invited.   Wi wer not invaitid   Hatukualikwa.

They   They were not invited.   Dheɪ wer not invaitid   Hawakualikwa.

was not → wasn't — waznt

were not → weren't — wernt

3. Wakati ujao wa kawaida katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + will + not + be + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + wil + not + bi + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I will not be invited.   Ai wil not bi invaitid   Sitaalikwa.

You   You will not be invited.   Yu wil not bi invaitid   Hutaalikwa.

He   He will not be invited.   Hi wil not bi invaitid   Hataalikwa.

She   She will not be invited.   Shi wil not bi invaitid   Hataalikwa.

It   It will not be used.   It wil not bi yuzd   Hakitatumiwa.

We   We will not be invited.   Wi wil not bi invaitid   Hatutaalikwa.

They   They will not be invited.   Dheɪ wil not bi invaitid   Hawataalikwa.

will not → won't — wount

4. Wakati uliopo endelevu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + am/is/are + not + being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + am/iz/ar + not + biing + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I am not being invited.   Ai am not biing invaitid   Sialikwi kwa sasa.

You   You are not being invited.   Yu ar not biing invaitid   Hualikwi kwa sasa.

He   He is not being invited.   Hi iz not biing invaitid   Haalikwi kwa sasa.

She   She is not being invited.   Shi iz not biing invaitid   Haalikwi kwa sasa.

It   It is not being used.   It iz not biing yuzd   Hakitatumika kwa sasa.

We   We are not being invited.   Wi ar not biing invaitid   Hatujaalikwa kwa sasa.

They   They are not being invited.   Dheɪ ar not biing invaitid   Hawajaalikwa kwa sasa.

5. Wakati uliopita endelevu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + was/were + not + being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + waz/wer + not + biing + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I was not being invited.   Ai waz not biing invaitid   Sikuwa nikiitwa au kualikwa wakati huo.

You   You were not being invited.   Yu wer not biing invaitid   Hukualikwa wakati huo.

He   He was not being invited.   Hi waz not biing invaitid   Hakuwa akialikwa wakati huo.

She   She was not being invited.   Shi waz not biing invaitid   Hakuwa akialikwa wakati huo.

It   It was not being used.   It waz not biing yuzd   Hakikuwa kikitumiwa wakati huo.

We   We were not being invited.   Wi wer not biing invaitid   Hatukuwa tukialikwa wakati huo.

They   They were not being invited.   Dheɪ wer not biing invaitid   Hawakuwa wakialikwa wakati huo.

6. Wakati ujao endelevu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + will + not + be + being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + wil + not + bi + biing + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I will not be being invited.   Ai wil not bi biing invaitid   Sitakuwa katika mchakato wa kualikwa wakati huo ujao.

You   You will not be being invited.   Yu wil not bi biing invaitid   Hutakuwa katika mchakato wa kualikwa wakati huo ujao.

He   He will not be being invited.   Hi wil not bi biing invaitid   Hatakuwa katika mchakato wa kualikwa wakati huo ujao.

She   She will not be being invited.   Shi wil not bi biing invaitid   Hatakuwa katika mchakato wa kualikwa wakati huo ujao.

We   We will not be being invited.   Wi wil not bi biing invaitid   Hatutakuwa katika mchakato wa kualikwa wakati huo ujao.

They   They will not be being invited.   Dheɪ wil not bi biing invaitid   Hawatakuwa katika mchakato wa kualikwa wakati huo ujao.

⚠️ Muundo huu ni sahihi kisarufi, lakini ni nadra sana katika Kiingereza cha kawaida. Mara nyingi hutumiwa miundo mingine iliyo rahisi zaidi.

7. Wakati uliopo timilifu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + have/has + not + been + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + hav/haz + not + bin + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I have not been invited.   Ai hav not bin invaitid   Sijaalikwa.

You   You have not been invited.   Yu hav not bin invaitid   Hujalikwa.

He   He has not been invited.   Hi haz not bin invaitid   Hajaalikwa.

She   She has not been invited.   Shi haz not bin invaitid   Hajaalikwa.

It   It has not been used.   It haz not bin yuzd   Hakijatumika.

We   We have not been invited.   Wi hav not bin invaitid   Hatujaalikwa.

They   They have not been invited.   Dheɪ hav not bin invaitid   Hawajaalikwa.

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. Wakati uliopita timilifu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + had + not + been + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + had + not + bin + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I had not been invited.   Ai had not bin invaitid   Sikuwa nimealikwa.

You   You had not been invited.   Yu had not bin invaitid   Hukukuwa umealikwa.

He   He had not been invited.   Hi had not bin invaitid   Hakuwa amekualikwa.

She   She had not been invited.   Shi had not bin invaitid   Hakuwa amekualikwa.

We   We had not been invited.   Wi had not bin invaitid   Hatukuwa tumealikwa.

They   They had not been invited.   Dheɪ had not bin invaitid   Hawakuwa wamealikwa.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. Wakati ujao timilifu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + will + not + have + been + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + wil + not + hav + bin + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I will not have been invited.   Ai wil not hav bin invaitid   Sitakuwa nimealikwa kufikia wakati huo.

You   You will not have been invited.   Yu wil not hav bin invaitid   Hutakuwa umealikwa kufikia wakati huo.

He   He will not have been invited.   Hi wil not hav bin invaitid   Hatakuwa amekualikwa kufikia wakati huo.

She   She will not have been invited.   Shi wil not hav bin invaitid   Hatakuwa amekualikwa kufikia wakati huo.

We   We will not have been invited.   Wi wil not hav bin invaitid   Hatutakuwa tumealikwa kufikia wakati huo.

They   They will not have been invited.   Dheɪ wil not hav bin invaitid   Hawatakuwa wamealikwa kufikia wakati huo.

10. Wakati uliopo timilifu endelevu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + have/has + not + been + being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + hav/haz + not + bin + biing + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I have not been being invited.   Ai hav not bin biing invaitid   Sijakuwa nikiendelea kualikwa.

You   You have not been being invited.   Yu hav not bin biing invaitid   Hujakuwa ukiendelea kualikwa.

He   He has not been being invited.   Hi haz not bin biing invaitid   Hakuwa akiendelea kualikwa.

She   She has not been being invited.   Shi haz not bin biing invaitid   Hakuwa akiendelea kualikwa.

We   We have not been being invited.   Wi hav not bin biing invaitid   Hatujakuwa tukiendelea kualikwa.

They   They have not been being invited.   Dheɪ hav not bin biing invaitid   Hawajakuwa wakiendelea kualikwa.

⚠️ Muundo huu ni nadra sana katika Kiingereza; kwa kawaida hutumika miundo mingine rahisi zaidi.

11. Wakati uliopita timilifu endelevu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + had + not + been + being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + had + not + bin + biing + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I had not been being invited.   Ai had not bin biing invaitid   Sikuwa nikiendelea kualikwa hadi wakati huo.

You   You had not been being invited.   Yu had not bin biing invaitid   Hukukuwa ukiendelea kualikwa hadi wakati huo.

He   He had not been being invited.   Hi had not bin biing invaitid   Hakuwa akiendelea kualikwa hadi wakati huo.

She   She had not been being invited.   Shi had not bin biing invaitid   Hakuwa akiendelea kualikwa hadi wakati huo.

We   We had not been being invited.   Wi had not bin biing invaitid   Hatukuwa tukiendelea kualikwa hadi wakati huo.

They   They had not been being invited.   Dheɪ had not bin biing invaitid   Hawakuwa wakiendelea kualikwa hadi wakati huo.

⚠️ Muundo huu ni nadra sana.

12. Wakati ujao timilifu endelevu katika kauli tendwa — Umbo la ukanushi

Muundo

Muundo wa Kiingereza: Kiima + will + not + have + been + being + V3

Matamshi ya muundo: Sabjekti + wil + not + hav + bin + biing + vi thrii

Kiwakilishi   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

I   I will not have been being invited.   Ai wil not hav bin biing invaitid   Sitakuwa nimekuwa nikiendelea kualikwa kufikia wakati huo.

You   You will not have been being invited.   Yu wil not hav bin biing invaitid   Hutakuwa umekuwa ukiendelea kualikwa kufikia wakati huo.

He   He will not have been being invited.   Hi wil not hav bin biing invaitid   Hatakuwa amekuwa akiendelea kualikwa kufikia wakati huo.

She   She will not have been being invited.   Shi wil not hav bin biing invaitid   Hatakuwa amekuwa akiendelea kualikwa kufikia wakati huo.

We   We will not have been being invited.   Wi wil not hav bin biing invaitid   Hatutakuwa tumekuwa tukiendelea kualikwa kufikia wakati huo.

They   They will not have been being invited.   Dheɪ wil not hav bin biing invaitid   Hawatakuwa wamekuwa wakiendelea kualikwa kufikia wakati huo.

⚠️ Miundo hii ni nadra sana na kwa kawaida huepukwa katika matumizi ya kawaida.

no + noun

Dhana ya Kiswahili   Muundo wa Kiingereza   Matamshi ya muundo   Mfano   Matamshi   Maana

Nomino ya umoja inayohesabika   no + nomino ya umoja   nou + naun   no book   nou buk   Hakuna kitabu.

Nomino ya wingi   no + nomino ya wingi   nou + nomino ya wingi   no books   nou buks   Hakuna vitabu.

Nomino isiyohesabika   no + nomino isiyohesabika   nou + ankauntabl naun   no water   nou wota   Hakuna maji.

Kueleza kwamba kitu hakipo   there is + no + nomino ya umoja/isiyohesabika   dhear iz + nou + naun   There is no book.   Dhear iz nou buk   Hakuna kitabu.

Kueleza kwamba vitu havipo   there are + no + nomino ya wingi   dhear ar + nou + nomino ya wingi   There are no books.   Dhear ar nou buks   Hakuna vitabu.

Umiliki   have/has + no + nomino   hav/haz + nou + naun   I have no books.   Ai hav nou buks   Sina vitabu.

8- Maswali

1   Wakati uliopo wa kawaida   Do/Does + kiima + V1...? — Du/Daz + sabjekti + vi wan? — Do you work? — Du yu work? — Je, unafanya kazi?

2   Wakati uliopita wa kawaida   Did + kiima + V1...? — Did + sabjekti + vi wan? — Did you work? — Did yu work? — Je, ulifanya kazi?

3   Wakati ujao wa kawaida   Will + kiima + V1...? — Wil + sabjekti + vi wan? — Will you work? — Wil yu work? — Je, utafanya kazi?

4   Wakati uliopo endelevu   Am/Is/Are + kiima + V-ing...? — Am/Iz/Ar + sabjekti + vi-ing? — Are you working? — Ar yu working? — Je, unafanya kazi sasa?

5   Wakati uliopita endelevu   Was/Were + kiima + V-ing...? — Waz/Wer + sabjekti + vi-ing? — Were you working? — Wer yu working? — Je, ulikuwa ukifanya kazi?

6   Wakati ujao endelevu   Will + kiima + be + V-ing...? — Wil + sabjekti + bi + vi-ing? — Will you be working? — Wil yu bi working? — Je, utakuwa ukifanya kazi?

7   Wakati uliopo timilifu   Have/Has + kiima + V3...? — Hav/Haz + sabjekti + vi thrii? — Have you worked? — Hav yu workt? — Je, umefanya kazi?

8   Wakati uliopita timilifu   Had + kiima + V3...? — Had + sabjekti + vi thrii? — Had you worked? — Had yu workt? — Je, ulikuwa umefanya kazi?

9   Wakati ujao timilifu   Will + kiima + have + V3...? — Wil + sabjekti + hav + vi thrii? — Will you have worked? — Wil yu hav workt? — Je, utakuwa umemaliza kufanya kazi?

10   Wakati uliopo timilifu endelevu   Have/Has + kiima + been + V-ing...? — Hav/Haz + sabjekti + bin + vi-ing? — Have you been working? — Hav yu bin working? — Je, umekuwa ukifanya kazi kwa muda?

11   Wakati uliopita timilifu endelevu   Had + kiima + been + V-ing...? — Had + sabjekti + bin + vi-ing? — Had you been working? — Had yu bin working? — Je, ulikuwa umekuwa ukifanya kazi kwa muda?

12   Wakati ujao timilifu endelevu   Will + kiima + have + been + V-ing...? — Wil + sabjekti + hav + bin + vi-ing? — Will you have been working? — Wil yu hav bin working? — Je, utakuwa umekuwa ukifanya kazi kwa muda?

Dhana ya Kiswahili   Muundo wa Kiingereza   Matamshi ya muundo

Swali kuhusu kitu   What + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi kikuu?   Wot + oksiliari + sabjekti + verbi?

Swali kuhusu mtu anayefanya kitendo (kiima)   Who + kitenzi?   Hu + verbi?

Swali kuhusu mtu anayepokea kitendo (yambwa)   Who/Whom + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi?   Hu/Hum + oksiliari + sabjekti + verbi?

Swali kuhusu mahali   Where + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi?   Wea + oksiliari + sabjekti + verbi?

Swali kuhusu wakati   When + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi?   Wen + oksiliari + sabjekti + verbi?

Swali kuhusu sababu   Why + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi?   Wai + oksiliari + sabjekti + verbi?

Swali kuhusu uchaguzi   Which + nomino + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi?   Wich + naun + oksiliari + sabjekti + verbi?

Swali kuhusu umiliki   Whose + nomino...?   Huz + naun...?

Swali kuhusu namna   How + kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + kitenzi?   Hau + oksiliari + sabjekti + verbi?

Swali kuhusu idadi   How many + nomino ya wingi...?   Hau meni + nomino ya wingi...?

Swali kuhusu kiasi   How much + nomino isiyohesabika...?   Hau mach + nomino isiyohesabika...?

Swali kuhusu muda   How long...?   Hau long...?

Swali kuhusu marudio   How often...?   Hau ofn...?

Swali kuhusu umbali   How far...?   Hau far...?

Kanuni ya msingi

Maswali mengi yanayoanza na WH hufuata muundo huu:

WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?

Matamshi: Dabliu-eich werd + oksiliari + sabjekti + mein verbi?

Mfano:

Where + do + you + live?

Wea + du + yu + liv?

= Unaishi wapi?

Lakini ikiwa neno la WH lenyewe ndilo kiima, kwa kawaida hatutumii do/does/did:

Who + works here?

Hu works hia?

= Nani anayefanya kazi hapa?

Hii ndiyo tofauti ya msingi kati ya:

Who did you see? → Hu did yu sii? → Ulimwona nani?

Who saw you? → Hu so yu? → Nani aliyekuona?

8- Vielezi (ADVERBS)

1. Vielezi vya marudio

Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

Marudio ya kudumu | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | always | olwéiz | kila wakati

Marudio ya karibu kila wakati | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | usually | yúzhuali | kwa kawaida

Marudio ya kawaida | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | normally | nórmali | kwa kawaida

Marudio ya kawaida | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | generally | jénrali | kwa ujumla

Marudio ya mara kwa mara | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | frequently | fríkwentli | mara kwa mara

Marudio ya mara nyingi | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | often | ófen | mara nyingi

Marudio ya wakati mwingine | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | sometimes | samtáimz | wakati mwingine

Marudio ya hapa na pale | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | occasionally | akéizhanali | mara chache

Marudio ya nadra | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | rarely | rérli | mara chache

Marudio ya nadra sana | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | seldom | séldam | mara chache

Hakuna marudio | Kielezi cha marudio + sentensi | Adverb of frequency + sentence | never | néver | kamwe

Mfano:

I always study English.

Matamshi: Ai olwéiz stadi Ínglish.

Maana: Mimi husoma Kiingereza kila wakati.

2. Vielezi vya wakati

Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

Wakati wa sasa | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | now | náu | sasa

Wakati wa sasa | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | currently | kárrentli | kwa sasa

Wakati wa sasa | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | presently | prézentli | kwa sasa

Wakati uliopita wa karibuni | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | recently | rísentli | hivi karibuni

Wakati uliopita | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | yesterday | yésterdei | jana

Wakati uliopita | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | before | bifór | kabla

Wakati uliopita | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | previously | príviəsli | hapo awali

Wakati uliopita | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | formerly | fórmerli | zamani

Kitendo kinachoendelea | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | still | stil | bado

Wakati ujao | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | soon | sun | hivi karibuni

Wakati ujao | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | later | léiter | baadaye

Wakati ujao | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | eventually | ivénchuali | hatimaye

Wakati wa mapema | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | early | érli | mapema

Wakati wa kuchelewa | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | late | léit | kwa kuchelewa

Mwanzo | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | first | ferst | kwanza

Mwisho | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | finally | fáinali | hatimaye

Wakati huo huo | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | meanwhile | mínwáil | wakati huohuo

Mfuatano | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | then | then | kisha

Mfuatano | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | afterward | áfterwerd | baadaye

Mfuatano | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | afterwards | áfterwerdz | baadaye

Mfuatano | Kielezi cha wakati | Time adverb | subsequently | sábsekwentli | baadaye

3. Vielezi vya muda, mwendelezo na marudio

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

already | olrédi | tayari

yet | yet | bado; mpaka sasa

still | stil | bado

just | jast | tu; muda mfupi uliopita

ever | éver | wakati wowote; kuwahi

never | néver | kamwe

once | wans | mara moja

twice | twais | mara mbili

again | agén | tena

again and again | agén and agén | tena na tena

forever | foréver | milele

temporarily | témpererili | kwa muda

permanently | pérmanentli | daima; kwa kudumu

Mfano:

She has already finished.

Matamshi: Shi haz olrédi finisht.

Maana: Yeye tayari amemaliza.

4. Vielezi vya mahali

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

here | hir | hapa

there | dher | pale

everywhere | évriwer | kila mahali

somewhere | samwer | mahali fulani

anywhere | éniwer | mahali popote

nowhere | nóuwer | hakuna mahali

abroad | abród | nje ya nchi

overseas | óuver-síz | ng'ambo ya bahari; nje ya nchi

nearby | nírbai | karibu

close | klóus | karibu

far | far | mbali

away | awéi | mbali

back | bak | nyuma; kurudi

forward | fórwerd | mbele

backward | bákw erd | kuelekea nyuma

indoors | índorz | ndani ya jengo

outdoors | áutdorz | nje

upstairs | apstérz | ghorofani

downstairs | dáunstérz | ghorofa ya chini

inside | insáid | ndani

outside | áutsáid | nje

5. Vielezi vya kiwango

Vielezi hivi huonyesha kiwango au ukubwa wa kivumishi, kitenzi au kielezi kingine.

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

very | véri | sana

really | ríali | kweli; sana

extremely | ikstrímli | kupita kiasi; sana mno

highly | háili | kwa kiwango cha juu

absolutely | ábsalutli | kabisa

completely | kamplítli | kabisa

totally | tóutali | kabisa

entirely | intáierli | kikamilifu

fully | fúli | kikamilifu

quite | kwáit | kiasi fulani; kabisa, kutegemea muktadha

rather | ráadher | kwa kiasi fulani; badala ya

fairly | férli | kwa kiasi cha wastani

pretty | príti | kiasi; sana

somewhat | samwát | kwa kiasi fulani

slightly | sláitli | kidogo

a little | a lítl | kidogo

too | tu | kupita kiasi; pia

enough | ináf | vya kutosha

almost | ólmoust | karibu

nearly | nírli | karibu

barely | béərli | kwa shida; karibu kutofanya

hardly | hárdli | kwa shida; karibu kabisa kutofanya

scarcely | skérsli | kwa shida; karibu kabisa kutofanya

deeply | dípli | kwa kina; sana

greatly | gréitli | kwa kiwango kikubwa

so | sóu | sana; hivyo

such | sach | wa namna hiyo; kama huyo

a lot | a lot | sana; kwa wingi

a bit | a bit | kidogo

a little bit | a lítl bit | kidogo sana

Mfano:

The movie is extremely interesting.

Matamshi: Dha múvi iz ikstrímli ínteresting.

Maana: Filamu hiyo inavutia sana.

6. Vielezi vya uwezekano na uhakika

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

certainly | sértenli | hakika

definitely | défenitli | bila shaka

surely | shúrli | hakika

probably | prá babli | huenda; kuna uwezekano mkubwa

possibly | pósibli | yawezekana

perhaps | perháps | labda

maybe | méibi | labda

apparently | apárentli | inaonekana

evidently | évidentli | ni wazi kutokana na ushahidi

clearly | klírli | waziwazi

obviously | óbviəsli | ni dhahiri

presumably | prizúmabli | kwa kudhaniwa; inawezekana

supposedly | sapóuzidli | inasemekana; kwa kudhaniwa

undoubtedly | andáutedli | bila shaka

arguably | árgyuab li | inaweza kusemwa kwamba

likely | láikli | yawezekana

unlikely | anl áikli | haiwezekani sana

7. Vielezi vinavyoonyesha mtazamo wa mzungumzaji

Kundi hili linajumuisha vielezi vya sentensi na vielezi vya mtazamo, vinavyoonyesha maoni au mtazamo wa mzungumzaji kuhusu sentensi nzima.

