1- Alifbeetada Ingiriisiga

1. A a — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: ey — /eɪ/ — Xarafka A waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «ey», sida codka bilowga erayga «day».

2. B b — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: bii — /b/ — Xarafka B waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «bii», codkiisuna waa /b/, sida: book (buug).

3. C c — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: sii — /k/, /s/ — Xarafka C waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «sii». Codkiisu wuxuu noqon karaa /k/, sida: cat (bisad), ama /s/, sida: city (magaalo).

4. D d — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: dii — /d/ — Xarafka D waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «dii», codkiisuna waa /d/, sida: dog (eey).

5. E e — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: ii — /iː/ — Xarafka E waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «ii», sida codka ku jira erayga see (arag).

6. F f — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: ef — /f/ — Xarafka F waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «ef», codkiisuna waa /f/, sida: fish (kalluun).

7. G g — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: jii — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — Xarafka G waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «jii». Codkiisu wuxuu noqon karaa /ɡ/, sida: go (tag), ama /dʒ/, sida: giant (Rafaa).

8. H h — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: eytch — /h/ — Xarafka H waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «eytch», codkiisuna waa /h/, sida: house (guri).

9. I i — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: ay — /aɪ/ — Xarafka I waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «ay», sida erayga eye (il).

10. J j — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: jey — /dʒ/ — Xarafka J waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «jey», codkiisuna waa /dʒ/, sida: job (shaqo).

11. K k — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: key — /k/ — Xarafka K waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «key», codkiisuna waa /k/, sida: key (fure).

12. L l — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: el — /l/ — Xarafka L waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «el», codkiisuna waa /l/, sida: love (jacayl).

13. M m — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: em — /m/ — Xarafka M waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «em», codkiisuna waa /m/, sida: man (nin).

14. N n — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: en — /n/ — Xarafka N waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «en», codkiisuna waa /n/, sida: name (magac).

15. O o — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: ow — /oʊ/ — Xarafka O waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «ow», codkiisuna waa /oʊ/, sida: go (tag).

16. P p — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: pii — /p/ — Xarafka P waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «pii», codkiisuna waa /p/, sida: pen (qalin).

17. Q q — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: kyuu — /k/ — Xarafka Q waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «kyuu», badanaana waxaa la socda xarafka U, sida: queen (boqorad).

18. R r — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: aar — /r/ — Xarafka R waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «aar», codkiisuna waa /r/, sida: red (casaan).

19. S s — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: es — /s/, /z/ — Xarafka S waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «es». Codkiisu wuxuu noqon karaa /s/, sida: sun (qorrax), ama /z/, sida: rose (ubax).

20. T t — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: tii — /t/ — Xarafka T waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «tii», codkiisuna waa /t/, sida: ten (toban).

21. U u — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: yuu — /juː/, /ʌ/ — Xarafka U waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «yuu» /juː/, codkiisuna wuxuu noqon karaa /ʌ/, sida: cup (koob).

22. V v — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: vii — /v/ — Xarafka V waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «vii», codkiisuna waa /v/, sida: very (aad).

23. W w — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: double-yuu — /w/ — Xarafka W waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «double-yuu», codkiisuna waa /w/, sida: water (biyo).

24. X x — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: eks — /ks/ — Xarafka X waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «eks», codkiisuna badanaa waa /ks/, sida: box (sanduuq).

25. Y y — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: way — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — Xarafka Y waxaa loo dhawaaqaa «way». Codkiisu wuxuu noqon karaa /j/, sida: yes (haa), /ɪ/, sida: happy (faraxsan), ama /aɪ/, sida: my (kayga).

26. Z z — Waxaa loo dhawaaqaa: zii* — /z/ — Ingiriisiga Maraykanka, xarafka Z waxaa badanaa loo dhawaaqaa «zii». Ingiriisiga Ingiriiska, waxaa badanaa loo dhawaaqaa «zed». Codkiisu waa /z/, sida: zoo (xayawaanno lagu hayo meel lagu daawado).

2- Kala-horraynta Erayada (WERD ORDER)

1. Weedh aasaasi ah — Mawduuc + Fal — Sabjekti + Verb — I sleep. — Ay sliip — Waan seexdaa.

2. Layeele toos ah — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv — I read a book. — Ay riid a buk — Waxaan akhriyaa buug.

3. Layeele dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele dadban + Layeele toos ah — Sabjekti + Verb + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Dayrekt Objektiiv — I give him a book. — Ay giv him a buk — Waxaan isaga siiyaa buug.

4. Qofka wax loo samaynayo — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + for + Qofka wax loo samaynayo — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + For + Benefishieri — I buy a book for him. — Ay bay a buk for him — Waxaan isaga u iibiyaa buug.

5. Magac-u-yaalka layeele dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + Magac-u-yaal layeele dadban + Layeele toos ah — Sabjekti + Verb + Indayrekt Objektiiv Pronawn + Dayrekt Objektiiv — I give her a book. — Ay giv her a buk — Waxaan iyada siiyaa buug.

6. Sifo — Mawduuc + be + Sifo — Sabjekti + Bii + Adjiktiiv — The book is big. — Dha buk iz big — Buuggu waa weyn yahay.

7. Fal-kaab — Mawduuc + Fal + Fal-kaab — Sabjekti + Verb + Adverb — He reads quickly. — Hii riidz kwikli — Isagu si dhakhso ah ayuu wax u akhriyaa.

8. Layeele toos ah + Fal-kaab — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + Fal-kaab — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Adverb — I read a book quickly. — Ay riid a buk kwikli — Waxaan buugga si dhakhso ah u akhriyaa.

9. Fal-kaab waqti — Mawduuc + Fal + Fal-kaab waqti — Sabjekti + Verb + Taym Adverb — I work today. — Ay work tudey — Maanta ayaan shaqeeyaa.

10. Fal-kaab meel — Mawduuc + Fal + Fal-kaab meel — Sabjekti + Verb + Pleys Adverb — She lives there. — Shii livz dher — Iyadu halkaas ayay deggen tahay.

11. Weedh hordhac ah — Mawduuc + be + Weedh hordhac ah — Sabjekti + Bii + Prepazishanal Freyz — The book is on the table. — Dha buk iz on dha teybal — Buuggu wuxuu saaran yahay miiska.

12. Layeele toos ah + Meel — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + Weedh meel tilmaamaysa — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Pleys Freyz — I put a book on the table. — Ay put a buk on dha teybal — Waxaan buug saaray miiska.

13. Go'aamiye + Magac — Go'aamiye + Magac — Diterminar + Nawn — This book is new. — Dhis buk iz nyuu — Buuggan waa cusub yahay.

14. Go'aamiye + Sifo + Magac — Go'aamiye + Sifo + Magac — Diterminar + Adjiktiiv + Nawn — This big book is new. — Dhis big buk iz nyuu — Buuggan weyn waa cusub yahay.

15. Tiro + Magac — Tiro + Magac — Nyuumeral + Nawn — Two books are new. — Tuu buks aar nyuu — Laba buug ayaa cusub.

16. Isku-xirid — Mawduuc + Fal + and + Mawduuc + Fal — Sabjekti + Verb + And + Sabjekti + Verb — I read and he writes. — Ay riid and hii rayts — Anigu waan akhriyaa, isaguna wax buu qoraa.

17. Isku-xirid leh layeele — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + and + Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + And + Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv — I read a book and he writes a letter. — Ay riid a buk and hii rayts a letter — Waxaan akhriyaa buug, isaguna warqad ayuu qoraa.

18. Weedh dadban — Mawduuc + be + Qaabka saddexaad ee falka — Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii — The book is read. — Dha buk iz red — Buugga waa la akhriyaa.

19. Weedh dadban + Qofka falka sameeya — Mawduuc + be + V3 + by + Qofka falka sameeya — Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eijent — The book is read by the teacher. — Dha buk iz red bay dha tiicher — Buugga waxaa akhriya macallinka.

20. Weedh dadban + Layeele dadban — Mawduuc + be + V3 + to + Layeele dadban — Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv — The book is given to him. — Dha buk iz given tuu him — Buugga isaga ayaa la siiyaa.

21. Weedh dadban + Layeele dadban + Qofka falka sameeya — Mawduuc + be + V3 + to + Layeele dadban + by + Qofka falka sameeya — Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Bay + Eijent — The book is given to him by the teacher. — Dha buk iz given tuu him bay dha tiicher — Buugga waxaa isaga siiya macallinka.

22. Weedh dadban + Fal-kaab — Mawduuc + be + V3 + Fal-kaab — Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii + Adverb — The book is read now. — Dha buk iz red naw — Buugga hadda ayaa la akhriyaa.

23. Weedh dadban + Meel — Mawduuc + be + V3 + Meel — Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii + Loukeyshan — The book is put on the table. — Dha buk iz put on dha teybal — Buugga waxaa la saaraa miiska.

24. Weedh dadban + Qofka falka sameeya + Fal-kaab waqti — Mawduuc + be + V3 + by + Qofka falka sameeya + Fal-kaab waqti — Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eijent + Taym Adverb — The book is read by the teacher today. — Dha buk iz red bay dha tiicher tudey — Buugga waxaa maanta akhriya macallinka.

25. Weedh dadban + Layeele dadban + Qofka falka sameeya + Fal-kaab waqti — Mawduuc + be + V3 + to + Layeele dadban + by + Qofka falka sameeya + Fal-kaab waqti — Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Bay + Eijent + Taym Adverb — The book is given to the student by the teacher today. — Dha buk iz given tuu dha styuu dent bay dha tiicher tudey — Buugga waxaa maanta ardayga siiya macallinka.

26. Waqtiga tagay ee fal dadban oo dhammaystiran — Mawduuc + has/have been + V3 — Sabjekti + Haz/Hav Bin + Vii Thrii — The book has been read. — Dha buk haz bin red — Buugga waa la akhriyey.

27. Fal dadban oo dhammaystiran + Qofka falka sameeya — Mawduuc + has/have been + V3 + by + Qofka falka sameeya — Sabjekti + Haz/Hav Bin + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eijent — The book has been read by the teacher. — Dha buk haz bin red bay dha tiicher — Buugga waxaa akhriyey macallinka.

28. Fal dadban oo mustaqbal ah — Mawduuc + will be + V3 + Waqti — Sabjekti + Wil Bii + Vii Thrii + Taym — The book will be read tomorrow. — Dha buk wil bii red tumoro — Buugga berri ayaa la akhrin doonaa.

29. Fal dadban oo mustaqbal ah + Qofka falka sameeya — Mawduuc + will be + V3 + by + Qofka falka sameeya + Waqti — Sabjekti + Wil Bii + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eijent + Taym — The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. — Dha buk wil bii red bay dha tiicher tumoro — Buugga waxaa berri akhrin doona macallinka.

30. Fal dadban oo leh falka modal-ka ah — Mawduuc + Fal modal ah + be + V3 — Sabjekti + Moudal Verb + Bii + Vii Thrii — The book must be read. — Dha buk mast bii red — Buugga waa in la akhriyaa.

31. Qaabka diidmada — Mawduuc + Fal caawiye + not + Fal — Sabjekti + Ogzilyari Verb + Not + Verb — I do not read a book. — Ay duu not riid a buk — Ma akhriyo buug.

32. Diidmada falka dadban — Mawduuc + be + not + V3 + by + Qofka falka sameeya — Sabjekti + Bii + Not + Vii Thrii + Bay + Eijent — The book is not read by the teacher. — Dha buk iz not red bay dha tiicher — Buugga macallinku ma akhriyo.

33. Su'aal haa/maya ah — Fal caawiye + Mawduuc + Fal? — Ogzilyari Verb + Sabjekti + Verb? — Do you read a book? — Duu yuu riid a buk? — Ma buug baad akhridaa?

34. Su'aal ku saabsan fal dadban — Be + Mawduuc + Qaabka saddexaad ee falka? — Bii + Sabjekti + Vii Thrii? — Is the book being read? — Iz dha buk biiing red? — Buugga ma la akhrinayaa?

35. Su'aal ku saabsan qofka falka sameeya — Who + Fal + Layeele toos ah? — Huu + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv? — Who reads the book? — Huu riidz dha buk? — Yaa buugga akhriya?

36. Su'aal ku saabsan layeele dadban — Who/whom + Fal caawiye + Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + to? — Huu/Huum + Ogzilyari Verb + Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Tuu? — Who do you give the book to? — Huu duu yuu giv dha buk tuu? — Yaad buugga siisaa?

37. Qaabka amarka — Fal + ...! — Verb + ...! — Read! — Riid! — Akhri!

38. Amar + Layeele dadban — Fal + Layeele toos ah + to + Layeele dadban! — Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv! — Give the book to him! — Giv dha buk tuu him! — Buugga sii isaga!

39. Amar fal dadban ah — Let + Layeele toos ah + be + V3! — Let + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Bii + Vii Thrii! — Let the book be read! — Let dha buk bii red! — Buugga ha la akhriyo!

40. Infinitive — to + Fal — Tuu + Verb — to read — Tuu riid — Akhrin / in la akhriyo.

41. Infinitive + Layeele toos ah — to + Fal + Layeele toos ah — Tuu + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv — to read a book — Tuu riid a buk — In buug la akhriyo.

42. Infinitive + Layeele toos ah oo cayiman — to + Fal + Layeele toos ah oo cayiman — Tuu + Verb + Spesifik Dayrekt Objektiiv — to read the book — Tuu riid dha buk — In buugga la akhriyo.

43. Ujeeddo — Mawduuc + Fal + to + Fal — Sabjekti + Verb + Tuu + Verb — I eat to play. — Ay iit tuu pley — Waxaan wax u cunaa si aan u ciyaaro.

44. Weedh xiriiriye — Magac + Eray xiriiriye + Weedh — Nawn + Relativ Werd + Klooz — The book that I read is interesting. — Dha buk dhat ay riid iz intaresting — Buugga aan akhriyo waa xiiso badan yahay.

45. Weedh xiriiriye oo fal dadban ah — Magac + Eray xiriiriye + Fal dadban — Nawn + Relativ Werd + Pasiv Voyis — The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. — Dha buk dhat iz biiing red bay dha tiicher iz intaresting — Buugga uu macallinku akhrinayo waa xiiso badan yahay.

46. Shardi — if + Weedh, Mawduuc + Fal — If + Klooz, Sabjekti + Verb — If I have time, I read. — If ay hav taym, ay riid — Haddii aan waqti haysto, waan akhriyaa.

47. Shardi + Fal dadban — if + Mawduuc + be + V3, Mawduuc + Fal — If + Sabjekti + Bii + Vii Thrii, Sabjekti + Verb — If the book is read, he learns. — If dha buk iz red, hii lernz — Haddii buugga la akhriyo, wuu bartaa.

48. Hadal dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + that + Mawduuc + Fal — Sabjekti + Verb + Dhat + Sabjekti + Verb — He said that he was reading. — Hii sed dhat hii waz riiding — Wuxuu sheegay inuu wax akhrinayay.

49. Su'aal dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + if/whether + Mawduuc + Fal — Sabjekti + Verb + If/Wedher + Sabjekti + Verb — He asked if I was reading. — Hii aaskt if ay waz riiding — Wuxuu i weydiiyey inaan wax akhrinayay iyo in kale.

50. Amar ama codsi dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele + to + Fal — Sabjekti + Verb + Objekti + Tuu + Verb — He asked me to read. — Hii aaskt mii tuu riid — Wuxuu iga codsaday inaan akhriyo.

Fal-kaabyada (ADVERBS):

1. Habka (Manner): Fal-kaabka habku wuxuu yimaadaa falka ama layeeleha ka dib. Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele + Fal-kaab. I read the book quickly. — Ay riid dha buk kwikli. — Waxaan buugga si dhakhso ah u akhriyaa.

2. Meesha (Place): Fal-kaabka meesha badanaa wuxuu yimaadaa falka ama layeeleha ka dib. Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele + Meel. I read the book at home. — Ay riid dha buk at howm. — Waxaan buugga ku akhriyaa guriga.

3. Waqtiga (Time): Fal-kaabka waqtigu badanaa wuxuu yimaadaa dhammaadka ama bilowga weedha. Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele + Waqti. I read the book yesterday. — Ay red dha buk yesterdey. — Waxaan buugga akhriyey shalay.

4. Soo-noqnoqoshada (Friikwensi): Fal-kaabka soo-noqnoqoshadu badanaa wuxuu yimaadaa ka hor falka ugu weyn. Mawduuc + Fal-kaab soo-noqnoqosho + Fal. I often read books. — Ay ofen riid buks. — Waxaan inta badan akhriyaa buugaag.

5. Soo-noqnoqosho + be (Friikwensi + Bii): Fal-kaabka soo-noqnoqoshadu wuxuu yimaadaa ka dib falka be. Mawduuc + Falka be + Fal-kaab soo-noqnoqosho. Hii iz olwéyz hapi. — Isagu mar walba wuu faraxsan yahay.

6. Soo-noqnoqosho + Fal caawiye (Friikwensi + Ogzilyari): Fal-kaabka soo-noqnoqoshadu wuxuu yimaadaa ka dib falka caawiyaha ee ugu horreeya. Mawduuc + Fal caawiye + Fal-kaab soo-noqnoqosho + Fal. I have never seen it. — Ay hav never siin it. — Weligay ma aanan arag.

7. Darajo (Digrii): Fal-kaabka darajadu wuxuu yimaadaa ka hor sifada ama fal-kaabka uu tilmaamayo. Mawduuc + Fal-kaab darajo + Sifo/Fal-kaab. It is very good. — It iz veri gud. — Aad bay u fiican tahay.

8. Darajo + Fal (Digrii + Verb): Iyada oo ku xidhan fal-kaabka la adeegsanayo, fal-kaabka darajadu wuxuu iman karaa ka hor ama ka dib falka. Mawduuc + Fal + Fal-kaab. I really like it. — Ay riili layk it. — Runtii waan jeclahay.

9. Fal-kaab weedheed (Sentens Adverb): Wuxuu iman karaa bilowga, dhexda ama dhammaadka weedha, wuxuuna muujinayaa aragtida qofka hadlaya ee ku saabsan weedha oo dhan. Fal-kaab + Weedh. Fortunately, I won. — Forchunetli, ay won. — Nasiib wanaag, waan guulaystay.

10. Fal-kaab faallo (Komment Adverb): Badanaa wuxuu yimaadaa bilowga weedha, wuxuuna muujinayaa ra'yiga ama faallada qofka hadlaya. Fal-kaab + Weedh. Honestly, I don't know. — Onestli, ay downt now. — Run ahaantii, ma garanayo.

11. Fal-kaab isku-xire (Linking Adverb): Badanaa wuxuu yimaadaa bilowga ama dhexda weedha, wuxuuna isku xidhaa laba fikradood ama laba weedhood. Weedh + Fal-kaab isku-xire + Weedh. I was tired; however, I worked. — Ay waz tayard; howevar, ay workt. — Waan daallanaa; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waan shaqeeyey.

12. Jihada (Dayrekshan): Fal-kaabka jihadu wuxuu yimaadaa falka ama layeeleha ka dib. Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele + Fal-kaab jihada. She went outside. — Shii went awtsayd. — Waxay u baxday bannaanka.

13. Soo-noqnoqosho cayiman (Definit Friikwensi): Weedhaha tilmaamaya soo-noqnoqosho cayiman waxay iman karaan bilowga ama dhammaadka weedha. Weedh waqti tilmaamaysa + Weedh. I go there every day. — Ay gow dher evri dey. — Maalin kasta halkaas ayaan aadaa.

14. Muddada (Dureyshan): Weedha muddadu badanaa waxay timaadaa dhammaadka weedha. Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele + Muddada. I studied for two hours. — Ay stadid for tuu awarz. — Waxaan wax bartay laba saacadood.

15. Ujeeddo (Perpas): Weedha ujeeddadu badanaa waxay timaadaa dhammaadka weedha, waxayna muujisaa sababta falka loo sameeyey. Weedh + Ujeeddo. I went there to study. — Ay went dher tuu stadi. — Waxaan halkaas u aaday inaan wax barto.

LAYEELE DADBAN (INDAYREKT OBJEKTIIV)

# — Nooca — Qaab-dhismeedka — Sida loogu dhawaaqo qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Sida loogu dhawaaqo tusaalaha — Tarjumaad

1. Layeele dadban oo ka horreeya layeele toos ah — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele dadban + Layeele toos ah — Sabjekti + Verb + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Dayrekt Objektiiv — I gave him a book. — Ay geyv him a buk — Waxaan isaga siiyey buug.

2. Layeele toos ah + to + Layeele dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + to + Layeele dadban — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv — I gave a book to him. — Ay geyv a buk tuu him — Waxaan buug siiyey isaga.

3. Layeele dadban oo ka horreeya layeele toos ah — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele dadban + Layeele toos ah — Sabjekti + Verb + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Dayrekt Objektiiv — She sent me a letter. — Shii sent mii a letter — Waxay ii soo dirtay warqad.

4. Layeele toos ah + to + Layeele dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + to + Layeele dadban — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv — She sent a letter to me. — Shii sent a letter tuu mii — Waxay warqad ii soo dirtay.

5. Layeele dadban oo ka horreeya layeele toos ah, iyadoo la adeegsanayo for — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele dadban + Layeele toos ah — Sabjekti + Verb + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Dayrekt Objektiiv — I bought her a gift. — Ay bawt her a gift — Waxaan iyada u soo iibiyey hadiyad.

6. Layeele toos ah + for + Layeele dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + for + Layeele dadban — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + For + Indayrekt Objektiiv — I bought a gift for her. — Ay bawt a gift for her — Waxaan hadiyad u soo iibiyey iyada.

7. Layeele dadban oo fal dadban ku jira — Layeele dadban + be + V3 + Layeele toos ah — Indayrekt Objektiiv + Bii + Vii Thrii + Dayrekt Objektiiv — He was given a book. — Hii waz given a buk — Isaga ayaa buug la siiyey.

8. Layeele toos ah oo fal dadban ku jira + to + Layeele dadban — Layeele toos ah + be + V3 + to + Layeele dadban — Dayrekt Objektiiv + Bii + Vii Thrii + Tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv — A book was given to him. — A buk waz given tuu him — Buug ayaa isaga la siiyey.

9. Su'aal ku saabsan layeele dadban — Eray su'aaleed + Fal caawiye + Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah + to? — Huu + Duu/Daz/Did + Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Tuu? — Who did you give it to? — Huu did yuu giv it tuu? — Yaad siisay?

10. Su'aal rasmi ah oo ku saabsan layeele dadban — To whom + Fal caawiye + Mawduuc + Fal + Layeele toos ah? — Tuu Huum + Ogzilyari Verb + Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv? — To whom did you give it? — Tuu huum did yuu giv it? — Yaad siisay?

GENITIVE: LAHAANSHO / XIRIIR / MILKIYAD

# — Nooca — Qaab-dhismeedka — Sida loogu dhawaaqo qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Sida loogu dhawaaqo tusaalaha — Tarjumaad

1. Milkiyad qof keli ah — Magac + 's + Magac — Nawn + Iz + Nawn — John's car — Joonz kaar — Baabuurka John.

2. Milkiyad lagu muujiyo of — Magac + of + Magac — Nawn + Ov + Nawn — The car of John — Dha kaar ov Joon — Baabuurka John.

3. Milkiyad jamac joogto ah — Magac jamac ah + ' + Magac — Plural Nawn + Apostrofi + Nawn — Students' books — Styuu dents buks — Buugaagta ardayda.

4. Milkiyad jamac aan joogto ahayn — Magac + 's + Magac — Nawn + Iz + Nawn — Children's toys — Childrens toys — Alaabta carruurta ku ciyaaraan.

5. Milkiyad lagu muujiyo of — Magac + of + Magac — Nawn + Ov + Nawn — The roof of the house — Dha ruuf ov dha haws — Saqafka guriga.

6. Go'aamiye lahaansho — Go'aamiye lahaansho + Magac — Pazesiv Diterminar + Nawn — My car — May kaar — Baabuurkayga.

7. Magac-u-yaal lahaansho oo madax-bannaan — Magac-u-yaal lahaansho — Pazesiv Pronawn — The car is mine. — Dha kaar iz mayn — Baabuurku waa kayga.

8. Lahaansho isku-dhafan — Magac + of + Magac-u-yaal lahaansho — Nawn + Ov + Pazesiv Pronawn — A friend of mine — A frend ov mayn — Saaxiib aan leeyahay.

9. Lahaanshaha waqtiga — Magac waqti + 's + Magac — Taym Nawn + Iz + Nawn — Today's news — Tudeyz nyuuz — Wararka maanta.

10. Muddada jamaca — Tiro + Halbeeg cabbir + ' + Magac — Nyuumeral + Yuunet + Apostrofi + Nawn — Two weeks' vacation — Tuu wiiks vikeyshan — Fasax laba toddobaad ah.

11. Su'aal ku saabsan lahaanshaha — Whose + Magac? — Huuz + Nawn? — Whose book? — Huuz buk? — Buugga yaa leh?

12. Lahaansho ku jirta weedh xiriiriye — Whose + Magac + Weedh — Huuz + Nawn + Klooz — The man whose car... — Dha man huuz kaar... — Ninka baabuurkiisu...

13. Lahaansho wadajir ah — Magaca koowaad + and + Magaca labaad + 's + Magac — Nawn + And + Nawn + Iz + Nawn — John and Mary's house — Joon and Meeriz haws — Guriga ay wada leeyihiin John iyo Mary.

14. Lahaansho kala gaar ah — Magaca koowaad + 's + and + Magaca labaad + 's + Magac — Nawn + Iz + And + Nawn + Iz + Nawn — John's and Mary's houses — Joonz and Meeriz hawziz — Guryaha kala gaar ah ee John iyo Mary.