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

fortunately | fórchunetli | kwa bahati nzuri

unfortunately | an fórchunetli | kwa bahati mbaya

luckily | lákili | kwa bahati nzuri

sadly | sádli | kwa kusikitisha

honestly | ónestli | kwa uaminifu; kusema kweli

frankly | fránkli | kusema kweli; waziwazi

personally | pérsenali | binafsi

seriously | síriəsli | kwa uzito; kwa dhati

technically | téknikali | kitaalamu; kwa maana ya kiufundi

basically | béisikli | kimsingi

generally | jénrali | kwa ujumla

normally | nórmali | kwa kawaida

naturally | náchrali | kwa kawaida; kiasili

ideally | aidíali | kwa hali bora kabisa

theoretically | thíretikali | kinadharia

practically | práktikali | kivitendo; kiutendaji

politically | polítikali | kisiasa

economically | íkonómikali | kiuchumi

personally | pérsenali | binafsi

surprisingly | serpráizingli | kwa kushangaza

strangely | stréinjdli | kwa namna ya ajabu

interestingly | ínterestingly | jambo la kuvutia ni kwamba

importantly | impórtantli | jambo muhimu ni kwamba

especially | ispéshali | hasa

particularly | partíkyularli | hasa; kwa namna ya pekee

8. Vielezi vya upekee na msisitizo

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

only | óunli | tu; pekee

just | jast | tu; hasa

even | íven | hata

also | ólso | pia

too | tu | pia

as well | az wel | pia

mainly | méinli | hasa; kwa sehemu kubwa

mostly | móustli | kwa sehemu kubwa; hasa

merely | míərli | tu; bila zaidi

simply | símpli | kwa urahisi; tu

particularly | partíkyularli | hasa

especially | ispéshali | hasa

exactly | igzáktli | hasa kabisa; kwa usahihi

precisely | prisáisli | kwa usahihi kabisa

specifically | spesífikali | hasa; kwa kutaja jambo mahususi

solely | sóulli | pekee; tu

largely | lárjdli | kwa kiwango kikubwa

even | íven | hata

indeed | indíd | kwa kweli; hakika

Mfano:

Only John knows the answer.

Matamshi: Óunli Jon nóuz dhi ánser.

Maana: John pekee ndiye anayejua jibu.

9. Vielezi vya ukanushi

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

not | not | si; hapana

never | néver | kamwe

nowhere | nóuwer | hakuna mahali

hardly | hárdli | karibu kutofanya; kwa shida

scarcely | skérsli | kwa shida; karibu kabisa kutofanya

barely | béərli | kwa shida; kidogo tu

rarely | rérli | mara chache

seldom | séldam | mara chache

Maelezo muhimu:

Not ni neno kuu linalotumiwa kuunda ukanushi.

I do not work.

Matamshi: Ai du not werk.

Maana: Sifanyi kazi.

10. Vielezi vya matokeo na hitimisho

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

therefore | dhérfor | kwa hiyo; hivyo basi

thus | dhás | hivyo; kwa hiyo

consequently | kónsekwentli | kwa sababu hiyo; matokeo yake

accordingly | akórdingli | ipasavyo; kwa hiyo

hence | hens | kwa hiyo; basi

otherwise | ádherwaiz | la sivyo; vinginevyo

Mfano:

He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.

Matamshi: Hi woz sik; dhérfor, hi stéid hóum.

Maana: Alikuwa mgonjwa; kwa hiyo, alibaki nyumbani.

11. Vielezi vya kuongeza taarifa

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

also | ólso | pia

too | tu | pia

additionally | adíshənali | kwa kuongezea

moreover | moróuver | zaidi ya hayo

furthermore | ferther mór | zaidi ya hayo

besides | bisáidz | zaidi ya hayo; mbali na hilo

likewise | láikwaiz | vivyo hivyo

similarly | símilərli | vivyo hivyo; kwa namna inayofanana

12. Vielezi vya kulinganisha na kufanana

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

similarly | símilərli | kwa namna inayofanana

likewise | láikwaiz | vivyo hivyo

equally | íkwəli | kwa kiwango sawa

similarly | símilərli | kwa namna inayofanana

comparatively | kompárətivli | kwa kulinganisha

relatively | rélətivli | kwa kiasi; kwa ulinganisho

correspondingly | korispóndingli | kwa namna inayolingana

13. Vielezi vya kupanga mawazo na kuunganisha sentensi

Vielezi hivi hutumiwa kupanga mawazo na kuunganisha sehemu mbalimbali za hotuba au maandishi.

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

however | hauéver | hata hivyo; lakini

therefore | dhérfor | kwa hiyo

moreover | moróuver | zaidi ya hayo

furthermore | ferther mór | zaidi ya hayo

nevertheless | neverdhelés | hata hivyo

nonetheless | nán dhelés | hata hivyo

meanwhile | mínwáil | wakati huohuo

instead | instéd | badala yake

otherwise | ádherwaiz | vinginevyo; la sivyo

consequently | kónsekwentli | kwa hiyo; matokeo yake

subsequently | sábsekwentli | baadaye

alternatively | oltérnətivli | kama chaguo jingine

finally | fáinali | hatimaye

firstly | férstli | kwanza

secondly | sékəndli | pili

thirdly | thérdli | tatu

next | nekst | kinachofuata; kisha

then | dhen | kisha

afterward | áfterwerd | baadaye

14. Vielezi vya kuuliza

Maneno haya hutumiwa katika maswali ya WH na maswali kuhusu namna, kiwango, muda na marudio.

Neno | Matamshi | Maana

how | hau | jinsi gani; vipi

when | wen | lini

where | wer | wapi

why | wai | kwa nini

how much | hau mach | kiasi gani

how many | hau méni | wangapi; vingapi

how often | hau ófen | mara ngapi

how long | hau long | kwa muda gani

how far | hau far | umbali gani

how soon | hau sun | baada ya muda gani; lini hivi karibuni

how well | hau wel | kwa kiwango gani cha ubora

how quickly | hau kwíkli | kwa kasi gani

Mfano:

How often do you exercise?

Matamshi: Hau ófen du yu éksersaiz?

Maana: Unafanya mazoezi mara ngapi?

15. Vielezi vya namna

Vielezi vya namna vinaeleza jinsi kitendo kinavyofanyika.

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

quickly | kwíkli | kwa haraka

slowly | slóuli | polepole

carefully | kérfəli | kwa uangalifu

easily | ízəli | kwa urahisi

badly | bádli | vibaya

well | wel | vizuri

clearly | klírli | kwa uwazi

quietly | kwáietli | kimya kimya

loudly | láudli | kwa sauti kubwa

secretly | síkritli | kwa siri

openly | óupənli | waziwazi

together | tugédher | pamoja

apart | apárt | kando; mbali na kila mmoja

directly | diréktli | moja kwa moja

indirectly | indairéktli | kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja

deliberately | dilíberətli | kwa makusudi

accidentally | aksidéntəli | kwa bahati mbaya; bila kukusudia

carefully | kérfəli | kwa uangalifu

successfully | saksésfəli | kwa mafanikio

differently | dífrentli | kwa namna tofauti

16. Vielezi vya matarajio na utabiri

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

hopefully | hóupfəli | kwa matumaini; tunatumaini kwamba

presumably | prizúmabli | kwa kudhaniwa

supposedly | sapóuzidli | inasemekana; kwa kudhaniwa

predictably | pridíktəbli | kama ilivyotarajiwa

unexpectedly | anikspéktidli | bila kutarajiwa

inevitably | inévətəbli | bila kuepukika

eventually | ivénchuali | hatimaye

17. Vielezi vya mpangilio

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

first | ferst | kwanza

firstly | férstli | kwanza

second | sékənd | pili

secondly | sékəndli | pili

third | therd | tatu

thirdly | thérdli | tatu

next | nekst | kinachofuata; kisha

then | dhen | kisha

finally | fáinali | hatimaye

lastly | lástli | mwisho

18. Vielezi vya kusisitiza

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

certainly | sértenli | hakika

definitely | défenitli | bila shaka

indeed | indíd | kwa kweli

really | ríali | kweli

truly | trúli | kwa kweli; kwa dhati

absolutely | ábsalutli | kabisa

actually | ákchuali | kwa kweli; kiuhalisia

literally | líterəli | kihalisi

genuinely | jényuinli | kwa dhati; kweli

clearly | klírli | waziwazi

obviously | óbviəsli | ni dhahiri

surely | shúrli | hakika

right (huja kabla ya kielezi) | rait | sawasawa; kwa usahihi

19. Vielezi vya kufafanua na kusahihisha maana

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

actually | ákchuali | kwa kweli; kiuhalisia

really | ríali | kweli kabisa

rather | ráadher | badala yake; kwa kiasi fulani

instead | instéd | badala yake

specifically | spesífikali | hasa; kwa kutaja jambo mahususi

precisely | prisáisli | kwa usahihi kabisa

exactly | igzáktli | hasa; kwa usahihi

namely | néimli | yaani; kwa kutaja jina mahsusi

simply | símpli | kwa urahisi; kwa kifupi

basically | béisikli | kimsingi

20. Vielezi vya ukaribu wa kiasi

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

almost | ólmoust | karibu

nearly | nírli | karibu

approximately | apróksimitli | takribani

roughly | ráfli | takribani

about | abáut | takribani; karibu

around | aráund | takribani; karibu

virtually | vérchuali | karibu kabisa; kwa hakika

practically | práktikali | kwa vitendo; karibu kabisa

roughly | ráfli | kwa makadirio

21. Vielezi vya upekee na kutenga

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

only | óunli | tu; pekee

merely | míərli | tu; bila zaidi

solely | sóulli | pekee; tu

exclusively | iksklúsivli | kwa upekee; bila kujumuisha vingine

otherwise | ádherwaiz | vinginevyo

apart | apárt | kando; mbali; isipokuwa

22. Vielezi vya ukamilifu

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

altogether | oltugédher | kwa ujumla; kabisa

entirely | intáierli | kikamilifu

completely | kamplítli | kabisa

fully | fúli | kikamilifu

wholly | hóuli | kabisa; kwa ujumla

universally | yunivérsəli | kwa wote; ulimwenguni kote

23. Vielezi vya sentensi na taarifa

Hivi ni baadhi ya vielezi vinavyoweza kutumiwa kuonyesha mtazamo kuhusu sentensi nzima.

Kielezi | Matamshi | Maana

actually | ákchuali | kwa kweli; kiuhalisia

apparently | apárentli | inaonekana

certainly | sértenli | hakika

clearly | klírli | waziwazi

definitely | défenitli | bila shaka

evidently | évidentli | kwa uwazi; kama inavyoonekana kutokana na ushahidi

fortunately | fórchunetli | kwa bahati nzuri

frankly | fránkli | kusema kweli

generally | jénrali | kwa ujumla

honestly | ónestli | kwa uaminifu; kusema kweli

ideally | aidíali | katika hali bora kabisa

indeed | indíd | kwa kweli

naturally | náchrali | kwa kawaida; kiasili

obviously | óbviəsli | ni dhahiri

personally | pérsenali | binafsi

perhaps | perháps | labda

probably | prá babli | huenda; kuna uwezekano mkubwa

seriously | síriəsli | kwa uzito; kwa dhati

surely | shúrli | hakika

surprisingly | serpráizingli | kwa kushangaza

theoretically | thíretikali | kinadharia

unfortunately | an fórchunetli | kwa bahati mbaya

Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Mfano | Matamshi | Maana

Kuunda kielezi kutokana na kivumishi: kanuni ya msingi | Kivumishi + -ly | Adjective + -ly | quick → quickly | kwik → kwíkli | haraka → kwa haraka

Vivumishi vinavyoishia kwa -y | Ondoa y, ongeza -ily | Adjective - y + -ily | happy → happily | hápi → hápili | mwenye furaha → kwa furaha

Vivumishi vinavyoishia kwa -le | Ondoa e, ongeza -y | Adjective - e + -y | gentle → gently | jéntl → jéntli | mpole → kwa upole

Vivumishi vinavyoishia kwa -ic | Kivumishi + -ally | Adjective + -ally | basic → basically | béisik → béisikli | msingi → kimsingi

Baadhi ya vivumishi vinavyoishia kwa -ic | Kivumishi + -ally | Adjective + -ally | dramatic → dramatically | dramátik → dramátikli | ya kushangaza → kwa namna ya kushangaza

Baadhi ya vivumishi vinavyoishia kwa -ue | Kivumishi + -ly | Adjective + -ly | true → truly | tru → trúli | kweli → kwa kweli

Vivumishi vinavyoishia kwa -ll | Kivumishi + -y | Adjective + -y | full → fully | ful → fúli | kamili → kikamilifu

Kivumishi kisichobadilika | Neno lilelile | Same word | fast → fast | fast → fast | haraka → kwa haraka

Kivumishi kisichobadilika | Neno lilelile | Same word | hard → hard | hard → hard | kwa bidii → kwa bidii

Kivumishi kisichobadilika | Neno lilelile | Same word | late → late | leit → leit | kuchelewa → kwa kuchelewa

Kivumishi kisichobadilika | Neno lilelile | Same word | early → early | érli → érli | mapema → mapema

Kielezi chenye umbo lisilo la kawaida | Umbo tofauti | Irregular form | good → well | gud → wel | vizuri

Kielezi kinachotokana na nomino | Nomino + -ward/-wards | Noun + -ward/-wards | home → homeward | hóum → hóumwerd | nyumbani → kuelekea nyumbani

Kielezi kinachotokana na nomino | Nomino + -wise | Noun + -wise | clock → clockwise | klok → klokwaiz | saa → kwa mwelekeo wa saa

Kielezi ambatani | Neno + neno | Word + word | somehow | samháu | kwa namna fulani

Kielezi ambatani | Neno + neno | Word + word | everywhere | évriwer | kila mahali

Kirai cha kihusishi | Kihusishi + nomino | Preposition + noun | in the morning | in dha mórning | asubuhi

9- Viunganishi (CONJUNCTIONS)

. Viunganishi vya uratibu — Coordinating Conjunctions

Viunganishi hivi huunganisha vipengele vilivyo sawa kisarufi.

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

and endi na

but bati lakini

or o au

nor no wala

for fo kwa sababu

yet yeti lakini / hata hivyo

so so kwa hiyo / hivyo

FANBOYS

For — fo — kwa sababu

And — endi — na

Nor — no — wala

But — bati — lakini

Or — o — au

Yet — yeti — hata hivyo

So — so — kwa hiyo

I was tired, but I worked.

Ai waz taiad, bati ai wokt.

Nilikuwa nimechoka, lakini nilifanya kazi.

2. Viunganishi tegemezi — Subordinating Conjunctions

Viunganishi hivi huunganisha kishazi tegemezi na kishazi kikuu.

Sababu

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

because bikoz kwa sababu

since sins kwa kuwa / tangu

as az kwa kuwa / kama

seeing that siiing dhat ikizingatiwa kwamba

seeing as siiing az kwa kuwa

now that nau dhat sasa kwa kuwa

given that given dhat ikizingatiwa kwamba

considering that konsidering dhat ukizingatia kwamba

inasmuch as inasmach az kwa kuwa / kwa kadiri kwamba

insofar as insoufar az kwa kadiri kwamba

insomuch as insomach az kwa kiwango ambacho

in that in dhat kwa kuwa

I stayed home because I was tired.

Ai steid houm bikoz ai waz taiad.

Nilibaki nyumbani kwa sababu nilikuwa nimechoka.

3. Viunganishi vya masharti

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

if if ikiwa / kama

unless anles isipokuwa / kama si

provided provaided ikiwa tu / kwa sharti kwamba

provided that provaided dhat ikiwa tu / kwa sharti kwamba

providing provaiding ikiwa tu

providing that provaiding dhat ikiwa tu / kwa sharti kwamba

as long as az long az mradi tu

so long as so long az mradi tu

on condition that on kondishan dhat kwa sharti kwamba

in case in keis endapo / iwapo

in the event that in dhi ivent dhat endapo kwamba

assuming that asuming dhat tukidhani kwamba

supposing that sapouzing dhat tukidhani kwamba

suppose that sapouz dhat tuseme kwamba

given that given dhat ikizingatiwa kwamba

granted that granted dhat ingawa tunakubali kwamba

granting that granting dhat tukikubali kwamba

If you study, you will learn.

If yu stadi, yu wil lern.

Ukisoma, utajifunza.

4. Viunganishi vya kuonyesha ukubali licha ya kikwazo

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

although oldhou ingawa

though dhou ingawa

even though iiven dhou ijapokuwa

even if iiven if hata kama

whereas weaaz ilhali / wakati ambapo

while wail ilhali / wakati ambapo

whilst wailst ilhali / wakati ambapo

albeit olbiit ingawa

much as mach az ingawa kwa kiasi kikubwa

however much hau-eva mach haijalishi ni kiasi gani

no matter how no mata hau haijalishi jinsi gani

no matter what no mata wot haijalishi nini

no matter who no mata huu haijalishi nani

no matter where no mata wea haijalishi wapi

no matter when no mata wen haijalishi lini

no matter which no mata wich haijalishi ni kipi

Even though he was tired, he continued.

Iiven dhou hii waz taiad, hii kontinyuud.

Ingawa alikuwa amechoka, aliendelea.

5. Viunganishi vya wakati

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

when wen wakati / wakati ambapo

whenever>weneva kila wakati / wakati wowote

while wail wakati ambapo

whilst wailst wakati ambapo

before bifoo kabla ya / kabla kwamba

after afta baada ya / baada kwamba

until / till / 'til / 'till antil / til / til / til hadi

since sins tangu

once wans mara tu

as soon as az suun az mara tu

as long as az long az mradi tu

so long as so long az mradi tu

by the time bai dhi taim kufikia wakati

every time evri taim kila mara

each time iich taim kila mara

the moment dhi moument mara tu

the minute dhi minit mara tu

the instant dhi instant mara tu

directly direktli mara tu

immediately imidiatli mara moja

hardly... when hardli... wen mara tu... ndipo

scarcely... when skeasli... wen mara tu... ndipo

no sooner... than no suuna... dhan punde tu... ndipo

Call me when you arrive.

Kool mii wen yu araiv.

Nipigie simu unapofika.

6. Viunganishi vya kusudi

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

so that so dhat ili / ili kwamba

in order that in ooda dhat ili kwamba

lest lest ili kuepusha / isije ikawa

for fear that fo fia dhat kwa kuogopa kwamba

in case in keis ikiwa / endapo

I studied hard so that I could pass.

Ai stadid haad so dhat ai kud paas.

Nilisoma kwa bidii ili niweze kufaulu.

7. Viunganishi vya matokeo

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

so... that so... dhat kiasi kwamba

such... that sach... dhat kiasi kwamba / namna ambayo

so that so dhat hivyo kwamba

such that sach dhat kiasi kwamba

He was so tired that he slept immediately.

Hii waz so taiad dhat hii slept imidiatli.

Alikuwa amechoka sana hivi kwamba alilala mara moja.

8. Viunganishi vya ulinganisho

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

than>dhan kuliko

as... as az... az kama / sawa na

not as... as not az... az si... kama

as if az if kana kwamba

as though az dhou kana kwamba

just as jast az sawasawa na jinsi

the more... the more dhi moo... dhi moo kadiri... ndivyo zaidi

the more... the less dhi moo... dhi les kadiri... ndivyo kidogo

the less... the more dhi les... dhi moo kadiri kidogo... ndivyo zaidi

the less... the less dhi les... dhi les kadiri kidogo... ndivyo kidogo

She is taller than I am.

Shii iz toola dhan ai am.

Yeye ni mrefu kuliko mimi.

9. Viunganishi vya namna na mfanano

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

as az kama

as if az if kana kwamba

as though az dhou kana kwamba

just as jast az sawasawa na jinsi

the way dhi wei jinsi ambavyo

in the way that in dhi wei dhat kwa jinsi ambayo

however hau-eva haijalishi jinsi / kwa namna yoyote

however you hau-eva yu jinsi yoyote unavyofanya

He talks as if he knows everything.

Hii toks az if hii nouz evrithing.

Anazungumza kana kwamba anajua kila kitu.

10. Viunganishi vya uchaguzi

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

or o au

either... or iidha... o ama... au

whether... or wedha... o ikiwa... au

whether... or not wedha... o not ikiwa... au la

Either you come or I leave.

Iidha yu kam o ai liiv.

Ama unakuja au ninaondoka.