INDEPENDENT: MAGAC-U-YAALLADA LAHAANSHO EE MADAX-BANNAAN

Qofka — Go'aamiye lahaansho — Dhawaaqa go'aamiyaha — Magac-u-yaal lahaansho — Dhawaaqa magac-u-yaalka — Tusaale dhammaystiran — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Tarjumaad

I = Aniga — my — May — mine — Mayn — This book is mine. — Dhis buk iz mayn — Buuggan waa kayga.

You = Adiga — your — Yoor — yours — Yoorz — This book is yours. — Dhis buk iz yoorz — Buuggan waa kaaga.

He = Isaga — his — Hiz — his — Hiz — This book is his. — Dhis buk iz hiz — Buuggan waa kiisa.

She = Iyadu — her — Her — hers — Herz — This book is hers. — Dhis buk iz herz — Buuggan waa keeda.

It = Shay ama xayawaan — its — Its — Ma laha magac-u-yaal lahaansho madax-bannaan oo caadi ahaan la isticmaalo — — The dog hurt its leg. — Dha dog hert its leg — Eeygu wuxuu dhaawacay lugtiisa.

We = Annaga — our — Awar — ours — Awarz — This book is ours. — Dhis buk iz awarz — Buuggan waa kayaga.

They = Iyaga — their — Dher — theirs — Dherz — This book is theirs. — Dhis buk iz dherz — Buuggan waa kooda.

The book is the boy's. = Buuggu waa midka wiilka.

The book is for the boy. = Buuggu wuxuu u yahay wiilka.

WAS GOING TO: WAX AAN DAMACSANAA IN AAN SAMEEYO / WAX LA FILAYAY IN LA SAMEEYO

Magac-u-yaal — Qaab-dhismeedka — Sida loogu dhawaaqo qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Sida loogu dhawaaqo tusaalaha — Macnaha

I = Aniga — I + was going to + Fal — Ay + Waz Going Tuu + Verb — I was going to eat. — Ay waz going tuu iit — Waxaan damacsanaa inaan wax cuno.

You = Adiga — You + were going to + Fal — Yuu + Wer Going Tuu + Verb — You were going to eat. — Yuu wer going tuu iit — Waxaad damacsanayd inaad wax cunto.

He = Isaga — He + was going to + Fal — Hii + Waz Going Tuu + Verb — He was going to eat. — Hii waz going tuu iit — Wuxuu damacsanaa inuu wax cuno.

She = Iyadu — She + was going to + Fal — Shii + Waz Going Tuu + Verb — She was going to eat. — Shii waz going tuu iit — Waxay damacsanayd inay wax cunto.

It = Shay ama xayawaan — It + was going to + Fal — It + Waz Going Tuu + Verb — It was going to rain. — It waz going tuu reyn — Roob ayaa la filayay inuu da'o.

We = Annaga — We + were going to + Fal — Wii + Wer Going Tuu + Verb — We were going to eat. — Wii wer going tuu iit — Waxaan damacsanayn inaan wax cunno.

They = Iyaga — They + were going to + Fal — Dhey + Wer Going Tuu + Verb — They were going to eat. — Dhey wer going tuu iit — Waxay damacsanaayeen inay wax cunaan.

Waxaa kale oo la isticmaalaa Waz Abaawt Tuu / Wer Abaawt Tuu.

Was about to = Wax ayaa ku sigtay inuu dhaco.

Was supposed to = Wax ayaa la filayay ama la rabay in la sameeyo, laakiin wax baa hor istaagay ama wax kale ayaa dhacay.

I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. = Waxaa la rabay inaan maanta nadiifiyo, laakiin cimilada xun awgeed, ma samaynayo.

3- Magacyada (NAWNS)

Macnaha naxwaha — Qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa — Tarjumaad

Jamac — Magac + s — books — Buks — Buugaag.

Jamac — Magac + es — boxes — Boksiz — Sanduuqyo.

Magac keli ah oo cayiman — the + Magac — the book — Dha buk — Buugga.

Magac jamac ah oo cayiman — the + Magac jamac ah — the books — Dha buks — Buugaagta.

Magac keli ah oo aan cayimanayn — a + Magac — a book — A buk — Buug.

Marka erayga xiga ku bilaabmo shaqal, waxaa la adeegsadaa an halkii a laga isticmaali lahaa — an + Magac — an apple — An apel — Tufaax.

Layeele dadban — Mawduuc + Fal + Qofka wax loo samaynayo + Shayga aan tooska ahayn + Shayga tooska ah — Sabjekti + Verb + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Dayrekt Objektiiv — I give him the book. — Ay giv him dha buk — Waxaan isaga siiyaa buugga.

Layeele dadban oo leh to — Mawduuc + Fal + Shayga tooska ah + to + Qofka wax loo samaynayo — Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + Tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv — I give the book to him. — Ay giv dha buk tuu him — Waxaan buugga siiyaa isaga.

Lahaansho — Magaca mulkiilaha + 's + Magaca shayga la leeyahay — Nawn + Iz + Nawn — John's car — Joonz kaar — Baabuurka John.

Lahaansho jamac — Magaca jamaca ah ee mulkiilayaasha + ' + Magaca shayga la leeyahay — Plural Nawn + Apostrofi + Nawn — the boys' books — Dha boyz buks — Buugaagta wiilasha.

Lahaansho lagu muujiyo of — Magaca shayga la leeyahay + of + Magaca mulkiilaha — Nawn + Ov + Nawn — the door of the house — Dha door ov dha haws — Albaabka guriga.

Dhammaadka erayga — Maxaa lagu daraa? — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa

Inta badan erayada — -s — book → books — Buk → Buks.

s — -es — bus → buses — Bas → Basiz.

ss — -es — class → classes — Klaas → Klaasiz.

sh — -es — dish → dishes — Dish → Dishiz.

ch — -es — watch → watches — Woch → Wochiz.

x — -es — box → boxes — Boks → Boksiz.

z — -es — quiz → quizzes — Kwiz → Kwiziz.

Shibbane + y — -ies — baby → babies — Beybi → Beybiz.

Shaqal + y — -s — boy → boys — Boy → Boyz.

Qaar ka mid ah erayada ku dhammaada f/fe — -ves — knife → knives — Nayf → Nayvz.

Qaar ka mid ah erayada ku dhammaada f/fe — -s — roof → roofs — Ruuf → Ruufs.

Haddii magac la tirin karo uu yahay keli oo aan cayimanayn, waxaa la isticmaalaa a ama an; haddii uu jamac yahay oo aan cayimanayn, badanaa lama isticmaalo go'aamiye.

LAYEELE DADBAN (INDAYREKT OBJEKTIIV)

Waxaa jira saddex qaab oo aasaasi ah oo layeele dadban loogu isticmaalo Ingiriisiga:

1- Sabjekti + Verb + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Dayrekt Objektiiv

I give a boy a book. = Waxaan wiil siiyaa buug.

2- Sabjekti + Verb + Dayrekt Objektiiv + tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv

I give a book to a boy. = Waxaan buug siiyaa wiil.

3- Sabjekti + Verb + tuu + Indayrekt Objektiiv + Dayrekt Objektiiv

I give to a boy a book. = Waxaan wiil siiyaa buug.

Qaabkan wuxuu u muuqdaa mid aan caadi ahayn Ingiriisiga casriga ah; qaababka koowaad iyo labaad ayaa aad loo isticmaalaa.

GENITIVE: LAHAANSHO

Waxaa jira laba qaab oo aasaasi ah oo lahaanshaha loogu muujiyo Ingiriisiga:

1- Magaca mulkiilaha + 's + Shayga la leeyahay

The boy's book = Buugga wiilka.

2- Shayga la leeyahay + of + Mulkiilaha

The book of the boy = Buugga wiilka.

3- Sifooyinka (ADJIKTIIVZ)

Nooca — Qaab-dhismeedka — Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

Sifooyin sharraxaad ah — Sifo + Magac — Adjiktiiv + Nawn — a beautiful house — A byuutiful haws — Guri qurux badan

Sifooyin tiro ama qaddar muujinaya — Qaddar + Magac — Kwontiti + Nawn — many books — Meni buks — Buugaag badan

Sifooyin tiro cayiman muujinaya — Tiro + Magac — Nambar + Nawn — three books — Thrii buks — Saddex buug

Sifooyin tilmaameed — this/that/these/those + Magac — Dhis/Dhat/Dhiiz/Dhooz + Nawn — this book — Dhis buk — Buuggan

Sifooyin lahaansho muujinaya — my/your/his/her/its/our/their + Magac — May/Yoor/Hiz/Her/Its/Awar/Dher + Nawn — my car — May kaar — Baabuurkayga

Sifooyin su'aaleed — which/what/whose + Magac — Wich/Wot/Huuz + Nawn — which book? — Wich buk? — Buuggee?

Sifooyin aan cayimnayn — Eray aan cayimnayn + Magac — Indefinit Werd + Nawn — some books — Sam buks — Buugaag qaar

Sifooyin qaybin ah — each/every/either/neither + Magac — Iich/Evri/Iidher/Niidher + Nawn — each student — Iich styuu dent — Arday kasta

Sifooyin laga sameeyo magacyo gaar ah — Magac gaar ah → Sifo — Proper Nawn → Adjiktiiv — English language — Ingilish langwij — Luqadda Ingiriisiga

Sifooyin isku-dhafan — Eray + Eray — Werd + Werd — a well-known actor — A wel-nown aktor — Jilaa caan ah

Sifooyin laga sameeyo falalka V-ing/V-ed — V-ing / V-ed — V-Iing / V-Ed — a boring movie — A boring muuvi — Filim caajis badan

Sifooyin isbarbardhig ah — Sifo + er / more + Sifo — Adjiktiiv + Er / Moor + Adjiktiiv — bigger house — Bigar haws — Guri ka weyn

Sifooyin muujinaya heerka ugu sarreeya — Sifo + est / most + Sifo — Adjiktiiv + Ist / Mowst + Adjiktiiv — the biggest house — Dha bigist haws — Guriga ugu weyn

Sifooyin isku xiran — Sifo + , + Sifo + Magac — Adjiktiiv + Komma + Adjiktiiv + Nawn — a long, difficult journey — A long, difikalt jerni — Safar dheer oo adag

Sifo ka horreysa magaca — Sifo + Magac — Adjiktiiv + Nawn — a red car — A red kaar — Baabuur cas

Sifo ka dambaysa falka xiriiriyaha — Mawduuc + be + Sifo — Sabjekti + Bii + Adjiktiiv — The car is red. — Dha kaar iz red — Baabuurku waa casaan.

Sifo ka dambaysa magaca — Magac + Sifo — Nawn + Adjiktiiv — something interesting — Samthing intresting — Wax xiiso leh

Sifo madax-bannaan — Sifo — Adjiktiiv — perfect — Perfik(t) — Kaamil / qumman

Sifo xoojin ah — Sifo + Magac — Emfatik Adjiktiiv + Nawn — my own car — May own kaar — Baabuurkayga gaarka ah

Sifo yaab muujinaysa — what + Sifo + Magac — Wot + Adjiktiiv + Nawn — What a beautiful day! — Wot a byuutiful dey! — Maalin qurux badan!

1. Waqtiga hadda ee fudud — Present Simple

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + am/is/are + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Am/Iz/Aar + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I am — I am happy. — Ay am hapi — Waan faraxsanahay.

You — You are — You are happy. — Yuu aar hapi — Waad faraxsan tahay.

He — He is — He is happy. — Hii iz hapi — Wuu faraxsan yahay.

She — She is — She is happy. — Shii iz hapi — Way faraxsan tahay.

It — It is — It is cold. — It iz kowld — Waa qabow.

We — We are — We are happy. — Wii aar hapi — Waan faraxsanahay.

You — You are — You are happy. — Yuu aar hapi — Waad faraxsan tihiin.

They — They are — They are happy. — Dhey aar hapi — Way faraxsan yihiin.

2. Waqtiga tagay ee fudud — Past Simple

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + was/were + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Waz/Wer + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I was — I was happy. — Ay waz hapi — Waan faraxsanaa.

You — You were — You were happy. — Yuu wer hapi — Waad faraxsanayd.

He — He was — He was happy. — Hii waz hapi — Wuu faraxsanaa.

She — She was — She was happy. — Shii waz hapi — Way faraxsanayd.

It — It was — It was cold. — It waz kowld — Wuu qabowaa.

We — We were — We were happy. — Wii wer hapi — Waan faraxsanayn.

You — You were — You were happy. — Yuu wer hapi — Waad faraxsanaydeen.

They — They were — They were happy. — Dhey wer hapi — Way faraxsanaayeen.

3. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee fudud — Future Simple

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + will be + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Wil Bii + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I will be — I will be happy. — Ay wil bii hapi — Waan farxi doonaa.

You — You will be — You will be happy. — Yuu wil bii hapi — Waad farxi doontaa.

He — He will be — He will be happy. — Hii wil bii hapi — Wuu farxi doonaa.

She — She will be — She will be happy. — Shii wil bii hapi — Way farxi doontaa.

It — It will be — It will be cold. — It wil bii kowld — Wuu qabowaan doonaa.

We — We will be — We will be happy. — Wii wil bii hapi — Waan farxi doonnaa.

You — You will be — You will be happy. — Yuu wil bii hapi — Waad farxi doontaan.

They — They will be — They will be happy. — Dhey wil bii hapi — Way farxi doonaan.

4. Waqtiga hadda ee socodka — Present Continuous

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + am/is/are being + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Am/Iz/Aar Biiing + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I am being — I am being careful. — Ay am biiing kerful — Waxaan u dhaqmayaa si taxaddar leh.

You — You are being — You are being careful. — Yuu aar biiing kerful — Waxaad u dhaqmeysaa si taxaddar leh.

He — He is being — He is being careful. — Hii iz biiing kerful — Wuxuu u dhaqmayaa si taxaddar leh.

She — She is being — She is being careful. — Shii iz biiing kerful — Waxay u dhaqmeysaa si taxaddar leh.

It — It is being — It is being repaired. — It iz biiing riperd — Waa la hagaajinayaa.

We — We are being — We are being careful. — Wii aar biiing kerful — Waxaan u dhaqmeynaa si taxaddar leh.

You — You are being — You are being careful. — Yuu aar biiing kerful — Waxaad u dhaqmeysaan si taxaddar leh.

They — They are being — They are being careful. — Dhey aar biiing kerful — Waxay u dhaqmayaan si taxaddar leh.

5. Waqtiga tagay ee socodka — Past Continuous

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + was/were being + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Waz/Wer Biiing + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Qaab-dhismeedka — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I was being — I was being careful. — Ay waz biiing kerful — Waxaan u dhaqmayay si taxaddar leh.

You — You were being — You were being careful. — Yuu wer biiing kerful — Waxaad u dhaqmeysay si taxaddar leh.

He — He was being — He was being careful. — Hii waz biiing kerful — Wuxuu u dhaqmayay si taxaddar leh.

She — She was being — She was being careful. — Shii waz biiing kerful — Waxay u dhaqmeysay si taxaddar leh.

It — It was being — It was being repaired. — It waz biiing riperd — Waa la hagaajinayay.

We — We were being — We were being careful. — Wii wer biiing kerful — Waxaan u dhaqmeynnay si taxaddar leh.

You — You were being — You were being careful. — Yuu wer biiing kerful — Waxaad u dhaqmeyseen si taxaddar leh.

They — They were being — They were being careful. — Dhey wer biiing kerful — Waxay u dhaqmayeen si taxaddar leh.

6. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee socodka — Future Continuous

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + will be being + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Wil Bii Biiing + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I will be being careful. — Ay wil bii biiing kerful — Waxaan u dhaqmi doonaa si taxaddar leh.

You — You will be being careful. — Yuu wil bii biiing kerful — Waxaad u dhaqmi doontaa si taxaddar leh.

He — He will be being careful. — Hii wil bii biiing kerful — Wuxuu u dhaqmi doonaa si taxaddar leh.

She — She will be being careful. — Shii wil bii biiing kerful — Waxay u dhaqmi doontaa si taxaddar leh.

It — It will be being repaired. — It wil bii biiing riperd — Waa la hagaajin doonaa.

We — We will be being careful. — Wii wil bii biiing kerful — Waxaan u dhaqmi doonnaa si taxaddar leh.

You — You will be being careful. — Yuu wil bii biiing kerful — Waxaad u dhaqmi doontaan si taxaddar leh.

They — They will be being careful. — Dhey wil bii biiing kerful — Waxay u dhaqmi doonaan si taxaddar leh.

Waqtigani naxwe ahaan waa suurtagal, laakiin aad buu ugu yar yahay Ingiriisiga dabiiciga ah.

7. Waqtiga hadda ee dhammaystiran — Present Perfect

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + have/has been + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Hav/Haz Bin + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I have been happy. — Ay hav bin hapi — Waan faraxsanaa / waxaan muddo faraxsanahay.

You — You have been happy. — Yuu hav bin hapi — Waad faraxsanayd / waxaad muddo faraxsan tahay.

He — He has been happy. — Hii haz bin hapi — Wuu faraxsanaa / muddo ayuu faraxsan yahay.

She — She has been happy. — Shii haz bin hapi — Way faraxsanayd / muddo ayay faraxsan tahay.

It — It has been cold. — It haz bin kowld — Qabow ayuu jiray.

We — We have been happy. — Wii hav bin hapi — Waan faraxsanayn / muddo ayaan faraxsan nahay.

You — You have been happy. — Yuu hav bin hapi — Waad faraxsanaydeen / muddo ayaad faraxsan tihiin.

They — They have been happy. — Dhey hav bin hapi — Way faraxsanaayeen / muddo ayay faraxsan yihiin.

8. Waqtiga tagay ee dhammaystiran — Past Perfect

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + had been + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Had Bin + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I had been happy. — Ay had bin hapi — Waxaan hore u ahaa qof faraxsan.

You — You had been happy. — Yuu had bin hapi — Waxaad hore u ahayd qof faraxsan.

He — He had been happy. — Hii had bin hapi — Wuxuu hore u ahaa qof faraxsan.

She — She had been happy. — Shii had bin hapi — Waxay hore u ahayd qof faraxsan.

It — It had been cold. — It had bin kowld — Qabow ayaa hore u jiray.

We — We had been happy. — Wii had bin hapi — Waxaan hore u ahayn kuwo faraxsan.

You — You had been happy. — Yuu had bin hapi — Waxaad hore u ahaydeen kuwo faraxsan.

They — They had been happy. — Dhey had bin hapi — Waxay hore u ahaayeen kuwo faraxsan.

9. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee dhammaystiran — Future Perfect

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + will have been + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Wil Hav Bin + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I will have been happy. — Ay wil hav bin hapi — Waxaan markaas ahaan doonaa qof faraxsan.

You — You will have been happy. — Yuu wil hav bin hapi — Waxaad markaas ahaan doontaa qof faraxsan.

He — He will have been happy. — Hii wil hav bin hapi — Wuxuu markaas ahaan doonaa qof faraxsan.

She — She will have been happy. — Shii wil hav bin hapi — Waxay markaas ahaan doontaa qof faraxsan.

It — It will have been cold. — It wil hav bin kowld — Markaas qabow ayaa jiri doona.

We — We will have been happy. — Wii wil hav bin hapi — Waxaan markaas ahaan doonnaa kuwo faraxsan.

You — You will have been happy. — Yuu wil hav bin hapi — Waxaad markaas ahaan doontaan kuwo faraxsan.

They — They will have been happy. — Dhey wil hav bin hapi — Waxay markaas ahaan doonaan kuwo faraxsan.

10. Waqtiga hadda ee dhammaystiran ee socodka — Present Perfect Continuous

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + have/has been being + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Hav/Haz Bin Biiing + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I have been being careful. — Ay hav bin biiing kerful — Waxaan muddo u dhaqmayay si taxaddar leh.

You — You have been being careful. — Yuu hav bin biiing kerful — Waxaad muddo u dhaqmeysay si taxaddar leh.

He — He has been being careful. — Hii haz bin biiing kerful — Wuxuu muddo u dhaqmayay si taxaddar leh.

She — She has been being careful. — Shii haz bin biiing kerful — Waxay muddo u dhaqmeysay si taxaddar leh.

It — It has been being repaired. — It haz bin biiing riperd — Muddo ayaa la hagaajinayay.

We — We have been being careful. — Wii hav bin biiing kerful — Waxaan muddo u dhaqmeynnay si taxaddar leh.

You — You have been being careful. — Yuu hav bin biiing kerful — Waxaad muddo u dhaqmeyseen si taxaddar leh.

They — They have been being careful. — Dhey hav bin biiing kerful — Waxay muddo u dhaqmayeen si taxaddar leh.

11. Waqtiga tagay ee dhammaystiran ee socodka — Past Perfect Continuous

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + had been being + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Had Bin Biiing + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I had been being careful. — Ay had bin biiing kerful — Waxaan muddo u dhaqmayay si taxaddar leh.

You — You had been being careful. — Yuu had bin biiing kerful — Waxaad muddo u dhaqmeysay si taxaddar leh.

He — He had been being careful. — Hii had bin biiing kerful — Wuxuu muddo u dhaqmayay si taxaddar leh.

She — She had been being careful. — Shii had bin biiing kerful — Waxay muddo u dhaqmeysay si taxaddar leh.

It — It had been being repaired. — It had bin biiing riperd — Muddo ayaa la hagaajinayay.

We — We had been being careful. — Wii had bin biiing kerful — Waxaan muddo u dhaqmeynnay si taxaddar leh.

You — You had been being careful. — Yuu had bin biiing kerful — Waxaad muddo u dhaqmeyseen si taxaddar leh.

They — They had been being careful. — Dhey had bin biiing kerful — Waxay muddo u dhaqmayeen si taxaddar leh.

12. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee dhammaystiran ee socodka — Future Perfect Continuous

Qaab-dhismeedka: Mawduuc + will have been being + Dhammaystire

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Wil Hav Bin Biiing + Kompliment

Magac-u-yaal — Tusaale — Dhawaaqa tusaalaha — Macnaha

I — I will have been being careful. — Ay wil hav bin biiing kerful — Waxaan markaas muddo u dhaqmi doonaa si taxaddar leh.

You — You will have been being careful. — Yuu wil hav bin biiing kerful — Waxaad markaas muddo u dhaqmi doontaa si taxaddar leh.

He — He will have been being careful. — Hii wil hav bin biiing kerful — Wuxuu markaas muddo u dhaqmi doonaa si taxaddar leh.

She — She will have been being careful. — Shii wil hav bin biiing kerful — Waxay markaas muddo u dhaqmi doontaa si taxaddar leh.

It — It will have been being repaired. — It wil hav bin biiing riperd — Markaas muddo ayaa la hagaajin doonaa.

We — We will have been being careful. — Wii wil hav bin biiing kerful — Waxaan markaas muddo u dhaqmi doonnaa si taxaddar leh.

You — You will have been being careful. — Yuu wil hav bin biiing kerful — Waxaad markaas muddo u dhaqmi doontaan si taxaddar leh.

They — They will have been being careful. — Dhey wil hav bin biiing kerful — Waxay markaas muddo u dhaqmi doonaan si taxaddar leh.

4- Magac-u-yaallada (PRONOUNS)

1. Magac-u-yaallada qofka — dhammaan qaababka aasaasiga ah

Qaabka / fikradda naxwaha Gundhigga naxwaha Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga ee gundhigga Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Qaabka fal-sameeyaha Magac-u-yaalka fal-sameeyaha Sabjekti Pronawn I Ay Aniga

Qaabka fal-sameeyaha Magac-u-yaalka fal-sameeyaha Sabjekti Pronawn you Yuu Adiga / Idinka

Qaabka fal-sameeyaha Magac-u-yaalka fal-sameeyaha Sabjekti Pronawn he Hii Isaga

Qaabka fal-sameeyaha Magac-u-yaalka fal-sameeyaha Sabjekti Pronawn she Shii Iyada

Qaabka fal-sameeyaha Magac-u-yaalka fal-sameeyaha Sabjekti Pronawn it It Wuxuu/way (wax ama xayawaan)

Qaabka fal-sameeyaha Magac-u-yaalka fal-sameeyaha Sabjekti Pronawn we Wii Annaga

Qaabka fal-sameeyaha Magac-u-yaalka fal-sameeyaha Sabjekti Pronawn they Dhey Iyaga

Tusaalooyin

Magac-u-yaalka Tusaale Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I read. Ay riid Anigu waan akhriyaa.

you You work. Yuu werk Adigu waad shaqaysaa.

he He sleeps. Hii sliips Isagu wuu seexdaa.

she She cooks. Shii kuks Iyadu way cunto karisaa.

it It works. It werks Wuu shaqeeyaa / way shaqaysaa.

we We study. Wii stadi Annagu wax baan barannaa.

they They live here. Dhey liv hir Iyagu halkan ayay deggan yihiin.

2. Magac-u-yaallada qofka loo jeediyo ama shayga falka saameeyo

Magac-u-yaalladan waxaa loo adeegsadaa marka qof ama shay uu yahay falka la sameeyo ama uu falka saameeyo.

Fikradda naxwaha Gundhigga naxwaha Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga ee gundhigga Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Qaabka falka la saameeyo Magac-u-yaalka falka la saameeyo Objekti Pronawn me Mii Aniga / ii

Qaabka falka la saameeyo Magac-u-yaalka falka la saameeyo Objekti Pronawn you Yuu Adiga / idinka

Qaabka falka la saameeyo Magac-u-yaalka falka la saameeyo Objekti Pronawn him Him Isaga / isaga u

Qaabka falka la saameeyo Magac-u-yaalka falka la saameeyo Objekti Pronawn her Her Iyada / iyada u

Qaabka falka la saameeyo Magac-u-yaalka falka la saameeyo Objekti Pronawn it It Waxaas / shaygaas

Qaabka falka la saameeyo Magac-u-yaalka falka la saameeyo Objekti Pronawn us As Annaga / noo

Qaabka falka la saameeyo Magac-u-yaalka falka la saameeyo Objekti Pronawn them Dhem Iyaga / iyaga u

Tusaalooyin

Tusaale Dhawaaqa Macnaha

She called me. Shii kold mii Iyadu way i soo wacday.

I saw you. Ay soo yuu Anigu waan ku arkay.

We helped him. Wii helpt him Annagu waan caawinay isaga.

I know her. Ay noo her Anigu waan aqaan iyada.

I bought it. Ay bot it Anigu waan iibsaday.

He invited us. Hii invaytid as Isagu wuu na casuumay.

She called them. Shii kold dhem Iyadu way wacday iyaga.

3. Magac-u-yaallada lahaanshaha ee ka horreeya magac

Waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu muujiyo lahaanshaha, waxaana la dhigaa ka hor magaca.

Fikradda naxwaha Gundhigga naxwaha Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga ee gundhigga Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Lahaansho my + magac May + Nawn my May Kayga / aan leeyahay

Lahaansho your + magac Yoor + Nawn your Yoor Kaaga / kiinna

Lahaansho his + magac Hiz + Nawn his Hiz Kiisa / uu leeyahay

Lahaansho her + magac Her + Nawn her Her Keeda / ay leedahay

Lahaansho its + magac Its + Nawn its Its Kiisa/keeda (shay ama xayawaan)

Lahaansho our + magac Aawer + Nawn our Aawer keenna / annaga leh

Lahaansho their + magac Dheyr + Nawn their Dheyr kooda / ayaga leeyihiin

Tusaalooyin

Tusaale Dhawaaqa Macnaha

My book is new. May buk iz nyuu Buuggaygu waa cusub yahay.

Your car is fast. Yoor kaar iz faast Baabuurkaagu waa dheereeyaa.

His house is big. Hiz haws iz big Gurigiisu waa weyn yahay.

Her phone is new. Her foon iz nyuu Taleefankeedu waa cusub yahay.

Its color is beautiful. Its kaler iz byuutiful Midabkiisu waa qurux badan yahay.

Our teacher is nice. Aawer tiicher iz nays Macallinkayagu waa wanaagsan yahay.

Their house is large. Dheyr haws iz laarj Gurigoodu waa weyn yahay.

4. Magac-u-yaallada lahaanshaha ee madax-bannaan

Magac-u-yaalladan waxaa la adeegsadaa iyaga oo aan magac kale ka dambayn.

Fikradda naxwaha Gundhigga naxwaha Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga ee gundhigga Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Lahaansho madax-bannaan mine Mayn mine Mayn Kayga

Lahaansho madax-bannaan yours Yoorz yours Yoorz Kaaga / kiinna

Lahaansho madax-bannaan his Hiz his Hiz Kiisa

Lahaansho madax-bannaan hers Herz hers Herz Keeda

Lahaansho madax-bannaan ours Aawerz ours Aawerz Keenna

Lahaansho madax-bannaan theirs Dheyrz theirs Dheyrz Kooda

Fiiro gaar ah: Magac-u-yaalka lahaanshaha madax-bannaan badanaa looma isticmaalo “it”.

Tusaalooyin

Tusaale Dhawaaqa Macnaha

This book is mine. Dhis buk iz mayn Buuggan waa kayga.

The car is yours. Dha kaar iz yoorz Baabuurku waa kaaga.

The house is his. Dha haws iz hiz Gurigu waa kiisa.

The bag is hers. Dha baag iz herz Boorsooyinku waa keeda.

The room is ours. Dha ruum iz aawerz Qolku waa keenna.

The books are theirs. Dha buks aar dheyrz Buugaagtu waa kooda.

5. Magac-u-yaallada is-celinta

Waxaa la adeegsadaa marka falka uu ku noqdo qofkii falka sameeyay.

Fikradda naxwaha Gundhigga naxwaha Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga ee gundhigga Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Is-celin my + self May + self myself May-self Naftayda

Is-celin your + self Yoor + self yourself Yoor-self Naftaada

Is-celin him + self Him + self himself Him-self Naftiisa

Is-celin her + self Her + self herself Her-self Nafteeda

Is-celin it + self It + self itself It-self Naftiisa/nafteeda (shay ama xayawaan)

Is-celin our + selves Aawer + selvz ourselves Aawer-selvz Naftayada

Is-celin your + selves Yoor + selvz yourselves Yoor-selvz Naftiinna

Is-celin them + selves Dhem + selvz themselves Dhem-selvz Naftooda

Tusaalooyin

Tusaale Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I hurt myself. Ay hert may-self Waan dhaawacay naftayda.

You did it yourself. Yuu did it yoor-self Adiga ayaa adigu samaysay.

He introduced himself. Hii introdhuust him-self Isagu naftiisa ayuu isbaray.

She taught herself English. Shii toot her-self Ingilish Iyadu waxay iskeed u baratay Ingiriisiga.

The machine turned itself off. Dha mashiin ternd it-self of Mashiinku isagaa is damiyay.

We enjoyed ourselves. Wii enjooyd aawer-selvz Annagu waan baashaalnay.

They introduced themselves. Dhey introdhuust dhem-selvz Iyagu naftooda ayay isbarteen.

6. Magac-u-yaallada tilmaamaha

Fikradda naxwaha Gundhigga naxwaha Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga ee gundhigga Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Tilmaame keli ah oo dhow this Dhis this Dhis Kani / tani

Tilmaame keli ah oo fog that Dhaat that Dhaat Kaasi / taasi

Tilmaame jamac ah oo dhow these Dhiiz these Dhiiz Kuwani

Tilmaame jamac ah oo fog those Dhooz those Dhooz Kuwaasi

Tusaalooyin

This is my book.

Dhis iz may buk.

Kani waa buuggayga.

That is your car.

Dhaat iz yoor kaar.

Kaas waa baabuurkaaga.

These are my shoes.

Dhiiz aar may shuuz.

Kuwani waa kabahayga.

Those are their houses.

Dhooz aar dheyr hawziz.

Kuwaasi waa guryahooda.

7. Magac-u-yaallada su'aalaha

Fikradda naxwaha Gundhigga naxwaha Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga ee gundhigga Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Su'aal ku saabsan qof who Huu who Huu Yaa?

Su'aal ku saabsan qofka falka la saameeyo whom Huum whom Huum Yaa? / Qofkee?

Su'aal ku saabsan lahaanshaha whose Huuz whose Huuz Yaase leh?

Su'aal ku saabsan shay ama doorasho what Wot what Wot Maxaa?

Su'aal ku saabsan doorasho which Wich which Wich Kee? / Tee?

Tusaalooyin

Who called you?

Huu kold yuu?

Yaa ku soo wacay?

Whom did you see?

Huum did yuu sii?

Yaad aragtay?

Whose is this?

Huuz iz dhis?

Yaa iska leh kan?

What happened?

Wot hapend?

Maxaa dhacay?

Which is yours?

Wich iz yoorz?

Kee baa adiga leh?

8. Magac-u-yaallada xiriiriyaha

Fikradda naxwaha Gundhigga naxwaha Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga ee gundhigga Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Qofka falka sameeya who Huu who Huu Qofka / kan

Qofka falka saameeyo whom Huum whom Huum Qofka / kan

Lahaansho whose Huuz whose Huuz Ka uu leeyahay / qofka leh

Shay ama xayawaan which Wich which Wich Kan / kaas

Qof ama shay that Dhaat that Dhaat Kan / kaas / qofka

Tusaalooyin

The man who works here is my brother.

Dha man huu werks hir iz may bradhar.

Ninka halkan ka shaqeeya waa walaalkay.

The book which I bought is interesting.

Dha buk wich ay bot iz intresting.

Buugga aan iibsaday waa mid xiiso leh.

The girl whose car was stolen called the police.

Dha gerl huuz kaar waz stoolen kold dha poliis.

Gabadha baabuurkeeda la xaday ayaa booliiska wacday.

9. Magac-u-yaallada aan qof ama shay gaar ah tilmaamayn

Magac-u-yaalladani waxay tilmaamaan dad ama wax aan si gaar ah loo cayimin.

Fikradda naxwaha Magac-u-yaalka Dhawaaqa Macnaha

Qof aan la cayimin someone Sam-wan Qof

Qof aan la cayimin somebody Sam-badi Qof

Qof aan la cayimin, gaar ahaan su'aalaha iyo diidmada anyone Eni-wan Qofna / qof kasta oo suurtagal ah

Qof aan la cayimin, gaar ahaan su'aalaha iyo diidmada anybody Eni-badi Qofna / qof kasta oo suurtagal ah

Qofna no one Noo-wan Qofna

Qofna nobody Noo-badi Qofna

Qof kasta everyone Evri-wan Qof kasta

Qof kasta everybody Evri-badi Qof kasta

Wax aan la cayimin something Sam-thing Wax

Wax kasta / wax aan la cayimin anything Eni-thing Wax kasta / wax

Waxba nothing Nathing Waxba

Wax kasta everything Evri-thing Wax kasta

5- Waqtiyada Falalka (VERB TENSES)

1. Waqtiga xaadirka fudud

Isticmaalka: Caadooyinka, xaqiiqooyinka iyo falalka soo noqnoqda.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + V1 + ...

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I work. Ay werk Anigu waan shaqeeyaa.

you You work. Yuu werk Adigu waad shaqaysaa.

he He works. Hii werks Isagu wuu shaqeeyaa.

she She works. Shii werks Iyadu way shaqaysaa.

it It works. It werks Wuu shaqeeyaa / way shaqaysaa.

we We work. Wii werk Annagu waan shaqaynaa.

you You work. Yuu werk Idinku waad shaqaysaan.

they They work. Dhey werk Iyagu way shaqeeyaan.

Marka la isticmaalo he / she / it, falka badanaa waxaa lagu daraa -s.

2. Waqtiga tagtada fudud

Isticmaalka: Wax dhacay oo dhammaaday waqti hore.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + V2 + ...

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I worked. Ay werkt Anigu waan shaqeeyay.

you You worked. Yuu werkt Adigu waad shaqaysay.

he He worked. Hii werkt Isagu wuu shaqeeyay.

she She worked. Shii werkt Iyadu way shaqaysay.

it It worked. It werkt Wuu shaqeeyay / way shaqaysay.

we We worked. Wii werkt Annagu waan shaqaynay.

you You worked. Yuu werkt Idinku waad shaqayseen.

they They worked. Dhey werkt Iyagu way shaqeeyeen.

3. Waqtiga mustaqbalka fudud

Isticmaalka: Wax dhici doona mustaqbalka.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + wil + V1

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will work. Ay wil werk Anigu waan shaqayn doonaa.

you You will work. Yuu wil werk Adigu waad shaqayn doontaa.

he He will work. Hii wil werk Isagu wuu shaqayn doonaa.

she She will work. Shii wil werk Iyadu way shaqayn doontaa.

it It will work. It wil werk Wuu shaqayn doonaa / way shaqayn doontaa.

we We will work. Wii wil werk Annagu waan shaqayn doonaa.

you You will work. Yuu wil werk Idinku waad shaqayn doontaan.

they They will work. Dhey wil werk Iyagu way shaqayn doonaan.

4. Waqtiga xaadirka socda

Isticmaalka: Wax hadda dhacaya ama socda xilligan.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + am/is/are + V-ing

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I am working. Ay am werking Waan shaqaynayaa hadda.

you You are working. Yuu aar werking Waad shaqaynaysaa hadda.

he He is working. Hii iz werking Wuu shaqaynayaa hadda.

she She is working. Shii iz werking Way shaqaynaysaa hadda.

it It is working. It iz werking Wuu shaqaynayaa / way shaqaynaysaa hadda.

we We are working. Wii aar werking Waan shaqaynaynaa hadda.

you You are working. Yuu aar werking Waad shaqaynaysaan hadda.

they They are working. Dhey aar werking Waa shaqaynayaan hadda.

5. Waqtiga tagtada socda

Isticmaalka: Wax socday waqti cayiman oo hore.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + was/were + V-ing

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I was working. Ay waz werking Waan shaqaynayay.

you You were working. Yuu wer werking Waad shaqaynaysay.

he He was working. Hii waz werking Wuu shaqaynayay.

she She was working. Shii waz werking Way shaqaynaysay.

it It was working. It waz werking Wuu shaqaynayay / way shaqaynaysay.

we We were working. Wii wer werking Waan shaqaynaynay.

you You were working. Yuu wer werking Waad shaqaynayseen.

they They were working. Dhey wer werking Waa shaqaynayeen.

6. Waqtiga mustaqbalka socda

Isticmaalka: Wax socon doona waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + wil bii + V-ing

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will be working. Ay wil bii werking Waan shaqayn doonaa xilligaas.

you You will be working. Yuu wil bii werking Waad shaqayn doontaa xilligaas.

he He will be working. Hii wil bii werking Wuu shaqayn doonaa xilligaas.

she She will be working. Shii wil bii werking Way shaqayn doontaa xilligaas.

it It will be working. It wil bii werking Wuu shaqayn doonaa / way shaqayn doontaa xilligaas.

we We will be working. Wii wil bii werking Waan shaqayn doonaa xilligaas.

you You will be working. Yuu wil bii werking Waad shaqayn doontaan xilligaas.

they They will be working. Dhey wil bii werking Waa shaqayn doonaan xilligaas.

7. Waqtiga xaadirka dhammaaday

Isticmaalka: Wax hore u dhacay oo xiriir la leh xaadirka, ama dhacay iyada oo aan la cayimin waqti sax ah.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + have/has + V3

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I have worked. Ay hav werkt Waan shaqeeyay.

you You have worked. Yuu hav werkt Waad shaqaysay.

he He has worked. Hii haz werkt Wuu shaqeeyay.

she She has worked. Shii haz werkt Way shaqaysay.

it It has worked. It haz werkt Wuu shaqeeyay / way shaqaysay.

we We have worked. Wii hav werkt Waan shaqaynay.

you You have worked. Yuu hav werkt Waad shaqayseen.

they They have worked. Dhey hav werkt Waa shaqeeyeen.

8. Waqtiga tagtada dhammaaday

Isticmaalka: Wax dhacay ka hor fal kale oo hore u dhacay.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + had + V3

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I had worked. Ay had werkt Waan shaqeeyay ka hor waqti kale oo hore.

you You had worked. Yuu had werkt Waad shaqaysay ka hor waqti kale oo hore.

he He had worked. Hii had werkt Wuu shaqeeyay ka hor waqti kale oo hore.

she She had worked. Shii had werkt Way shaqaysay ka hor waqti kale oo hore.

it It had worked. It had werkt Wuu shaqeeyay / way shaqaysay ka hor waqti kale oo hore.

we We had worked. Wii had werkt Waan shaqaynay ka hor waqti kale oo hore.

you You had worked. Yuu had werkt Waad shaqayseen ka hor waqti kale oo hore.

they They had worked. Dhey had werkt Waa shaqeeyeen ka hor waqti kale oo hore.

9. Waqtiga mustaqbalka dhammaaday

Isticmaalka: Wax la dhammaystiri doono ka hor waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + wil hav + V3

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will have worked. Ay wil hav werkt Waan shaqayn doonaa ka hor waqtigaas.

you You will have worked. Yuu wil hav werkt Waad shaqayn doontaa ka hor waqtigaas.

he He will have worked. Hii wil hav werkt Wuu shaqayn doonaa ka hor waqtigaas.

she She will have worked. Shii wil hav werkt Way shaqayn doontaa ka hor waqtigaas.

it It will have worked. It wil hav werkt Wuu shaqayn doonaa / way shaqayn doontaa ka hor waqtigaas.

we We will have worked. Wii wil hav werkt Waan shaqayn doonnaa ka hor waqtigaas.

you You will have worked. Yuu wil hav werkt Waad shaqayn doontaan ka hor waqtigaas.

they They will have worked. Dhey wil hav werkt Waa shaqayn doonaan ka hor waqtigaas.

10. Waqtiga xaadirka dhammaaday ee socda

Isticmaalka: Wax bilaabmay waqti hore oo weli socda ama dhowaan dhammaaday, iyadoo muddadiisu muhiim tahay.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + have/has been + V-ing

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I have been working. Ay hav bin werking Waan shaqaynayay muddo ilaa hadda.

you You have been working. Yuu hav bin werking Waad shaqaynaysay muddo ilaa hadda.

he He has been working. Hii haz bin werking Wuu shaqaynayay muddo ilaa hadda.

she She has been working. Shii haz bin werking Way shaqaynaysay muddo ilaa hadda.

it It has been working. It haz bin werking Wuu shaqaynayay / way shaqaynaysay muddo ilaa hadda.

we We have been working. Wii hav bin werking Waan shaqaynaynay muddo ilaa hadda.

you You have been working. Yuu hav bin werking Waad shaqaynayseen muddo ilaa hadda.

they They have been working. Dhey hav bin werking Waa shaqaynayeen muddo ilaa hadda.

11. Waqtiga tagtada dhammaaday ee socda

Isticmaalka: Wax muddo socday ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + had been + V-ing

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I had been working. Ay had bin werking Waan shaqaynayay muddo ka hor dhacdadaas hore.

you You had been working. Yuu had bin werking Waad shaqaynaysay muddo ka hor dhacdadaas hore.

he He had been working. Hii had bin werking Wuu shaqaynayay muddo ka hor dhacdadaas hore.

she She had been working. Shii had bin werking Way shaqaynaysay muddo ka hor dhacdadaas hore.

it It had been working. It had bin werking Wuu shaqaynayay / way shaqaynaysay muddo ka hor dhacdadaas hore.

we We had been working. Wii had bin werking Waan shaqaynaynay muddo ka hor dhacdadaas hore.

you You had been working. Yuu had bin werking Waad shaqaynayseen muddo ka hor dhacdadaas hore.

they They had been working. Dhey had bin werking Waa shaqaynayeen muddo ka hor dhacdadaas hore.

12. Waqtiga mustaqbalka dhammaaday ee socda

Isticmaalka: Wax muddo socon doona ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + wil hav bin + V-ing

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will have been working. Ay wil hav bin werking Waan shaqayn doonaa muddo cayiman marka la gaaro waqtigaas mustaqbalka.

you You will have been working. Yuu wil hav bin werking Waad shaqayn doontaa muddo cayiman marka la gaaro waqtigaas mustaqbalka.

he He will have been working. Hii wil hav bin werking Wuu shaqayn doonaa muddo cayiman marka la gaaro waqtigaas mustaqbalka.

she She will have been working. Shii wil hav bin werking Way shaqayn doontaa muddo cayiman marka la gaaro waqtigaas mustaqbalka.

it It will have been working. It wil hav bin werking Wuu shaqayn doonaa / way shaqayn doontaa muddo cayiman marka la gaaro waqtigaas mustaqbalka.

we We will have been working. Wii wil hav bin werking Waan shaqayn doonnaa muddo cayiman marka la gaaro waqtigaas mustaqbalka.

you You will have been working. Yuu wil hav bin werking Waad shaqayn doontaan muddo cayiman marka la gaaro waqtigaas mustaqbalka.

they They will have been working. Dhey wil hav bin werking Waa shaqayn doonaan muddo cayiman marka la gaaro waqtigaas mustaqbalka.

6- Waqtiyada Falka Dadban (PASSIVE VOICE)

1. Waqtiga xaadirka fudud ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + am/is/are + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Am/Iz/Aar + V Thrii

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I am written about. Ay am ritn abaawt Waa la iga qoraa / waa la iga hadlaa.

you You are written about. Yuu aar ritn abaawt Waa lagaa qoraa / waa lagaa hadlaa.

he He is written about. Hii iz ritn abaawt Waa laga qoraa / waa laga hadlaa isaga.

she She is written about. Shii iz ritn abaawt Waa laga qoraa / waa laga hadlaa iyada.

it It is written about. It iz ritn abaawt Waa laga qoraa / laga hadlaa shaygaas.

we We are written about. Wii aar ritn abaawt Waa nala qoraa / waa nalaga hadlaa.

you You are written about. Yuu aar ritn abaawt Waa la idinka qoraa / waa la idinka hadlaa.

they They are written about. Dhey aar ritn abaawt Waa laga qoraa / laga hadlaa iyaga.

Tusaale kale oo dabiici ah:

The book is written in English.

Dha buk iz ritn in Ingilish.

Buugga waxaa lagu qoray Ingiriisi.

2. Waqtiga tagtada fudud ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + was/were + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Waz/Wer + V Thrii

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I was invited. Ay waz invaytid Waa la i casuumay.

you You were invited. Yuu wer invaytid Waa lagu casuumay.

he He was invited. Hii waz invaytid Waa la casuumay isaga.

she She was invited. Shii waz invaytid Waa la casuumay iyada.

it It was invited. It waz invaytid Waa la casuumay shaygaas.

we We were invited. Wii wer invaytid Waa nala casuumay.

you You were invited. Yuu wer invaytid Waa la idin casuumay.

they They were invited. Dhey wer invaytid Waa la casuumay iyaga.

3. Waqtiga mustaqbalka fudud ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + will be + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Wil Bii + V Thrii

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will be invited. Ay wil bii invaytid Waa la i casuumi doonaa.

you You will be invited. Yuu wil bii invaytid Waa lagu casuumi doonaa.

he He will be invited. Hii wil bii invaytid Waa la casuumi doonaa isaga.

she She will be invited. Shii wil bii invaytid Waa la casuumi doonaa iyada.

it It will be invited. It wil bii invaytid Waa la casuumi doonaa shaygaas.

we We will be invited. Wii wil bii invaytid Waa nala casuumi doonaa.

you You will be invited. Yuu wil bii invaytid Waa la idin casuumi doonaa.

they They will be invited. Dhey wil bii invaytid Waa la casuumi doonaa iyaga.

4. Waqtiga xaadirka socda ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + am/is/are being + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Am/Iz/Aar Biiing + V Thrii

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I am being watched. Ay am biiing wacht Hadda waa la i ilaalinayaa.

you You are being watched. Yuu aar biiing wacht Hadda waa lagu ilaalinayaa.

he He is being watched. Hii iz biiing wacht Hadda waa la ilaalinayaa isaga.

she She is being watched. Shii iz biiing wacht Hadda waa la ilaalinayaa iyada.

it It is being watched. It iz biiing wacht Hadda waa la ilaalinayaa shaygaas.

we We are being watched. Wii aar biiing wacht Hadda waa nala ilaalinayaa.

you You are being watched. Yuu aar biiing wacht Hadda waa la idin ilaalinayaa.

they They are being watched. Dhey aar biiing wacht Hadda waa la ilaalinayaa iyaga.

5. Waqtiga tagtada socda ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + was/were being + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Waz/Wer Biiing + V Thrii

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I was being watched. Ay waz biiing wacht Waa la i ilaalinayay.

you You were being watched. Yuu wer biiing wacht Waa lagu ilaalinayay.

he He was being watched. Hii waz biiing wacht Waa la ilaalinayay isaga.

she She was being watched. Shii waz biiing wacht Waa la ilaalinayay iyada.

it It was being watched. It waz biiing wacht Waa la ilaalinayay shaygaas.

we We were being watched. Wii wer biiing wacht Waa nala ilaalinayay.

you You were being watched. Yuu wer biiing wacht Waa la idin ilaalinayay.

they They were being watched. Dhey wer biiing wacht Waa la ilaalinayay iyaga.

6. Waqtiga mustaqbalka socda ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + will be being + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Wil Bii Biiing + V Thrii

Qaabkan aad buu ugu yar yahay Ingiriisiga casriga ah, waxaana badanaa la adeegsadaa qaabab kale oo dabiici ah.

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will be being watched. Ay wil bii biiing wacht Waa la i ilaalin doonaa xilligaas.

you You will be being watched. Yuu wil bii biiing wacht Waa lagu ilaalin doonaa xilligaas.

he He will be being watched. Hii wil bii biiing wacht Waa la ilaalin doonaa isaga xilligaas.

she She will be being watched. Shii wil bii biiing wacht Waa la ilaalin doonaa iyada xilligaas.

it It will be being watched. It wil bii biiing wacht Waa la ilaalin doonaa shaygaas xilligaas.

we We will be being watched. Wii wil bii biiing wacht Waa nala ilaalin doonaa xilligaas.

you You will be being watched. Yuu wil bii biiing wacht Waa la idin ilaalin doonaa xilligaas.

they They will be being watched. Dhey wil bii biiing wacht Waa la ilaalin doonaa iyaga xilligaas.

7. Waqtiga xaadirka dhammaaday ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + have/has been + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Hav/Haz Bin + V Thrii

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I have been invited. Ay hav bin invaytid Waa la i casuumay.

you You have been invited. Yuu hav bin invaytid Waa lagu casuumay.

he He has been invited. Hii haz bin invaytid Waa la casuumay isaga.

she She has been invited. Shii haz bin invaytid Waa la casuumay iyada.

it It has been invited. It haz bin invaytid Waa la casuumay shaygaas.

we We have been invited. Wii hav bin invaytid Waa nala casuumay.

you You have been invited. Yuu hav bin invaytid Waa la idin casuumay.

they They have been invited. Dhey hav bin invaytid Waa la casuumay iyaga.