11. Viunganishi jozi — Correlative Conjunctions

Muundo Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

both... and bouth... endi zote mbili... na

either... or iidha... o ama... au

neither... nor naidha... no si... wala

not only... but also not ounli... bati oolso si tu... bali pia

whether... or wedha... o ikiwa... au

whether... or not wedha... o not ikiwa... au la

rather... than raadha... dhan badala ya... kuliko

no sooner... than no suuna... dhan punde tu... ndipo

hardly... when hardli... wen mara tu... ndipo

scarcely... when skeasli... wen mara tu... ndipo

barely... when beali... wen mara tu... ndipo

the more... the more dhi moo... dhi moo kadiri... ndivyo zaidi

the more... the less dhi moo... dhi les kadiri... ndivyo kidogo

the less... the more dhi les... dhi moo kadiri kidogo... ndivyo zaidi

the less... the less dhi les... dhi les kadiri kidogo... ndivyo kidogo

12. Viunganishi vya kuongeza taarifa

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

and endi na

as well as az wel az pamoja na / vilevile

not to mention not tu menshan bila hata kutaja

besides bisaidz zaidi ya hayo / kando na

let alone let aloun bila hata kutaja

much less mach les sembuse

to say nothing of tu sei nathing ov bila kusema chochote kuhusu

apart from apaart from kando na / isipokuwa

aside from asaid from kando na / isipokuwa

Baadhi ya miundo hii inaweza kuwa misemo ya kihusishi badala ya viunganishi halisi, kulingana na jinsi inavyotumiwa.

13. Viunganishi vya kuonyesha ubaguzi

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

except that iksept dhat isipokuwa kwamba

except when iksept wen isipokuwa wakati

except if iksept if isipokuwa ikiwa

save that seiv dhat isipokuwa kwamba

but that bati dhat ila kwamba

unless anles isipokuwa ikiwa / kama si

14. Viunganishi vya kudhania

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

assuming that asuming dhat tukidhani kwamba

supposing that sapouzing dhat tukidhani kwamba

suppose that sapouz dhat tuseme kwamba

presuming that prizuming dhat tukichukulia kwamba

provided that provaided dhat ikiwa tu / kwa sharti kwamba

providing that provaiding dhat ikiwa tu / kwa sharti kwamba

given that given dhat ikizingatiwa kwamba

granting that granting dhat tukikubali kwamba

granted that granted dhat ingawa tunakubali kwamba

15. Viunganishi vinavyorejelea watu, vitu, mahali au wakati

Kiunganishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

whoever huueva ye yote / mtu yeyote ambaye

whomever huumeva mtu yeyote ambaye anatendewa kitendo

whatever woteva kitu chochote / chochote kile

whichever wich-eva kitu chochote kati ya vilivyochaguliwa

wherever weareva popote

whenever weneva wakati wowote

however hau-eva jinsi yoyote / hata hivyo

Whoever comes can enter.

Huueva kamz kan enta.

Mtu yeyote anayekuja anaweza kuingia.

Whatever you choose is fine.

Woteva yu chuuz iz fain.

Chochote utakachochagua kinafaa.

16. Viunganishi vya zamani na vya kifasihi

Maneno haya bado yapo katika Kiingereza, lakini si ya kawaida sana katika mazungumzo ya kila siku:

Neno Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

albeit olbiit ingawa

albeit that olbiit dhat ingawa kwamba

albeit when olbiit wen ingawa wakati

albeit with olbiit widh ingawa pamoja na

insofar as insoufar az kwa kadiri kwamba

inasmuch as inasmach az kwa kuwa

insomuch as insomach az kwa kiwango ambacho

notwithstanding that notwith-standing dhat licha ya kwamba

whereas weaaz ilhali

whilst wailst wakati ambapo

lest lest ili kuepusha

save that seiv dhat isipokuwa kwamba

provided that provaided dhat ikiwa tu / kwa sharti kwamba

supposing that sapouzing dhat tukidhani kwamba

17. Maneno ambayo si viunganishi halisi kwa kawaida

Maneno haya mara nyingi huitwa vielezi viunganishi, badala ya viunganishi halisi:

Neno Matamshi Aina ya neno Maana kwa Kiswahili

however hau-eva kielezi kiunganishi hata hivyo

therefore dheafor kielezi kiunganishi kwa hiyo

moreover moo-rouva kielezi kiunganishi zaidi ya hayo

furthermore fadhama kielezi kiunganishi zaidi ya hayo

nevertheless nevedha-les kielezi kiunganishi hata hivyo

nonetheless nan-dha-les kielezi kiunganishi hata hivyo

consequently konsikwentli kielezi kiunganishi kwa sababu hiyo

otherwise adhewaiz kielezi kiunganishi vinginevyo

instead insted kielezi kiunganishi badala yake

meanwhile miin-wail kielezi kiunganishi wakati huo huo

thus dhas kielezi kiunganishi hivyo / kwa hiyo

hence hens kielezi kiunganishi hivyo / kwa hiyo

Mfano:

I was tired; however, I worked.

Ai waz taiad; hau-eva, ai wokt.

Nilikuwa nimechoka; hata hivyo, nilifanya kazi.

Kwa hiyo, however haibadilishani moja kwa moja na but bila kuzingatia alama za uandishi.

Usiandike hivi:

❌ I was tired, however I worked.

Miundo sahihi zaidi:

✅ I was tired, but I worked.

Au:

✅ I was tired; however, I worked.

If only -> laiti / ningekuwa tu

If only I played — Laiti ningekuwa nacheza.

Anyway/Anyways -> hata hivyo / kwa vyovyote vile

10- Vihusishi (PREPOSITIONS)

1. Vihusishi vya msingi

Kihusishi Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili Mfano kamili Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Tafsiri

about abaut kuhusu We talked about the problem. Wii tokt abaut dhi problem. Tulizungumza kuhusu tatizo hilo.

above abav juu ya The lamp is above the table. Dhi lamp iz abav dhi teibl. Taa iko juu ya meza.

across akros ng'ambo ya / kuvuka We walked across the street. Wii wokt akros dhi striit. Tulitembea kuvuka barabara.

after afta baada ya We met after lunch. Wii met afta lanch. Tulikutana baada ya chakula cha mchana.

against agenst dhidi ya / kuegemea The ladder is against the wall. Dhi lada iz agenst dhi wool. Ngazi imeegemea ukuta.

along along kando ya / sambamba na We walked along the river. Wii wokt along dhi riva. Tulitembea kando ya mto.

amid amid katikati ya He stood amid the crowd. Hii stood amid dhi kraud. Alisimama katikati ya umati.

among among miongoni mwa She was among friends. Shii waz among frendz. Alikuwa miongoni mwa marafiki.

around araund kuzunguka / karibu na We sat around the table. Wii sat araund dhi teibl. Tulikaa kuzunguka meza.

at at katika / kwenye I am at school. Ai am at skuul. Niko shuleni.

before bifoo kabla ya Come before noon. Kam bifoo nuun. Njoo kabla ya saa sita mchana.

behind bihaind nyuma ya The car is behind the house. Dhi kaa iz bihaind dhi haus. Gari liko nyuma ya nyumba.

below bilou chini ya The temperature is below zero. Dhi temprecha iz bilou ziiro. Halijoto iko chini ya sifuri.

beneath biniith chini ya The keys are beneath the book. Dhi kiiz aa biniith dhi buk. Funguo ziko chini ya kitabu.

beside bisaid kando ya Sit beside me. Sit bisaid mii. Kaa kando yangu.

besides bisaidz zaidi ya / kando na Besides English, she speaks Arabic. Bisaidz English, shii spiiks Arabic. Kando na Kiingereza, anazungumza Kiarabu.

between bitwiin kati ya vitu viwili The shop is between two buildings. Dhi shop iz bitwiin tu bildings. Duka liko kati ya majengo mawili.

beyond biyond ng'ambo ya / zaidi ya The village is beyond the mountain. Dhi vilij iz biyond dhi maunten. Kijiji kiko ng'ambo ya mlima.

by bai kwa / karibu na / na (mtendaji) The book was written by her. Dhi buk waz ritn bai ha. Kitabu kiliandikwa naye.

concerning konsarning kuhusu We talked concerning the project. Wii tokt konsarning dhi project. Tulizungumza kuhusu mradi.

despite dis-pait licha ya Despite the rain, we went out. Despite dhi rein, wii went aut. Licha ya mvua, tulitoka nje.

down daun kuelekea chini He walked down the hill. Hii wokt daun dhi hil. Alitembea kuelekea chini ya kilima.

during diuring wakati wa I slept during the flight. Ai slept diuring dhi flait. Nililala wakati wa safari ya ndege.

except iksept isipokuwa Everyone came except John. Evrione keim iksept John. Kila mtu alikuja isipokuwa John.

for fo kwa ajili ya / kwa muda wa This gift is for you. Dhis gift iz fo yu. Zawadi hii ni kwa ajili yako.

from from kutoka I came from Kuwait. Ai keim from Kuwait. Nimetoka Kuwait.

in in ndani ya / katika She is in the room. Shii iz in dhi ruum. Yuko ndani ya chumba.

inside insaid ndani ya The keys are inside the bag. Dhi kiiz aa insaid dhi bag. Funguo ziko ndani ya begi.

into intu kuingia ndani ya He went into the room. Hii went intu dhi ruum. Aliingia ndani ya chumba.

like laik kama He runs like a professional. Hii ranz laik a profeshanal. Anakimbia kama mtaalamu.

near nia karibu na I live near the school. Ai liv nia dhi skuul. Ninaishi karibu na shule.

of ov ya / wa The door of the house is open. Dhi doo ov dhi haus iz oupen. Mlango wa nyumba uko wazi.

off of kuondoka juu ya / kutoka Take your shoes off the table. Teik yor shuu-z of dhi teibl. Ondoa viatu vyako juu ya meza.

on on juu ya The book is on the table. Dhi buk iz on dhi teibl. Kitabu kiko juu ya meza.

onto ontu kwenda juu ya The cat jumped onto the table. Dhi kat jampt ontu dhi teibl. Paka aliruka juu ya meza.

opposite opozit mbele ya / upande wa pili wa The bank is opposite the hotel. Dhi bank iz opozit dhi houtel. Benki iko mkabala na hoteli.

out aut nje / kuelekea nje He went out the door. Hii went aut dhi doo. Alitoka kupitia mlango.

outside autsaid nje ya They are outside the house. Dhei aa autsaid dhi haus. Wako nje ya nyumba.

over ouva juu ya / kuvuka The plane flew over the city. Dhi plein fluu ouva dhi siti. Ndege iliruka juu ya jiji.

past past kupita / mbele ya We walked past the school. Wii wokt past dhi skuul. Tulipita mbele ya shule.

regarding rigarding kuhusu I have a question regarding the plan. Ai hav a kwestchan regarding dhi plan. Nina swali kuhusu mpango huo.

round raund kuzunguka We walked round the park. Wii wokt raund dhi paak. Tulitembea kuzunguka bustani.

since sins tangu I have lived here since 2020. Ai hav livd hia sins tu thauzand twenti. Nimeishi hapa tangu mwaka 2020.

through thru kupitia / katikati ya We walked through the tunnel. Wii wokt thru dhi tanal. Tulitembea kupitia handaki.

throughout thruaut kote / katika kipindi chote It rained throughout the day. It reind thruaut dhi dei. Mvua ilinyesha siku nzima.

till til hadi Wait till tomorrow. Weit til tumoro. Subiri hadi kesho.

to tu kwenda / kuelekea I went to school. Ai went tu skuul. Nilienda shuleni.

toward toowad kuelekea He walked toward me. Hii wokt toowad mii. Alitembea kuelekea kwangu.

towards toowadz kuelekea She ran towards the door. Shii ran toowadz dhi doo. Alikimbia kuelekea mlangoni.

under anda chini ya The cat is under the table. Dhi kat iz anda dhi teibl. Paka yuko chini ya meza.

underneath andanith chini ya The bag is underneath the chair. Dhi bag iz andaniith dhi chea. Begi liko chini ya kiti.

unlike anlaik tofauti na / kinyume na Unlike him, I am quiet. Anlaik him, ai am kwaiet. Tofauti naye, mimi ni mtulivu.

until antil hadi Stay here until Friday. Stei hia antil Fraidei. Baki hapa hadi Ijumaa.

up ap kuelekea juu He walked up the stairs. Hii wokt ap dhi steaz. Alipanda ngazi.

upon apon juu ya / mara baada ya Upon arrival, call me. Apon araival, kool mii. Ukifika, nipigie simu.

via vaia / viia kupitia We traveled via Dubai. Wii traveld vaia Dubai. Tulisafiri kupitia Dubai.

with widh pamoja na / kwa kutumia I went with my brother. Ai went widh mai bradha. Nilienda pamoja na kaka yangu.

within within ndani ya / kabla ya muda kuisha Finish it within an hour. Finish it within an aua. Iumalize ndani ya saa moja.

without widh-aut bila He left without his phone. Hii left widh-aut hiz foun. Aliondoka bila simu yake.

2. Vihusishi vyenye maneno mengi

Maneno haya yana zaidi ya neno moja, lakini hutumika pamoja kama kihusishi.

Kirai Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana Mfano Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Tafsiri

according to akording tu kulingana na According to the report, sales increased. Akording tu dhi riport, seilz inkriist. Kulingana na ripoti, mauzo yaliongezeka.

ahead of ahed ov mbele ya / kabla ya She arrived ahead of us. Shii araivd ahed ov as. Alifika kabla yetu.

along with along widh pamoja na He came along with his brother. Hii keim along widh hiz bradha. Alikuja pamoja na kaka yake.

apart from apaart from kando na / isipokuwa Apart from John, everyone agreed. Apaart from John, evrione agriid. Isipokuwa John, kila mtu alikubali.

as for az fo kwa upande wa As for me, I agree. Az fo mii, ai agrii. Kwa upande wangu, nakubali.

as of az ov kuanzia / kufikia As of Monday, the rule applies. Az ov Mandei, dhi ruul aplai-z. Sheria hiyo inaanza kutumika kuanzia Jumatatu.

as to az tu kuhusu There is uncertainty as to the cause. Dhea iz ansatanti az tu dhi kooz. Kuna kutokuwa na uhakika kuhusu sababu.

because of bikoz ov kwa sababu ya We stayed home because of the rain. Wii steid houm bikoz ov dhi rein. Tulibaki nyumbani kwa sababu ya mvua.

by means of bai miinz ov kwa kutumia / kwa njia ya We solved it by means of a computer. Wii solv-d it bai miinz ov a kompyuta. Tulitatua tatizo hilo kwa kutumia kompyuta.

by way of bai wei ov kupitia / kwa njia ya We went by way of London. Wii went bai wei ov London. Tulipitia London.

close to klous tu karibu na The school is close to my house. Dhi skuul iz klous tu mai haus. Shule iko karibu na nyumba yangu.

due to dyu tu kwa sababu ya The flight was delayed due to fog. Dhi flait waz dileid dyu tu fog. Ndege ilichelewa kwa sababu ya ukungu.

except for iksept fo isipokuwa Everyone came except for Mary. Evrione keim iksept fo Mary. Kila mtu alikuja isipokuwa Mary.

far from faa from mbali na / si hata kidogo The answer is far from simple. Dhi ansa iz faa from simpl. Jibu hilo si rahisi hata kidogo.

in addition to in adishan tu mbali na / pamoja na In addition to English, he studies Arabic. In adishan tu English, hii stadiz Arabic. Pamoja na Kiingereza, anasoma Kiarabu.

in case of in keis ov endapo / katika hali ya Call me in case of emergency. Kool mii in keis ov imajensi. Nipigie simu katika hali ya dharura.

in front of in front ov mbele ya The car is in front of the house. Dhi kaa iz in front ov dhi haus. Gari liko mbele ya nyumba.

in place of in pleis ov badala ya Use this in place of sugar. Yuus dhis in pleis ov shuga. Tumia hii badala ya sukari.

in spite of in spait ov licha ya In spite of the rain, we left. In spait ov dhi rein, wii left. Licha ya mvua, tuliondoka.

in terms of in termz ov kwa upande wa / kuhusiana na In terms of price, it is cheap. In termz ov prais, it iz chiip. Kwa upande wa bei, ni ya bei nafuu.

instead of insted ov badala ya I drank tea instead of coffee. Ai drank tii insted ov kofi. Nilikunywa chai badala ya kahawa.

next to nekst tu kando ya Sit next to me. Sit nekst tu mii. Kaa kando yangu.

on account of on akaunt ov kwa sababu ya The match was canceled on account of rain. Dhi mach waz kanseld on akaunt ov rein. Mchezo ulifutwa kwa sababu ya mvua.

on behalf of on bihaaf ov kwa niaba ya I spoke on behalf of the team. Ai spouk on bihaaf ov dhi tiim. Nilizungumza kwa niaba ya timu.

on top of on top ov juu ya / pamoja na The keys are on top of the box. Dhi kiiz aa on top ov dhi boks. Funguo ziko juu ya sanduku.

out of aut ov nje ya / kutoka ndani ya He walked out of the room. Hii wokt aut ov dhi ruum. Alitoka ndani ya chumba.

owing to ouing tu kwa sababu ya The event was canceled owing to rain. Dhi ivent waz kanseld ouing tu rein. Tukio lilifutwa kwa sababu ya mvua.

prior to praia tu kabla ya Prior to the meeting, we prepared. Praia tu dhi miiting, wii priperd. Tulijiandaa kabla ya mkutano.

regardless of rigardles ov bila kujali We will continue regardless of the cost. Wii wil kontinyuu rigardles ov dhi kost. Tutaendelea bila kujali gharama.

thanks to thanks tu shukrani kwa / kutokana na Thanks to you, we succeeded. Thanks tu yu, wii saksidid. Tumefanikiwa kutokana na wewe.

together with tugetha widh pamoja na She came together with her friends. Shii keim tugetha widh ha frendz. Alikuja pamoja na marafiki zake.

up to ap tu hadi / kufikia Up to ten people can enter. Ap tu ten piipl kan enta. Hadi watu kumi wanaweza kuingia.

with regard to widh rigard tu kuhusu / kuhusiana na With regard to your question, I agree. Widh rigard tu yor kwestchan, ai agrii. Kuhusu swali lako, nakubaliana nawe.

with respect to widh rispekt tu kuhusu / kuhusiana na With respect to this issue, we disagree. Widh rispekt tu dhis ishuu, wii disagrii. Kuhusu suala hili, hatukubaliani.

3. Misemo ya kihusishi yenye muundo changamano

Kirai Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

by virtue of bai vetchuu ov kutokana na / kwa mamlaka ya

by dint of bai dint ov kwa juhudi za / kutokana na

by reason of bai riizan ov kwa sababu ya

by courtesy of bai kaatasi ov shukrani kwa / kwa hisani ya

by order of bai ooda ov kwa amri ya

by reference to bai referens tu kwa kurejelea

by means of bai miinz ov kwa kutumia

by way of bai wei ov kupitia / kwa njia ya

in accordance with in akordans widh kulingana na

in comparison with in komparisan widh ikilinganishwa na

in connection with in konekshan widh kuhusiana na

in contrast to in kontrast tu tofauti na

in exchange for in ikscheinj fo kwa kubadilishana na

in favor of in feiva ov kwa kuunga mkono

in lieu of in lyuu ov badala ya

in relation to in rileshan tu kuhusiana na

in response to in rispons tu kwa kujibu

in search of in serch ov katika kutafuta

in view of in vyuu ov ikizingatiwa / kutokana na

on the basis of on dhi beisis ov kwa msingi wa

on the grounds of on dhi graundz ov kwa sababu ya / kwa msingi wa

with a view to widh a vyuu tu kwa lengo la

with the exception of widh dhi iksepshan ov isipokuwa

with the help of widh dhi help ov kwa msaada wa

with reference to widh referens tu kwa kurejelea / kuhusu

4. Vihusishi vya zamani, visivyo vya kawaida na vya kifasihi

Baadhi ya maneno yafuatayo huonekana zaidi katika Kiingereza cha zamani, cha kisheria, cha kifasihi au rasmi:

Neno Matamshi kwa maandishi ya Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili

abaft abaft nyuma ya / upande wa nyuma

alongside alongsaid kando ya

amidst amidst katikati ya

amongst amongst miongoni mwa

astride astraid kwa kukalia au kupanda juu ya

athwart athwort kwa kuvuka / kinyume na

atop atop juu ya

barring baring isipokuwa / bila kuhesabu

circa sarka karibu na (tarehe au mwaka)

cum kam pamoja na / ikiwa na

ere ia kabla ya

notwithstanding notwith-standing licha ya

per pa kwa kila / kupitia

save seiv isipokuwa

vis-à-vis vi-a-vi mkabala na / kuhusiana na

worth worth wenye thamani ya / unaostahili

Mfano:

Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.

Notwithstanding dhi difikaltiiz, wii kontinyuud.

Licha ya matatizo, tuliendelea.

5. Vihusishi vya mahali

Uhusiano wa mahali Kihusishi

Ndani in, inside, within

Kuelekea ndani into

Nje out, outside

Juu ya uso on

Kuelekea juu ya uso onto

Juu ya above, over, atop, on top of

Chini ya under, below, beneath, underneath

Mbele ya in front of, before

Nyuma ya behind

Kando ya beside, by, next to, alongside

Kati ya vitu viwili between

Miongoni mwa kundi among, amongst

Karibu na near, close to

Mkabala na opposite, across from

Kuzunguka around, round

Kuvuka / kupitia across, through

Kando ya / sambamba na along

Kuelekea toward, towards

Mbali na away from, off

Baada ya kupita past, beyond

6. Vihusishi vya wakati

Uhusiano wa wakati Kihusishi Mfano

Saa maalumu at at 5 o'clock

Siku au tarehe on on Monday

Mwaka / mwezi / kipindi in in 2026

Kabla before, prior to, ahead of before lunch

Baada after, following after work

Wakati wa during during the meeting

Tangu since since Monday

Kwa muda wa for for two hours

Hadi until, till until Friday

Kutoka wakati fulani hadi mwingine from … to from Monday to Friday

Kipindi chote throughout throughout the year

Kufikia muda maalumu by by Friday

Kabla ya muda maalumu by by 6 p.m.

Ndani ya muda within within two hours

Karibu na wakati fulani around, about around noon

Karibu na muda fulani near near midnight

7. Vihusishi vya sababu na kusudi

Kihusishi / Kirai Matamshi Maana kwa Kiswahili

because of bikoz ov kwa sababu ya

due to dyu tu kwa sababu ya

owing to ouing tu kwa sababu ya

on account of on akaunt ov kwa sababu ya

as a result of az a rizalt ov kama matokeo ya

thanks to thanks tu shukrani kwa / kutokana na

for fo kwa ajili ya

for the sake of fo dhi seik ov kwa ajili ya / kwa manufaa ya

with a view to widh a vyuu tu kwa lengo la

in order to in ooda tu ili / kwa madhumuni ya

* In order to kwa kawaida hufuatiwa na kitenzi katika hali ya msingi, na si kihusishi kinachofuatiwa na nomino pekee.

8. Kanuni muhimu: kihusishi pamoja na nini?

Kanuni ya msingi:

Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing

Kihusishi + nomino / kiwakilishi / kitenzi chenye -ing

Mifano:

Kihusishi pamoja na nomino

I am in the house.

Ai am in dhi haus.

Niko ndani ya nyumba.

Kihusishi pamoja na kiwakilishi

This gift is for him.

Dhis gift iz fo him.

Zawadi hii ni kwa ajili yake.

Kumbuka:

for him ✅

for he ❌

Kwa sababu kiwakilishi kinachofuata kihusishi lazima kiwe katika hali ya yambwa.

Kihusishi pamoja na V-ing

She is good at cooking.

Shii iz gud at kuking.

Ana ustadi wa kupika.

He left without saying goodbye.

Hii left widh-aut seying gudbai.

Aliondoka bila kusema kwaheri.

9. Tofauti kati ya vihusishi vinavyofanana

Neno Maana ya msingi Mfano

in ndani ya in the room

into kuingia ndani go into the room

on juu ya uso on the table

onto kwenda juu ya uso jump onto the table

at mahali maalumu at the station

to kuelekea go to school

by kando ya / kwa / kabla ya muda by the door / by car / by Friday

with pamoja na / kwa kutumia with him / with a knife

from kutoka from London

of uhusiano / umiliki the door of the house

for kwa ajili ya / kwa muda wa for you / for two hours

since tangu wakati fulani since Monday

during wakati wa kipindi during the meeting

until hadi wakati wa mwisho until Friday

between kati ya vitu viwili between John and Mary

among miongoni mwa kundi among friends

above juu ya above the table

over juu ya / kuvuka over the bridge

below chini ya below the line

under chini ya under the table

beside kando ya beside me

besides zaidi ya / kando na besides English

because of / cause of kwa sababu ya because of rain

despite licha ya despite the rain

in spite of licha ya in spite of the rain

aboard -> ndani ya chombo cha usafiri / ndani ya ndege, meli au treni

11- Viainishi (DETERMINERS)

Viainishi vya msingi

Kainishi | Matamshi | Maana | Mfano kamili | Matamshi ya mfano | Tafsiri

a | ə | mmoja/kimoja; kitu kisichobainishwa | I saw a dog. | ai so ə dog | Niliona mbwa mmoja.

an | ən | mmoja/kimoja; kitu kisichobainishwa | She ate an apple. | shi eit ən apəl | Alikula tufaha moja.

the | dhə / dhi | yule, ile, huyo, hicho; kitu kinachojulikana | I saw the dog. | ai so dhə dog | Nilimwona mbwa yule.

this | dhis | huyu, hiki | This book is useful. | dhis buk iz yusfəl | Kitabu hiki kina manufaa.

that | dhat | yule, kile | That car is expensive. | dhat kar iz ikspensiv | Gari lile ni ghali.

these | dhiz | hawa, hivi | These books are new. | dhiz buks ar nyu | Vitabu hivi ni vipya.

those | dhoʊz | wale, vile | Those houses are old. | dhoʊz hauziz ar oʊld | Nyumba zile ni za zamani.

2. Viainishi vya umilikaji

Hivi huwekwa kabla ya nomino ili kuonyesha mmiliki wa kitu.

Kainishi | Matamshi | Maana | Mfano

my | mai | wangu, changu | My book is here.

your | yor | wako, chako; wenu, chenu | Your car is outside.

his | hiz | wake, cha kwake (mwanaume) | His house is big.

her | her | wake, cha kwake (mwanamke) | Her bag is black.

its | its | yake, cha kwake (kitu au mnyama) | The dog moved its tail.

our | aur | wetu, chetu | Our teacher is kind.

their | dheir | wao, yao | Their house is beautiful.

Mifano

my book = kitabu changu

your car = gari lako

his phone = simu yake

her bag = begi lake

our house = nyumba yetu

their children = watoto wao

Lakini:

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs si viainishi vinavyowekwa moja kwa moja kabla ya nomino; ni viwakilishi vya umilikaji vinavyosimama vyenyewe.

This book is mine.

dhis buk iz main.

Kitabu hiki ni changu.

3. Viainishi vya kuonyesha

Kainishi | Matamshi | Idadi | Umbali | Mfano

this | dhis | Umoja | Karibu | this book

that | dhat | Umoja | Mbali | that book

these | dhiz | Wingi | Karibu | these books

those | dhoʊz | Wingi | Mbali | those books

Sheria

this + nomino ya umoja

this book

dhis buk

Kitabu hiki

these + nomino ya wingi

these books

dhiz buks

Vitabu hivi

that + nomino ya umoja

that car

dhat kar

Gari lile

those + nomino ya wingi

those cars

dhoʊz karz

Magari yale

4. Viainishi vya kiasi

Viainishi hivi huonyesha kiasi cha nomino.

Kainishi | Matamshi | Maana | Mfano

some | sam | baadhi, kiasi fulani | I bought some books.

any | eni | yoyote, baadhi | Do you have any questions?

no | noʊ | hakuna | I have no money.

much | mach | nyingi (kwa nomino zisizohesabika) | I don't have much time.

many | meni | nyingi (kwa nomino zinazohesabika) | She has many books.

little | litəl | kidogo sana | I have little time.

a little | ə litəl | kiasi kidogo | I have a little time.

few | fyu | wachache sana | Few people came.

a few | ə fyu | wachache, baadhi | I have a few questions.

enough | inaf | ya kutosha | We have enough food.

more | mor | zaidi | I need more water.

less | les | kiasi kidogo zaidi | I need less sugar.

fewer | fyuər | idadi ndogo zaidi | We need fewer chairs.

all | ol | wote, yote | All students passed.

both | boʊth | wote wawili, vyote viwili | Both students passed.

half | haf | nusu | Half the class left.

most | moʊst | wengi; sehemu kubwa zaidi | Most people agreed.

enough | inaf | ya kutosha | We have enough money.

5. Viainishi vya nambari

Nambari zinaweza kutumika kama viainishi zinapowekwa moja kwa moja kabla ya nomino.

Nambari | Matamshi | Mfano

one | wan | one book

two | tu | two books

three | thri | three books

four | for | four books

five | faiv | five books

six | siks | six books

seven | sevən | seven books

eight | eit | eight books

nine | nain | nine books

ten | ten | ten books

hundred | handrəd | a hundred books

thousand | thauzənd | a thousand books

million | milion | a million people

billion | bilion | a billion dollars

Nambari zinaweza kuonyesha idadi au kiasi maalumu.

6. Viainishi vya usambazaji

Viainishi hivi huelekeza kwenye watu au vitu mmoja mmoja ndani ya kundi.

Kainishi | Matamshi | Maana | Mfano

each | iich | kila mmoja/kila kimoja | Each student has a book.

every | evri | kila | Every student passed.

either | ii-dhər / ai-dhər | yeyote kati ya wawili | Either answer is acceptable.

neither | nii-dhər / nai-dhər | hakuna hata mmoja kati ya wawili | Neither answer is correct.

Tofauti

each

Each student received a book.

iich styudent risivd ə buk.

Kila mwanafunzi alipokea kitabu.

Hukazia kila mtu au kitu kivyake.

every

Every student received a book.

evri styudent risivd ə buk.

Kila mwanafunzi alipokea kitabu.

Hukazia kundi lote kwa ujumla.

7. Viainishi vya kuuliza

Hutumika kuuliza maswali kuhusu nomino.

Kainishi | Matamshi | Maana | Mfano

what | wot | nini, cha aina gani | What book do you want?

which | wich | kipi, gani | Which book do you want?

whose | huz | cha nani | Whose book is this?

what kind of | wot kaind əv | cha aina gani | What kind of car do you want?

which kind of | wich kaind əv | aina gani | Which kind of food do you prefer?

Mifano

Which book do you want?

wich buk du yu wont?

Unataka kitabu kipi?

Whose car is this?

huz kar iz dhis?

Hili ni gari la nani?

8. Viainishi visivyo bainifu

Hivi hutaja watu au vitu bila kuvibainisha kwa usahihi.

Kainishi | Matamshi | Maana

a | ə | mmoja/kimoja kisichobainishwa

an | ən | mmoja/kimoja kisichobainishwa

some | sam | baadhi, kiasi fulani

any | eni | yoyote, baadhi

no | noʊ | hakuna

another | ənadhər | mwingine, kingine

other | adhər | wengine, vingine

such | sach | wa aina hiyo, cha aina hiyo

9. Another na other

Maneno haya hutofautiana katika matumizi yake.

another

another + nomino ya umoja inayohesabika

I need another book.

ai niid ənadhər buk.

Ninahitaji kitabu kingine.

other

other + nomino ya wingi

I need other books.

ai niid adhər buks.

Ninahitaji vitabu vingine.

the other

The other book is mine.

dhii adhər buk iz main.

Kitabu kile kingine ni changu.

the other + nomino ya wingi

The other books are mine.

dhii adhər buks ar main.

Vitabu vingine vilivyobaki ni vyangu.

10. Viainishi vya kusisitiza na kufananisha

such

such + a/an + kivumishi + nomino ya umoja

She is such a nice person.

shi iz sach ə nais pərsən.

Yeye ni mtu mzuri sana.

Pamoja na nomino za wingi:

such people

sach piipəl

Watu wa aina hiyo.

Pamoja na nomino zisizohesabika:

such good advice

sach gud ədvais

Ushauri mzuri wa aina hiyo.

11. Viainishi vya jumla na vya kiasi kikubwa

Kainishi | Matamshi | Maana | Mfano

all | ol | wote, yote | all students

both | boʊth | wote wawili, vyote viwili | both books

each | iich | kila mmoja/kila kimoja | each student

every | evri | kila | every student

either | ii-dhər | chochote kati ya viwili | either book

neither | nii-dhər | hakuna hata kimoja kati ya viwili | neither book

enough | inaf | ya kutosha | enough food

much | mach | kiasi kikubwa (kisichohesabika) | much water

many | meni | idadi kubwa | many books

most | moʊst | wengi; sehemu kubwa zaidi | most people

more | mor | zaidi | more time

less | les | kiasi kidogo zaidi | less water

fewer | fyuər | idadi ndogo zaidi | fewer people

half | haf | nusu | half the money

plenty of | plenti əv | nyingi za kutosha; kwa wingi | plenty of food

a lot of | ə lot əv | nyingi, wengi | a lot of people

lots of | lots əv | nyingi, wengi | lots of books

12. Virai vya kuonyesha kiasi kikubwa au kidogo

Virai vifuatavyo vinaweza kutumika kubainisha kiasi au idadi ya nomino.

Kirai | Matamshi | Maana

a lot of | ə lot əv | nyingi, wengi

lots of | lots əv | nyingi, wengi

plenty of | plenti əv | nyingi za kutosha

a number of | ə nambər əv | idadi ya

a great number of | ə greit nambər əv | idadi kubwa ya

a large number of | ə larj nambər əv | idadi kubwa ya

a small number of | ə smol nambər əv | idadi ndogo ya

a great deal of | ə greit diil əv | kiasi kikubwa cha

a large amount of | ə larj əmaunt əv | kiasi kikubwa cha

a small amount of | ə smol əmaunt əv | kiasi kidogo cha

a majority of | ə məjoriti əv | wengi; walio wengi

a minority of | ə mainoriti əv | wachache; walio wachache

a pair of | ə per əv | jozi ya

a couple of | ə kapəl əv | wawili; vichache

a range of | ə reinj əv | aina mbalimbali za

a variety of | ə vəraiəti əv | aina mbalimbali za

a series of | ə siiriz əv | mfululizo wa

a set of | ə set əv | seti ya

a group of | ə grup əv | kundi la

a number of | ə nambər əv | idadi ya

Mfano:

A lot of students study English.

ə lot əv styudents stadi inglish.

Wanafunzi wengi husoma Kiingereza.

13. Viainishi vya sehemu na sehemu za jumla

Kirai | Matamshi | Maana

half | haf | nusu

a half | ə haf | nusu

quarter | kwortər | robo

a quarter | ə kwortər | robo moja

third | thərd | theluthi

a third | ə thərd | theluthi moja

two-thirds | tu thərdz | theluthi mbili

three-quarters | thrii kwortərz | robo tatu

part of | part əv | sehemu ya

most of | moʊst əv | sehemu kubwa ya

some of | sam əv | baadhi ya

all of | ol əv | wote, yote ya

none of | nan əv | hakuna hata mmoja/kimoja kati ya

Mifano:

Half the students left.

haf dhə styudents left.

Nusu ya wanafunzi waliondoka.

Most of the students passed.

moʊst əv dhə styudents past.

Wanafunzi wengi walifaulu.

14. None na neither

none

Hutumika pamoja na kundi la watu au vitu, na humaanisha hakuna hata mmoja au kimoja.

None of the students came.

nan əv dhə styudents keim.

Hakuna mwanafunzi hata mmoja aliyekuja.

neither

Hutumika kuzungumzia watu au vitu viwili, na humaanisha hakuna hata mmoja kati ya hao wawili.

Neither student came.

nii-dhər styudent keim.

Hakuna hata mmoja kati ya wanafunzi hao wawili aliyekuja.

either

Humaanisha mmoja kati ya wawili.

Either student can help you.

ii-dhər styudent kæn help yu.

Mwanafunzi yeyote kati ya hao wawili anaweza kukusaidia.

15. Viainishi vya ukanushi

Kainishi | Matamshi | Maana | Mfano

no | noʊ | hakuna | no money

neither | nii-dhər | hakuna hata mmoja kati ya wawili | neither student

no other | noʊ adhər | hakuna mwingine | no other option

not a | not ə | si hata mmoja/kimoja | not a single person

not any | not eni | hakuna yoyote | not any books

Mfano:

No student was absent.

noʊ styudent wəz æbsənt.

Hakuna mwanafunzi aliyekuwa hayupo.

16. Maneno yanayoweza kuwa viainishi maalumu kulingana na muktadha

Baadhi ya maneno yanaweza kutumika kama viainishi kulingana na nafasi na matumizi yake.

Neno | Matamshi | Mfano wa matumizi

certain | sərtən | certain people = watu fulani

certain | sərtən | a certain person = mtu fulani

particular | pərtikyələr | a particular reason = sababu maalumu

specific | spəsifik | a specific case = hali maalumu

given | givən | given circumstances = mazingira yaliyotajwa

same | seim | the same person = mtu yuleyule

next | nekst | next week = wiki ijayo

last | last | last year = mwaka jana

previous | priivies | previous examples = mifano iliyotangulia

following | foloʊing | the following day = siku inayofuata

certain | sərtən | certain circumstances = hali fulani

various | veries | various reasons = sababu mbalimbali

numerous | nyuumərəs | numerous examples = mifano mingi

countless | kauntləs | countless possibilities = uwezekano usiohesabika

different | difərənt | different ideas = mawazo tofauti

same | seim | the same answer = jibu lilelile

17. Maneno kama next na last

Maana ya maneno haya inaweza kubadilika kulingana na kama the limetumika au la.

next week

I will travel next week.

ai wil trævəl nekst wiik.

Nitasafiri wiki ijayo.

the next week

Hurejelea wiki inayofuata katika muktadha maalumu au mlolongo uliotajwa.

The next week was very busy.

dhə nekst wiik wəz veri bizi.

Wiki iliyofuata ilikuwa na shughuli nyingi sana.

Kanuni hiyo hiyo hutumika kwa:

last year = mwaka jana

the last year = mwaka wa mwisho / mwaka uliopita katika kipindi kinachozungumziwa

18. Viainishi vya pamoja vinavyosisitiza

Kirai | Matamshi | Maana

each and every | iich ənd evri | kila mmoja bila ubaguzi

every single | evri singəl | kila mmoja kabisa

each individual | iich indivijual | kila mtu binafsi

any given | eni givən | yoyote maalumu

a certain | ə sərtən | fulani maalumu

one particular | wan pərtikyələr | mmoja/kimoja maalumu

the whole | dhə hoʊl | mzima, nzima, yote

the entire | dhi entair | nzima, kamili

the total | dhə toʊtəl | jumla yote

Mifano:

Every single student passed.

evri singəl styudent past.

Kila mwanafunzi alifaulu.

The entire class left.

dhi entair klas left.

Darasa lote liliondoka.

19. Whole na entire

Maneno haya yote mawili yana maana inayokaribiana: kitu kizima au kamili.

the whole + nomino

I read the whole book.

ai red dhə hoʊl buk.

Nilisoma kitabu kizima.

the entire + nomino

I read the entire book.

ai red dhi entair buk.

Nilisoma kitabu kizima.

20. Viainishi maalumu vya umilikaji na ubainishaji

Miundo hii huonyesha umilikaji au uhusiano na mtu au kundi fulani.

Kirai | Matamshi | Maana

John's | jon'z | cha John

Mary's | meriz | cha Mary

the man's | dhə manz | cha mwanamume huyo

the students' | dhə styudents | cha wanafunzi hao

Mfano:

John's car is new.

jonz kar iz nyu.

Gari la John ni jipya.

Kiambishi cha umilikaji 's katika John's kinaonyesha umiliki.

21. Mpangilio wa viainishi

Kwa kawaida, viainishi huwekwa katika mpangilio maalumu.

Mfano:

the three old books

dhə thrii oʊld buks

Vitabu vitatu vya zamani.

Si sahihi:

❌ three the books

Mpangilio wa kawaida ni:

kainishi cha msingi + nambari/kiasi + kivumishi + nomino

Mfano:

the two beautiful houses

dhə tu byutifəl hauziz

Nyumba mbili nzuri.

22. Je, viainishi viwili vinaweza kutumika pamoja?

Wakati mwingine vinaweza, lakini si viainishi vyote vinavyoweza kuunganishwa.

❌ a the book

Usiseme:

❌ a the book

❌ this my book

Katika Kiingereza cha kawaida, usitumie miundo hii.

❌ this my book

Badala yake, sema:

this book of mine

dhis buk əv main

Kitabu hiki changu.

Lakini miundo ifuatayo inakubalika:

all my books

ol mai buks

Vitabu vyangu vyote.

Muundo:

all + my + books

Na:

both my parents

boʊth mai perənts

Wazazi wangu wote wawili.

Na:

half the money

haf dhə mani

Nusu ya pesa.

23. Viainishi pamoja na nomino zinazohesabika na zisizohesabika

Nomino za umoja zinazohesabika

Viainishi vinavyoweza kutumika:

a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another

Mifano:

a book

ə buk

Kitabu kimoja.

this book

dhis buk

Kitabu hiki.

every book

evri buk

Kila kitabu.

Nomino za wingi zinazohesabika

Viainishi vinavyoweza kutumika:

the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer

Mfano:

many books

meni buks

Vitabu vingi.

Nomino zisizohesabika

Viainishi vinavyoweza kutumika:

the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most

Mfano:

much water

mach wotər

Maji mengi.

24. Several

Several ni kainishi kinachomaanisha idadi fulani ya vitu au watu, kwa kawaida zaidi ya viwili.

Several students came.

sevərəl styudents keim.

Wanafunzi kadhaa walikuja.

Maana yake ni takribani:

kadhaa; zaidi ya wawili, lakini si idadi kubwa sana.