8. Waqtiga tagtada dhammaaday ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + had been + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Had Bin + V Thrii

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I had been invited. Ay had bin invaytid Hore ayaa la ii casuumay.

you You had been invited. Yuu had bin invaytid Hore ayaa laguugu casuumay.

he He had been invited. Hii had bin invaytid Hore ayaa loo casuumay isaga.

she She had been invited. Shii had bin invaytid Hore ayaa loo casuumay iyada.

it It had been invited. It had bin invaytid Hore ayaa loo casuumay shaygaas.

we We had been invited. Wii had bin invaytid Hore ayaa naloo casuumay.

you You had been invited. Yuu had bin invaytid Hore ayaa la idiinku casuumay.

they They had been invited. Dhey had bin invaytid Hore ayaa loo casuumay iyaga.

9. Waqtiga mustaqbalka dhammaaday ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + will have been + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Wil Hav Bin + V Thrii

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will have been invited. Ay wil hav bin invaytid Waa la ii casuumi doonaa marka la gaaro waqtigaas.

you You will have been invited. Yuu wil hav bin invaytid Waa laguugu casuumi doonaa marka la gaaro waqtigaas.

he He will have been invited. Hii wil hav bin invaytid Waa loo casuumi doonaa isaga marka la gaaro waqtigaas.

she She will have been invited. Shii wil hav bin invaytid Waa loo casuumi doonaa iyada marka la gaaro waqtigaas.

it It will have been invited. It wil hav bin invaytid Waa loo casuumi doonaa shaygaas marka la gaaro waqtigaas.

we We will have been invited. Wii wil hav bin invaytid Waa naloo casuumi doonaa marka la gaaro waqtigaas.

you You will have been invited. Yuu wil hav bin invaytid Waa la idiinku casuumi doonaa marka la gaaro waqtigaas.

they They will have been invited. Dhey wil hav bin invaytid Waa loo casuumi doonaa iyaga marka la gaaro waqtigaas.

10. Waqtiga xaadirka dhammaaday ee socda ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + have/has been being + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Hav/Haz Bin Biiing + V Thrii

Qaabkani naxwe ahaan wuu suurtagal yahay, laakiin aad buu u dhif yahay, waxaana badanaa la adeegsadaa qaabab kale oo dabiici ah.

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I have been being watched. Ay hav bin biiing wacht Waa la i ilaalinayay si joogto ah ilaa hadda.

you You have been being watched. Yuu hav bin biiing wacht Waa lagu ilaalinayay si joogto ah ilaa hadda.

he He has been being watched. Hii haz bin biiing wacht Waa la ilaalinayay isaga si joogto ah ilaa hadda.

she She has been being watched. Shii haz bin biiing wacht Waa la ilaalinayay iyada si joogto ah ilaa hadda.

it It has been being watched. It haz bin biiing wacht Waa la ilaalinayay shaygaas si joogto ah ilaa hadda.

we We have been being watched. Wii hav bin biiing wacht Waa nala ilaalinayay si joogto ah ilaa hadda.

you You have been being watched. Yuu hav bin biiing wacht Waa la idin ilaalinayay si joogto ah ilaa hadda.

they They have been being watched. Dhey hav bin biiing wacht Waa la ilaalinayay iyaga si joogto ah ilaa hadda.

11. Waqtiga tagtada dhammaaday ee socda ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + had been being + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Had Bin Biiing + V Thrii

Qaabkani aad buu u dhif yahay.

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I had been being watched. Ay had bin biiing wacht Waxaa la i ilaalinayay si joogto ah ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

you You had been being watched. Yuu had bin biiing wacht Waxaa lagu ilaalinayay si joogto ah ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

he He had been being watched. Hii had bin biiing wacht Waxaa la ilaalinayay isaga si joogto ah ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

she She had been being watched. Shii had bin biiing wacht Waxaa la ilaalinayay iyada si joogto ah ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

it It had been being watched. It had bin biiing wacht Waxaa la ilaalinayay shaygaas si joogto ah ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

we We had been being watched. Wii had bin biiing wacht Waxaa nala ilaalinayay si joogto ah ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

you You had been being watched. Yuu had bin biiing wacht Waxaa la idin ilaalinayay si joogto ah ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

they They had been being watched. Dhey had bin biiing wacht Waxaa la ilaalinayay iyaga si joogto ah ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

12. Waqtiga mustaqbalka dhammaaday ee socda ee falka dadban

Qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + will have been being + V3

Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + Wil Hav Bin Biiing + V Thrii

Qaabkani aad buu u dhif yahay, waxaana badanaa la adeegsadaa qaabab kale oo fudud.

Magac-u-yaalka Jumladda Dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will have been being watched. Ay wil hav bin biiing wacht Waxaa la i ilaalin doonaa si joogto ah ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

you You will have been being watched. Yuu wil hav bin biiing wacht Waxaa lagu ilaalin doonaa si joogto ah ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

he He will have been being watched. Hii wil hav bin biiing wacht Waxaa la ilaalin doonaa isaga si joogto ah ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

she She will have been being watched. Shii wil hav bin biiing wacht Waxaa la ilaalin doonaa iyada si joogto ah ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

it It will have been being watched. It wil hav bin biiing wacht Waxaa la ilaalin doonaa shaygaas si joogto ah ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

we We will have been being watched. Wii wil hav bin biiing wacht Waxaa nala ilaalin doonaa si joogto ah ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

you You will have been being watched. Yuu wil hav bin biiing wacht Waxaa la idin ilaalin doonaa si joogto ah ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

they They will have been being watched. Dhey wil hav bin biiing wacht Waxaa la ilaalin doonaa iyaga si joogto ah ilaa waqti cayiman oo mustaqbalka ah.

7- Diidmada (NEGATIVES)

1. Waqtiga hadda ee fudud — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + do/does + not + V1

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I do not work. Ay du not work Anigu ma shaqeeyo.

You You do not work. Yuu du not work Adigu ma shaqaysid.

He He does not work. Hii daz not work Isagu ma shaqeeyo.

She She does not work. Shii daz not work Iyadu ma shaqayso.

It It does not work. It daz not work Shaygani ma shaqeeyo.

We We do not work. Wii du not work Annagu ma shaqayno.

They They do not work. Dhey du not work Iyagu ma shaqeeyaan.

Qaababka gaagaaban:

do not → don't — duunt

does not → doesn't — daznt

⚠️ Kadib doesn't, isticmaal V1:

He doesn't work. ✅

He doesn't works. ❌

2. Waqtigii hore ee fudud — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + did + not + V1

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I did not work. Ay did not work Anigu ma shaqayn.

You You did not work. Yuu did not work Adigu ma shaqayn.

He He did not work. Hii did not work Isagu ma shaqayn.

She She did not work. Shii did not work Iyadu ma shaqayn.

It It did not work. It did not work Shaygani ma shaqayn.

We We did not work. Wii did not work Annagu ma shaqayn.

They They did not work. Dhey did not work Iyagu ma shaqayn.

did not → didn't — didnt

⚠️ Kadib didn't, isticmaal V1:

I didn't work. ✅

I didn't worked. ❌

3. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee fudud — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + will + not + V1

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will not work. Ay wil not work Anigu ma shaqayn doono.

You You will not work. Yuu wil not work Adigu ma shaqayn doontid.

He He will not work. Hii wil not work Isagu ma shaqayn doono.

She She will not work. Shii wil not work Iyadu ma shaqayn doonto.

It It will not work. It wil not work Shaygani ma shaqayn doono.

We We will not work. Wii wil not work Annagu ma shaqayn doonno.

They They will not work. Dhey wil not work Iyagu ma shaqayn doonaan.

will not → won't — woont

Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee socda

4. Waqtiga hadda ee socda — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I am not working. Ay am not working Hadda ma shaqaynayo.

You You are not working. Yuu aar not working Hadda ma shaqaynaysid.

He He is not working. Hii iz not working Hadda ma shaqaynayo.

She She is not working. Shii iz not working Hadda ma shaqaynayso.

It It is not working. It iz not working Hadda ma shaqaynayo.

We We are not working. Wii aar not working Hadda ma shaqaynayno.

They They are not working. Dhey aar not working Hadda ma shaqaynayaan.

Qaababka gaagaaban:

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — aarnt

am not → I'm not — aym not

5. Waqtigii hore ee socday — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + was/were + not + V-ing

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I was not working. Ay waz not working Ma shaqaynayn.

You You were not working. Yuu wer not working Ma shaqaynayn.

He He was not working. Hii waz not working Isagu ma shaqaynayn.

She She was not working. Shii waz not working Iyadu ma shaqaynayn.

It It was not working. It waz not working Shaygani ma shaqaynayn.

We We were not working. Wii wer not working Annagu ma shaqaynayn.

They They were not working. Dhey wer not working Iyagu ma shaqaynayn.

Qaababka gaagaaban:

was not → wasn't — waznt

were not → weren't — wernt

6. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee socda — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + will + not + be + V-ing

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will not be working. Ay wil not bii working Waqtigaas ma shaqayn doono.

You You will not be working. Yuu wil not bii working Waqtigaas ma shaqayn doontid.

He He will not be working. Hii wil not bii working Waqtigaas ma shaqayn doono.

She She will not be working. Shii wil not bii working Waqtigaas ma shaqayn doonto.

It It will not be working. It wil not bii working Waqtigaas ma shaqayn doono.

We We will not be working. Wii wil not bii working Waqtigaas ma shaqayn doonno.

They They will not be working. Dhey wil not bii working Waqtigaas ma shaqayn doonaan.

Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee socda

7. Waqtiga hadda ee dhammaaday — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + have/has + not + V3

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I have not worked. Ay hav not workt Weli ma shaqayn.

You You have not worked. Yuu hav not workt Weli ma shaqayn.

He He has not worked. Hii haz not workt Weli ma shaqayn.

She She has not worked. Shii haz not workt Weli ma shaqayn.

It It has not worked. It haz not workt Weli ma shaqayn.

We We have not worked. Wii hav not workt Weli ma shaqayn.

They They have not worked. Dhey hav not workt Weli ma shaqayn.

Qaababka gaagaaban:

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. Waqtigii hore ee dhammaaday — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + had + not + V3

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I had not worked. Ay had not workt Kama aanan shaqayn ka hor waqtigaas.

You You had not worked. Yuu had not workt Kama aadan shaqayn ka hor waqtigaas.

He He had not worked. Hii had not workt Isagu kama uusan shaqayn ka hor waqtigaas.

She She had not worked. Shii had not workt Iyadu kama aysan shaqayn ka hor waqtigaas.

It It had not worked. It had not workt Shaygani ma shaqayn ka hor waqtigaas.

We We had not worked. Wii had not workt Annagu kamaanaan shaqayn ka hor waqtigaas.

They They had not worked. Dhey had not workt Iyagu kama aysan shaqayn ka hor waqtigaas.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee dhammaaday — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + will + not + have + V3

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will not have worked. Ay wil not hav workt Waqtigaas ka hor ma aanan dhammeystiri doonin shaqada.

You You will not have worked. Yuu wil not hav workt Waqtigaas ka hor ma aadan dhammeystiri doonin shaqada.

He He will not have worked. Hii wil not hav workt Waqtigaas ka hor ma dhammeystiri doono shaqada.

She She will not have worked. Shii wil not hav workt Waqtigaas ka hor ma dhammeystiri doonto shaqada.

It It will not have worked. It wil not hav workt Waqtigaas ka hor ma shaqayn doono.

We We will not have worked. Wii wil not hav workt Waqtigaas ka hor ma dhammeystiri doonno shaqada.

They They will not have worked. Dhey wil not hav workt Waqtigaas ka hor ma dhammeystiri doonaan shaqada.

Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee dhammaaday

10. Waqtiga hadda ee muddo socday — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I have not been working. Ay hav not bin working Muddo ma aanan shaqaynayn ilaa hadda.

You You have not been working. Yuu hav not bin working Muddo ma aadan shaqaynayn ilaa hadda.

He He has not been working. Hii haz not bin working Muddo isagu ma shaqaynayn ilaa hadda.

She She has not been working. Shii haz not bin working Muddo iyadu ma shaqaynayn ilaa hadda.

It It has not been working. It haz not bin working Shaygani muddo ma shaqaynayn ilaa hadda.

We We have not been working. Wii hav not bin working Muddo ma aanaan shaqaynayn ilaa hadda.

They They have not been working. Dhey hav not bin working Muddo ma aysan shaqaynayn ilaa hadda.

11. Waqtigii hore ee muddo socday — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + had + not + been + V-ing

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I had not been working. Ay had not bin working Muddo ma aanan shaqaynayn ka hor waqtigaas.

You You had not been working. Yuu had not bin working Muddo ma aadan shaqaynayn ka hor waqtigaas.

He He had not been working. Hii had not bin working Muddo isagu ma shaqaynayn ka hor waqtigaas.

She She had not been working. Shii had not bin working Muddo iyadu ma shaqaynayn ka hor waqtigaas.

It It had not been working. It had not bin working Shaygani muddo ma shaqaynayn ka hor waqtigaas.

We We had not been working. Wii had not bin working Muddo ma aanaan shaqaynayn ka hor waqtigaas.

They They had not been working. Dhey had not bin working Muddo ma aysan shaqaynayn ka hor waqtigaas.

12. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee muddo socon doona — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka: Subject + will + not + have + been + V-ing

Magac-u-yaal Weedh Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will not have been working. Ay wil not hav bin working Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo ma aanan shaqayn doonin.

You You will not have been working. Yuu wil not hav bin working Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo ma aadan shaqayn doonin.

He He will not have been working. Hii wil not hav bin working Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo ma shaqayn doono.

She She will not have been working. Shii wil not hav bin working Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo ma shaqayn doonto.

It It will not have been working. It wil not hav bin working Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo ma shaqayn doono.

We We will not have been working. Wii wil not hav bin working Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo ma shaqayn doonno.

They They will not have been working. Dhey wil not hav bin working Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo ma shaqayn doonaan.

1. Waqtiga hadda ee fudud, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + am/is/are + not + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + am/iz/aar + not + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I am not invited. Ay am not invitaaydid Lama i casuumin.

You You are not invited. Yuu aar not invitaaydid Lama ku casuumin.

He He is not invited. Hii iz not invitaaydid Lama casuumin isaga.

She She is not invited. Shii iz not invitaaydid Lama casuumin iyada.

It It is not used. It iz not yuuzd Lama isticmaalo.

We We are not invited. Wii aar not invitaaydid Lama na casuumin.

They They are not invited. Dhey aar not invitaaydid Lama casuumin iyaga.

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — aarnt

2. Waqtigii hore ee fudud, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + was/were + not + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + waz/wer + not + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I was not invited. Ay waz not invitaaydid Lama i casuumin.

You You were not invited. Yuu wer not invitaaydid Lama ku casuumin.

He He was not invited. Hii waz not invitaaydid Lama casuumin isaga.

She She was not invited. Shii waz not invitaaydid Lama casuumin iyada.

It It was not used. It waz not yuuzd Lama isticmaalin.

We We were not invited. Wii wer not invitaaydid Lama na casuumin.

They They were not invited. Dhey wer not invitaaydid Lama casuumin iyaga.

was not → wasn't — waznt

were not → weren't — wernt

3. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee fudud, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + will + not + be + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + wil + not + bii + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will not be invited. Ay wil not bii invitaaydid Lama i casuumi doono.

You You will not be invited. Yuu wil not bii invitaaydid Lama ku casuumi doono.

He He will not be invited. Hii wil not bii invitaaydid Lama casuumi doono isaga.

She She will not be invited. Shii wil not bii invitaaydid Lama casuumi doonto iyada.

It It will not be used. It wil not bii yuuzd Lama isticmaali doono.

We We will not be invited. Wii wil not bii invitaaydid Lama na casuumi doono.

They They will not be invited. Dhey wil not bii invitaaydid Lama casuumi doono iyaga.

will not → won't — woont

4. Waqtiga hadda ee socda, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + am/is/are + not + being + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + am/iz/aar + not + bii-ing + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I am not being invited. Ay am not bii-ing invitaaydid Hadda la ima casuumayo.

You You are not being invited. Yuu aar not bii-ing invitaaydid Hadda laguuma casuumayo.

He He is not being invited. Hii iz not bii-ing invitaaydid Hadda lama casuumayo isaga.

She She is not being invited. Shii iz not bii-ing invitaaydid Hadda lama casuumayo iyada.

It It is not being used. It iz not bii-ing yuuzd Hadda lama isticmaalayo.

We We are not being invited. Wii aar not bii-ing invitaaydid Hadda nala ma casuumayo.

They They are not being invited. Dhey aar not bii-ing invitaaydid Hadda lama casuumayo iyaga.

5. Waqtigii hore ee socday, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + was/were + not + being + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + waz/wer + not + bii-ing + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I was not being invited. Ay waz not bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas la ima casuumayn.

You You were not being invited. Yuu wer not bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas laguuma casuumayn.

He He was not being invited. Hii waz not bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas lama casuumayn isaga.

She She was not being invited. Shii waz not bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas lama casuumayn iyada.

It It was not being used. It waz not bii-ing yuuzd Waqtigaas lama isticmaalayn.

We We were not being invited. Wii wer not bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas nala ma casuumayn.

They They were not being invited. Dhey wer not bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas lama casuumayn iyaga.

6. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee socda, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + will + not + be + being + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + wil + not + bii + bii-ing + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will not be being invited. Ay wil not bii bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas lama i casuumayo.

You You will not be being invited. Yuu wil not bii bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas laguuma casuumayo.

He He will not be being invited. Hii wil not bii bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas lama casuumayo isaga.

She She will not be being invited. Shii wil not bii bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas lama casuumayo iyada.

We We will not be being invited. Wii wil not bii bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas nala ma casuumayo.

They They will not be being invited. Dhey wil not bii bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas lama casuumayo iyaga.

⚠️ Qaab-dhismeedkani naxwe ahaan waa suurtagal, laakiin aad buu u dhif yahay, mana aha mid inta badan lagu isticmaalo Ingiriisiga casriga ah. Badanaa waxaa la adeegsadaa qaab kale oo dabiici ah.

7. Waqtiga hadda ee dhammaaday, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + have/has + not + been + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + hav/haz + not + bin + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I have not been invited. Ay hav not bin invitaaydid Lama i casuumin.

You You have not been invited. Yuu hav not bin invitaaydid Lama ku casuumin.

He He has not been invited. Hii haz not bin invitaaydid Lama casuumin isaga.

She She has not been invited. Shii haz not bin invitaaydid Lama casuumin iyada.

It It has not been used. It haz not bin yuuzd Lama isticmaalin.

We We have not been invited. Wii hav not bin invitaaydid Lama na casuumin.

They They have not been invited. Dhey hav not bin invitaaydid Lama casuumin iyaga.

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. Waqtigii hore ee dhammaaday, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + had + not + been + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + had + not + bin + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I had not been invited. Ay had not bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama aanan casuumin.

You You had not been invited. Yuu had not bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama aadan casuumin.

He He had not been invited. Hii had not bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama casuumin isaga.

She She had not been invited. Shii had not bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama casuumin iyada.

We We had not been invited. Wii had not bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor nala ma casuumin.

They They had not been invited. Dhey had not bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama casuumin iyaga.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee dhammaaday, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + will + not + have + been + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + wil + not + hav + bin + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will not have been invited. Ay wil not hav bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama i casuumi doono.

You You will not have been invited. Yuu wil not hav bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor laguuma casuumi doono.

He He will not have been invited. Hii wil not hav bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama casuumi doono isaga.

She She will not have been invited. Shii wil not hav bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama casuumi doonto iyada.

We We will not have been invited. Wii wil not hav bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor nala ma casuumi doono.

They They will not have been invited. Dhey wil not hav bin invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor lama casuumi doono iyaga.

10. Waqtiga hadda ee muddo socday, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + have/has + not + been + being + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + hav/haz + not + bin + bii-ing + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I have not been being invited. Ay hav not bin bii-ing invitaaydidMuddo lama ii wadin habka casuumaadda.

You You have not been being invited. Yuu hav not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Muddo laguma wadin habka casuumaaddaada.

He He has not been being invited. Hii haz not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Muddo laguma wadin habka casuumaaddiisa.

She She has not been being invited. Shii haz not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Muddo laguma wadin habka casuumaaddeeda.

We We have not been being invited. Wii hav not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Muddo nalama wadin habka casuumaadda.

They They have not been being invited. Dhey hav not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Muddo laguma wadin habka casuumaaddooda.

⚠️ Qaab-dhismeedkani aad buu ugu dhif yahay Ingiriisiga casriga ah, badanaana waxaa la adeegsadaa qaab kale.

11. Waqtigii hore ee muddo socday, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + had + not + been + being + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + had + not + bin + bii-ing + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I had not been being invited. Ay had not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor muddo lama ii wadin habka casuumaadda.

You You had not been being invited. Yuu had not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor muddo laguma wadin habka casuumaaddaada.

He He had not been being invited. Hii had not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor muddo laguma wadin habka casuumaaddiisa.

She She had not been being invited. Shii had not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor muddo laguma wadin habka casuumaaddeeda.

We We had not been being invited. Wii had not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor muddo nalama wadin habka casuumaadda.

They They had not been being invited. Dhey had not bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas ka hor muddo laguma wadin habka casuumaaddooda.

⚠️ Qaabkan aad buu u dhif yahay.

12. Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee muddo socon doona, codka dadban — qaabka diidmada

Qaab-dhismeedka

Ingiriisi ahaan: Subject + will + not + have + been + being + V3

Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka: Sabjekti + wil + not + hav + bin + bii-ing + vii thrii

Magac-u-yaal Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

I I will not have been being invited. Ay wil not hav bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo lama ii wadi doono habka casuumaadda.

You You will not have been being invited. Yuu wil not hav bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo laguma wadi doono habka casuumaaddaada.

He He will not have been being invited. Hii wil not hav bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo laguma wadi doono habka casuumaaddiisa.

She She will not have been being invited. Shii wil not hav bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo laguma wadi doono habka casuumaaddeeda.

We We will not have been being invited. Wii wil not hav bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo nalama wadi doono habka casuumaadda.

They They will not have been being invited. Dhey wil not hav bin bii-ing invitaaydid Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo laguma wadi doono habka casuumaaddooda.

⚠️ Qaabkani aad buu u dhif yahay, waxaana badanaa lagu beddelaa qaab kale oo dabiici ah.

no + noun

Macnaha naxwe ahaan Qaab-dhismeedka Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale Higgaadda dhawaaqa Macnaha

Magac la tirin karo oo keli ah no + singular noun Nou + singyular nawn no book nou buk Buug ma jiro.

Magac jamac ah no + plural noun Nou + pluurul nawn no books nou buks Buugaag ma jiraan.

Magac aan la tirin karin no + uncountable noun Nou + ankaawntabal nawn no water nou wootar Biyo ma jiraan.

Sheegidda jiritaanka shay keli ah ama magac aan la tirin karin there is + no + noun Dheyr iz + nou + nawn There is no book. Dheyr iz nou buk Buug ma jiro.

Sheegidda jiritaanka waxyaabo badan there are + no + plural noun Dheyr aar + nou + pluurul nawn There are no books. Dheyr aar nou buks Buugaag ma jiraan.

Lahaansho have/has + no + noun Hav/haz + nou + nawn I have no books. Ay hav nou buks Buugaag ma haysto.

8- Su'aalaha (QUESTIONS)

1 Waqtiga hadda ee fudud Do/Does + Subject + V1...? — Duu/Daz + Sabjekti + vii wan? — Do you work? — Duu yuu work? — Ma shaqaysaa?

2 Waqtigii hore ee fudud Did + Subject + V1...? — Did + Sabjekti + vii wan? — Did you work? — Did yuu work? — Ma shaqaysay?

3 Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee fudud Will + Subject + V1...? — Wil + Sabjekti + vii wan? — Will you work? — Wil yuu work? — Ma shaqayn doontaa?

4 Waqtiga hadda ee socda Am/Is/Are + Subject + V-ing...? — Am/Iz/Aar + Sabjekti + vii-ing? — Are you working? — Aar yuu working? — Hadda ma shaqaynaysaa?

5 Waqtigii hore ee socday Was/Were + Subject + V-ing...? — Waz/Wer + Sabjekti + vii-ing? — Were you working? — Wer yuu working? — Ma shaqaynaysay?

6 Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee socda Will + Subject + be + V-ing...? — Wil + Sabjekti + bii + vii-ing? — Will you be working? — Wil yuu bii working? — Ma shaqayn doontaa waqtigaas?

7 Waqtiga hadda ee dhammaaday Have/Has + Subject + V3...? — Hav/Haz + Sabjekti + vii thrii? — Have you worked? — Hav yuu workt? — Ma shaqaysay?

8 Waqtigii hore ee dhammaaday Had + Subject + V3...? — Had + Sabjekti + vii thrii? — Had you worked? — Had yuu workt? — Ma shaqaysay ka hor waqtigaas?

9 Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee dhammaaday Will + Subject + have + V3...? — Wil + Sabjekti + hav + vii thrii? — Will you have worked? — Wil yuu hav workt? — Ma dhammeystiri doontaa shaqada waqtigaas ka hor?

10 Waqtiga hadda ee muddo socday Have/Has + Subject + been + V-ing...? — Hav/Haz + Sabjekti + bin + vii-ing? — Have you been working? — Hav yuu bin working? — Muddo ma shaqaynaysay ilaa hadda?

11 Waqtigii hore ee muddo socday Had + Subject + been + V-ing...? — Had + Sabjekti + bin + vii-ing? — Had you been working? — Had yuu bin working? — Muddo ma shaqaynaysay ka hor waqtigaas?

12 Waqtiga mustaqbalka ee muddo socon doona Will + Subject + have + been + V-ing...? — Wil + Sabjekti + hav + bin + vii-ing? — Will you have been working? — Wil yuu hav bin working? — Waqtigaas marka la gaaro, muddo ma shaqayn doontaa?