25. Certain / various / numerous

Neno | Matamshi | Maana | Mfano

certain | sərtən | fulani, maalumu | certain people

various | veries | mbalimbali | various reasons

numerous | nyuumərəs | nyingi, kadhaa sana | numerous examples

countless | kauntləs | zisizohesabika | countless opportunities

several | sevərəl | kadhaa | several books

different | difərənt | tofauti | different ideas

12- Sentensi za Masharti (IF CONDITIONALS)

Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Wakati/Maana

Sharti la sifuri | If + Simple Present, Simple Present | if + present, present | Ukweli wa jumla au jambo la kawaida

Sharti la kwanza | If + Simple Present, will + kitenzi cha msingi V1 | if + present, wil + V1 | Uwezekano wa wakati ujao

Sharti la pili | If + Simple Past, would + kitenzi cha msingi V1 | if + past, wud + V1 | Hali ya kudhaniwa katika sasa au wakati ujao

Sharti la tatu | If + Past Perfect, would have + umbo la tatu V3 | if + past perfect, wud hav + V3 | Hali ya kudhaniwa kuhusu yaliyopita; jambo ambalo halikutokea

Sharti mchanganyiko la kwanza | If + Past Perfect, would + kitenzi cha msingi V1 | if + past perfect, wud + V1 | Yaliyopita → matokeo ya sasa

Sharti mchanganyiko la pili | If + Simple Past, would have + umbo la tatu V3 | if + past, wud hav + V3 | Hali ya sasa → matokeo ya wakati uliopita

Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Mfano | Matamshi ya mfano | Maana

Would Simple | would + V1 | wud + V1 | I would eat. | ai wud iit | Ningekula.

Would Continuous | would be + V-ing | wud bii + V-ing | I would be eating. | ai wud bii iiting | Ningekuwa ninakula.

Would Perfect | would have + V3 | wud hav + V3 | I would have eaten. | ai wud hav iitən | Ningekuwa nimekula.

Would Perfect Continuous | would have been + V-ing | wud hav bin + V-ing | I would have been eating. | ai wud hav bin iiting | Ningekuwa nimekuwa nikila.

Pamoja na viwakilishi vyote

Kiwakilishi | Would + V1 | Would be + V-ing | Would have + V3 | Would have been + V-ing

I | I would eat. | I would be eating. | I would have eaten. | I would have been eating.

You | You would eat. | You would be eating. | You would have eaten. | You would have been eating.

He | He would eat. | He would be eating. | He would have eaten. | He would have been eating.

She | She would eat. | She would be eating. | She would have eaten. | She would have been eating.

It | It would eat. | It would be eating. | It would have eaten. | It would have been eating.

We | We would eat. | We would be eating. | We would have eaten. | We would have been eating.

They | They would eat. | They would be eating. | They would have eaten. | They would have been eating.

Miundo yote ya Would Negative – Active

Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Mfano | Matamshi ya mfano | Maana

Simple Conditional | would not + kitenzi cha msingi V1 | wud not + V1 | I would not eat. | ai wud not iit | Nisingekula.

Conditional Continuous | would not be + kitenzi chenye -ing V-ing | wud not bii + V-ing | I would not be eating. | ai wud not bii iiting | Nisingekuwa ninakula.

Conditional Perfect | would not have + umbo la tatu V3 | wud not hav + V3 | I would not have eaten. | ai wud not hav iitən | Nisingekuwa nimekula.

Conditional Perfect Continuous | would not have been + kitenzi chenye -ing V-ing | wud not hav bin + V-ing | I would not have been eating. | ai wud not hav bin iiting | Nisingekuwa nimekuwa nikila.

Viwakilishi vyote

Kiwakilishi | Would not + V1 | Would not be + V-ing | Would not have + V3 | Would not have been + V-ing

I | I would not eat. | I would not be eating. | I would not have eaten. | I would not have been eating.

You | You would not eat. | You would not be eating. | You would not have eaten. | You would not have been eating.

He | He would not eat. | He would not be eating. | He would not have eaten. | He would not have been eating.

She | She would not eat. | She would not be eating. | She would not have eaten. | She would not have been eating.

It | It would not eat. | It would not be eating. | It would not have eaten. | It would not have been eating.

We | We would not eat. | We would not be eating. | We would not have eaten. | We would not have been eating.

They | They would not eat. | They would not be eating. | They would not have eaten. | They would not have been eating.

Vifupisho

Muundo kamili | Muundo mfupi | Matamshi

would not + V1 | wouldn't + V1 | wudənt + V1

would not be + V-ing | wouldn't be + V-ing | wudənt bii + V-ing

would not have + V3 | wouldn't have + V3 | wudənt hav + V3

would not have been + V-ing | wouldn't have been + V-ing | wudənt hav bin + V-ing

Miundo yote ya Would Passive

Aina | Muundo | Matamshi ya muundo | Mfano | Matamshi ya mfano | Maana

Simple Passive | would be + umbo la tatu V3 | wud bii + V3 | The book would be read. | dhə buk wud bii red | Kitabu kingesomwa.

Continuous Passive | would be being + umbo la tatu V3 | wud bii biiing + V3 | The book would be being read. | dhə buk wud bii biiing red | Kitabu kingekuwa kinasomwa. (Muundo huu si wa kawaida.)

Perfect Passive | would have been + umbo la tatu V3 | wud hav bin + V3 | The book would have been read. | dhə buk wud hav bin red | Kitabu kingekuwa kimesomwa.

Perfect Continuous Passive | would have been being + umbo la tatu V3 | wud hav bin biiing + V3 | The book would have been being read. | dhə buk wud hav bin biiing red | Kitabu kingekuwa kimekuwa kikisomwa. (Muundo huu ni nadra sana.)

Pamoja na viwakilishi vyote

Kiwakilishi | Would Passive Simple | Would Passive Continuous | Would Passive Perfect | Would Passive Perfect Continuous

I | I would be seen. | I would be being seen. | I would have been seen. | I would have been being seen.

You | You would be seen. | You would be being seen. | You would have been seen. | You would have been being seen.

He | He would be seen. | He would be being seen. | He would have been seen. | He would have been being seen.

She | She would be seen. | She would be being seen. | She would have been seen. | She would have been being seen.

It | It would be seen. | It would be being seen. | It would have been seen. | It would have been being seen.

We | We would be seen. | We would be being seen. | We would have been seen. | We would have been being seen.

They | They would be seen. | They would be being seen. | They would have been seen. | They would have been being seen.

Miundo hasi — Would Passive Negative

Aina | Muundo | Mfano | Matamshi ya mfano | Maana

Simple Passive | would not be + V3 | The book would not be read. | dhə buk wud not bii red | Kitabu kisingesomwa.

Continuous Passive | would not be being + V3 | The book would not be being read. | dhə buk wud not bii biiing red | Kitabu kisingekuwa kinasomwa. (Muundo huu si wa kawaida.)

Perfect Passive | would not have been + V3 | The book would not have been read. | dhə buk wud not hav bin red | Kitabu kisingekuwa kimesomwa.

Perfect Continuous Passive | would not have been being + V3 | The book would not have been being read. | dhə buk wud not hav bin biiing red | Kitabu kisingekuwa kimekuwa kikisomwa. (Muundo huu ni nadra sana.)

Maneno ya msingi ya masharti

Neno/Kirai | Matamshi | Maana | Matumizi

if | if | ikiwa, kama | Huanzisha sharti.

if not | if not | ikiwa sivyo, kama si | Huonyesha sharti hasi.

unless | ənles | isipokuwa kama, kama si | Kwa kawaida huwa na maana ya if...not.

when | wen | wakati, pale ambapo | Kwa masharti yanayotarajiwa au yanayojirudia.

whenever | wenever | kila wakati ambapo | Kwa hali zinazojirudia.

even if | iivən if | hata kama | Huonyesha kuwa matokeo hayatabadilika licha ya sharti.

only if | oʊnli if | ikiwa tu | Huonyesha sharti la lazima.

if and only if | if ənd oʊnli if | ikiwa na ikiwa tu | Huonyesha sharti la lazima na la kutosha.

as long as | æz long æz | mradi tu, maadamu | Huonyesha sharti.

so long as | soʊ long æz | mradi tu, maadamu | Maana sawa na as long as.

provided that | prəvaidid dhæt | mradi kwamba | Huonyesha sharti maalumu.

providing that | prəvaiding dhæt | mradi kwamba | Huonyesha sharti.

on condition that | on kən-dishən dhæt | kwa sharti kwamba | Huonyesha sharti rasmi.

in case | in keis | endapo, ikiwa itatokea | Huonyesha tahadhari au uwezekano; si sawa kila wakati na if.

in the event that | in dhi ivent dhæt | endapo, iwapo | Huonyesha hali inayoweza kutokea.

assuming that | əsuuming dhæt | tukidhani kwamba | Huanzisha dhana.

supposing that | səpoʊzing dhæt | tuseme kwamba | Huanzisha dhana.

suppose | səpoʊz | tuseme, vipi ikiwa | Hutambulisha hali ya kudhaniwa.

what if | wot if | vipi ikiwa | Huuliza kuhusu uwezekano au matokeo.

if only | if oʊnli | laiti; kama tu | Huonyesha hamu, majuto au sharti lisilotimizwa.

even though | iivən dhoʊ | ingawa, licha ya kwamba | Huonyesha tofauti au hali ya kukinzana; si kiunganishi cha sharti.

whether | wedhər | ikiwa, iwapo | Hutumika katika maswali yasiyo ya moja kwa moja au kuonyesha njia mbili zinazowezekana.

when | wen | wakati ambapo

only when | oʊnli wen | pale tu ambapo

13- Ulinganisho na Ubora wa Juu (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)

Ulinganisho wa kivumishi kifupi Adjective + -er + than Kivumishi + er + than taller than tola kuliko

Ubora wa juu wa kivumishi kifupi the + adjective + -est the + kivumishi + est the tallest the mrefu zaidi

Ulinganisho wa kivumishi kirefu more + adjective + than more + kivumishi + than more beautiful than mrembo zaidi kuliko

Ubora wa juu wa kivumishi kirefu the most + adjective the most + kivumishi the most beautiful mrembo zaidi

Ulinganisho wa kiwango cha chini less + adjective + than less + kivumishi + than less expensive than nafuu zaidi kuliko

Ubora wa chini kabisa the least + adjective the least + kivumishi the least expensive wenye gharama ndogo zaidi

Usawa as + adjective + as as + kivumishi + as as tall as mrefu kama

Kutokuwa sawa not as + adjective + as not as + kivumishi + as not as tall as si mrefu kama

Usawa kwa kifupi as + adjective as + kivumishi tall as mrefu kama

Kutokuwa sawa kwa kifupi not + adjective + as not + kivumishi + as not tall as si mrefu kama

Kuimarisha ulinganisho much/far/a lot + comparative much/far/a lot + kivumishi cha ulinganisho much better bora zaidi sana

Ulinganisho wa kiwango kidogo a little/slightly + comparative a little/slightly + kivumishi cha ulinganisho slightly better bora kidogo

Kuongezeka hatua kwa hatua comparative + and + comparative kivumishi cha ulinganisho + and + kivumishi cha ulinganisho bigger and bigger kubwa zaidi na zaidi

Ulinganisho sawia the + comparative, the + comparative the + kivumishi cha ulinganisho, the + kivumishi cha ulinganisho the more, the better kadiri zaidi, ndivyo bora zaidi

Ubora wa juu ndani ya kundi the + superlative + in/of the + kivumishi cha ubora wa juu + in/of the best in the class bora zaidi darasani

Mmoja kati ya walio bora one of the + superlative + plural noun one of the + kivumishi cha ubora wa juu + nomino ya wingi one of the best students mmoja wa wanafunzi bora zaidi

Ubora wa juu kabisa kwa msisitizo by far + the + superlative by far + the + kivumishi cha ubora wa juu by far the best bora zaidi kuliko wote kwa mbali

Ulinganisho wa vitendo verb + more/less kitenzi + more/less work more fanya kazi zaidi

Ulinganisho wa nomino zinazohesabika more/fewer + plural noun more/fewer + nomino ya wingi more books / fewer books vitabu vingi zaidi / vitabu vichache zaidi

Ulinganisho wa nomino zisizohesabika more/less + uncountable noun more/less + nomino isiyohesabika more water / less water maji mengi zaidi / maji machache zaidi

Ulinganisho wa kiasi cha pesa more/less + noun more/less + nomino more money pesa zaidi

Ulinganisho wa idadi more/fewer + plural noun more/fewer + nomino ya wingi more people watu wengi zaidi

Kiasi cha pesa mara mbili twice as much as twice as much as twice as much money pesa mara mbili ya kiasi hicho

Idadi mara mbili twice as many as twice as many as twice as many books vitabu mara mbili ya idadi hiyo

I am as tall as him — Mimi ni mrefu kama yeye.

Ni lini tunatumia -er na ni lini tunatumia more?

Kanuni hizi ni muhimu sana.

Hali Matumizi Mfano Matamshi Maana

Kivumishi kifupi, kwa kawaida chenye silabi moja -er taller tola mrefu zaidi

Kivumishi kifupi, kwa kawaida chenye silabi moja -er smaller smola mdogo zaidi

Kivumishi kinachoishia kwa -y -er, badilisha y kuwa i happier hapier mwenye furaha zaidi

Kivumishi kinachoishia kwa -e -r larger larjer kubwa zaidi

Kivumishi kirefu, kwa kawaida chenye silabi mbili au zaidi more more beautiful mor byutiful mrembo zaidi

Kivumishi kirefu more more expensive mor ikspensiv chenye gharama zaidi

Kivumishi kirefu more more interesting mor intresting cha kuvutia zaidi

15- Vishazi Virejeshi (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

Aina ya kishazi Viwakilishi/viunganishi vinavyotumika Mwongozo wa matamshi Mfano Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

Kishazi rejeshi bainishi who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why hu / hum / huz / wich / dhat / wer / wen / wai The man who lives here is my teacher. dhe man hu livz hir iz mai ticha Mwanaume anayeishi hapa ni mwalimu wangu.

Kishazi rejeshi kisicho bainishi who / whom / whose / which / where / when hu / hum / huz / wich / wer / wen My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. mai bradha, hu livz in landan, iz a dokta Kaka yangu, ambaye anaishi London, ni daktari.

Kishazi rejeshi kinachotumika kama kiima who/which/that + verb hu / wich / dhat + kitenzi The woman who works here is friendly. dhe wuman hu works hir iz frendli Mwanamke anayefanya kazi hapa ni mwenye urafiki.

Kishazi rejeshi kinachotumika kama yambwa who/whom/which/that + subject + verb hu / hum / wich / dhat + kiima + kitenzi The man whom I met was kind. dhe man hum ai met woz kaind Mwanaume niliyekutana naye alikuwa mkarimu.

Kishazi rejeshi chenye kiwakilishi kilichoachwa nomino + kiima + kitenzi nomino + kiima + kitenzi The book I bought is interesting. dhe buk ai bot iz intresting Kitabu nilichonunua kinavutia.

Kishazi rejeshi cha umilikaji whose + noun whose + nomino The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. dhe gurl huz fadha iz a dokta iz mai frend Msichana ambaye baba yake ni daktari ni rafiki yangu.

Kishazi rejeshi cha mahali where + clause where + kishazi This is the house where I grew up. dhis iz dhe haus wer ai gru ap Hii ndiyo nyumba niliyokulia.

Kishazi rejeshi cha wakati when + clause when + kishazi I remember the day when we met. ai rimemba dhe dei wen wi met Ninakumbuka siku tuliyokutana.

Kishazi rejeshi cha sababu why + clause why + kishazi I know the reason why he left. ai no dhe rizan wai hi left Ninajua sababu iliyomfanya aondoke.

Kishazi rejeshi chenye kihusishi preposition + whom/which kihusishi + whom / which The person to whom I spoke was helpful. dhe person tu hum ai spouk woz helpful Mtu niliyezungumza naye alikuwa msaada.

Kishazi rejeshi kifupi cha V-ing nomino + V-ing nomino + V-ing The man standing there is my brother. dhe man standing dher iz mai bradha Mwanaume aliyesimama pale ni kaka yangu.

Kishazi rejeshi kifupi cha V3 nomino + V3 nomino + V3 The documents signed yesterday are important. dhe dokyuments saind yestadei ar important Nyaraka zilizosainiwa jana ni muhimu.

Kishazi rejeshi cha infinitive nomino + to + V1 nomino + to + V1 She was the first person to arrive. shi woz dhe ferst person tu araiv Alikuwa mtu wa kwanza kufika.

Kishazi rejeshi changamano whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however hu-evah / wot-evah / wich-evah / wer-evah / wen-evah / hau-evah Take whatever you want. teik woteva yu wont Chukua chochote unachotaka.

Kishazi rejeshi kinachotoa matokeo , which + clause wich + kishazi He missed the bus, which made him late. hi mist dhe bas, wich meid him leit Alikosa basi, jambo lililomfanya achelewe.

Kishazi rejeshi nomino what / whatever / whoever / whichever wot / woteva / hu-evah / wich-evah I know what you mean. ai no wot yu min Ninajua unachomaanisha.

Kishazi rejeshi kilichopachikwa ndani ya kingine relative clause inside a relative clause kishazi rejeshi ndani ya kishazi rejeshi The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. dhe man hu livz in dhe haus dhat ai bot iz mai neiba Mwanaume anayeishi katika nyumba niliyonunua ni jirani yangu.

16- Usemi wa Taarifa na Usemi wa Moja kwa Moja (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)

Aina ya sentensi Muundo Mwongozo wa matamshi Mfano wa usemi wa moja kwa moja Usemi wa taarifa Tafsiri

Sentensi ya taarifa chanya said (that) + clause sed (dhat) + kishazi He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amechoka.

Sentensi ya taarifa hasi said (that) + subject + not + verb sed (dhat) + kiima + not + kitenzi He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. Alisema kwamba hakuwa amechoka.

Swali la ndiyo/hapana asked if/whether + clause askt if/wedha + kishazi He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. Aliuliza kama nilikuwa tayari.

Swali la taarifa asked + question word + clause askt + neno la swali + kishazi He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. Aliuliza nilipoishi.

Amri chanya told + object + to + V1 told + yambwa + to + V1 He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. Aliniambia nifungue mlango.

Amri hasi told + object + not to + V1 told + yambwa + not to + V1 He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. Aliniambia nisifungue mlango.

Ombi asked + object + to + V1 askt + yambwa + to + V1 She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. Aliniomba nimsaidie.

Ombi hasi asked + object + not to + V1 askt + yambwa + not to + V1 She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. Aliniomba nisiende.

Ushauri advised + object + to + V1 advaizd + yambwa + to + V1 He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. Alinishauri nisome kwa bidii zaidi.

Ushauri hasi advised + object + not to + V1 advaizd + yambwa + not to + V1 He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. Alinishauri nisiendeshe kwa kasi.

Pendekezo suggested + V-ing sajestid + V-ing He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. Alipendekeza kwenda.

Pendekezo kwa kutumia that suggested that + subject + should + V1 sajestid dhat + kiima + should + V1 He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. Alipendekeza kwamba tuende.

Ahadi promised + to + V1 promist + to + V1 He said, “I will help you.” He promised to help me. Aliahidi kunisaidia.

Kukataa refused + to + V1 refyuzd + to + V1 He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. Alikataa kwenda.

Kujitolea offered + to + V1 ofad + to + V1 He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. Alijitolea kunisaidia.

Onyo warned + object + to + V1 wornd + yambwa + to + V1 He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. Alinionya niwe mwangalifu.

Onyo hasi warned + object + not to + V1 wornd + yambwa + not to + V1 He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. Alinionya nisikiguse.

Kuomba msamaha apologized for + V-ing apoloj a izd for + V-ing He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. Aliomba msamaha kwa kusema uongo.

Kukiri admitted + V-ing admitid + V-ing He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. Alikiri kwamba alikuwa amekivunja.

Kukanusha denied + V-ing dinaid + V-ing He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. Alikana kwamba alikuwa amekivunja.

Shutuma accused + object + of + V-ing akyuzd + yambwa + of + V-ing He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. Alinishutumu kwa kukiiba.

Lawama blamed + object + for + V-ing bleimd + yambwa + for + V-ing He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. Alinilaumu kwa kusababisha tatizo.

Pongezi congratulated + object + on + V-ing/noun kongratyuleitid + yambwa + on + V-ing/nomino He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. Alinipongeza kwa kushinda.

Mabadiliko ya nyakati katika usemi wa taarifa

Wakati sentensi inabadilishwa kutoka usemi wa moja kwa moja kwenda usemi wa taarifa, kwa kawaida wakati hurudi nyuma (backshift) kutoka wakati wa sasa kwenda wakati uliopita.

Usemi wa moja kwa moja Usemi wa taarifa Mwongozo wa matamshi ya wakati katika usemi wa taarifa

Present Simple Past Simple past simple

Present Continuous Past Continuous past continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect past perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous past perfect continuous

Past Simple Past Perfect past perfect

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous past perfect continuous

Past Perfect Past Perfect past perfect

will + V1 would + V1 wud + V1

will be + V-ing would be + V-ing wud bi + V-ing

will have + V3 would have + V3 wud hav + V3

can + V1 could + V1 kud + V1

may + V1 might + V1 mait + V1

must + V1 had to + V1 had tu + V1

3. Mifano ya Backshift

Usemi wa moja kwa moja Usemi wa taarifa Tafsiri

He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. Alisema kwamba alifanya kazi pale.