Macnaha naxwe ahaan Qaab-dhismeedka Higgaadda qaab-dhismeedka ee Ingiriisiga

Su'aal ku saabsan shay What + auxiliary + subject + verb? Wot + oksilyari + sabjekti + verb?

Su'aal ku saabsan qofka falka sameeya Who + verb? Huu + verb?

Su'aal ku saabsan qofka falka lagu sameeyo Who/Whom + auxiliary + subject + verb? Huu/Huum + oksilyari + sabjekti + verb?

Su'aal ku saabsan meel Where + auxiliary + subject + verb? Weyr + oksilyari + sabjekti + verb?

Su'aal ku saabsan waqti When + auxiliary + subject + verb? Wen + oksilyari + sabjekti + verb?

Su'aal ku saabsan sabab Why + auxiliary + subject + verb? Waay + oksilyari + sabjekti + verb?

Su'aal ku saabsan doorasho Which + noun + auxiliary + subject + verb? Wich + nawn + oksilyari + sabjekti + verb?

Su'aal ku saabsan lahaansho Whose + noun...? Huuz + nawn...?

Su'aal ku saabsan hab How + auxiliary + subject + verb? Haw + oksilyari + sabjekti + verb?

Su'aal ku saabsan tiro How many + plural noun...? Haw meni + pluurul nawn...?

Su'aal ku saabsan qaddar How much + uncountable noun...? Haw mach + ankaawntabal nawn...?

Su'aal ku saabsan muddada How long...? Haw long...?

Su'aal ku saabsan inta jeer How often...? Haw ofn...?

Su'aal ku saabsan masaafad How far...? Haw faar...?

Xeerka aasaasiga ah

Su'aalaha WH badankood waxay raacaan qaabkan:

WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?

Dabool-yuu word + oksilyari + sabjekti + meyn verb?

Tusaale:

Where + do + you + live?

Weyr + duu + yuu + liv?

= Xaggee baad ku nooshahay?

Laakiin haddii WH-word-ku laftiisu yahay subject-ka, badanaa lama isticmaalo do/does/did:

Who + works here?

Huu works hiir?

= Yaa halkan ka shaqeeya?

Farqiga aasaasiga ah waa kan:

Who did you see? → Huu did yuu sii? → Yaa ayaad aragtay?

Who saw you? → Huu soo yuu? → Yaa ku arkay?

8- Falkaabayaasha

1. Falkaabayaasha soo noqnoqoshada

Nooca falkaabaha Gunaanadka qaab-dhismeedka Qaab-dhismeedka oo loo dhawaaqo Af-Soomaali Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

Soo noqnoqosho joogto ah Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence always oolweyz mar walba

Soo noqnoqosho ku dhow joogto Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence usually yuujhuwali badanaa

Soo noqnoqosho caadi ah Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence normally noormali caadi ahaan

Soo noqnoqosho guud Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence generally jenerali guud ahaan

Soo noqnoqosho badan Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence frequently friikwentli si joogto ah

Soo noqnoqosho marmar ah Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence often oofn badanaa / marar badan

Soo noqnoqosho marmar ah Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence sometimes samtaaymz marmar

Soo noqnoqosho dhif ah Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence occasionally okeeyjanali marmar

Soo noqnoqosho dhif ah Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence rarely rer-li dhif

Soo noqnoqosho aad u dhif ah Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence seldom seldam dhif

Soo noqnoqosho la'aan Falkaabe soo noqnoqosho + jumlad Adverb of Frequency + Sentence never never marna

Tusaale:

I always study English.

Ay oolweyz stadi Ingilish.

Anigu mar walba waxaan bartaa Ingiriisiga.

2. Falkaabayaasha waqtiga

Nooca falkaabaha Gunaanadka qaab-dhismeedka Qaab-dhismeedka oo loo dhawaaqo Af-Soomaali Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

Waqtiga hadda Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb now naaw hadda

Waqtiga hadda Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb currently karantli hadda

Waqtiga hadda Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb presently prizentli hadda

Waqti dhow oo la soo dhaafay Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb recently riisentli dhowaan

Waqti hore Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb yesterday yesterdey shalay

Waqti hore Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb before bifoor hore

Waqti hore Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb previously priiwiyasli hore

Waqti hore Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb formerly foormarli hore

Waqti sii socda Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb still stil weli

Waqti mustaqbal Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb soon suun dhawaan

Waqti mustaqbal Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb later leytar mar dambe

Waqti mustaqbal Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb eventually iventshu-wali ugu dambayn

Waqti hore Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb early erli horraantii

Waqti dambe Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb late leyt goor dambe

Bilowga Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb first ferst marka hore

Dhammaadka Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb finally faynali ugu dambayn

Inta ay wax kale dhacayaan Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb meanwhile miinwayl intaasi dhexdeeda

Isku xigxiga Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb then dhen markaas / dabadeed

Isku xigxiga Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb afterward aafterward markaas ka dib

Isku xigxiga Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb afterwards aafterwardz markaas ka dib

Isku xigxiga Falkaabe waqti Taym Adverb subsequently sabsikwentli dabadeed

3. Falkaabayaasha tilmaama hore-u-dhac, dib-u-dhac iyo sii-socod

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

already oolredi horeba / durba

yet yet weli / ilaa hadda

still stil weli

just jast hadda uun / keliya

ever ever weligaa / mar uun

never never marna

once wans mar keliya

twice twaays laba jeer

again ageyn mar kale

again and again ageyn and ageyn marar badan

forever forever weligaa / weligiis

temporarily temporarili si ku meel gaar ah

permanently permanently si joogto ah

Tusaale:

She has already finished.

Shii haz oolredi finisht.

Iyadu durba way dhamaysay.

4. Falkaabayaasha goobta

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

here hir halkan

there dher halkaas

everywhere evriwer meel kasta

somewhere samwer meel uun

anywhere eniwer meel kasta / meelna

nowhere noweer meelna

abroad abrood dibadda

overseas oover-siiiz dibadda / dalalka badda ka shisheeya

nearby nirbaay meel u dhow

close kloos meel u dhow

far faar meel fog

away aawey meel ka fog

back bak dib / gadaal

forward forward hore

backward bakward gadaal

indoors indoorz gudaha dhismaha

outdoors aawtdoorz bannaanka

upstairs apsteyrz dabaqa sare

downstairs daawnsteyrz dabaqa hoose

inside insayd gudaha

outside aawtsayd dibadda

5. Falkaabayaasha heerka iyo xaddiga

Qaybtani waxay tilmaamaysaa heerka ay sifo ama fal u dhacaan.

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

very veri aad

really riili runtii / aad

extremely ikstriimli si aad u daran

highly haayli heer sare

absolutely absoluutli gabi ahaanba

completely kompliitli gabi ahaanba

totally tootali gabi ahaanba

entirely intayrli gebi ahaanba

fully fuli si buuxda

quite kwaayt heer ahaan / si weyn

rather radher xoogaa / si uun

fairly feyrli heer dhexdhexaad ah

pretty priti iska / aad u

somewhat samwot xoogaa

slightly slaaytli yar

a little a litl yar

too tuu ka badan intii loo baahnaa

enough inaf ku filan

almost oolmoost ku dhowaad

nearly nirli ku dhowaad

barely beyrli si dirqi ah

hardly haardli ku dhowaad maya / si dirqi ah

scarcely skeyrsli si dirqi ah

deeply diibli si qoto dheer

greatly greytli si weyn

so soo sidaas / aad

such sach noocaas ah

a lot a lot badan

a bit a bit yar

a little bit a litl bit yar uun

Tusaale:

The movie is extremely interesting.

Dhə muuvi iz ikstriimli intristing.

Filimku aad buu u xiiso badan yahay.

6. Falkaabayaasha suurtagalnimada iyo hubanti-la'aanta

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

certainly sartanli hubaal

definitely definitli hubaal

surely shuurli hubaal

probably probabli waxay u badan tahay

possibly posibli suuragal ahaan

perhaps perhaps malaha

maybe meybi malaha

apparently aparentli sida muuqata

evidently evidentli sida cad

clearly klirli si cad

obviously obviəsli sida iska cad

presumably prizuumabli sida loo malaynayo

supposedly sapoosedli sida la sheegayo

undoubtedly andawtidli shaki la'aan

arguably aargyuabli sida la odhan karo

likely laaykli waxay u badan tahay

unlikely anlaaykli waxay u badan tahay inaysan dhicin

7. Falkaabayaasha muujinaya aragtida iyo mowqifka qofka hadlaya

Qaybtani waxay ka kooban tahay falkaabayaasha jumladda iyo kuwa mowqifka, kuwaas oo muujiya aragtida qofka hadlaya ee ku saabsan jumladda oo dhan.

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

fortunately foorchənətli nasiib wanaag

unfortunately anfoorchənətli nasiib darro

luckily lakili nasiib wanaag

sadly saadli murugo ahaan / nasiib darro

honestly onistli si daacad ah

frankly frankli si toos ah oo daacad ah

personally persenali shakhsi ahaan

seriously siiriyasli si dhab ah

technically teknikali marka laga eego dhinaca farsamada

basically beysikali asal ahaan

generally jenerali guud ahaan

normally noormali caadi ahaan

naturally nachərali si dabiici ah

ideally aaydiili sida ugu habboon

theoretically thiyaretikali aragti ahaan

practically praktikali ficil ahaan

politically politikali siyaasad ahaan

economically iikonoomikali dhaqaale ahaan

personally persenali shakhsi ahaan

surprisingly sarprayzingli si la yaab leh

strangely streyinjli si yaab leh

interestingly intristingli si xiiso leh

importantly importantly si muhiim ah

especially ispeshali gaar ahaan

particularly partikyularli si gaar ah

8. Falkaabayaasha xaddidaadda iyo xoogga saarista

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

only oonli keliya

just jast keliya / hadda uun

even iivn xitaa

also oolsoo sidoo kale

too tuu sidoo kale

as well az wel sidoo kale

mainly meynli inta badan

mostly moostli badanaa

merely mirli keliya

simply simpli si fudud / keliya

particularly partikyularli gaar ahaan

especially ispeshali gaar ahaan

exactly igzaktli si sax ah

precisely prisaaysli si sax ah

specifically spisifikli si gaar ah

solely soolli keliya

largely laarjli inta badan

even iivn xitaa

indeed indiid runtii

Tusaale:

Only John knows the answer.

Oonli Joon nooz dhii aanser.

John oo keliya ayaa jawaabta yaqaan.

9. Falkaabayaasha diidmada

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

not not ma / ma aha

never never marna

nowhere noweer meelna

hardly haardli si dirqi ah

scarcely skeyrsli si dirqi ah

barely beyrli si dirqi ah

rarely rer-li dhif

seldom seldam dhif

Fiiro gaar ah:

not waa erayga aasaasiga ah ee lagu sameeyo diidmada.

I do not work.

Ay duu not werk.

Anigu ma shaqeeyo.

10. Falkaabayaasha natiijada iyo gunaanadka

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

therefore dherfor sidaas darteed

thus dhas sidaas / sidaas darteed

consequently konsekwentli sidaas darteed

accordingly akordingli sidaas awgeed

hence hens haddaba / sidaas darteed

otherwise adharwaayz haddii kale

Tusaale:

He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.

Hii waz sik; dherfor, hii steyd hoom.

Wuu xanuunsanaa; sidaas darteed, guriga ayuu joogay.

11. Falkaabayaasha xiriirinta iyo ku darista

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

also oolsoo sidoo kale

too tuu sidoo kale

additionally adishənali intaa waxaa dheer

moreover mooroo-ver waxaa intaas dheer

furthermore fardhermoor waxaa intaa dheer

besides bisaaydz ka sokow

likewise laaykwaayz sidoo kale

similarly similarli si la mid ah

12. Falkaabayaasha isbarbardhigga iyo isu ekaanshaha

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

similarly similarli si la mid ah

likewise laaykwaayz sidoo kale

equally iikwali si siman

similarly similarli si isu eg

comparatively komparativli marka la isbarbardhigo

relatively relativli marka loo eego

correspondingly korespondingli si waafaqsan

13. Falkaabayaasha isku xirka iyo habaynta fikradaha

Waxaa loo adeegsadaa isku xirka fikradaha iyo habaynta hadalka.

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

however hawever hase yeeshee

therefore dherfor sidaas darteed

moreover mooroo-ver waxaa intaa dheer

furthermore fardhermoor intaa waxaa dheer

nevertheless neverdheles si kastaba ha ahaatee

nonetheless nandheles si kastaba ha ahaatee

meanwhile miinwayl intaasi dhexdeeda

instead insted beddelkeeda

otherwise adharwaayz haddii kale

consequently konsekwentli sidaas darteed

subsequently sabsikwentli dabadeed

alternatively oolternativli beddel kale ahaan

finally faynali ugu dambayn

firstly ferstli marka hore

secondly sekəndli marka labaad

thirdly thardli marka saddexaad

next nekst marka xigta

then dhen dabadeed

afterward aafterward intaas ka dib

14. Falkaabayaasha su'aalaha

Waxaa loo adeegsadaa su'aalaha WH, kuwaas oo wax ka weydiiya habka, heerka, xaddiga ama soo noqnoqoshada.

Erayga Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

how haaw sidee

when wen goorma

where wer xaggee

why waay maxaa yeelay / sababtee

how much haaw mach immisa / intee le'eg

how many haaw meni immisa

how often haaw oofn immisa jeer

how long haaw long muddo intee le'eg

how far haaw faar inteese u jiraa

how soon haaw suun goorma dhow

how well haaw wel heer intee le'eg ayuu si fiican u yahay

how quickly haaw kwikli inteese u degdeg badan

Tusaale:

How often do you exercise?

Haaw oofn duu yuu eksersaayz?

Immisa jeer ayaad jimicsi samaysaa?

15. Falkaabayaasha habka

Waxay tilmaamaan sida ficil u dhaco.

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

quickly kwikli si degdeg ah

slowly sloowli si tartiib ah

carefully keyrfəli si taxaddar leh

easily iizili si fudud

badly badli si xun

well wel si fiican

clearly klirli si cad

quietly kwaayətli si aamusnaan ah

loudly laawdli si cod dheer ah

secretly siikritli si qarsoodi ah

openly oopenli si furan

together tagedher wadajir

apart apaarṭ kala fog

directly direktli si toos ah

indirectly indirektli si dadban

deliberately dilibərətli si ula kac ah

accidentally aksidentəli si kama' ah

carefully keyrfəli si taxaddar leh

successfully saksesfəli si guul leh

differently diferentli si ka duwan

16. Falkaabayaasha saadaasha iyo filashada

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

hopefully hoopfully iyadoo la rajaynayo

presumably prizuumabli sida la filayo

supposedly sapoosedli sida la sheegayo

predictably pridiktəbli si la sii saadaalin karo

unexpectedly anekspektidli si lama filaan ah

inevitably inevitəbli si aan laga baaqsan karin

eventually iventshu-wali ugu dambayn

17. Falkaabayaasha kala horreynta

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

first ferst marka hore

firstly ferstli marka koowaad

second sekənd marka labaad

secondly sekəndli marka labaad

third thard marka saddexaad

thirdly thardli marka saddexaad

next nekst marka xigta

then dhen dabadeed

finally faynali ugu dambayn

lastly laastli ugu dambayn

18. Falkaabayaasha xoojinta iyo xaqiijinta

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

certainly sartanli hubaal

definitely definitli hubaal

indeed indiid runtii

really riili dhab ahaantii

truly truu si dhab ah

absolutely absoluutli gabi ahaanba

actually akchuwali dhab ahaantii

literally literəli macnaha tooska ah ee erayga

genuinely jenuwinli si dhab ah

clearly klirli si cad

obviously obviəsli sida iska cad

surely shuurli hubaal

right (wuxuu yimaadaa ka hor falkaabaha kale) raayt sax / si sax ah

19. Falkaabayaasha sixidda iyo caddaynta

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

actually akchuwali dhab ahaantii

really riili run ahaantii

rather radher halkii / si ka duwan

instead insted beddelkeeda

specifically spisifikli si gaar ah

precisely prisaaysli si sax ah

exactly igzaktli si sax ah

namely neymli oo ah / si gaar ah

simply simpli si fudud

basically beysikali asal ahaan

20. Falkaabayaasha qiyaasta

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

almost oolmoost ku dhowaad

nearly nirli ku dhowaad

approximately aproksimitli qiyaastii

roughly rafli qiyaastii

about abaawt qiyaastii

around araawnd qiyaastii

virtually verchuəli ku dhowaad / ficil ahaan

practically praktikali ku dhowaad / ficil ahaan

roughly rafli qiyaas ahaan

21. Falkaabayaasha xaddidaadda

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

only oonli keliya

merely mirli keliya

solely soolli keliya

exclusively ikskluusivli si gaar ah oo keliya

otherwise adharwaayz haddii kale

apart apaarṭ marka laga reebo / kala fog

22. Falkaabayaasha dhammaystirka iyo guudmarinta

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

altogether ooltagedher gebi ahaanba / wadar ahaan

entirely intayrli gebi ahaanba

completely kompliitli gebi ahaanba

fully fuli si buuxda

wholly hoowli gebi ahaanba

universally yooniversali si guud / adduunka oo dhan

23. Falkaabayaasha jumladda ee muujinaya aragti iyo macluumaad

Kuwani waa tusaalooyin falkaabayaasha jumladda.

Falkaabaha Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

actually akchuwali dhab ahaantii

apparently aparentli sida muuqata

certainly sartanli hubaal

clearly klirli si cad

definitely definitli hubaal

evidently evidentli sida cad

fortunately foorchənətli nasiib wanaag

frankly frankli si daacad ah

generally jenerali guud ahaan

honestly onistli si daacad ah

ideally aaydiili sida ugu habboon

indeed indiid runtii

naturally nachərali si dabiici ah

obviously obviəsli sida iska cad

personally persenali shakhsi ahaan

perhaps perhaps malaha

probably probabli waxay u badan tahay

seriously siiriyasli si dhab ah

surely shuurli hubaal

surprisingly sarprayzingli si la yaab leh

theoretically thiyaretikali aragti ahaan

unfortunately anfoorchənətli nasiib darro

Nooca qaab-dhismeedka Gunaanadka qaab-dhismeedka Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale Dhawaaqa Fasiraadda

Ka samaynta falkaabe sifo – habka aasaasiga ah Sifo + -ly Adjiktiiv + -li quick → quickly kwik → kwikli degdeg → si degdeg ah

Sifo ku dhammaata -y Ka saar y + -ily Adjiktiiv − waay + -ili happy → happily hapi → hapili faraxsan → si farxad leh

Sifo ku dhammaata -le Ka saar e + -y Adjiktiiv − ii + waay gentle → gently jentəl → jentli jilicsan → si jilicsan

Sifo ku dhammaata -ic Sifo + -ally Adjiktiiv + -ali basic → basically beysik → beysikali aasaasi → asal ahaan

Qaar ka mid ah sifaha ku dhammaada -ic Sifo + -ally Adjiktiiv + -ali dramatic → dramatically dramatik → dramatikali riwaayad leh → si riwaayad leh

Qaar ka mid ah sifaha ku dhammaada -ue Sifo + -ly Adjiktiiv + -li true → truly truu → truu-li run ah → si dhab ah

Sifo ku dhammaata -ll Sifo + -y Adjiktiiv + waay full → fully ful → fuli buuxa → si buuxda

Falkaabe aan isbeddelin Erayga laftiisa Seeym Word fast → fast faast → faast degdeg → si degdeg ah

Falkaabe aan isbeddelin Erayga laftiisa Seeym Word hard → hard haard → haard adag → si adag

Falkaabe aan isbeddelin Erayga laftiisa Seeym Word late → late leyt → leyt dambe → goor dambe

Falkaabe aan isbeddelin Erayga laftiisa Seeym Word early → early erli → erli hore → goor hore

Falkaabe qaab aan caadi ahayn Qaab gaar ah Iregyular Form good → well gud → wel fiican → si fiican

Falkaabe laga sameeyo magac Magac + -ward/-wards Naawn + ward/wardz home → homeward hoom → hoomward guri → dhinaca guriga

Falkaabe laga sameeyo magac Magac + -wise Naawn + waayz clock → clockwise klok → klokwaayz saacad → jihada saacadda

Falkaabe isku dhafan Eray + eray Ward + Ward somehow samhaaw si uun

Falkaabe isku dhafan Eray + eray Ward + Ward everywhere evriwer meel kasta

Weedh falkaabe ah Weedh + magac iyo xaraf xiriiriye Adverbial Phrase in the morning in dhə moorning subaxdii

9- Xidhiidhiyeyaasha (CONJUNCTIONS)

1. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha isku-dubbaridka — Coordinating Conjunctions

Xidhiidhiyayaashani waxay isku xiraan waxyaabo isku heer naxwe ah.

Xidhiidhiyaha Ingiriisiga Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qaabka loogu dhawaaqo Soomaaliga

and and iyo

but bat laakiin

or or ama

nor nor mana / sidoo kale ma

for for maxaa yeelay / waayo

yet yet haddana / si kastaba ha ahaatee

so sow sidaas darteed / markaa

FANBOYS

For — waayo

And — iyo

Nor — mana

But — laakiin

Or — ama

Yet — haddana

So — sidaas darteed

I was tired, but I worked.

Ay waz tayard, bat ay werkt.

Waan daallanaa, laakiin waan shaqeeyay.

2. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha hoos-u-hoosaysiinta — Subordinating Conjunctions

Xidhiidhiyayaashani waxay isku xiraan jumlad-hoosaad iyo jumlad madax-bannaan.

Sabab

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

because bikawz maxaa yeelay / sababtoo ah

since sins maadaama / tan iyo markii

as az maadaama / sida

seeing that sii-ing dhat marka la eego in

seeing as sii-ing az maadaama

now that naw dhat hadda oo

given that givn dhat marka la eego in

considering that kan-sidaring dhat iyadoo la tixgelinayo in

inasmuch as in-az-mach az maadaama / ilaa heerka ay

insofar as in-soo-faar az inta ay / ilaa heerka ay

insomuch as in-soo-mach az maadaama / ilaa heerka ay

in that in dhat marka la eego in

I stayed home because I was tired.

Ay steyd hoom bikawz ay waz tayard.

Guriga ayaan joogay sababtoo ah waan daallanaa.

3. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha shuruudda

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

if if haddii

unless an-les haddii aanay / haddii aanu

provided pro-vay-did waa haddii / shardi ahaan

provided that pro-vay-did dhat shardi ah in

providing pro-vay-ding waa haddii

providing that pro-vay-ding dhat shardi ah in

as long as az long az inta ay / haddii

so long as soo long az inta ay / haddii

on condition that on kan-dishan dhat shardi ah in

in case in keys haddii ay dhacdo / si looga gaashaanto

in the event that in dhi ivent dhat haddii ay dhacdo in

assuming that a-suu-ming dhat haddii loo qaato in

supposing that sa-poo-zing dhat haddii la qiyaaso in

suppose that sa-pooz dhat qiyaas in / ka soo qaad in

given that givn dhat marka la eego in

granted that graan-tid dhat inkastoo la aqbalayo in

granting that graan-ting dhat iyadoo la aqbalayo in

If you study, you will learn.

If yu stadi, yu wil lern.

Haddii aad wax barato, waad baran doontaa.

4. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha tanaasulka iyo iska-horimaadka

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

although ool-dhow inkastoo

though dhow inkastoo

even though iivn dhow inkastoo / xitaa haddii ay jirto

even if iivn if xitaa haddii

whereas weer-az halkii / halka ay

while wayl halka / inta lagu jiro

whilst waylst halka / inta lagu jiro

albeit ool-bii-it inkastoo

much as mach az inkastoo aad u / in kasta oo

however much haw-ever mach si kasta oo ay u badan tahay

no matter how noo matar haw si kasta oo

no matter what noo matar wot wax kasta oo ay noqoto

no matter who noo matar huu qof kasta oo uu yahay

no matter where noo matar weer meel kasta oo

no matter when noo matar wen goor kasta oo

no matter which noo matar wich mid kasta oo

Even though he was tired, he continued.

Iivn dhow hii waz tayard, hii kan-tin-yuud.

Inkasta oo uu daallanaa, wuu sii watay.

5. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha waqtiga

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

when wen marka / goorta

whenever wen-ever mar kasta oo / goor kasta oo

while wayl inta / halka

whilst waylst inta / halka

before bi-for ka hor inta aan

after aaf-ter ka dib marka

until / till / 'til / 'till an-til / til / til / til ilaa

since sins tan iyo markii

once wans marka ay dhacdo / kolka

as soon as az suun az isla marka

as long as az long az inta

so long as soo long az inta

by the time bay dhi taym marka la gaaro waqtiga

every time evri taym mar kasta

each time iich taym mar kasta

the moment dhi moo-ment isla marka

the minute dhi min-it isla marka

the instant dhi in-stant isla markiiba

directly di-rekt-li isla marka

immediately i-mii-di-it-li isla markiiba

hardly... when haard-li... wen isla markii... markaas

scarcely... when skeer-sli... wen isla markii... markaas

no sooner... than noo suu-ner... dhan isla markiiba... ka hor inta aan

Call me when you arrive.

Kool mii wen yu a-rayv.

I soo wac marka aad timaaddo.

6. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha ujeeddada

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

so that soo dhat si ay / si aan

in order that in oor-der dhat si ay / si loo

lest lest si aanay u dhicin / si looga hortago

for fear that for fiir dhat cabsi laga qabo in

in case in keys si looga gaashaanto

I studied hard so that I could pass.

Ay stadid haard soo dhat ay kud paas.

Si adag ayaan wax u bartay si aan imtixaanka ugu gudbo.

7. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha natiijada

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

so... that soo... dhat heer aad u... oo

such... that sach... dhat sidaas u... oo

so that soo dhat sidaas darteed / taas oo keentay in

such that sach dhat sidaas oo

He was so tired that he slept immediately.

Hii waz soo tayard dhat hii slept i-mii-di-it-li.

Aad buu u daallanaa oo isla markiiba ayuu seexday.

8. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha isbarbardhigga

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

than dhan ka

as... as az... az si la mid ah / sida

not as... as not az... az uma... sida

as if az if sida haddii

as though az dhow sida haddii

just as jast az sida saxda ah ee

the more... the more dhi mor... dhi mor inta badan... ayay sii badanaysaa

the more... the less dhi mor... dhi les inta badan... ayay sii yaraanaysaa

the less... the more dhi les... dhi mor inta yar... ayay sii badanaysaa

the less... the less dhi les... dhi les inta yar... ayay sii yaraanaysaa

She is taller than I am.

Shii iz tool-er dhan ay am.

Iyadu way iga dheer tahay.

9. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha habka iyo isu-ekaysiinta

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

as az sida

as if az if sida haddii

as though az dhow sida haddii

just as jast az sida saxda ah ee

the way dhi way sida ay wax u dhacaan

in the way that in dhi way dhat sida ay wax u dhacaan

however haw-ever si kasta / si walba

however you haw-ever yu si kasta oo aad

He talks as if he knows everything.

Hii toks az if hii nooz evri-thing.

Wuxuu u hadlaa sidii inuu wax walba garanayo.

10. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha doorashada

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

or or ama

either... or ii-dher... or ama... ama

whether... or wedher... or haddii... ama

whether... or not wedher... or not haddii... iyo haddii kaleba

Either you come or I leave.

Ii-dher yu kam or ay liiv.

Ama adiga ayaa imanaya, ama aniga ayaa tegaya.

11. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha laba-geesoodka ah

Correlative Conjunctions

Qaab-dhismeedka Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

both... and bowth... and labadaba... iyo

either... or ii-dher... or ama... ama

neither... nor nii-dher... nor midna... mana

not only... but also not oon-li... bat ool-soo keliya ma aha... balse sidoo kale

whether... or wedher... or haddii... ama

whether... or not wedher... or not haddii... iyo haddii kaleba

rather... than ra-dher... dhan halkii... laga dooran lahaa

no sooner... than noo suu-ner... dhan isla markiiba... ka hor

hardly... when haard-li... wen isla markii... markaas

scarcely... when skeer-sli... wen isla markii... markaas

barely... when bear-li... wen isla markii... markaas

the more... the more dhi mor... dhi mor inta badan... ayay sii badanaysaa

the more... the less dhi mor... dhi les inta badan... ayay sii yaraanaysaa

the less... the more dhi les... dhi mor inta yar... ayay sii badanaysaa

the less... the less dhi les... dhi les inta yar... ayay sii yaraanaysaa

12. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha wax-ku-darka

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

and and iyo

as well as az wel az sidoo kale / iyo weliba

not to mention not tu men-shan iyadoo aan la xusin

besides bi-saydz waxa intaas dheer

let alone let a-loon iska daa / haba sheegin

much less mach les waxaa ka sii yar

to say nothing of tu sey na-thing ov iyadoo aan laga hadlin

apart from a-paart from marka laga reebo / intaas waxaa dheer

aside from a-sayd from marka laga reebo / intaas waxaa dheer

Qaar ka mid ah weedhahan waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan weedho horudhac ah (prepositional phrases), iyadoo ku xidhan sida loo adeegsado; sidaas darteed dhammaantood si adag looguma tilmaami karo xidhiidhiyeyaal.

13. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha ka-reebitaanka

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

except that ik-sept dhat marka laga reebo in

except when ik-sept wen marka laga reebo marka

except if ik-sept if haddii aanay ahayn

save that seyv dhat marka laga reebo in

but that bat dhat haddii aanu ahayn / marka laga reebo in

unless an-les haddii aanay / haddii aanu

14. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha mala-awaalka

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

assuming that a-suu-ming dhat haddii loo qaato in

supposing that sa-poo-zing dhat haddii la qiyaaso in

suppose that sa-pooz dhat ka soo qaad in

presuming that pri-zuu-ming dhat haddii loo qaato in

provided that pro-vay-did dhat shardi ah in

providing that pro-vay-ding dhat shardi ah in

given that givn dhat marka la eego in

granting that graan-ting dhat iyadoo la aqbalayo in

granted that graan-tid dhat inkastoo la aqbalayo in

15. Xidhiidhiyeyaasha guud ee doorashada iyo xaaladaha

Xidhiidhiyaha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

whoever huu-ev-er qof kasta oo

whomever huu-m-ev-er qof kasta oo falka loo jeediyo

whatever wo-t-ev-er wax kasta oo

whichever wich-ev-er mid kasta oo

wherever weer-ev-er meel kasta oo

whenever wen-ev-er goor kasta oo

however haw-ev-er si kasta / si walba

Whoever comes can enter.

Huu-ev-er kamz kan en-ter.

Qof kasta oo yimaadda wuu geli karaa.

Whatever you choose is fine.

Wo-t-ev-er yu chuuz iz fayn.

Wax kasta oo aad doorato waa hagaag.

16. Xidhiidhiyeyaal duug ah ama rasmi ah

Erayadan weli waxaa laga helaa Ingiriisiga, laakiin ma badna isticmaalka maalinlaha ah:

Erayga Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

albeit ool-bii-it inkastoo

albeit that ool-bii-it dhat inkastoo ay jirto in

albeit when ool-bii-it wen inkastoo marka

albeit with ool-bii-it with inkastoo lala socdo

insofar as in-soo-faar az inta ay / ilaa heerka ay

inasmuch as in-az-mach az maadaama

insomuch as in-soo-mach az illaa heerka ay

notwithstanding that naat-with-stan-ding dhat inkastoo

whereas weer-az halka ay / halka se

whilst waylst halka / inta

lest lest si aanay u dhicin

save that seyv dhat marka laga reebo in

provided that pro-vay-did dhat shardi ah in

supposing that sa-poo-zing dhat haddii la qiyaaso in

17. Erayo u shaqeeya sidii xidhiidhiyeyaal, balse aan badanaa ahayn xidhiidhiyeyaal dhab ah

Erayadani waxay inta badan isku xiraan fikradaha, laakiin naxwe ahaan waxaa badanaa loo yaqaannaa conjunctive adverbs:

Erayga Ku dhawaaqidda Nooca naxwaha Macnaha Soomaaliga

however haw-ev-er conjunctive adverb hase yeeshee

therefore dher-for conjunctive adverb sidaas darteed

moreover mor-oov-er conjunctive adverb intaas waxaa dheer

furthermore fur-dher-mor conjunctive adverb waxaa intaas dheer

nevertheless nev-er-dhe-les conjunctive adverb si kastaba ha ahaatee

nonetheless nan-dhe-les conjunctive adverb haddana

consequently kon-si-kwent-li conjunctive adverb natiijadaas awgeed

otherwise adh-er-wayz conjunctive adverb haddii kale

instead in-sted conjunctive adverb beddelkeeda

meanwhile miin-wayl conjunctive adverb inta ka horraysa / isla waqtigaas

thus dhas conjunctive adverb sidaas darteed / sidaas

hence hens conjunctive adverb sidaas awgeed / markaa

Tusaale:

I was tired; however, I worked.

Ay waz tayard; haw-ev-er, ay werkt.

Waan daallanaa; hase yeeshee, waan shaqeeyay.

Erayga however lama adeegsan karo si la mid ah but marka labadan jumladood si toos ah loo isku xidhayo.

Ha u qorin sidan:

❌ I was tired, however I worked.

Qaababka saxda ah waa:

✅ I was tired, but I worked.

AMA:

✅ I was tired; however, I worked.

If only -> haddii keliya / bal haddii

If only I played — Bal haddii aan ciyaari lahaa.

Anyway/Anyways -> si kastaba ha ahaatee / xaalad kasta

10- Horgalayaasha xiriirka (PREPOSITIONS)

1. Horgalayaasha xiriirka ee aasaasiga ah

Horgalaha xiriirka Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga Tusaale dhammaystiran Ku dhawaaqidda jumladda Macnaha jumladda

about a-bawt ku saabsan We talked about the problem. Wii tookt a-bawt dhi prob-lem. Dhibaatada ayaan ka wada hadalnay.

above a-bav ka sarreeya The lamp is above the table. Dhi lamp iz a-bav dhi tey-bul. Nalka wuxuu ka sarreeyaa miiska.

across a-kros dhinaca kale / ka gudba We walked across the street. Wii wokt a-kros dhi striit. Waddada ayaan ka gudubnay.

after aaf-ter ka dib We met after lunch. Wii met aaf-ter lanch. Waan kulannay qadada ka dib.

against a-genst ka soo horjeeda / ku tiirsan The ladder is against the wall. Dhi laa-der iz a-genst dhi wool. Jaranjaradu waxay ku tiirsan tahay gidaarka.

along a-long dhinac socda We walked along the river. Wii wokt a-long dhi riv-er. Webiga agtiisa ayaan soconnay.

amid a-mid dhexda / dhex He stood amid the crowd. Hii stood a-mid dhi krawd. Wuxuu dhex istaagay dadka badan.

among a-mang dhexda / koox dhexdeed She was among friends. Shii waz a-mang frendz. Waxay dhex joogtay saaxiibbadeeda.

around a-rawnd hareeraha We sat around the table. Wii sat a-rawnd dhi tey-bul. Miiska hareerihiisa ayaan fadhiisannay.

at at goob ama waqti cayiman I am at school. Ay am at skuul. Waxaan joogaa dugsiga.

before bi-for ka hor Come before noon. Kam bi-for nuun. Kaalay duhurka ka hor.

behind bi-haynd gadaasha The car is behind the house. Dhi kaar iz bi-haynd dhi haws. Gaarigu wuxuu yaallaa guriga gadaashiisa.

below bi-loo ka hooseeya The temperature is below zero. Dhi tem-pra-cher iz bi-loo zii-roo. Heerkulku wuxuu ka hooseeyaa eber.

beneath bi-niith hoosta The keys are beneath the book. Dhi kiiz aar bi-niith dhi buk. Furayaashu waxay ku hoos jiraan buugga.

beside bi-sayd dhinaca Sit beside me. Sit bi-sayd mii. Fadhiiso dhinacayga.

besides bi-saydz intaas waxaa dheer Besides English, she speaks Arabic. Bi-saydz Ing-glish, shii spiiks Aa-rabik. Marka laga reebo Ingiriisiga, waxay ku hadashaa Carabi.

between bi-twiin inta u dhexaysa laba shay The shop is between two buildings. Dhi shop iz bi-twiin tuu bil-dingz. Dukaanku wuxuu u dhexeeyaa laba dhisme.

beyond bi-yond ka shisheeya The village is beyond the mountain. Dhi vil-ij iz bi-yond dhi mawn-tin. Tuuladu waxay ka shisheysaa buurta.

by bay iyada oo loo marayo / agta / ugu dambayn The book was written by her. Dhi buk waz ritn bay her. Buugga iyadaa qortay.

concerning kan-ser-ning ku saabsan We talked concerning the project. Wii tookt kan-ser-ning dhi proj-ekt. Mashruuca ayaan ka wada hadalnay.

despite di-spayt inkastoo Despite the rain, we went out. Di-spayt dhi reyn, wii went awt. Inkastoo roobku da'ayay, bannaanka ayaan u baxnay.

down down hoos u socda He walked down the hill. Hii wokt down dhi hil. Wuxuu buurta uga soo degay dhinaca hoose.

during du-ring inta lagu jiro I slept during the flight. Ay slept du-ring dhi flayt. Waan seexday intii duulimaadku socday.

except ik-sept marka laga reebo Everyone came except John. Evri-wan keym ik-sept Jon. Qof walba wuu yimid marka laga reebo John.

for for loogu talagalay / muddo This gift is for you. Dhis gift iz for yu. Hibadani adigay kuu tahay.

from from ka yimid / laga bilaabo I came from Kuwait. Ay keym from Ku-weyt. Waxaan ka imid Kuwait.

in in gudaha / ku jirta She is in the room. Shii iz in dhi ruum. Waxay ku jirtaa qolka.

inside in-sayd gudaha The keys are inside the bag. Dhi kiiz aar in-sayd dhi bag. Furayaashu waxay ku jiraan boorsada gudaheeda.

into in-tuu gudaha u socda He went into the room. Hii went in-tuu dhi ruum. Wuxuu galay qolka.

like layk sida He runs like a professional. Hii ranz layk a pro-fesh-a-nal. Wuxuu u ordaa sida xirfadle.

near niir u dhow I live near the school. Ay liv niir dhi skuul. Waxaan degganahay meel u dhow dugsiga.

of ov ee / ka tirsan The door of the house is open. Dhi door ov dhi haws iz oo-pen. Albaabka gurigu wuu furan yahay.

off oof ka fog / laga saarayo Take your shoes off the table. Teyk yor shuuz oof dhi tey-bul. Kabahaaga miiska ka saar.

on on dusha The book is on the table. Dhi buk iz on dhi tey-bul. Buuggu wuxuu saaran yahay miiska.

onto on-tuu dusha u socda The cat jumped onto the table. Dhi kat jampt on-tuu dhi tey-bul. Bisaddu waxay ku boodday miiska dushiisa.

opposite o-po-zit wajahadda kale / ka soo horjeeda The bank is opposite the hotel. Dhi bank iz o-po-zit dhi hoo-tel. Bangigu wuxuu ka soo horjeedaa hoteelka.

out awt bannaanka / dibadda He went out the door. Hii went awt dhi door. Wuxuu ka baxay albaabka.

outside awt-sayd dibadda They are outside the house. Dhey aar awt-sayd dhi haws. Waxay joogaan guriga dibaddiisa.

over oov-er ka sarreeya / korka The plane flew over the city. Dhi pleyn fluu oov-er dhi si-ti. Diyaaraddu waxay dul martay magaalada.

past past ka gudbay / dhaafay We walked past the school. Wii wokt past dhi skuul. Waan dhaafnay dugsiga annagoo soconna.

regarding ri-gaar-ding ku saabsan I have a question regarding the plan. Ay hav a kwes-chan ri-gaar-ding dhi plan. Su'aal ayaan ka qabaa qorshaha.

round rawnd hareeraha We walked round the park. Wii wokt rawnd dhi paark. Waan ku wareegnay beerta.

since sins tan iyo I have lived here since 2020. Ay hav livd hiir sins tuu-thaw-zand twen-ti. Waxaan halkan degganaa tan iyo 2020.

through thruu dhex mara / dhexdiisa We walked through the tunnel. Wii wokt thruu dhi tan-el. Tunnel-ka ayaan dhex marnay.

throughout thruu-awt inta oo dhan It rained throughout the day. It rey-nd thruu-awt dhi dey. Roobku wuxuu da'ayay maalintii oo dhan.

till til ilaa Wait till tomorrow. Weyt til tu-mor-row. Sug ilaa berri.

to tuu ilaa / dhanka I went to school. Ay went tuu skuul. Waxaan aaday dugsiga.

toward to-ward dhanka / u jeeda He walked toward me. Hii wokt to-ward mii. Wuxuu dhankayga u soo socday.

towards to-wardz dhanka / u jeeda She ran towards the door. Shii ran to-wardz dhi door. Waxay u orodday dhanka albaabka.

under an-der hoosta The cat is under the table. Dhi kat iz an-der dhi tey-bul. Bisaddu waxay ku jirtaa miiska hoostiisa.

underneath an-der-niith hoosta The bag is underneath the chair. Dhi bag iz an-der-niith dhi cheyr. Boorsadu waxay ku jirtaa kursiga hoostiisa.

unlike an-layk ka duwan Unlike him, I am quiet. An-layk him, ay am kwai-et. Aniga isaga waan ka duwanahay, waayo waan aamusanahay.

until an-til ilaa Stay here until Friday. Stey hiir an-til Fray-dey. Halkan joog ilaa Jimcaha.

up ap kor u socda He walked up the stairs. Hii wokt ap dhi steyrz. Wuxuu kor u fuulay jaranjarada.

upon a-pon marka / korka Upon arrival, call me. A-pon a-ray-val, kool mii. Markaad timaaddo, i soo wac.

via vay-a / vay-ya iyada oo loo marayo We traveled via Dubai. Wii trav-eld vay-a Du-bay. Waxaan safarnay annagoo sii marayna Dubai.

with with la socda / wata I went with my brother. Ay went with may bradh-er. Waxaan la aaday walaalkay.

within with-in gudaha muddada Finish it within an hour. Fin-ish it with-in an aw-er. Ku dhammee saacad gudaheed.

without with-awt la'aan He left without his phone. Hii left with-awt hiz foon. Wuxuu baxay isaga oo aan haysan taleefankiisa.

2. Weedho horudhac ah oo isku-dhafan

Weedhahan waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr eray, laakiin waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii hal horgale xiriiriye.

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda jumladda Tarjumaadda

according to a-kor-ding tuu sida ku cad According to the report, sales increased. A-kor-ding tuu dhi ri-port, seylz in-kriist. Sida ku cad warbixinta, iibku wuu kordhay.

ahead of a-hed ov ka hor She arrived ahead of us. Shii a-rayvd a-hed ov as. Way naga hor timid.

along with a-long with la socda / oo ay weheliso He came along with his brother. Hii keym a-long with hiz bradh-er. Wuxuu la yimid walaalkiis.

apart from a-paart from marka laga reebo / intaas waxaa dheer Apart from John, everyone agreed. A-paart from Jon, evri-wan a-griid. Marka laga reebo John, qof walba wuu oggolaaday.

as for az for dhinaca / marka laga hadlayo As for me, I agree. Az for mii, ay a-grii. Dhinacayga, waan oggolahay.

as of az ov laga bilaabo / marka la joogo As of Monday, the rule applies. Az ov Man-dey, dhi ruul a-playz. Xeerku wuxuu dhaqan gelayaa laga bilaabo Isniinta.

as to az tuu ku saabsan There is uncertainty as to the cause. Dheyr iz an-ser-tan-ti az tuu dhi kawz. Hubanti la'aan ayaa ka jirta sababta.

because of bi-kawz ov sababta awgeed We stayed home because of the rain. Wii steyd hoom bi-kawz ov dhi reyn. Guriga ayaan joogney roobka dartiis.

by means of bay miinz ov iyadoo la adeegsanayo We solved it by means of a computer. Wii solv-d it bay miinz ov a kam-pyuu-ter. Waan ku xallinnay annagoo adeegsanayna kombiyuutar.

by way of bay way ov iyada oo la sii marayo We went by way of London. Wii went bay way ov Lan-dan. Waxaan tagnay annagoo sii marayna London.

close to klooz tuu u dhow The school is close to my house. Dhi skuul iz klooz tuu may haws. Dugsigu wuxuu u dhow yahay gurigayga.

due to dyuu tuu sababta awgeed The flight was delayed due to fog. Dhi flayt waz di-leyd dyuu tuu fog. Duulimaadku wuu dib dhacay ceeryaamo darteed.

except for ik-sept for marka laga reebo Everyone came except for Mary. Evri-wan keym ik-sept for Mey-ri. Qof walba wuu yimid marka laga reebo Mary.

far from faar from ka fog / aan haba yaraatee ahayn The answer is far from simple. Dhi aan-ser iz faar from sim-pul. Jawaabtu haba yaraatee ma fududa.

in addition to in a-dish-an tuu waxa intaas dheer / marka lagu daro In addition to English, he studies Arabic. In a-dish-an tuu Ing-glish, hii sta-diz Aa-rabik. Marka laga soo tago Ingiriisiga, wuxuu bartaa Carabi.

in case of in keys ov haddii ay dhacdo / marka ay jirto Call me in case of emergency. Kool mii in keys ov i-mer-jen-si. I soo wac haddii xaalad degdeg ahi dhacdo.

in front of in front ov horta The car is in front of the house. Dhi kaar iz in front ov dhi haws. Gaarigu wuxuu yaallaa guriga hortiisa.

in place of in pleys ov beddelka Use this in place of sugar. Yuuz dhis in pleys ov shu-ger. Tan isticmaal beddelka sonkorta.

in spite of in spayt ov inkastoo In spite of the rain, we left. In spayt ov dhi reyn, wii left. Inkastoo roobku da'ayay, waan tagnay.

in terms of in termz ov marka laga eego In terms of price, it is cheap. In termz ov prays, it iz chiip. Marka qiimaha laga eego, waa jaban yahay.

instead of in-sted ov beddelka I drank tea instead of coffee. Ay drank tii in-sted ov ko-fi. Shaah ayaan cabbay halkii aan ka cabbi lahaa bun.

next to nekst tuu ku xiga Sit next to me. Sit nekst tuu mii. Fadhiiso agtayda.

on account of on a-kawnt ov sababta awgeed The match was canceled on account of rain. Dhi mach waz kan-seld on a-kawnt ov reyn. Ciyaartii waa la baajiyay roobka awgiis.

on behalf of on bi-haaf ov iyadoo wakiil laga yahay I spoke on behalf of the team. Ay spook on bi-haaf ov dhi tiim. Kooxda ayaan wakiil uga hadlay.

on top of on top ov dusha / intaas waxaa dheer The keys are on top of the box. Dhi kiiz aar on top ov dhi boks. Furayaashu waxay saaran yihiin sanduuqa dushiisa.

out of awt ov gudaha ka baxsan / ka baxay He walked out of the room. Hii wokt awt ov dhi ruum. Wuxuu ka baxay qolka.

owing to oo-ing tuu sababta awgeed The event was canceled owing to rain. Dhi i-vent waz kan-seld oo-ing tuu reyn. Munaasabadda waa la baajiyay roobka awgiis.

prior to pray-er tuu ka hor Prior to the meeting, we prepared. Pray-er tuu dhi mii-ting, wii pri-peyrd. Kulanka ka hor, waan is diyaarinay.

regardless of ri-gaar-dles ov iyada oo aan loo eegin We will continue regardless of the cost. Wii wil kan-tin-yuu ri-gaar-dles ov dhi kost. Waan sii wadaynaa iyada oo aan loo eegin kharashka.

thanks to thanks tuu mahadnaq awgiis / waxaa mahaddeeda leh Thanks to you, we succeeded. Thanks tuu yu, wii sak-sii-did. Adiga ayay mahaddaadu ku timid guusheenna.

together with ta-geth-er with oo ay weheliso She came together with her friends. Shii keym ta-geth-er with her frendz. Waxay la timid saaxiibbadeed.

up to ap tuu ilaa / ugu badnaan Up to ten people can enter. Ap tuu ten pii-pul kan en-ter. Ilaa toban qof ayaa geli kara.

with regard to with ri-gard tuu ku saabsan With regard to your question, I agree. With ri-gard tuu yor kwes-chan, ay a-grii. Marka laga hadlayo su'aashaada, waan ku raacsanahay.

with respect to with ri-spekt tuu ku saabsan / marka laga eego With respect to this issue, we disagree. With ri-spekt tuu dhis ish-yuu, wii dis-a-grii. Arrintan marka laga hadlayo, isku raacsani ma nihin.

3. Weedho horudhac oo dheeraad ah

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

by virtue of bay ver-chuu ov awgeed / xuquuqda ama awoodda

by dint of bay dint ov iyadoo lagu dadaalay / awgeed

by reason of bay rii-zan ov sababta awgeed

by courtesy of bay ker-ta-si ov iyada oo loo mahadcelinayo / xushmad awgeed

by order of bay or-der ov amarka

by reference to bay ref-er-ens tuu iyadoo tixraac loo samaynayo

by means of bay miinz ov iyada oo la adeegsanayo

by way of bay way ov iyada oo la sii marayo

in accordance with in a-kor-dans with sida waafaqsan

in comparison with in kom-pair-i-san with marka la barbar dhigo

in connection with in ka-nek-shan with la xidhiidha

in contrast to in kon-trast tuu ka duwan / marka la barbardhigo

in exchange for in iks-cheynj for beddel ahaan

in favor of in fey-ver ov taageeridda / u hiilinta

in lieu of in luu ov beddelka

in relation to in ri-ley-shan tuu la xidhiidha

in response to in ri-spons tuu jawaab ahaan

in search of in serch ov raadinta

in view of in vyuu ov marka la eego

on the basis of on dhi bey-sis ov iyadoo lagu salaynayo

on the grounds of on dhi grawndz ov sababta awgeed / iyadoo lagu salaynayo

with a view to with a vyuu tuu ujeeddadu tahay

with the exception of with dhi ik-sep-shan ov marka laga reebo

with the help of with dhi help ov iyadoo la kaashanayo

with reference to with ref-er-ens tuu iyadoo tixraac loo samaynayo / ku saabsan

4. Horgalayaal xiriiriye oo duug ah, naadir ah ama rasmi ah

Erayadan qaarkood waxaa laga helaa Ingiriisiga suugaanta, sharciga iyo qoraallada rasmiga ah:

Erayga Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

abaft a-baaft gadaasha / dhinaca dambe

alongside a-long-sayd dhinaca

amidst a-midst dhexda

amongst a-mangst dhexda koox

astride a-strayd dusha ama labada dhinac kaga fidsan

athwart a-thwort ka gudba / si isdhaafsan

atop a-top dusha sare

barring baa-ring marka laga reebo

circa ser-ka qiyaastii / ku dhowaad

cum kam oo sidoo kale ah / oo isku daraya

ere iir ka hor

notwithstanding not-with-stan-ding inkastoo / iyadoo aan loo eegin

per per midkiiba / iyadoo loo marayo

save seyv marka laga reebo

vis-à-vis vii-za-vii ka soo horjeeda / la xidhiidha

worth worth qiimihiisu yahay / mudan

Tusaale:

Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.