He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. Alisema kwamba alikuwa akifanya kazi.

He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amemaliza.

He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amemaliza.

He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. Alisema kwamba alikuwa amelala.

He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. Alisema kwamba angekuja.

He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. Alisema kwamba angeweza kuogelea.

He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. Alisema kwamba huenda angekuja.

4. Mabadiliko ya Viwakilishi

Usemi wa moja kwa moja Usemi wa taarifa

I he / she

me him / her

my his / her

mine his / hers

we they

us them

our their

ours theirs

you I / we / he / she / they — hutegemea muktadha

your my / our / his / her / their — hutegemea muktadha

Mfano:

Direct: She said, “I love my house.”

Reported: She said that she loved her house.

Matamshi: Shi sed dhat shi lavd her haus.

Tafsiri: Alisema kwamba aliipenda nyumba yake.

5. Mabadiliko ya Maneno ya Wakati na Mahali

Usemi wa moja kwa moja Usemi wa taarifa

now then

today that day

tonight that night

yesterday the day before / the previous day

tomorrow the next day / the following day

last week the previous week

next week the following week

ago before

here there

this that

these those

17- Infinitives na Nomino za Vitenzi (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)

Aina Kifungu cha Kiingereza Matamshi ya Kiingereza Muundo Matamshi ya muundo Maana/Matumizi

Infinitive yenye to to-infinitive tu-infinitiv to + V1 to + V1 kufanya jambo

Infinitive bila to bare infinitive ber infinitiv V1 V1 kitenzi cha msingi bila to

Umbo la -ing linalotumika kama nomino gerund jerand V-ing V-ing kitendo kinachotumika kama nomino

Infinitive timilifu perfect infinitive perfekt infinitiv to have + V3 to hav + V3 kufanya jambo ambalo tayari limekamilika

Infinitive endelevu continuous infinitive kontinyuas infinitiv to be + V-ing to bi + V-ing kuwa katika hali ya kufanya jambo

Infinitive timilifu endelevu perfect continuous infinitive perfekt kontinyuas infinitiv to have been + V-ing to hav bin + V-ing kuwa umekuwa ukifanya jambo

Infinitive ya kauli tendwa passive infinitive pasiv infinitiv to be + V3 to bi + V3 kufanyiwa jambo

Infinitive timilifu ya kauli tendwa perfect passive infinitive perfekt pasiv infinitiv to have been + V3 to hav bin + V3 kuwa tayari umefanyiwa jambo

# Aina Muundo Mwongozo wa matamshi Mfano Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

1 Adjective + V-ing Subject + be + adjective + V-ing + object kiima + bi + kivumishi + V-ing + yambwa I am happy seeing you. ai am hapi siing yu Ninafurahi kukuona.

2 Adjective + to-infinitive Subject + be + adjective + to + V1 + object kiima + bi + kivumishi + tu + V1 + yambwa I am happy to see you. ai am hapi tu si yu Ninafurahi kukuona.

3 Verb + to-infinitive Subject + plan + to + V1 kiima + plan + tu + V1 I plan to eat. ai plan tu it Ninapanga kula.

4 Verb + V-ing Subject + plan + V-ing kiima + plan + V-ing I plan eating. ai plan iiting Ninapanga kula, lakini muundo huu si wa kawaida katika maana hii.

5 Perception verb + object + V1 Subject + see + object + V1 kiima + si + yambwa + V1 I see him run. ai si him ran Ninamwona akikimbia.

6 Perception verb + object + V-ing Subject + see + object + V-ing kiima + si + yambwa + V-ing I see him running. ai si him raning Ninamwona akifanya kitendo cha kukimbia.

7 Purpose + to-infinitive Subject + verb + to + V1 kiima + kitenzi + tu + V1 I eat to play. ai it tu plei Ninakula ili nicheze.

8 Purpose + in order to Subject + verb + in order to + V1 kiima + kitenzi + in order to + V1 I eat in order to play. ai it in order tu plei Ninakula ili niweze kucheza.

18- Hali ya Subjunctive (SUBJUNCTIVE)

Aina Muundo Mwongozo wa matamshi Mfano Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

1 Present Subjunctive Subject + that + base verb V1 kiima + dhat + kitenzi cha msingi V1 I suggest that he go. ai sajest dhat hi go Ninapendekeza aende.

2 Negative Present Subjunctive Subject + that + not + base verb V1 kiima + dhat + not + kitenzi cha msingi V1 I suggest that he not go. ai sajest dhat hi not go Ninapendekeza asiende.

3 Be Subjunctive Subject + that + be + adjective/noun kiima + dhat + bi + kivumishi/nomino It is important that he be ready. it iz important dhat hi bi redi Ni muhimu awe tayari.

4 After demand/recommendation Subject + that + subject + V1 kiima + dhat + kiima + V1 They demanded that she leave. dhei dimandid dhat shi liv Walidai kwamba aondoke.

5 After insist Subject + that + subject + V1 kiima + dhat + kiima + V1 I insist that he stay. ai insist dhat hi stei Nasisitiza kwamba abaki.

6 After require Subject + that + subject + V1 kiima + dhat + kiima + V1 The law requires that everyone be present. dhe lo rikwaierz dhat evriwan bi prezent Sheria inataka kila mtu awepo.

7 Were Subjunctive If + subject + were +... if + kiima + were +... If I were you, I would wait. if ai wer yu, ai wud weit Kama ningekuwa wewe, ningesubiri.

8 Wish + were Subject + wish + subject + were +... kiima + wish + kiima + were +... I wish I were taller. ai wish ai wer tola Ninatamani ningekuwa mrefu zaidi.

9 Formal hypothetical inversion Were + subject +... were + kiima +... Were I you, I would wait. wer ai yu, ai wud weit Kama ningekuwa wewe, ningesubiri.

10 Fixed/formal expression God/Heaven + V1 God/Heaven + V1 God save the King. god seiv dhe king Mungu amlinde mfalme.

19- Maswali ya Mwisho (TAG QUESTIONS)

Aina Muundo Mwongozo wa matamshi ya Kiingereza Mfano kamili Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

Tag Question — Chanya Sentensi chanya + kisaidizi hasi + kiima? sentensi chanya + auxiliary hasi + kiima? You are ready, aren't you? yu ar redi, arnt yu? Uko tayari, sivyo?

Tag Question — Hasi Sentensi hasi + kisaidizi chanya + kiima? sentensi hasi + auxiliary chanya + kiima? You aren't ready, are you? yu arnt redi, ar yu? Huko tayari, sivyo?

Present Simple Sentensi + don't/doesn't + kiima? sentensi + dont/duzant + kiima? She works here, doesn't she? shi works hir, duzant shi? Anafanya kazi hapa, sivyo?

Past Simple Sentensi + didn't/did + kiima? sentensi + didnt/did + kiima? You saw him, didn't you? yu so him, didnt yu? Ulimwona, sivyo?

Be Sentensi + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + kiima? sentensi + iznt/arnt/woznt/wernt + kiima? He is here, isn't he? hi iz hir, iznt hi? Yuko hapa, sivyo?

Present Continuous Sentensi + isn't/aren't + kiima? sentensi + iznt/arnt + kiima? She is working, isn't she? shi iz working, iznt shi? Anafanya kazi, sivyo?

Present Perfect Sentensi + hasn't/haven't + kiima? sentensi + haznt/havnt + kiima? They have finished, haven't they? dhei hav finishd, havnt dhei? Wamemaliza, sivyo?

Past Perfect Sentensi + hadn't + kiima? sentensi + hadnt + kiima? He had left, hadn't he? hi had left, hadnt hi? Alikuwa ameondoka, sivyo?

Future — will Sentensi + won't + kiima? sentensi + wont + kiima? You will come, won't you? yu wil kam, wont yu? Utakuja, sivyo?

Modal Sentensi + modal negative + kiima? sentensi + modal hasi + kiima? He can swim, can't he? hi kan swim, kant hi? Anaweza kuogelea, sivyo?

Let's Let's + V1, shall we? let's + V1, shal wi? Let's go, shall we? let's go, shal wi? Twendeni, sawa?

Imperative V1 + will you? V1 + wil yu? Open the door, will you? oupan dhe dor, wil yu? Fungua mlango, tafadhali.

Negative Question — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + subject + V1? dont/duzant + kiima + V1? Don't you like coffee? dont yu laik kofi? Hupendi kahawa?

Negative Question — Past Simple Didn't + subject + V1? didnt + kiima + V1? Didn't you see him? didnt yu si him? Hukumwona?

Negative Question — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + subject...? iznt/arnt/woznt/wernt + kiima...? Isn't he ready? iznt hi redi? Je, hayuko tayari?

Negative Question — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + subject + V-ing? iznt/arnt + kiima + V-ing? Isn't she working? iznt shi working? Je, hafanyi kazi?

Negative Question — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + subject + V3? havnt/haznt + kiima + V3? Haven't you finished? havnt yu finishd? Hujamaliza?

Negative Question — Future Won't + subject + V1? wont + kiima + V1? Won't you come with us? wont yu kam with as? Hutakuja pamoja nasi?

Negative Question — Modal Modal negative + subject + V1? modal hasi + kiima + V1? Can't you help me? kant yu help mi? Huwezi kunisaidia?

Full Negative Question Auxiliary + subject + not + V1...? kitenzi kisaidizi + kiima + not + V1...? Do you not know? du yu not no? Je, hujui?

I am — Tag I am +..., aren't I? ai am +..., arnt ai? I am right, aren't I? ai am rait, arnt ai? Niko sahihi, sivyo?

Kanuni za Msingi

Kanuni Mfano

Sentensi chanya → Tag hasi You like it, don't you?

Sentensi hasi → Tag chanya You don't like it, do you?

Negative Question = swali hasi Don't you like it?

Tag Question = sentensi + swali fupi mwishoni You like it, don't you?

Kama sentensi ina kitenzi kisaidizi, kitumie kwenye tag She is working, isn't she?

Kama hakuna kitenzi kisaidizi katika Present/Past Simple, tumia do/does/did He works, doesn't he?

Katika swali hasi, kitenzi kikuu hubaki katika umbo la V1 baada ya do/does/did Didn't you go? — Sahihi. ❌ Didn't you went?

Jibu la Yes/No lifuate maana halisi ya jibu Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

20- Maneno Modali (MODAL WORDS)

Modal Matamshi ya Kiingereza Maana kwa Kiswahili Mfano Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

can can kuweza / anaweza I can swim. Ai ken swim. Ninaweza kuogelea.

could kud aliweza / angeweza I could swim when I was five. Ai kud swim wen ai woz faiv. Niliweza kuogelea nilipokuwa na umri wa miaka mitano.

may mei huenda / anaweza It may rain. It mei rein. Huenda mvua ikanyesha.

might mait huenda / labda It might rain. It mait rein. Labda mvua itanyesha.

must mast lazima / ni lazima You must leave. Yu mast liiv. Lazima uondoke.

shall shal je, tutafanya...? / tutafanya Shall we go? Shal wi gou? Je, twende?

should shud unapaswa / inafaa You should rest. Yu shud rest. Unapaswa kupumzika.

will wil atafanya / atafanya I will help you. Ai wil help yu. Nitakusaidia.

would wud angefanya / angeweza / hali ya masharti I would help you. Ai wud help yu. Ningekusaidia.

ought to ot tu unapaswa / inafaa You ought to study. Yu ot tu stadi. Unapaswa kusoma.

Sheria

Modal ya msingi kwa kawaida hufuatiwa na kitenzi katika umbo la kwanza (V1):

modal + V1

Mfano:

She can speak English.

Shi ken spiik Inglish.

Anaweza kuzungumza Kiingereza.

Si sahihi:

❌ She can speaks.

2. Maana na kazi za modal

Kazi Maneno au miundo ya modal Maana

Ability — Uwezo can, could, be able to uwezo / kuweza

Possibility — Uwezekano can, could, may, might, might possibly inawezekana / huenda

Permission — Ruhusa can, could, may, might ruhusa / kuruhusiwa

Request — Ombi can, could, will, would, may kuomba / je, unaweza...?

Advice — Ushauri should, ought to, had better unapaswa / ingekuwa bora

Obligation — Wajibu must, have to, have got to, need to lazima / kuwajibika

Necessity — Ulazima must, have to, need to ni lazima / hitaji

Prohibition — Katazo must not, cannot/can't, may not imekatazwa / hairuhusiwi

Expectation — Matarajio should, ought to, be supposed to inatarajiwa / inapaswa

Prediction — Utabiri will, shall, should, ought to utabiri / kinachotarajiwa kutokea

Willingness — Utayari will, would utayari / kuwa tayari

Refusal — Kukataa will not, won't, would not, wouldn't kukataa / hatakubali

Habit — Mazoea would, will kitendo cha mazoea

Hypothetical — Hali ya kudhaniwa would, could, might ingekuwa / ingewezekana

Deduction — Hitimisho must, can't, couldn't, may, might hitimisho / huenda / haiwezekani

Regret — Majuto should have, ought to have, could have, would have ungepaswa / ungeweza

Past possibility may have, might have, could have huenda kilitokea zamani

Past deduction must have, can't have, couldn't have lazima kilitokea / haiwezekani kilitokea

3. Semi-Modals — Miundo inayofanana na modal

Hizi si modal za msingi, lakini zina kazi zinazofanana na modal.

Modal expression Matamshi Maana Mfano Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

have to hav tu lazima I have to go. Ai hav tu gou. Lazima niende.

has to haz tu lazima She has to work. Shi haz tu werk. Lazima afanye kazi.

had to had tu ilikuwa lazima I had to leave. Ai had tu liiv. Ilinibidi kuondoka.

have got to hav gat tu lazima I have got to go. Ai hav gat tu gou. Lazima niende.

has got to haz gat tu lazima He has got to leave. Hii haz gat tu liiv. Lazima aondoke.

had better had beta ingekuwa bora You had better go. Yu had beta gou. Ingekuwa bora uende.

be able to bii eibl tu kuwa na uwezo wa She is able to swim. Shi iz eibl tu swim. Anaweza kuogelea.

be unable to bii an-eibl tu kutokuwa na uwezo wa He is unable to walk. Hii iz an-eibl tu wok. Hana uwezo wa kutembea.

be allowed to bii alaud tu kuruhusiwa We are allowed to leave. Wii ar alaud tu liiv. Tumeruhusiwa kuondoka.

be permitted to bii pemitid tu kuruhusiwa You are permitted to enter. Yu ar pemitid tu enta. Umeruhusiwa kuingia.

be supposed to bii sapouzd tu inatarajiwa / inapaswa You are supposed to wait. Yu ar sapouzd tu weit. Unapaswa kusubiri.

be required to bii rikwaiad tu kuhitajika You are required to sign. Yu ar rikwaiad tu sain. Unatakiwa kutia saini.

be expected to bii ikspektid tu kutarajiwa They are expected to arrive. Dhei ar ikspektid tu araiv. Inatarajiwa wafike.

be willing to bii wiling tu kuwa tayari I am willing to help. Ai am wiling tu help. Niko tayari kusaidia.

be unwilling to bii an-wiling tu kutokuwa tayari He is unwilling to cooperate. Hii iz an-wiling tu kou-opereit. Hataki kushirikiana.

be likely to bii laikli tu kuna uwezekano wa She is likely to win. Shi iz laikli tu win. Ana uwezekano wa kushinda.

be unlikely to bii an-laikli tu kuna uwezekano mdogo wa He is unlikely to come. Hii iz an-laikli tu kam. Huenda asije.

4. Need — Kitenzi kinachofanana na modal

Need kinaweza kutumika kwa njia mbili tofauti.

Modal need

Need I go?

Niid ai gou?

Je, ni lazima niende?

You needn't worry.

Yu niidnt wari.

Huna haja ya kuwa na wasiwasi.

Main verb need

I need to go.

Ai niid tu gou.

Ninahitaji kwenda.

Umbo Matamshi Maana

need niid kuhitaji / kuwa na haja

needn't niidnt kutohitaji / kutokuwa na haja

need to niid tu kuhitaji kufanya

don't need to dount niid tu huhitaji kufanya

didn't need to didnt niid tu hukuhitaji kufanya

5. Dare — Kitenzi kinachofanana na modal

Dare humaanisha kuthubutu na kinaweza kutumika kama kitenzi cha kawaida au kama modal.

Dare I ask?

Dea ai ask?

Je, nithubutu kuuliza?

How dare you!

Hau dea yu!

Unawezaje kuthubutu!

Umbo Matamshi Maana

dare dea kuthubutu

daren't deant kutothubutu

dare not dea not kutothubutu

don't dare dount dea usithubutu

6. Used to — Mazoea ya zamani

Used to si modal ya msingi, lakini ni muundo unaofanana na modal.

I used to live there.

Ai yuust tu liv dhea.

Zamani nilikuwa nikiishi huko.

Maana:

used to + V1

= huonyesha tabia au hali iliyokuwepo zamani lakini si lazima iwepo sasa.

7. Be going to

Muundo huu hutumika kuzungumzia mipango ya wakati ujao au jambo linalotarajiwa kutokea kutokana na dalili zilizopo.

I am going to study.

Ai am gouing tu stadi.

Ninapanga kusoma.

It is going to rain.

It iz gouing tu rein.

Huenda mvua ikanyesha hivi karibuni.

8. Modal expressions — Maneno yanayoonyesha uwezekano

Haya si modal verbs, lakini ni maneno yanayoonyesha uwezekano au kiwango cha uhakika.

Usemi Matamshi Maana

perhaps pehaps labda

maybe meibi labda

possibly posibli huenda / inawezekana

probably probabli huenda / kwa uwezekano mkubwa

likely laikli inawezekana

unlikely an-laikli haiwezekani sana

certainly setnli bila shaka

definitely definitli kwa hakika

surely shurli bila shaka / kwa hakika

apparently aparentli inaonekana / kwa jinsi inavyoonekana

presumably prizuumabli kwa kudhaniwa / inawezekana

conceivably kansiivabli inawezekana kinadharia

arguably agyuabli inaweza kusemwa kwamba

necessarily neseserili lazima / kwa lazima

not necessarily not neseserili si lazima

Mfano:

She will probably come.

Shi wil probabli kam.

Huenda akaja.

9. Expressions of necessity — Miundo ya ulazima

Usemi Matamshi Maana

must mast lazima

have to hav tu lazima

have got to hav gat tu lazima

need to niid tu kuhitaji / kulazimika

be required to bii rikwaiad tu kuhitajika

be obliged to bii oblaijd tu kuwajibika

be compelled to bii kompeld tu kulazimishwa

be forced to bii fost tu kulazimishwa

be necessary to bii neseseri tu kuwa lazima

be essential to bii isenshal tu kuwa muhimu sana / kuwa lazima

10. Expressions of advice — Miundo ya ushauri

Usemi Matamshi Maana

should shud unapaswa

ought to ot tu unapaswa

had better had beta ingekuwa bora

might want to mait wont tu huenda ukataka / ingekuwa vyema

could kud ungeweza / huenda ikafaa

be advised to bii advaizd tu kupewa ushauri wa

it would be wise to it wud bii waiz tu ingekuwa busara kufanya

it would be better to it wud bii beta tu ingekuwa bora kufanya

Mfano:

You might want to check again.

Yu mait wont tu chek agen.

Huenda ikawa vyema ukakagua tena.

11. Expressions of permission — Miundo ya ruhusa

Usemi Matamshi Maana

can ken kuweza / kuruhusiwa

could kud je, ningeweza...? / je, unaweza...?

may mei kuruhusiwa / kuweza

might mait je, naweza...? (kwa heshima sana)

be allowed to bii alaud tu kuruhusiwa

be permitted to bii pemitid tu kuruhusiwa

be authorized to bii othoraizd tu kupewa mamlaka ya

be entitled to bii intaitld tu kuwa na haki ya

12. Expressions of ability — Miundo ya uwezo

Usemi Matamshi Maana

can ken kuweza

could kud kuweza zamani / angeweza

be able to bii eibl tu kuwa na uwezo wa

be capable of bii keipabl ov kuwa na uwezo wa

manage to manij tu kufanikiwa kufanya

succeed in saksiid in kufanikiwa katika

Mfano:

She was able to solve the problem.

Shi woz eibl tu solv dha problem.

Aliweza kutatua tatizo.

13. Expressions of expectation — Miundo ya matarajio

Usemi Matamshi Maana

should shud inatarajiwa / inapaswa

ought to ot tu inapaswa

be supposed to bii sapouzd tu inatarajiwa kufanya

be expected to bii ikspektid tu kutarajiwa kufanya

be due to bii dyuu tu kupangwa / kutarajiwa

be scheduled to bii skedjuuld tu kuwa na ratiba ya

Mfano:

The train is due to arrive at six.

Dha trein iz dyuu tu araiv at siks.

Treni inatarajiwa kufika saa sita.