Not-with-stan-ding dhi di-fi-kal-tiiz, wii kan-tin-yuud.

Inkastoo ay dhibaatooyin jireen, waan sii wadnay.

5. Horgalayaasha xiriirka ee muujinaya goobta

Waxaad horgalayaashan u habayn kartaa sidan:

Macnaha Prepositions

Gudaha in, inside, within

Gudaha u socda into

Dibadda out, outside

Dusha on

Dusha u socda onto

Ka sarreeya above, over, atop, on top of

Hoosta under, below, beneath, underneath

Horta in front of, before

Gadaasha behind

Dhinaca beside, by, next to, alongside

Inta u dhexaysa laba shay between

Dhexda koox among, amongst

U dhow near, close to

Ka soo horjeeda opposite, across from

Hareeraha around, round

Dhex mara across, through

Dhinac socda along

U jeeda toward, towards

Ka fog away from, off

Ka gudbay past, beyond

6. Horgalayaasha xiriirka ee waqtiga

Xidhiidhka waqtiga Horgalaha xiriirka Tusaale

Waqti saacad go'an at at 5 o'clock

Maalin / taariikh on on Monday

Bil / sannad / xilli in in 2026

Ka hor before, prior to, ahead of before lunch

Ka dib after, following after work

Inta lagu jiro during during the meeting

Tan iyo since since Monday

Muddo for for two hours

Ilaa until, till until Friday

Laga bilaabo... ilaa from...to from Monday to Friday

Muddada oo dhan throughout throughout the year

Ugu dambayn waqtiga loo qabtay by by Friday

Ka hor waqti cayiman by by 6 p.m.

Muddo gudaheed within within two hours

Qiyaastii around, about around noon

Waqti ku dhow near near midnight

7. Horgalayaasha xiriirka ee sababta iyo ujeeddada

Horgalaha xiriirka / weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Macnaha Soomaaliga

because of bi-kawz ov sababta awgeed

due to dyuu tuu sababta awgeed

owing to oo-ing tuu sababta awgeed

on account of on a-kawnt ov sababta awgeed

as a result of az a ri-zalt ov natiijada awgeed

thanks to thanks tuu mahadda / awgeed

for for loogu talagalay

for the sake of for dhi seyk ov darteed / danta awgeed

with a view to with a vyuu tuu ujeeddada

in order to in or-der tuu si loo / si aan

* in order to badanaa waxaa raaca falka qaabkiisa asalka ah. Sidaas darteed, qaab-dhismeedkani ma aha horgale xiriiriye oo caadi ah.

8. Qodob muhiim ah: Horgalaha xiriirka iyo magaca

Xeerka aasaasiga ah:

Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing

Horgale xiriiriye + magac / magac-u-yaal / fal ku dhammaada -ing

Tusaalooyin:

Magac la socda

I am in the house.

Ay am in dhi haws.

Waxaan ku jiraa guriga.

Magac-u-yaal la socda

This gift is for him.

Dhis gift iz for him.

Hibadani isaga ayay u tahay.

Fiiro gaar ah:

for him ✅

for he ❌

Sababtu waa in magac-u-yaalka ka dambeeya horgalaha xiriirku qaato qaabka ujeeddada (object form).

Fal ku dhammaada -ing

She is good at cooking.

Shii iz gud at kuk-ing.

Waxay ku fiican tahay cunto-karinta.

He left without saying goodbye.

Hii left with-awt sey-ing gud-bay.

Wuxuu baxay isaga oo aan macasalaamayn.

9. Farqiga u dhexeeya horgalayaasha xiriirka ee isku eg

Erayga Macnaha aasaasiga ah Tusaale

in gudaha in the room

into u dhaqaaqidda gudaha go into the room

on dusha on the table

onto u dhaqaaqidda dusha jump onto the table

at goob ama meel cayiman at the station

to dhanka / meel loo socdo go to school

by agta / iyadoo la adeegsanayo / ka hor waqtiga loo qabtay by the door / by car / by Friday

with la socda / iyadoo la adeegsanayo with him / with a knife

from ka yimid from London

of xidhiidh ama lahaansho the door of the house

for darteed / loogu talagalay / muddo for you / for two hours

since tan iyo waqti bilow ah since Monday

during inta lagu jiro waqti during the meeting

until ilaa waqti dhammaad ah until Friday

between inta u dhexaysa laba qof ama shay between John and Mary

among dhexda koox among friends

above ka sarreeya above the table

over dusha / ka sarreeya over the bridge

below ka hooseeya below the line

under hoosta under the table

beside dhinaca beside me

besides intaas waxaa dheer besides English

because of / cause of sababta awgeed because of rain

despite inkastoo despite the rain

in spite of inkastoo in spite of the rain

aboard -> dusha / gudaha gaadiid

11- Go'aamiyeyaasha (DETERMINERS)

Go'aamiyeyaasha aasaasiga ah

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Sentence tusaale ah Ku dhawaaqidda Soomaaliga Tarjumaad

a ə hal / wax aan gaar loo cayimin I saw a dog. Ay soo ə dog. Waxaan arkay eey.

an ən hal / wax aan gaar loo cayimin She ate an apple. Shii eet ən appəl. Waxay cuntay tufaax.

the ðə / ði ka / ta / wax gaar ah oo la yaqaan I saw the dog. Ay soo ðə dog. Waxaan arkay eeygii.

this ðis kan / tan This book is useful. Ðis buk iz yuusful. Buuggan waa faa'iido leh.

that ðæt kaas / taas That car is expensive. Ðæt kaar iz ikspensiv. Baabuurkaas waa qaali.

these ðiiz kuwan These books are new. Ðiiz buks aar nyuu. Buugaagtani waa cusub yihiin.

those ðouz kuwaas Those houses are old. Ðouz hawziz aar oold. Guryahaasi waa duug.

2. Go'aamiyeyaasha lahaanshaha

Kuwani waxay ka hor yimaadaan magac si ay u muujiyaan cidda wax leh.

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Tusaale

my may -kayga / -tayda My book is here.

your yoor -kaaga / -taada Your car is outside.

his hiz -kiisa His house is big.

her hər -keeda Her bag is black.

its its -kiisa / -teeda oo loo adeegsado wax aan qof ahayn The dog moved its tail.

our awər -keena / -teena Our teacher is kind.

their ðer -kooda / -tooda Their house is beautiful.

Tusaalooyin

my book = buuggayga

your car = baabuurkaaga

his phone = telefoonkiisa

her bag = boorsadeeda

our house = gurigeenna

their children = carruurtooda

Laakiin:

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs waa magac-u-yaallo lahaansho; waxay istaagi karaan iyaga oo aan magac ka dambayn.

This book is mine.

Ðis buk iz mayn.

Buuggan waa kayga.

3. Go'aamiyeyaasha tilmaamaha

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Tirada Masaafada Tusaale

this ðis Keli Dhow this book

that ðæt Keli Fog that book

these ðiiz Jamac Dhow these books

those ðouz Jamac Fog those books

Xeerarka

this + magac keli ah

this book

Ðis buk

Buuggan

these + magac jamac ah

these books

Ðiiz buks

Buugaagtan

that + magac keli ah

that car

Ðæt kaar

Baabuurkaas

those + magac jamac ah

those cars

Ðouz kaarz

Baabuurtaas

4. Go'aamiyeyaasha tirada iyo qaddarka

Kuwani waxay tilmaamaan tirada ama qaddarka magac.

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Tusaale

some səm qaar / xoogaa I bought some books.

any eni midna / wax xoogaa ah Do you have any questions?

no noo ma jiro / waxba ma jiraan I have no money.

much mach qaddar badan oo magac aan la tirin karin I don't have much time.

many meni tiro badan oo magac la tirin karo She has many books.

little litəl qaddar yar I have little time.

a little ə litəl qaddar yar I have a little time.

few fyuu tiro yar Few people came.

a few ə fyuu dhowr / tiro yar I have a few questions.

enough inaf ku filan We have enough food.

more moor wax ka badan I need more water.

less les qaddar ka yar I need less sugar.

fewer fyuur tiro ka yar We need fewer chairs.

all ool dhammaan All students passed.

both booth labadaba Both students passed.

half haaf badh Half the class left.

most moost inta badan Most people agreed.

enough inaf ku filan We have enough money.

5. Go'aamiyeyaasha tirooyinka

Tirooyinka waxaa loo adeegsadaa inay tilmaamaan tirada, waxayna si toos ah uga hor yimaadaan magaca.

Tirada Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Tusaale

one wan one book

two tuu two books

three thrii three books

four foor four books

five fayv five books

six siks six books

seven sevn seven books

eight eet eight books

nine nayn nine books

ten ten ten books

hundred handrəd a hundred books

thousand thawzənd a thousand books

million milyən a million people

billion bilyən a billion dollars

Tirooyinku waxay noqon karaan kuwo sax ah ama qiyaas ah, waxayna tilmaami karaan tiro ama xaddi.

6. Go'aamiyeyaasha qaybinta

Kuwani waxay wax u qaybiyaan shakhsiyaad ama kooxo.

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Tusaale

each iich mid kasta si gaar ah Each student has a book.

every evri qof kasta / shay kasta Every student passed.

either iiðər / ayðər midkood labada Either answer is acceptable.

neither niiðər / nayðər midna labada midkood Neither answer is correct.

Farqiga

each

Each student received a book.

Iich stuudənt risii vd ə buk.

Arday kastaa wuxuu helay buug.

Waxaa xoogga la saarayaa qof kasta si gaar ah.

every

Every student received a book.

Evri stuudənt risii vd ə buk.

Arday kastaa wuxuu helay buug.

Waxaa xoogga la saarayaa kooxda oo dhan.

7. Go'aamiyeyaasha su'aalaha

Kuwani waxaa loo adeegsadaa su'aalaha ku saabsan magac.

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Tusaale

what waat kee / maxay What book do you want?

which wich kee / kuwee Which book do you want?

whose huuz yaa leh Whose book is this?

what kind of waat kaynd əv noocee ah What kind of car do you want?

which kind of wich kaynd əv noocee ah Which kind of food do you prefer?

Tusaalooyin

Which book do you want?

Wich buk duu yu waant?

Buuggee ayaad rabtaa?

Whose car is this?

Huuz kaar iz ðis?

Baabuurkani yaa leh?

8. Go'aamiyeyaasha aan gaar loo cayimin

Kuwani waxay tilmaamaan qof ama shay aan si gaar ah loo cayimin.

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid

a ə qof ama shay aan gaar loo cayimin

an ən qof ama shay aan gaar loo cayimin

some səm qaar / xoogaa

any eni midna / wax kasta oo suurtagal ah

no noo ma jiro / waxba

another ənadhər mid kale

other adhər kale / kuwa kale

such sach noocaas ah / sidaas oo kale

9. another iyo other

Labadan eray waxay leeyihiin adeegsiyo kala duwan.

another

another + magac keli ah oo la tirin karo

I need another book.

Ay niid ənadhər buk.

Waxaan u baahanahay buug kale.

other

other + magac jamac ah

I need other books.

Ay niid adhər buks.

Waxaan u baahanahay buugaag kale.

the other

The other book is mine.

Ðii adhər buk iz mayn.

Buugga kale waa kayga.

the other + jamac

The other books are mine.

Ðii adhər buks aar mayn.

Buugaagta kale waa kuwayga.

10. Go'aamiyeyaasha xoojinta iyo isu ekaanshaha

such

such + a/an + sifo + magac keli ah

She is such a nice person.

Shii iz sach ə nays pərsən.

Waa qof aad u wanaagsan.

Magac jamac ah:

such people

Sach piipəl

Dadkaas oo kale.

Magac aan la tirin karin:

such good advice

Sach gud ədvays

Talo wanaagsan oo noocaas ah.

11. Go'aamiyeyaasha tirada badan iyo kuwa guud

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Tusaale

all ool dhammaan all students

both booth labadaba both books

each iich mid kasta si gaar ah each student

every evri qof kasta / shay kasta every student

either iiðər midkood labada either book

neither niðər midna labada neither book

enough inaf ku filan enough food

much mach qaddar badan much water

many meni tiro badan many books

most moost inta badan most people

more moor wax ka badan more time

less les qaddar ka yar less water

fewer fyuur tiro ka yar fewer people

half haaf badh half the money

plenty of plenti əv qaddar badan plenty of food

a lot of ə lot əv qaddar ama tiro badan a lot of people

lots of lots əv qaddar ama tiro badan lots of books

12. Weedho muujinaya tiro ama qaddar badan

Weedhahan waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu tilmaamo tiro ama qaddar magac.

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid

a lot of ə lot əv qaddar ama tiro badan

lots of lots əv qaddar ama tiro badan

plenty of plenti əv qaddar badan / wax ku filan oo dheeraad ah

a number of ə nambər əv tiro ka mid ah

a great number of ə greyt nambər əv tiro aad u badan

a large number of ə laarj nambər əv tiro badan

a small number of ə smool nambər əv tiro yar

a great deal of ə greyt diil əv qaddar aad u badan

a large amount of ə laarj əmawnt əv qaddar badan

a small amount of ə smool əmawnt əv qaddar yar

a majority of ə məjoorəti əv inta badan

a minority of ə maynoorəti əv inta yar

a pair of ə per əv labo shay oo lammaane ah

a couple of ə kapəl əv laba / dhowr

a range of ə reynj əv noocyo ama waxyaabo kala duwan

a variety of ə vərayəti əv noocyo kala duwan

a series of ə siriiz əv taxane

a set of ə set əv koox ama ururin

a group of ə gruup əv koox

a number of ə nambər əv tiro ka mid ah

Tusaale:

A lot of students study English.

Ə lot əv stuudənts stadi inglish.

Arday badan ayaa barta Ingiriisiga.

13. Go'aamiyeyaasha jajabka iyo qaybaha

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid

half haaf badh

a half ə haaf badh

quarter kwoortər rubuc

a quarter ə kwoortər rubuc

third thərd saddex-meelood meel

a third ə thərd saddex-meelood meel

two-thirds tuu thərdz laba-meelood saddex

three-quarters thrii kwoortərz saddex rubuc

part of paart əv qayb ka mid ah

most of moost əv inta badan

some of səm əv qaar ka mid ah

all of ool əv dhammaan

none of nan əv midna kama mid aha

Tusaalooyin:

Half the students left.

Haaf ðə stuudənts left.

Badhkii ardayda ayaa baxay.

Most of the students passed.

Moost əv ðə stuudənts paast.

Inta badan ardaydu way gudbeen.

14. none iyo neither

none

Waxaa loo adeegsadaa koox ama tiro ka badan laba.

None of the students came.

Nan əv ðə stuudənts keym.

Ardayda midkoodna ma iman.

neither

Waxaa loo adeegsadaa laba qof ama laba shay marka midkoodna aanu jirin ama aanu samayn wax.

Neither student came.

Niiðər stuudənt keym.

Labada arday midkoodna ma iman.

either

Midkood labada:

Either student can help you.

Iiðər stuudənt kan help yu.

Labada arday midkood ayaa ku caawin kara.

15. Go'aamiyeyaasha diidmada

Go'aamiye Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Tusaale

no noo ma jiro / waxba ma jiraan no money

neither niðər midna labada neither student

no other noo adhər mid kale ma jiro no other option

not a not ə midna ma aha not a single person

not any not eni midna ma jiro not any books

Tusaale:

No student was absent.

Noo stuudənt wəz æbsənt.

Ardayna ma maqnaan.

16. Erayo u shaqayn kara go'aamiyeyaal iyadoo ku xiran adeegsiga

Erayada qaarkood waxay noqon karaan go'aamiyeyaal iyadoo ku xiran meesha iyo sida loo adeegsado.

Erayga Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Tusaale ahaan marka uu yahay go'aamiye

certain sərtən certain people = dad gaar ah

certain sərtən a certain person = qof gaar ah

particular pərtikyələr a particular reason = sabab gaar ah

specific spəsifik a specific case = xaalad gaar ah

given givən given circumstances = duruufaha la sheegay

same seym the same person = isla qofkaas

next nekst next week = toddobaadka soo socda

last laast last year = sannadkii hore

previous priiviyəs previous examples = tusaalooyinkii hore

following folowing the following day = maalinta xigta

certain sərtən certain circumstances = duruufo gaar ah

various veriyəs various reasons = sababo kala duwan

numerous nuumərəs numerous examples = tusaalooyin badan

countless kawntləs countless possibilities = fursado aan tiro lahayn

different difrənt different ideas = fikrado kala duwan

same seym the same answer = isla jawaabtaas

17. Erayada sida next iyo last

Macnaha erayadani wuu kala duwanaan karaa iyadoo ku xiran in the la adeegsado iyo in kale.

next week

I will travel next week.

Ay wil trævəl nekst wiik.

Waxaan safri doonaa toddobaadka soo socda.

the next week

Waxay tilmaamaysaa toddobaadka xiga ee dhacdo ama waqti hore loo sheegay.

The next week was very busy.

Ðə nekst wiik wəz veri bizi.

Toddobaadkii xigay aad buu mashquul u ahaa.

Isla fikradda:

last year = sannadkii hore

the last year = sannadkii ugu dambeeyay / muddada sannadka ee ugu dambaysa

18. Go'aamiyeyaasha isku-dhafan ee xoojinaya qaybinta

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid

each and every iich ənd evri mid kasta, iyada oo aan laga reebin

every single evri singəl qof kasta ama shay kasta si gaar ah

each individual iich indivijual shakhsi kasta

any given eni givən mid kasta oo la cayimay

a certain ə sərtən qof ama shay gaar ah

one particular wan pərtikyələr mid gaar ah

the whole ðə hool dhan / gebi ahaan

the entire ði intayər gebi ahaan / dhammaantood

the total ðə tootəl wadarta guud

Tusaalooyin:

Every single student passed.

Evri singəl stuudənt paast.

Arday kasta wuu gudbay.

The entire class left.

Ði intayər klaas left.

Fasalka oo dhan ayaa baxay.

19. whole iyo entire

Labadooduba waxay muujinayaan wax dhammaystiran ama gebi ahaanba ah.

the whole + magac

I read the whole book.

Ay red ðə hool buk.

Waxaan akhriyey buugga oo dhan.

the entire + magac

I read the entire book.

Ay red ði intayər buk.

Waxaan akhriyey buugga oo dhan.

20. Go'aamiyeyaasha lahaanshaha ee gaarka ah

Kuwani waa qaabab muujinaya lahaansho, badanaa iyagoo adeegsanaya calaamadda 's.

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid

John's jonz wax uu John leeyahay

Mary's meeriz wax ay Mary leedahay

the man's ðə mændz wax uu ninku leeyahay

the students' ðə stuudənts wax ay ardaydu leeyihiin

Tusaale:

John's car is new.

Jonz kaar iz nyuu.

Baabuurka John waa cusub yahay.

John's waxaa loo adeegsaday in lagu muujiyo lahaanshaha.

21. Kala horraynta go'aamiyeyaasha

Badanaa go'aamiyeyaal dhowr ah waxaa loo kala dhigaa hab gaar ah.

Tusaale:

the three old books

Ðə thrii oold buks

Saddexda buug ee duugga ah.

Ma aha:

❌ three the books

Kala horraynta caadiga ah:

go'aamiye aasaasi ah + tiro ama qaddar + sifo + magac

Tusaale:

the two beautiful houses

Ðə tuu byuutifəl hawziz

Labada guri ee quruxda badan.

22. Ma la wada isticmaali karaa laba go'aamiye?

Mararka qaarkood haa, laakiin dhammaan go'aamiyeyaasha si toos ah looma wada adeegsan karo.

❌ a the book

Qaabkan lama isticmaalo:

❌ a the book

❌ this my book

Xeerka Ingiriisigu ma oggola in qaabkan loo adeegsado:

❌ this my book

Bedelkeeda dheh:

this book of mine

Ðis buk əv mayn

Buuggan aan leeyahay.

Laakiin qaababkan waa sax:

all my books

Ool may buks

Dhammaan buugaagtayda.

Qaab-dhismeed:

all + my + books

Sidoo kale:

both my parents

Booth may perənts

Labada waalidkay.

Sidoo kale:

half the money

Haaf ðə mani

Badhka lacagta.

23. Go'aamiyeyaasha leh magacyo la tirin karo iyo kuwo aan la tirin karin

Magac keli ah oo la tirin karo

Waxaa la isticmaali karaa:

a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another

Tusaalooyin:

a book

Ə buk

Buug

this book

Ðis buk

Buuggan

every book

Evri buk

Buug kasta

Magac jamac ah oo la tirin karo

Waxaa la isticmaali karaa:

the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer

Tusaale:

many books

Meni buks

Buugaag badan.

Magac aan la tirin karin

Waxaa la isticmaali karaa:

the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most

Tusaale:

much water

Mach wootər

Biyo badan.

24. several

several waa go'aamiye tilmaamaya tiro ka badan laba, balse aan aad u badnayn.

Several students came.

Sevrəl stuudənts keym.

Dhowr arday ayaa yimid.

Macnaha guud:

Dhowr ama tiro ka badan laba, laakiin aan ahayn tiro aad u badan.

25. certain / various / numerous

Erayga Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Tusaale

certain sərtən qaar / gaar ah certain people

various veriyəs kala duwan various reasons

numerous nuumərəs badan / tiro badan numerous examples

countless kawntləs aan tiro lahayn countless opportunities

several sevrəl dhowr several books

different difrənt kala duwan different ideas

12- Weedhaha Shuruudda (IF CONDITIONAL)

Nooca qaab-dhismeedka Ku dhawaaqidda qaab-dhismeedka Macnaha ama waqtiga

Zero Conditional If + Simple Present, Simple Present If + presənt, presənt Xaqiiqo guud ama caado

First Conditional If + Simple Present, will + V1 If + presənt, wil + V wan Suurtagal mustaqbalka

Second Conditional If + Simple Past, would + V1 If + paast, wud + V wan Xaalad mala-awaal ah oo hadda ama mustaqbalka ah

Third Conditional If + Past Perfect, would have + V3 If + paast pərfikt, wud hæv + V thrii Wax hore u dhacay oo si kale u dhici kari lahaa

Mixed Conditional 1 If + Past Perfect, would + V1 If + paast pərfikt, wud + V wan Wixii hore → natiijo hadda jirta

Mixed Conditional 2 If + Simple Past, would have + V3 If + paast, wud hæv + V thrii Xaaladda hadda → natiijo hore

Nooca qaab-dhismeedka Ku dhawaaqidda qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaad

Would Simple would + V1 wud + V wan I would eat. Ay wud iit. Waan cuni lahaa.

Would Continuous would be + V-ing wud bii + V-ing I would be eating. Ay wud bii iiting. Waan cuni lahaa waqtigaas / waan ku jiri lahaa cunista.

Would Perfect would have + V3 wud hæv + V thrii I would have eaten. Ay wud hæv iitən. Waan cuni lahaa, haddii xaaladdu sidaas ahaan lahayd.

Would Perfect Continuous would have been + V-ing wud hæv bin + V-ing I would have been eating. Ay wud hæv bin iiting. Waan sii wadi lahaa cunista muddo ilaa waqtigaas.

Dhammaan magac-u-yaallada

Magac-u-yaal Would + V1 Would be + V-ing Would have + V3 Would have been + V-ing

I I would eat. I would be eating. I would have eaten. I would have been eating.

You You would eat. You would be eating. You would have eaten. You would have been eating.

He He would eat. He would be eating. He would have eaten. He would have been eating.

She She would eat. She would be eating. She would have eaten. She would have been eating.

It It would eat. It would be eating. It would have eaten. It would have been eating.

We We would eat. We would be eating. We would have eaten. We would have been eating.

They They would eat. They would be eating. They would have eaten. They would have been eating.

Dhammaan qaababka Would Negative – Active

Nooca qaab-dhismeedka Ku dhawaaqidda qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaad

Would Simple Negative would not + V1 wud not + V wan I would not eat. Ay wud not iit. Ma cuni lahayn.

Would Continuous Negative would not be + V-ing wud not bii + V-ing I would not be eating. Ay wud not bii iiting. Waqtigaas ma cuni lahayn.

Would Perfect Negative would not have + V3 wud not hæv + V thrii I would not have eaten. Ay wud not hæv iitən. Ma cuni lahayn ilaa waqtigaas.

Would Perfect Continuous Negative would not have been + V-ing wud not hæv bin + V-ing I would not have been eating. Ay wud not hæv bin iiting. Ma sii wadi lahayn cunista ilaa waqtigaas.

Dhammaan magac-u-yaallada

Magac-u-yaal Would not + V1 Would not be + V-ing Would not have + V3 Would not have been + V-ing

I I would not eat. I would not be eating. I would not have eaten. I would not have been eating.

You You would not eat. You would not be eating. You would not have eaten. You would not have been eating.

He He would not eat. He would not be eating. He would not have eaten. He would not have been eating.

She She would not eat. She would not be eating. She would not have eaten. She would not have been eating.

It It would not eat. It would not be eating. It would not have eaten. It would not have been eating.

We We would not eat. We would not be eating. We would not have eaten. We would not have been eating.

They They would not eat. They would not be eating. They would not have eaten. They would not have been eating.

Qaababka gaagaaban

Qaabka buuxa Qaabka gaaban Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga

would not + V1 wouldn't + V1 wudənt + V wan

would not be + V-ing wouldn't be + V-ing wudənt bii + V-ing

would not have + V3 wouldn't have + V3 wudənt hæv + V thrii

would not have been + V-ing wouldn't have been + V-ing wudənt hæv bin + V-ing

Dhammaan qaababka Would Passive

Nooca qaab-dhismeedka Ku dhawaaqidda qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaad

Simple would be + V3 wud bii + V thrii The book would be read. Ðə buk wud bii red. Buugga waa la akhrin lahaa.