14. Expressions of willingness — Miundo ya utayari

Usemi Matamshi Maana

will wil kuwa tayari / kufanya

would wud ningekuwa tayari / je, ungeweza...?

be willing to bii wiling tu kuwa tayari kufanya

be happy to bii hapi tu kufurahi kufanya / kuwa tayari

be prepared to bii priperd tu kuwa tayari kufanya

be ready to bii redi tu kuwa tayari kufanya

15. Expressions of refusal — Miundo ya kukataa

Usemi Matamshi Maana

will not / won't wil not / wont hatakubali / hataki kufanya

would not / wouldn't wud not / wudnt hangeridhia / angekataa

refuse to rifyuuz tu kukataa kufanya

decline to diklain tu kukataa / kutokubali

be unwilling to bii an-wiling tu kutokuwa tayari kufanya

16. Miundo ya modal ya wakati uliopita

Miundo hii hutumia modal kueleza uwezekano, majuto, au hitimisho kuhusu wakati uliopita.

Muundo Matamshi Maana

could have + V3 kud hav + vii thrii angeweza kufanya

may have + V3 mei hav + vii thrii huenda alifanya

might have + V3 mait hav + vii thrii labda alifanya

must have + V3 mast hav + vii thrii lazima awe alifanya

can't have + V3 kaant hav + vii thrii haiwezekani kwamba alifanya

couldn't have + V3 kudnt hav + vii thrii haiwezekani kwamba aliweza kufanya

should have + V3 shud hav + vii thrii alipaswa kufanya

ought to have + V3 ot tu hav + vii thrii alipaswa kufanya

would have + V3 wud hav + vii thrii angekuwa amefanya

needn't have + V3 niidnt hav + vii thrii hakuwa na haja ya kufanya, lakini alifanya

Mfano:

You should have called me.

Yu shud hav kold mii.

Ulipaswa kunipigia simu.

17. Modal + Progressive

Modal inaweza kufuatiwa na be + kitenzi chenye -ing:

modal + be + kitenzi + ing

Muundo Mfano Matamshi Maana

can be + kitenzi + ing He can be working. Hii ken bii werking. Anaweza kuwa anafanya kazi.

could be + kitenzi + ing He could be working. Hii kud bii werking. Labda anafanya kazi.

may be + kitenzi + ing He may be working. Hii mei bii werking. Huenda anafanya kazi.

might be + kitenzi + ing He might be working. Hii mait bii werking. Labda anafanya kazi.

must be + kitenzi + ing He must be working. Hii mast bii werking. Lazima awe anafanya kazi.

should be + kitenzi + ing He should be working. Hii shud bii werking. Anapaswa kuwa anafanya kazi.

will be + kitenzi + ing He will be working. Hii wil bii werking. Atakuwa anafanya kazi.

would be + kitenzi + ing He would be working. Hii wud bii werking. Angekuwa anafanya kazi.

18. Modal + Perfect Progressive

modal + have been + kitenzi + ing

Mfano:

She may have been working.

Shi mei hav bin werking.

Huenda alikuwa akifanya kazi.

Muundo Maana

could have been + kitenzi + ing huenda alikuwa akifanya

may have been + kitenzi + ing huenda alikuwa akifanya

might have been + kitenzi + ing labda alikuwa akifanya

must have been + kitenzi + ing lazima alikuwa akifanya

should have been + kitenzi + ing alipaswa kuwa akifanya

would have been + kitenzi + ing angekuwa amekuwa akifanya

19. Modal + Passive

modal + be + V3

Mfano:

The work must be finished.

Dha werk mast bii finishd.

Kazi lazima ikamilishwe.

Muundo Mfano

can be + V3 It can be done.

could be + V3 It could be done.

may be + V3 It may be done.

might be + V3 It might be done.

must be + V3 It must be done.

should be + V3 It should be done.

will be + V3 It will be done.

would be + V3 It would be done.

20. Modal + Perfect Passive

modal + have been + V3

Mfano:

It should have been done.

It shud hav bin dan.

Ilipaswa kuwa imefanywa.

Muundo Maana

could have been + V3 ingeweza kuwa imefanywa

may have been + V3 huenda ilikuwa imefanywa

might have been + V3 labda ilikuwa imefanywa

must have been + V3 lazima ilikuwa imefanywa

should have been + V3 ilipaswa kuwa imefanywa

would have been + V3 ingekuwa imefanywa

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

Aina Muundo Matamshi ya muundo Mfano kamili Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

Umoja — kauli chanya There is + nomino ya umoja Dhea iz + noun There is a book on the table. Dhea iz a buk on dha teibl. Kuna kitabu juu ya meza.

Wingi — kauli chanya There are + nomino ya wingi Dhea ar + noun There are two books on the table. Dhea ar tu buks on dha teibl. Kuna vitabu viwili juu ya meza.

Nomino isiyohesabika There is + nomino isiyohesabika Dhea iz + uncountable noun There is some water in the bottle. Dhea iz sam wota in dha botl. Kuna maji kwenye chupa.

Umoja — kanusho There isn't + nomino ya umoja Dhea iznt + noun There isn't a book here. Dhea iznt a buk hiya. Hakuna kitabu hapa.

Wingi — kanusho There aren't + nomino ya wingi Dhea arnt + noun There aren't any books here. Dhea arnt eni buks hiya. Hakuna vitabu hapa.

Swali — umoja Is there + nomino ya umoja...? Iz dhea + noun? Is there a problem? Iz dhea a problem? Je, kuna tatizo?

Swali — wingi Are there + nomino ya wingi...? Ar dhea + noun? Are there any problems? Ar dhea eni problems? Je, kuna matatizo yoyote?

Swali hasi — umoja Isn't there + nomino ya umoja...? Iznt dhea + noun? Isn't there a problem? Iznt dhea a problem? Je, hakuna tatizo?

Swali hasi — wingi Aren't there + nomino ya wingi...? Arnt dhea + noun? Aren't there any problems? Arnt dhea eni problems? Je, hakuna matatizo yoyote?

Wakati uliopita — umoja There was + nomino ya umoja Dhea woz + noun There was a problem. Dhea woz a problem. Kulikuwa na tatizo.

Wakati uliopita — wingi There were + nomino ya wingi Dhea wer + noun There were many people. Dhea wer meni piipl. Kulikuwa na watu wengi.

Wakati uliopita — umoja wa kanusho There wasn't + nomino ya umoja Dhea woznt + noun There wasn't a problem. Dhea woznt a problem. Hakukuwa na tatizo.

Wakati uliopita — wingi wa kanusho There weren't + nomino ya wingi Dhea wernt + noun There weren't many people. Dhea wernt meni piipl. Hakukuwa na watu wengi.

Swali la wakati uliopita Was there + nomino ya umoja...? Woz dhea + noun? Was there a problem? Woz dhea a problem? Je, kulikuwa na tatizo?

Swali la wakati uliopita — wingi Were there + nomino ya wingi...? Wer dhea + noun? Were there many people? Wer dhea meni piipl? Je, kulikuwa na watu wengi?

Wakati ujao There will be + nomino Dhea wil bii + noun There will be a meeting tomorrow. Dhea wil bii a miiting tumoro. Kutakuwa na mkutano kesho.

Wakati ujao — kanusho There won't be + nomino Dhea wont bii + noun There won't be a meeting tomorrow. Dhea wont bii a miiting tumoro. Hakutakuwa na mkutano kesho.

Swali la wakati ujao Will there be + nomino...? Wil dhea bii + noun? Will there be a meeting tomorrow? Wil dhea bii a miiting tumoro? Je, kutakuwa na mkutano kesho?

Present Perfect There has/have been + nomino Dhea haz/hav bin + noun There has been a mistake. Dhea haz bin a misteik. Kumekuwa na kosa.

Past Perfect There had been + nomino Dhea had bin + noun There had been a problem. Dhea had bin a problem. Kulikuwa na tatizo.

Modal There can/may/might/must/should be + nomino Dhea ken/mei/mait/mast/shud bii + noun There may be a problem. Dhea mei bii a problem. Huenda kukawa na tatizo.

1. Have = Kuwa na / Kumiliki

Aina Muundo Matamshi ya muundo Mfano kamili Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

Pamoja na I / you / we / they Mhusika + have + nomino Dha subject + hav + dha noun I have a car. Ai hav a kaar. Nina gari.

Pamoja na he / she / it Mhusika + has + nomino Dha subject + haz + dha noun She has a car. Shi haz a kaar. Ana gari.

Have hutumika pamoja na: I, you, we, they.

Has hutumika pamoja na: he, she, it.

2. Umbo la kanusho la have

Aina Muundo Matamshi ya muundo Mfano kamili Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

Kanusho I/you/we/they Mhusika + do not + have + nomino Dha subject + du not + hav + dha noun I do not have a car. Ai du not hav a kaar. Sina gari.

Kanusho he/she/it Mhusika + does not + have + nomino Dha subject + daz not + hav + dha noun She does not have a car. Shi daz not hav a kaar. Hana gari.

Kumbuka: baada ya does, tumia have badala ya has.

She doesn't have a car. ✅

She doesn't has a car. ❌

3. Maswali kwa kutumia have

Aina Muundo Matamshi ya muundo Mfano kamili Matamshi ya mfano Tafsiri

Swali I/you/we/they Do + mhusika + have + nomino? Du + dha subject + hav + dha noun? Do you have a car? Du yu hav a kaar? Je, una gari?

Swali he/she/it Does + mhusika + have + nomino? Daz + dha subject + hav + dha noun? Does she have a car? Daz shi hav a kaar? Je, ana gari?

4. Have kama kitenzi kisaidizi katika nyakati kamilifu

Have haimaanishi tu “kuwa na”; pia hutumika kuunda nyakati kamilifu.

Wakati Muundo Matamshi ya muundo Mfano Tafsiri

Present Perfect Mhusika + have/has + V3 Dha subject + hav/haz + vii thrii I have finished. Nimemaliza.

Present Perfect Continuous Mhusika + have/has + been + kitenzi + ing Dha subject + hav/haz + bin + verb + ing I have been working. Nimekuwa nikifanya kazi.

Past Perfect Mhusika + had + V3 Dha subject + had + vii thrii I had finished. Nilikuwa nimemaliza.

Past Perfect Continuous Mhusika + had + been + kitenzi + ing Dha subject + had + bin + verb + ing I had been working. Nilikuwa nimekuwa nikifanya kazi.

Tofauti kati ya mifano

I have a car.

→ have = kuwa na / kumiliki

I have finished.

→ have = kitenzi kisaidizi kinachounda Present Perfect.

5. Have to = Lazima / Kuwajibika

Have to hutumika kueleza ulazima au wajibu.

Aina Muundo Matamshi ya muundo Mfano kamili Tafsiri

I/you/we/they Mhusika + have to + V1 Dha subject + hav tu + vii wan I have to work. Ai hav tu werk. Lazima nifanye kazi.

he/she/it Mhusika + has to + V1 Dha subject + haz tu + vii wan She has to work. Shi haz tu werk. Lazima afanye kazi.

Wakati uliopita Mhusika + had to + V1 Dha subject + had tu + vii wan I had to work. Ai had tu werk. Ilinibidi kufanya kazi.

Wakati ujao Mhusika + will have to + V1 Dha subject + wil hav tu + vii wan I will have to work. Ai wil hav tu werk. Itanibidi kufanya kazi.

6. Have got = Kuwa na / Kumiliki

Katika Kiingereza cha mazungumzo, hasa Kiingereza cha Uingereza, hutumika:

have got / has got

Muundo Mfano Tafsiri

Mhusika + have got + nomino I have got a car. Nina gari.

Mhusika + has got + nomino She has got a car. Ana gari.

Umbo la kanusho:

I haven't got a car.

= Sina gari.

Swali:

Have you got a car?

= Je, una gari?

Imperatives — Miundo ya amri

Aina Muundo Matamshi ya muundo Mfano Matamshi ya mfano Maana

Amri chanya Kitenzi Vii wan Come here. Kam hiya. Kuja hapa.

Amri yenye yambwa Kitenzi + yambwa Vii wan + object Read the book. Riid dha buk. Soma kitabu.

Amri hasi Don't + kitenzi Dount + vii wan Don't run. Dount ran. Usikimbie.

Amri hasi rasmi Do not + kitenzi Du not + vii wan Do not enter. Du not enta. Usiingie.

Amri yenye Be Be + kivumishi Bii + adjective Be careful. Bii keafol. Kuwa mwangalifu.

Amri hasi yenye Be Don't be + kivumishi Dount bii + adjective Don't be late. Dount bii leit. Usichelewe.

Kwa kutumia Let me Let + me + kitenzi Let + mii + vii wan Let me help you. Let mii help yu. Niruhusu nikusaidie.

Kwa kutumia Let him/her/them Let + yambwa + kitenzi Let + object + vii wan Let him go. Let him gou. Mruhusu aende.

Let's Let's + kitenzi Lets + vii wan Let's go. Lets gou. Twendeni.

Let's hasi Let's not + kitenzi Lets not + vii wan Let's not wait. Lets not weit. Tusisubiri.

Amri ya heshima Please + kitenzi Pliiz + vii wan Please sit down. Pliiz sit daun. Tafadhali kaa chini.

Amri ya kusisitiza Do + kitenzi Du + vii wan Do sit down. Du sit daun. Tafadhali kaa chini, bila kusita.

Onyo kali Never + kitenzi Neva + vii wan Never give up. Neva giv ap. Usikate tamaa kamwe.

Tabia / Ushauri Always + kitenzi Olweiz + vii wan Always be careful. Olweiz bii keafol. Kuwa mwangalifu kila wakati.

Amri ya hali ya kutendwa Be + V3 Bii + vii thrii Be prepared. Bii priperd. Kuwa tayari.

Amri + matokeo Kitenzi + and + kishazi Vii wan + and + clause Study hard, and you will pass. Stadi haad, and yu wil paas. Soma kwa bidii, nawe utafaulu.

Amri + onyo Kitenzi + or + kishazi Vii wan + or + clause Hurry up, or you'll be late. Hari ap, or yul bii leit. Haraka, la sivyo utachelewa.

Amri + swali la nyongeza Kitenzi, will you? Vii wan, wil yu? Wait here, will you? Weit hiya, wil yu? Subiri hapa, tafadhali.

Let's + swali la nyongeza Let's + kitenzi, shall we? Lets + vii wan, shal wii? Let's go, shall we? Lets gou, shal wii? Twendeni, sivyo?

22- Viambishi awali (PREFIXES) na viambishi tamati (SUFFIXES)

Kiambishi awali Matamshi kwa Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili Mfano Maana

a- a / e Si / isiyo- atypical Isiyo ya kawaida

ab- ab Kuondoka mbali abduct Kutekwa nyara

ad- ad Kuelekea / karibu na adjoin Kuungana na

ambi- ambi Karibu pande zote mbili ambiguous Yenye maana mbili

ante- anti Kabla antecedent Kitu kilichotangulia

anti- anti Upinzani dhidi ya antiwar Unaopinga vita

arch- ark Mkuu / wa cheo cha juu archbishop Askofu mkuu

auto- oto Mwenyewe automatic Otomatiki

bi- bai Mbili bilingual Mwenye lugha mbili

circum- sarkam Kuzunguka circumference Mzunguko

co- ko Pamoja na cooperate Kushirikiana

contra- kontra Upinzani / kinyume contradict Kupinga

counter- kaunter Kinyume / dhidi ya counterattack Shambulio la kujibu

de- di Kuondoa / kubadilisha deactivate Kuzima

deca- deka Kumi decade Miaka kumi

deci- desi Sehemu ya kumi decimeter Desimita

demi- demi Nusu demigod Mungu wa nusu

dis- dis Si / kinyume / kutenganisha disagree Kutokubaliana

dys- dis Mbaya / yenye tatizo dysfunction Utendaji usio wa kawaida

eco- eko Mazingira ecosystem Mfumo ikolojia

ecto- ekto Nje ectoderm Tabaka la nje la kiinitete

endo- endo Ndani endoskeleton Mifupa ya ndani

epi- epi Juu ya / juu epidermis Tabaka la nje la ngozi

eu- yu Nzuri / nzuri euphemism Usemi wa upole

ex- eks Aliyekuwa / nje ex-president Rais wa zamani

extra- ekstra Nje / zaidi ya kawaida extraordinary Ajabu / wa kipekee

fore- for Kabla / mbele forecast Utabiri

geo- jio Dunia geography Jiografia

hemi- hemi Nusu hemisphere Nusu ya tufe

hetero- hetero Tofauti heterogeneous Yenye vitu vya aina tofauti

homo- homo Sawa / inayofanana homogeneous Yenye vitu vinavyofanana

hyper- haiper Kupita kiasi hyperactive Mwenye shughuli nyingi kupita kiasi

hypo- haipo Chini / pungufu hypothermia Joto la mwili kushuka sana

in- in Si / ndani inactive Isiyofanya kazi

im- im Si / ndani impossible Isiyowezekana

il- il Si illegal Isiyo halali

ir- ir Si irregular Isiyo ya kawaida

infra- infra Chini infrared Mionzi ya infrared

inter- inter Kati ya international Kimataifa

intra- intra Ndani ya intranet Mtandao wa ndani

intro- intro Kuelekea ndani introduce Kutambulisha

iso- aiso Sawa / inayofanana isotope Isotopu

macro- makro Kubwa macroeconomics Uchumi mkuu

mal- mal Mbaya / vibaya malfunction Utendaji mbaya

mega- mega Kubwa sana megastore Duka kubwa sana

meta- meta Baada / zaidi ya meta-data Taarifa kuhusu data

micro- maikro Ndogo sana microscope Hadubini

mid- mid Katikati midnight Usiku wa manane

mini- mini Ndogo minibus Basi dogo

mono- mono Moja monolingual Mwenye lugha moja

multi- multi Nyingi multilingual Mwenye lugha nyingi

neo- neo Mpya neologism Neno jipya

non- non Si / bila nonstandard Isiyo ya kiwango

omni- omni Kila kitu omniscient Mwenye kujua kila kitu

out- aut Nje / zaidi outperform Kufanya vizuri zaidi

over- over Kupita kiasi / juu overcook Kupika kupita kiasi

paleo- paleo Ya kale paleolithic Enzi ya Mawe ya Kale

pan- pan Kila / yote pan-European Inayohusu Ulaya yote

para- para Karibu na / inayofanana na paranormal Isiyo ya kawaida

peri- peri Kuzunguka perimeter Mzunguko wa eneo

poly- poli Nyingi polyglot Mwenye lugha nyingi

post- post Baada postwar Baada ya vita

pre- pri Kabla prehistory Kipindi cha kabla ya historia

pro- pro Kuunga mkono / kwa niaba ya pro-democracy Anayeunga mkono demokrasia

proto- proto Ya kwanza / ya awali prototype Mfano wa awali

pseudo- sudo Bandia / isiyo halisi pseudonym Jina bandia

re- ri Tena rewrite Kuandika upya

retro- retro Kuelekea nyuma retroactive Inayotumika kwa wakati uliopita

semi- semi Nusu / sehemu semicircle Nusu duara

sub- sab Chini / ndogo submarine Manowari

super- super Juu / kupita kiasi superhuman Aliye na uwezo unaozidi wa binadamu

supra- supra Juu ya supranational Zaidi ya kiwango cha taifa

syn- sin Pamoja na synchronize Kusawazisha muda

tele- teli Kwa mbali telephone Simu

trans- trans Kuvuka / kupitia transport Kusafirisha

tri- trai Tatu triangle pembetatu

ultra- altra Zaidi ya / kupita kiasi ultramodern Ya kisasa kupita kiasi

un- an Si / kinyume unhappy Asiye na furaha

under- ander Chini / pungufu underpaid Anayelipwa mshahara mdogo

uni- yuni Moja unilateral Ya upande mmoja

vice- vais Naibu vice-president Naibu rais

with- with Nyuma / kuondoa withdraw Kujiondoa / kutoa

Viambishi tamati (SUFFIXES)

Kiambishi tamati Matamshi kwa Kilatini Kazi Mfano Maana

-er er Mtu anayefanya kitendo teacher Mwalimu

-or or Mtu anayefanya kitendo actor Mwigizaji

-ar ar Mtu anayehusishwa na kitendo beggar Mwombaji

-ist ist Mtaalamu / mtu wa fani fulani artist Msanii

-ian ian Mtu anayehusishwa na eneo au shughuli musician Mwanamuziki

-ant ant Mtu au kitu kinachofanya kitendo assistant Msaidizi

-ent ent Mtu anayefanya kitendo student Mwanafunzi

-ee i Mtu anayepokea kitendo employee Mwajiriwa

-ess es Mwanamke anayefanya kazi fulani actress Mwigizaji wa kike

-ness nes Hali / nomino inayotokana na kivumishi happiness Furaha

-ity iti Hali / nomino inayotokana na kivumishi activity Shughuli

-ty tai Hali / nomino inayotokana na kivumishi safety Usalama

-ship ship Hali / uhusiano friendship Urafiki

-hood hud Hali / kipindi childhood Utoto

-dom dom Hali / eneo kingdom Ufalme

-th th Hali / nomino inayotokana na kivumishi warmth Uchangamfu / joto

-ment ment Matokeo / mchakato development Maendeleo

-tion shən Mchakato / matokeo education Elimu

-sion zhən / shən Mchakato / matokeo decision Uamuzi

-ion ən / shən Mchakato / matokeo action Kitendo

-ation eishən Mchakato organization Shirika / mpangilio

-al al Mchakato / matokeo arrival Kuwasili

-ance ans Hali / mchakato appearance Mwonekano

-ence ans Hali existence Uwepo

-ancy ansi Hali expectancy Tarajio

-ency ensi Hali efficiency Ufanisi

-age ij Matokeo / mchakato marriage Ndoa

-ure ur Matokeo / hali failure Kushindwa

-ing ing Kutengeneza nomino / kuonyesha shughuli swimming Kuogelea

-ism izəm Mfumo wa mawazo / itikadi capitalism Ubepari

-cracy krasi Mfumo wa utawala democracy Demokrasia

-crat krat Mtu wa mfumo fulani wa utawala democrat Mfuasi wa demokrasia

-archy arki Mfumo wa utawala monarchy Ufalme

-arch ark Mtawala / kiongozi monarch Mfalme

-logy lojia Sayansi / somo biology Biolojia

-graphy grafia Uandishi / maelezo geography Jiografia

-graph grafu Chombo cha kurekodi / alama autograph Saini ya mtu

-meter mitar Chombo cha kupima thermometer Kipimajoto

-metry metri Mchakato wa kupima geometry Jiometri

-scope skopu Chombo cha kutazama telescope Darubini

-scopy skopi Uchunguzi kwa chombo microscopy Uchunguzi kwa hadubini

-nomy nomi Mfumo / sheria astronomy Astronomia

-phobia fobia Hofu arachnophobia Hofu ya buibui

-phile fail Mpenda bibliophile Mpenda vitabu

-philia filia Mapenzi / kupenda audiophilia Kupenda sauti

-phone fon Sauti / kifaa cha sauti telephone Simu

-phony foni Sauti / mfumo wa sauti symphony Sinfonia

-path path Mtu mwenye hali fulani / mtaalamu psychopath Mtu mwenye tabia zisizo za kawaida za kisaikolojia

-pathy pathi Hali / ugonjwa neuropathy Uharibifu wa neva

-itis aitis Uvimbe arthritis Uvimbe wa viungo

-osis osisi Hali / ugonjwa diagnosis Utambuzi wa ugonjwa

-emia imia Hali inayohusiana na damu anemia Upungufu wa damu

-oma oma Uvimbe / kansa carcinoma Saratani

-ectomy ektomi Kuondoa kwa upasuaji appendectomy Kuondoa kidole-tumbo kwa upasuaji

-otomy otomi Kukata kwa upasuaji tracheotomy Kufungua njia ya hewa kwa upasuaji

-plasty plasti Kurekebisha kwa upasuaji rhinoplasty Upasuaji wa kurekebisha pua

-let let Kitu kidogo booklet Kijitabu

-ling ling Kitu kidogo / mtoto duckling Kifaranga cha bata

-ette et Kitu kidogo kitchenette Jiko dogo

-kin kin Kitu kidogo manikin Msanamu mdogo wa binadamu

-oid oid Kinachofanana na humanoid Kinachofanana na binadamu

-esque esk Kwa mtindo wa picturesque Chenye mandhari nzuri

-like laik Kinachofanana na childlike Kama mtoto

-ish ish Kama / kiasi cha greenish Kijani-kidogo

-ster ster Mtu anayehusishwa na shughuli youngster Kijana

-eer ir Mtu anayehusishwa na shughuli auctioneer Mpiga mnada

-ard ard Mtu mwenye sifa fulani coward Mwoga

-some səm Kinachosababisha / chenye some troublesome Kinachosababisha matatizo

-worthy worthy Kinachostahili trustworthy Anayeaminika

-proof pruf Kinachokinga dhidi ya waterproof Kisichopitisha maji

-free fri Bila sugar-free Bila sukari

-wide waid Kote / katika eneo lote worldwide Duniani kote

-ward ward Kuelekea upande fulani backward Kuelekea nyuma

-wise waiz Kwa njia / mwelekeo fulani clockwise Kuelekea upande wa saa

-fold fold Kiasi mara kadhaa threefold Mara tatu

23- Vitenzi vya kishazi (PHRASAL VERBS)

Kitenzi cha kishazi = kitenzi kinachounganishwa na neno moja au zaidi, kama vile up, out, off, on, away, back, in na over.

Mifano:

give + up → give up = kukata tamaa / kuacha kufanya jambo

Maelezo: Si kila muundo wa kitenzi + kihusishi/kielezi ni phrasal verb. Baadhi ni vitenzi vya kihusishi na vingine ni vitenzi vya kishazi pamoja na kihusishi.

1. Vitenzi vya kishazi vya kawaida

Phrasal verb Matamshi kwa Kilatini Maana kwa Kiswahili Mfano kamili Matamshi ya mfano

add up ad ap Kujumlisha / kuwa na mantiki The numbers add up. De nambers ad ap.

ask for ask for Kuomba She asked for help. Shi askt for help.

back up bak ap Kuhifadhi nakala / kuunga mkono Please back up your files. Pliz bak ap yor fails.

break down breik daun Kuharibika / kuvunjika My car broke down. Mai kar brouk daun.

break in breik in Kuvamia / kuingia kwa nguvu Someone broke in last night. Samwan brouk in last nait.

break out breik aut Kuanza ghafla / kuzuka A fire broke out. A fair brouk aut.

break up breik ap Kutengana / kuvunjika kwa uhusiano They broke up last year. Dei brouk ap last yir.

bring back bring bak Kurudisha Please bring back my book. Pliz bring bak mai buk.

bring in bring in Kuleta / kuingiza They brought in a new manager. Dei brot in a nyu manijer.

bring up bring ap Kutaja / kulea She brought up an important issue. Shi brot ap an important ishu.

call back kol bak Kupiga simu tena I'll call you back later. Ail kol yu bak leitar.

call off kol of Kughairi / kufuta They called off the meeting. Dei kold of de miting.

carry on kari on Kuendelea Please carry on working. Pliz kari on working.

carry out kari aut Kutekeleza They carried out the plan. Dei karid aut de plan.

catch up kach ap Kufikia / kupata habari zilizokosekana I need to catch up with you. Ai nid tu kach ap with yu.

check in chek in Kujisajili wakati wa kuwasili We checked in at the hotel. Wi chekt in at de hotel.

check out chek aut Kuondoka hotelini / kuchunguza We checked out at noon. Wi chekt aut at nun.

clean up klin ap Kusafisha Clean up your room. Klin ap yor rum.

come back kam bak Kurudi He came back yesterday. Hi keim bak yesterdei.

come in kam in Kuingia Come in, please. Kam in, pliz.

come out kam aut Kutoka / kuchapishwa The new book came out yesterday. De nyu buk keim aut yesterdei.

come over kam over Kutembelea Come over tonight. Kam over tunait.

cut down kat daun Kupunguza I'm trying to cut down on sugar. Aim traiing tu kat daun on shugar.

cut off kat of Kukata / kukatiza They cut off the electricity. Dei kat of di ilektrisiti.

deal with dil with Kushughulikia We need to deal with this problem. Wi nid tu dil with dis problem.

do without du without Kujikimu bila We can do without a car. Wi kan du without a kar.

drop off drap of Kumshusha / kupeleka I'll drop you off at school. Ail drap yu of at skul.

end up end ap Kujikuta katika hali fulani We ended up staying home. Wi ended ap steiing hom.

fall apart fol apart Kuvunjika vipande vipande The old chair fell apart. De old cheir fel apart.

fall behind fol bihaind Kubaki nyuma He fell behind in class. Hi fel bihaind in klas.

figure out figar aut Kuelewa / kupata suluhisho I can't figure it out. Ai kant figar it aut.

fill in fil in Kujaza / kukamilisha Please fill in this form. Pliz fil in dis form.

fill out fil aut Kujaza fomu Fill out the application. Fil aut di aplikeishan.

find out faind aut Kugundua / kujua I found out the truth. Ai faund aut de truth.

get back get bak Kurudi I'll get back home soon. Ail get bak hom sun.

get in get in Kuingia Get in the car. Get in de kar.

get off get of Kushuka kwenye usafiri Get off the bus. Get of de bas.

get on get on Kupanda usafiri Get on the bus. Get on de bas.

get out get aut Kutoka Get out of the room. Get aut of de rum.

get over get over Kushinda / kupona kutokana na She got over her fear. Shi got over her fir.

get up get ap Kuinuka / kuamka I get up at seven. Ai get ap at seven.

give back giv bak Kurudisha Give me back my phone. Giv mi bak mai fon.

give in giv in Kusalimu amri He finally gave in. Hi fainali geiv in.

give up giv ap Kukata tamaa / kuacha Don't give up. Dont giv ap.

go ahead go ahed Kuendelea / kuanza Go ahead and start. Go ahed and start.

go back go bak Kurudi We went back home. Wi went bak hom.

go on go on Kuendelea Please go on. Pliz go on.

go out go aut Kutoka nje We went out last night. Wi went aut last nait.

grow up gro ap Kukua I grew up in Kuwait. Ai gru ap in Kuwait.

hand in hand in Kuwasilisha Hand in your homework. Hand in yor homwerk.

hang on hang on Kusubiri / kushikilia Hang on a minute. Hang on a minit.

hang out hang aut Kutumia muda pamoja We hang out together. Wi hang aut tugeder.

hold on hold on Kusubiri / kushikilia Hold on, please. Hold on, pliz.

keep on kip on Kuendelea Keep on trying. Kip on traiing.

keep up kip ap Kudumisha kiwango Keep up the good work. Kip ap de gud werk.

kick out kik aut Kumfukuza They kicked him out. Dei kikt him aut.

look after luk after Kutunza She looks after her children. Shi luks after her children.

look for luk for Kutafuta I'm looking for my keys. Aim luking for mai kiz.

look into luk intu Kuchunguza We'll look into the problem. Wil luk intu de problem.

look out luk aut Kuwa mwangalifu Look out! Luk aut!

look up luk ap Kutafuta taarifa Look up the word. Luk ap de werd.

make up meik ap Kupatana / kubuni They made up after the argument. Dei meid ap after di argument.

move on muv on Kuendelea na maisha It’s time to move on. Its taim tu muv on.

pick up pik ap Kuchukua / kupokea Pick up the phone. Pik ap de fon.

point out point aut Kuonyesha / kutaja She pointed out a mistake. Shi pointed aut a misteik.

put away put awei Kuweka mahali pake Put your clothes away. Put yor klouz awei.

put down put daun Kuweka chini Put the book down. Put de buk daun.

put off put of Kuhairisha Don't put it off. Dont put it of.

put on put on Kuvaa / kuwasha Put on your jacket. Put on yor jakit.

put out put aut Kuzima / kutoa Put out the fire. Put aut de fair.

put up put ap Kutundika / kuweka Put up the picture. Put ap de pikcher.

run into ran intu Kukutana na mtu bila kutarajia I ran into an old friend. Ai ran intu an old frend.

run out ran aut Kumalizika We ran out of milk. Wi ran aut of milk.

set up set ap Kuanzisha / kupanga They set up a new company. Dei set ap a nyu kampani.

show up sho ap Kufika / kujitokeza He didn't show up. Hi didnt sho ap.

shut down shat daun Kufunga / kusimamisha The factory shut down. De faktori shat daun.

sit down sit daun Kuketi Please sit down. Pliz sit daun.

stand up stand ap Kusimama Please stand up. Pliz stand ap.

take back teik bak Kurudisha maneno / kujiondoa katika kauli I take back what I said. Ai teik bak wat ai sed.

take off teik of Kuvua / kupaa The plane took off. De plein tuk of.

take on teik on Kukubali kazi / jukumu She took on a new job. Shi tuk on a nyu job.

take out teik aut Kutoa nje Take out the trash. Teik aut de trash.

take over teik over Kuchukua udhibiti She took over the company. Shi tuk over de kampani.

take up teik ap Kuanza shughuli mpya He took up swimming. Hi tuk ap swiming.

throw away thro awei Kutupa Don't throw it away. Dont thro it awei.

try on trai on Kujaribu kuvaa Try on this shirt. Trai on dis shirt.

turn down tern daun Kukataa / kupunguza sauti She turned down the offer. Shi ternd daun di ofer.

turn off tern of Kuzima Turn off the light. Tern of de lait.

turn on tern on Kuwasha Turn on the TV. Tern on de ti-vi.

turn up tern ap Kuongeza sauti / kujitokeza Turn up the volume. Tern ap de volyum.

wake up weik ap Kuamka I woke up early. Ai wok ap erli.

work out werk aut Kufanya mazoezi / kutatua I work out every day. Ai werk aut evri dei.

write down rait daun Kuandika Write down the answer. Rait daun di anser.

2. Aina kuu

Aina Muundo Matamshi Mfano Maana

Phrasal verb inayoweza kutenganishwa Kitenzi + kielezi + yambwa Verb + adverb + object Turn off the light. Zima taa.

Pamoja na kiwakilishi Kitenzi + kiwakilishi + kielezi Verb + pronoun + adverb Turn it off. Izime.

Kitenzi cha kihusishi kisichotenganishwa Kitenzi + kielezi/kiambishi cha uhusiano + yambwa Verb + adverb/preposition + object Look after the child. Mtunzie mtoto.

Kitenzi kisichohitaji yambwa Kitenzi + kielezi Verb + adverb The plane took off. Ndege ilipaa.

Phrasal-prepositional verb Kitenzi + kielezi + kihusishi + yambwa Verb + adverb + preposition + object I look forward to the trip. Ninatazamia safari hiyo.

3. Kanuni muhimu: Je, kitenzi kinaweza kutenganishwa?

Turn off kinaweza kutenganishwa:

Turn off the light.

Turn the light off.

Turn it off. ✅

Turn off it. ❌

Lakini look after hakiwezi kutenganishwa:

Look after the child. ✅

Look the child after. ❌

Look after him. ✅

24- Vifupisho (CONTRACTIONS)

Kifupisho ni umbo fupi la maneno mawili au zaidi. Hutumiwa mara nyingi katika Kiingereza cha mazungumzo na maandishi yasiyo rasmi.

Mifano:

I am → I'm → aim → Mimi ni / niko

I have → I've → aiv → Nina / tayari nime-

I will → I'll → ail → Nita-

I would → I'd → aid → Ningefanya / ningekuwa (kutegemea muktadha)

1- Vifupisho vya BE

am → 'm

I am → I'm → aim → Mimi ni / niko

Mfano: I'm happy. → Aim hepi. → Nina furaha.

are → 're

You are → You're → yor → Wewe ni / uko

Mfano: You're right. → Yor rait. → Uko sahihi.

We are → We're → wir → Sisi ni / tuko

Mfano: We're ready. → Wir redi. → Tuko tayari.

They are → They're → dheir → Wao ni / wako

Mfano: They're here. → Dheir hir. → Wako hapa.

is → 's

He is → He's → hiz → Yeye ni / yuko

Mfano: He's tired. → Hiz taiard. → Amechoka.

She is → She's → shiz → Yeye ni / yuko

Mfano: She's happy. → Shiz hepi. → Ana furaha.

It is → It's → its → Ni / iko / hali ya kitu

Mfano: It's cold. → Its kold. → Kuna baridi.

2- Vifupisho vya HAVE

have → 've

I have → I've → aiv → Nina / tayari nime-

Mfano: I've finished. → Aiv finisht. → Nimemaliza.

You have → You've → yuv → Una / tayari ume-

Mfano: You've changed. → Yuv cheinjd. → Umebadilika.

We have → We've → wiv → Tuna / tayari tume-

Mfano: We've arrived. → Wiv araivd. → Tumewasili.

They have → They've → dheiv → Wana / tayari wame-

Mfano: They've left. → Dheiv left. → Wameondoka.

He has → He's → hiz → Ana / tayari amesha-

Mfano: He's finished. → Hiz finisht. → Amemaliza.

She has → She's → shiz → Ana / tayari amesha-

Mfano: She's gone. → Shiz gon. → Ameondoka.

3- Vifupisho vya WILL

will → 'll

I will → I'll → ail → Nita-

Mfano: I'll help you. → Ail help yu. → Nitakusaidia.

You will → You'll → yul → Uta-

Mfano: You'll understand. → Yul anderstand. → Utaelewa.

He will → He'll → hil → Ata-

Mfano: He'll come tomorrow. → Hil kam tumoro. → Atakuja kesho.

She will → She'll → shil → Ata-

Mfano: She'll call you. → Shil kol yu. → Atakupigia simu.

We will → We'll → wil → Tuta-

Mfano: We'll see. → Wil si. → Tutaona.

They will → They'll → dheil → Wata-

Mfano: They'll arrive soon. → Dheil araiv sun. → Watawasili hivi karibuni.

4- Vifupisho vya WOULD

would → 'd

I would → I'd → aid → Ningefanya / ningekuwa

Mfano: I'd help you. → Aid help yu. → Ningekusaidia.

You would → You'd → yud → Ungefanya / ungekuwa

Mfano: You'd like it. → Yud laik it. → Ungekipenda.

He would → He'd → hid → Ange-

Mfano: He'd come. → Hid kam. → Angekuja.

She would → She'd → shid → Ange-

Mfano: She'd help us. → Shid help as. → Angetusaidia.

We would → We'd → wid → Tunge-

Mfano: We'd go. → Wid go. → Tungeenda.

They would → They'd → dheid → Wange-

Mfano: They'd agree. → Dhe id agri. → Wangekubali.

5- Vifupisho vya HAD

had → 'd

I had → I'd → aid → Nilikuwa tayari nime-

Mfano: I'd finished before he arrived. → Aid finisht bifor hi araivd. → Nilikuwa nimemaliza kabla hajawasili.

You had → You'd → yud → Ulikuwa tayari ume-

Mfano: You'd already left. → Yud alredi left. → Ulikuwa tayari umeondoka.

He had → He'd → hid → Alikuwa tayari ame-

Mfano: He'd eaten. → Hid itn. → Alikuwa amekula.

She had → She'd → shid → Alikuwa tayari ame-

Mfano: She'd finished. → Shid finisht. → Alikuwa amemaliza.

6- Tofauti muhimu: Maana mbili za 'd

I'd = I would au I had

I'd go. → Aid go. → Ningeenda.

I'd gone. → Aid gon. → Nilikuwa nimeenda.

Kwa kawaida, maana hutambulika kutokana na muktadha na neno linalofuata.

7- Vifupisho vya NOT

not → n't

is not → isn't → iznt → Si / hayuko

Mfano: He isn't here. → Hi iznt hir. → Hayuko hapa.

are not → aren't → arnt → Sio / hawako

Mfano: They aren't ready. → Dheir arnt redi. → Hawako tayari.

was not → wasn't → woznt → Hakuwa / haikuwa

Mfano: He wasn't there. → Hi woznt dheir. → Hakuwa pale.

were not → weren't → wernt → Hawakuwa / hatukuwa

Mfano: We weren't late. → Wi wernt leit. → Hatukuchelewa.

have not → haven't → havnt → Sija- / hatuja-

Mfano: I haven't finished. → Ai havnt finisht. → Sijamaliza.

has not → hasn't → haznt → Hajafanya / hajawa

Mfano: She hasn't arrived. → Shi haznt araivd. → Hajawasili.

had not → hadn't → hadnt → Hakuwa amefanya / hakuwa tayari ame-

Mfano: He hadn't eaten. → Hi hadnt itn. → Hakuwa amekula.

do not → don't → dont → Si / usi-

Mfano: I don't know. → Ai dont no. → Sijui.

does not → doesn't → daznt → Hafanyi / hajui

Mfano: He doesn't know. → Hi daznt no. → Hajui.

did not → didn't → didnt → Hakufanya / siku-

Mfano: I didn't see him. → Ai didnt si him. → Sikumuona.

8- Vifupisho vingine muhimu

cannot → can't → kant → Siwezi / haiwezekani

could not → couldn't → kudnt → Hakuweza / sikuweza

should not → shouldn't → shudnt → Haipaswi / hupaswi

would not → wouldn't → wudnt → Hangefanya / singefanya

must not → mustn't → masnt → Hupaswi / ni marufuku

will not → won't → wont → Hatafanya / sita-

Mfano: I won't go. → Ai wont go. → Sitaenda.

9- Maelezo muhimu

Vifupisho hivi si viambishi tamati vya kawaida vya kisarufi. Ni miundo mifupi ya maneno inayotumia apostrofi kuonyesha herufi zilizoondolewa.

Mifano:

I + will → I'll

You + have → You've

He + is → He's

They + are → They're

Do + not → Don't

Can + not → Can't

Kumbuka: Contractions = vifupisho vya maneno; Suffixes = viambishi tamati.