Continuous would be being + V3 wud bii biiing + V thrii The book would be being read. Ðə buk wud bii biiing red. Buugga waxaa la sii akhrin lahaa waqtigaas. Qaabkani aad buu u yar yahay.

Perfect would have been + V3 wud hæv bin + V thrii The book would have been read. Ðə buk wud hæv bin red. Buugga waa la akhrin lahaa ilaa waqtigaas.

Perfect Continuous would have been being + V3 wud hæv bin biiing + V thrii The book would have been being read. Ðə buk wud hæv bin biiing red. Buugga waxaa la sii akhrin lahaa muddo ilaa waqtigaas. Qaabkani aad buu u dhif yahay.

Dhammaan magac-u-yaallada

Magac-u-yaal Would Passive Simple Would Passive Continuous Would Passive Perfect Would Passive Perfect Continuous

I I would be seen. I would be being seen. I would have been seen. I would have been being seen.

You You would be seen. You would be being seen. You would have been seen. You would have been being seen.

He He would be seen. He would be being seen. He would have been seen. He would have been being seen.

She She would be seen. She would be being seen. She would have been seen. She would have been being seen.

It It would be seen. It would be being seen. It would have been seen. It would have been being seen.

We We would be seen. We would be being seen. We would have been seen. We would have been being seen.

They They would be seen. They would be being seen. They would have been seen. They would have been being seen.

Qaababka diidmada — Would Passive Negative

Nooca qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaad

Simple would not be + V3 The book would not be read. Ðə buk wud not bii red. Buugga lama akhrin lahayn.

Continuous would not be being + V3 The book would not be being read. Ðə buk wud not bii biiing red. Buugga lama sii akhrin lahayn waqtigaas. Qaabkani aad buu u dhif yahay.

Perfect would not have been + V3 The book would not have been read. Ðə buk wud not hæv bin red. Buugga lama akhrin lahayn ilaa waqtigaas.

Perfect Continuous would not have been being + V3 The book would not have been being read. Ðə buk wud not hæv bin biiing red. Buugga lama sii akhrin lahayn muddo ilaa waqtigaas. Qaabkani aad buu u dhif yahay.

Erayada aasaasiga ah ee shuruudaha

Erayga / weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Ingiriisiga Qeexid Sharraxaad

if if haddii Erayga aasaasiga ah ee lagu bilaabo shuruud

if not if not haddii kale / haddii aanay ahayn Shuruud diidmo ah

unless ənles haddii aanay ahayn / haddii aan Badanaa waxay la macno tahay if...not

when wen marka / goorta Shuruud ama dhacdo la filayo ama soo noqnoqota

whenever> wen-ever mar kasta oo Shuruud ama dhacdo soo noqnoqota

even if iivən if xitaa haddii Natiijadu isma beddelayso xitaa haddii shuruuddu dhacdo

only if oonli if kaliya haddii Shuruud lagama maarmaan ah

if and only if if ənd oonli if haddii oo keliya haddii Shuruud lagama maarmaan ah oo ku filan

as long as əz long əz inta ay / haddii la raaco shuruudda Shuruud

so long as soo long əz inta ay / haddii la raaco shuruudda La mid ah as long as

provided that prəvaydəd ðæt waa haddii / shardi ah in Shuruud rasmi ah

providing that prəvayding ðæt waa haddii / shardi ah in Shuruud

on condition that on kəndishən ðæt shardi ah in Shuruud rasmi ah

in case in keys haddii ay dhacdo / si looga gaashaanto Xaalad taxaddar leh; mar walba lama mid aha if

in the event that in ði ivent ðæt haddii ay dhacdo in Shuruud rasmi ah

assuming that əsuuming ðæt haddii loo qaato in Mala-awaal

supposing that səpoozing ðæt haddii la qiyaaso in Mala-awaal

suppose səpooz qiyaas in / ka warran haddii Soo bandhigid mala-awaal

what if waat if ka warran haddii Su'aal ku saabsan suurtagalnimada

if only if oonli haddii oo keliya / bal haddii Badanaa waxay muujisaa rabitaan ama qoomamo

even though iivən ðoo in kasta oo / inkastoo Ma aha shuruud; waxay muujisaa is-diiddan ama wax ka duwan wixii la filayay

whether weðər inay tahay iyo in kale Ikhtiyaar ama laba suurtagal

when wen marka / goorta

only when oonli wen kaliya marka / kaliya haddii waqtigaas

13- Isbarbardhigga iyo Sarraynta (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)

Isbarbardhig gaaban Sifo + -er + than Aadjiktiif + er + dhan taller than toolar dhan

Sarrayn gaaban the + sifo + -est dha + aadjiktiif + ist the tallest dha toolist

Isbarbardhig dheer more + sifo + than moor + aadjiktiif + dhan more beautiful than moor byuutiful dhan

Sarrayn dheer the most + sifo dha moost + aadjiktiif the most beautiful dha moost byuutiful

Isbarbardhig muujinaya wax ka yar less + sifo + than les + aadjiktiif + dhan less expensive than les ikspensiv dhan

Sarraynta ugu yar the least + sifo dha liist + aadjiktiif the least expensive dha liist ikspensiv

Isku ekaansho as + sifo + as az + aadjiktiif + az as tall as az tool az

Isku ekaansho diidmo ah not as + sifo + as not az + aadjiktiif + az not as tall as not az tool az

Isbarbardhig siman sifo + as aadjiktiif + az tall as tool az

Isbarbardhig siman oo diidmo ah not + sifo + as not + aadjiktiif + az not tall as not tool az

Isbarbardhig xooggan much/far/a lot + qaabka isbarbardhigga mach/faar/a lot + kombaraativ much better mach betar

Isbarbardhig yar a little/slightly + qaabka isbarbardhigga a litil/slaitli + kombaraativ slightly better slaitli betar

Kordhin tartiib ah qaabka isbarbardhigga + and + qaabka isbarbardhigga kombaraativ + and + kombaraativ bigger and bigger bigar and bigar

Isbarbardhig isku xiran the + qaabka isbarbardhigga, the + qaabka isbarbardhigga dha + kombaraativ, dha + kombaraativ the more, the better dha moor, dha betar

Waxa ugu sarreeya koox gudaheeda the + qaabka sarraynta + in/of dha + suuperlativ + in/of the best in the class dha best in dha klaas

Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya one of the + qaabka sarraynta + magac jamac ah wan ov dha + suuperlativ + magac jamac ah one of the best students wan ov dha best stuudants

Sarrayn si gaar ah loo xoojiyey by far + the + qaabka sarraynta bay faar + dha suuperlativ by far the best bay faar dha best

Isbarbardhig ficil ficil + more/less verb + moor/les work more wark moor

Isbarbardhig magacyo la tirin karo more/fewer + magac jamac ah moor/fyuuar + magac jamac ah more books / fewer books moor buks / fyuuar buks

Isbarbardhig magacyo aan la tirin karin more/less + magac aan la tirin karin moor/les + magac aan la tirin karin more water / less water moor wootar / les wootar

Isbarbardhig lacag more/less + magac moor/les + magac more money moor mani

Isbarbardhig tiro dad ama waxyaabo la tirin karo more/fewer + magac jamac ah moor/fyuuar + magac jamac ah more people moor piipal

Lacag laba laab ah twice as much as twaays az mach az twice as much money twaays az mach mani

Tiro laba laab ah twice as many as twaays az meni az twice as many books twaays az meni buks

I am as tall as him ay am az tool az him Anigu isaga ayaan la dherer ahay

Goorma ayaa la isticmaalaa -er, goormase la isticmaalaa more?

Qodobkani aad buu muhiim u yahay.

Xaaladda La isticmaalo Tusaale Dhawaaq T macne

Sifo gaaban, badanaa hal dhawaaq -er taller toolar ka dheer

Sifo gaaban, badanaa hal dhawaaq -er smaller smoolar ka yar

Sifo ku dhammaata -y -er, iyadoo y loo beddelayo i happier happiyar ka farxad badan

Sifo ku dhammaata -e -r larger laarjar ka weyn

Sifo dheer, badanaa laba dhawaaq ama ka badan more more beautiful moor byuutiful ka qurux badan

Sifo dheer more more expensive moor ikspensiv ka qaalisan

Sifo dheer more more interesting moor intaresting ka xiiso badan

15- Weedhaha Qaraabada (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

Nooca Erayada ama qaababka la isticmaalo Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga oo Soomaali lagu qoray Tusaale Dhawaaqa tusaalaha Tarjumaad

Weedh qaraabo oo xaddidaysa who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why huu / huum / huuz / wich / dhaat / weer / wen / waay The man who lives here is my teacher. dha man huu livz hir iz maay tiichar Ninka halkan deggan waa macallinkayga.

Weedh qaraabo oo aan xaddidayn who / whom / whose / which / where / when huu / huum / huuz / wich / weer / wen My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. maay bradhar, huu livz in landan, iz a doktor Walaalkay, oo London deggan, waa dhakhtar.

Weedh qaraabo oo mawduuceedu yahay qofka ama shayga who/which/that + ficil huu / wich / dhaat + verb The woman who works here is friendly. dha wuman huu works hir iz frendli Haweeneyda halkan ka shaqaysa waa saaxiibtinimo badan tahay.

Weedh qaraabo oo shaygeedu yahay qof ama shay who/whom/which/that + fal-sameeye + ficil huu / huum / wich / dhaat + subject + verb The man whom I met was kind. dha man huum ay met woz kaaynd Ninkii aan la kulmay wuxuu ahaa naxariis badan.

Weedh qaraabo oo erayga qaraabada laga tagay magac + fal-sameeye + ficil dha noun + dha subject + dha verb The book I bought is interesting. dha buk ay boot iz intaresting Buugga aan iibsaday waa mid xiiso leh.

Weedh qaraabo oo lahaansho muujinaysa whose + magac huuz + dha noun The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. dha garl huuz faadhar iz a doktor iz maay frend Gabadha aabbaheed dhakhtar yahay waa saaxiibadday.

Weedh qaraabo oo meel muujinaysa where + weedh weer + dha klooz This is the house where I grew up. dhis iz dha haaws weer ay gru ap Kani waa gurigii aan ku soo koray.

Weedh qaraabo oo waqti muujinaysa when + weedh wen + dha klooz I remember the day when we met. ay rimembar dha dey wen wii met Waan xusuustaa maalintii aan kulannay.

Weedh qaraabo oo sabab muujinaysa why + weedh waay + dha klooz I know the reason why he left. ay noow dha riizan waay hii left Waan garanayaa sababta uu u baxay.

Weedh qaraabo oo leh xaraf xiriiriye xaraf xiriiriye + whom/which dha prepaziishan + huum/wich The person to whom I spoke was helpful. dha parsan tu huum ay spook woz helpful Qofkii aan la hadlay wuxuu ahaa qof waxtar leh.

Weedh qaraabo oo la soo gaabiyey, V-ing magac + V-ing dha noun + vii-ing The man standing there is my brother. dha man standing dheer iz maay bradhar Ninka halkaas taagan waa walaalkay.

Weedh qaraabo oo la soo gaabiyey, V3 magac + V3 dha noun + vii-thrii The documents signed yesterday are important. dha dokyuments saaynd yestar dey aar important Dukumentiyada shalay la saxiixay waa muhiim.

Weedh qaraabo oo aan dhammaad lahayn magac + to + V1 dha noun + tuu + vii-wan She was the first person to arrive. shii woz dha farst parsan tuu araayv Waxay ahayd qofkii ugu horreeyey ee yimaada.

Weedh qaraabo oo isku-dhafan whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however huu-ever / wot-ever / wich-ever / weer-ever / wen-ever / haw-ever Take whatever you want. teyk wot-ever yuu want Qaado wax kasta oo aad rabto.

Weedh qaraabo oo tixraacaysa weedh dhan , which + weedh wich + dha klooz He missed the bus, which made him late. hii mist dha bas, wich meyd him leyt Wuxuu seegay baska, taasina waxay keentay inuu soo daaho.

Weedh qaraabo oo magac u shaqaysa what / whatever / whoever / whichever wot / wot-ever / huu-ever / wich-ever I know what you mean. ay noow wot yuu miin Waan fahmay waxa aad ula jeeddo.

Weedh qaraabo oo mid kale ku dhex jirta weedh qaraabo oo ku jirta weedh kale relative clause inside relative clause The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. dha man huu livz in dha haaws dhaat ay boot iz maay neybar Ninka ku nool guriga aan iibsaday waa deriskayga.

16- Hadalka Dadban iyo Hadalka Tooska ah (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)

Nooca Qaab-dhismeedka Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale hadal toos ah Hadal dadban Tarjumaad

Weedh sheegid togan said (that) + weedh sed (dhaat) + dha klooz He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. Wuxuu yiri inuu daallan yahay.

Weedh sheegid diidmo ah said (that) + fal-sameeye + not + ficil sed (dhaat) + dha subject + not + dha verb He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. Wuxuu yiri inuusan daallannayn.

Su'aal haa/maya asked if/whether + weedh aaskt if/wedhar + dha klooz He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. Wuxuu i weydiiyey inaan diyaar ahay iyo in kale.

Su'aal ku bilaabanta eray su'aaleed asked + erayga su'aasha + weedh aaskt + kwestshan word + dha klooz He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. Wuxuu i weydiiyey meesha aan degganahay.

Amar togan told + qofka falka loo jeediyey + to + V1 towld + dha object + tuu + vii-wan He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. Wuxuu igu amray inaan albaabka furo.

Amar diidmo ah told + qofka falka loo jeediyey + not to + V1 towld + dha object + not tuu + vii-wan He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. Wuxuu igu amray inaanan albaabka furin.

Codsi asked + qofka falka loo jeediyey + to + V1 aaskt + dha object + tuu + vii-wan She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. Waxay iga codsatay inaan caawiyo.

Codsi diidmo ah asked + qofka falka loo jeediyey + not to + V1 aaskt + dha object + not tuu + vii-wan She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. Waxay iga codsatay inaanan tegin.

Talo advised + qofka falka loo jeediyey + to + V1 advaayzd + dha object + tuu + vii-wan He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. Wuxuu igula taliyey inaan si ka dadaal badan wax u barto.

Talo diidmo ah advised + qofka falka loo jeediyey + not to + V1 advaayzd + dha object + not tuu + vii-wan He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. Wuxuu igula taliyey inaanan si xawaare badan u wadin.

Soo-jeedin suggested + V-ing sajjestid + vii-ing He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. Wuxuu soo jeediyey in la tago.

Soo-jeedin lagu isticmaalo that suggested that + fal-sameeye + should + V1 sajjestid dhaat + dha subject + shud + vii-wan He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. Wuxuu soo jeediyey inaan tagno.

Diidmo refused + to + V1 rifyuuzd + tuu + vii-wan He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. Wuxuu diiday inuu tago.

Iskaa wax u qabasho offered + to + V1 oofard + tuu + vii-wan He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. Wuxuu isu soo bandhigay inuu i caawiyo.

Digniin warned + qofka falka loo jeediyey + to + V1 woornd + dha object + tuu + vii-wan He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. Wuxuu iiga digay inaan taxaddaro.

Digniin diidmo ah warned + qofka falka loo jeediyey + not to + V1 woornd + dha object + not tuu + vii-wan He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. Wuxuu iiga digay inaanan taaban.

Raalli-gelin apologized for + V-ing apolojayzd for + vii-ing He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. Wuxuu raalli-gelin ka bixiyey beenta uu sheegay.

Qirasho admitted + V-ing admitid + vii-ing He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. Wuxuu qirtay inuu jebiyey.

Diidmo sheegasho denied + V-ing dinaayd + vii-ing He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. Wuxuu diiday inuu jebiyey.

Eedayn accused + qofka la eedeeyey + of + V-ing akyuu zd + dha object + ov + vii-ing He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. Wuxuu igu eedeeyey inaan xaday.

Eed saarid blamed + qofka la eedeeyey + for + V-ing bley md + dha object + for + vii-ing He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. Wuxuu igu eedeeyey inaan dhibaatada sababay.

Hambalyo congratulated + qofka + on + V-ing/magac kangraachuleytid + dha object + on + vii-ing/noun He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. Wuxuu igu hambalyeeyey guusha aan gaaray.

Isbeddelka waqtiyada ee hadalka dadban (Reported Speech)

Marka hadalka tooska ah loo beddelo hadal dadban, badanaa waqtiga falka ayaa dib loogu celinayaa waqti hore. Isbeddelkan waxaa la yiraahdaa Backshift.

Hadal toos ah Hadal dadban Dhawaaqa magaca waqtiga ee Ingiriisiga

Present Simple Past Simple prezent simpl / paast simpl

Present Continuous Past Continuous prezent kontin yuus / paast kontin yuus

Present Perfect Past Perfect prezent perfekt / paast perfekt

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous prezent perfekt kontin yuus / paast perfekt kontin yuus

Past Simple Past Perfect paast simpl / paast perfekt

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous paast kontin yuus / paast perfekt kontin yuus

Past Perfect Past Perfect paast perfekt / paast perfekt

will + V1 would + V1 wud + vii-wan

will be + V-ing would be + V-ing wud bii + vii-ing

will have + V3 would have + V3 wud haav + vii-thrii

can + V1 could + V1 kud + vii-wan

may + V1 might + V1 maayt + vii-wan

must + V1 had to + V1 had tuu + vii-wan

3. Tusaalooyinka Backshift

Hadal toos ah Hadal dadban Tarjumaad

He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. Wuxuu yiri inuu halkaas ka shaqeeyo.

He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. Wuxuu yiri inuu shaqaynayey.

He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. Wuxuu yiri inuu dhammeeyey.

He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. Wuxuu yiri inuu dhammeeyey.

He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. Wuxuu yiri inuu hurdayey.

He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. Wuxuu yiri inuu iman doono.

He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. Wuxuu yiri inuu dabaalan karo.

He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. Wuxuu yiri inuu iman karo.

4. Isbeddelka magac-u-yaallada

Hadal toos ah Hadal dadban

I he / she

me him / her

my his / her

mine his / hers

we they

us them

our their

ours theirs

you I / we / he / she / they — waxay ku xiran tahay macnaha guud

your my / our / his / her / their — waxay ku xiran tahay macnaha guud

Tusaale:

Direct: She said, “I love my house.”

Reported: She said that she loved her house.

Dhawaaq: shii sed dhaat shii lavd har haaws.

Tarjumaad: Waxay tiri inay gurigeeda jeceshahay.

5. Isbeddelka erayada waqtiga iyo goobta

Hadal toos ah Hadal dadban

now then

today that day

tonight that night

yesterday the day before / the previous day

tomorrow the next day / the following day

last week the previous week

next week the following week

ago before

here there

this that

these those

17- Infinitives iyo Magac-fal (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)

Nooca Magaca naxwaha Ingiriisiga Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga Qaab-dhismeedka Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka Macnaha/isticmaalka

Infinitive leh to to-infinitive tuu-infinitiv to + V1 tuu + vii-wan in la sameeyo wax

Infinitive aan lahayn to bare infinitive bear infinitiv V1 vii-wan ficilka asalka ah oo aan to lahayn

Qaabka -ing ee magac ahaan loo isticmaalo gerund jerand V-ing vii-ing fal loo adeegsaday magac ahaan

Infinitive dhamaystiran perfect infinitive perfekt infinitiv to have + V3 tuu haav + vii-thrii in wax hore loo sameeyey

Infinitive socda continuous infinitive kontin yuus infinitiv to be + V-ing tuu bii + vii-ing in fal socdo

Infinitive socda oo dhamaystiran perfect continuous infinitive perfekt kontin yuus infinitiv to have been + V-ing tuu haav bin + vii-ing in fal muddo socday

Infinitive dadban passive infinitive paasiv infinitiv to be + V3 tuu bii + vii-thrii in wax la sameeyo ama la sameeyey

Infinitive dadban oo dhamaystiran perfect passive infinitive perfekt paasiv infinitiv to have been + V3 tuu haav bin + vii-thrii in wax hore loo sameeyey ama loo fuliyey

# Nooca Qaab-dhismeedka Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale Dhawaaqa tusaalaha Tarjumaad

1 Adjective + V-ing Fal-sameeye + be + sifo + ficil-ing + shay dha subject + bii + aadjiktiif + verb-ing + object I am happy seeing you. ay am haapi siiing yuu Waan ku faraxsanahay inaan ku arko.

2 Adjective + to-infinitive Fal-sameeye + be + sifo + to + V1 + shay dha subject + bii + aadjiktiif + tuu + vii-wan + object I am happy to see you. ay am haapi tuu sii yuu Waan ku faraxsanahay inaan ku arko.

3 Verb + to-infinitive Fal-sameeye + plan + to + V1 dha subject + plan + tuu + vii-wan I plan to eat. ay plan tuu iit Waxaan qorshaynayaa inaan wax cuno.

4 Verb + V-ing Fal-sameeye + plan + ficil-ing dha subject + plan + verb-ing I plan eating. ay plan iiting Waxaan qorshaynayaa cunista, laakiin qaabkani guud ahaan ma aha kan caadiga ah ee macnahan.

5 Perception verb + object + V1 Fal-sameeye + see + shay/qof + V1 dha subject + sii + object + vii-wan I see him run. ay sii him ran Waan arkaa isaga oo ordaya.

6 Perception verb + object + V-ing Fal-sameeye + see + shay/qof + ficil-ing dha subject + sii + object + verb-ing I see him running. ay sii him raning Waan arkaa isaga oo ordaya.

7 Purpose + to-infinitive Fal-sameeye + ficil + to + V1 dha subject + dha verb + tuu + vii-wan I eat to play. ay iit tuu pley Waan cunaa si aan u ciyaaro.

8 Purpose + in order to Fal-sameeye + ficil + in order to + V1 dha subject + dha verb + in oordar tuu + vii-wan I eat in order to play. ay iit in oordar tuu pley Waan cunaa si aan u ciyaaro.

18- Qaabka Subjunctive-ka (SUBJUNCTIVE)

Nooca Qaab-dhismeedka Dhawaaqa qaab-dhismeedka Tusaale Dhawaaqa tusaalaha Tarjumaad

1 Present Subjunctive Fal-sameeye + that + ficilka asalka ah V1 dha subject + dhaat + verb V1 I suggest that he go. ay sajjest dhaat hii goo Waxaan soo jeedinayaa inuu tago.

2 Negative Present Subjunctive Fal-sameeye + that + not + ficilka asalka ah V1 dha subject + dhaat + not + verb V1 I suggest that he not go. ay sajjest dhaat hii not goo Waxaan soo jeedinayaa inuusan tagin.

3 Be Subjunctive Fal-sameeye + that + be + sifo/magac dha subject + dhaat + bii + aadjiktiif/noun It is important that he be ready. it iz important dhaat hii bii redi Waa muhiim inuu diyaar ahaado.

4 Ka dib dalab ama talo Fal-sameeye + that + fal-sameeye + V1 dha subject + dhaat + dha subject + vii-wan They demanded that she leave. dhey dimandid dhaat shii liiv Waxay dalbadeen inay baxdo.

5 Ka dib insist Fal-sameeye + that + fal-sameeye + V1 dha subject + dhaat + dha subject + vii-wan I insist that he stay. ay insist dhaat hii stey Waan ku adkaysanayaa inuu joogo.

6 Ka dib require Fal-sameeye + that + fal-sameeye + V1 dha subject + dhaat + dha subject + vii-wan The law requires that everyone be present. dha loo rikwaayars dhaat evriwan bii prezant Sharcigu wuxuu farayaa in qof walba joogo.

7 Were Subjunctive If + fal-sameeye + were +... if + dha subject + wer +... If I were you, I would wait. if ay wer yuu, ay wud weyt Haddii aan adiga ahaan lahaa, waan sugi lahaa.

8 Wish + were Fal-sameeye + wish + fal-sameeye + were +... dha subject + wish + dha subject + wer +... I wish I were taller. ay wish ay wer toolar Waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan ka dheer ahaan lahaa.

9 Rogista qaab rasmi ah oo mala-awaal ah Were + fal-sameeye +... wer + dha subject +... Were I you, I would wait. wer ay yuu, ay wud weyt Haddii aan adiga ahaan lahaa, waan sugi lahaa.

10 Weedh rasmi ah oo go'an God/Heaven + V1 gad/hevən + vii-wan God save the King. gad seyv dha king Ilaahay ha badbaadiyo boqorka.

19- Su'aalaha Dabagalka ah (TAG QUESTIONS)

Nooca Qaab-dhismeedka Dhawaaqa Ingiriisiga oo Soomaali lagu qoray Tusaale dhammaystiran Dhawaaqa tusaalaha Tarjumaad

Tag Question — Weedh togan Weedh togan + kaaliye diidmo ah + fal-sameeye? weedh togan + auxiliary negative + subject? You are ready, aren't you? yuu aar redi, aarnt yuu? Waa diyaar, miyaadan ahayn?

Tag Question — Weedh diidmo ah Weedh diidmo ah + kaaliye togan + fal-sameeye? weedh diidmo ah + auxiliary positive + subject? You aren't ready, are you? yuu aarnt redi, aar yuu? Diyaar ma tihid, miyaad tahay?

Present Simple Weedh + don't/doesn't + fal-sameeye? weedh + doont/dazant + subject? She works here, doesn't she? shii works hir, dazant shii? Halkan ayay ka shaqaysaa, miyaanay ahayn?

Past Simple Weedh + didn't/did + fal-sameeye? weedh + didnt/did + subject? You saw him, didn't you? yuu soo him, didnt yuu? Waad aragtay isaga, miyaadan arag?

Be Weedh + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + fal-sameeye? weedh + izant/aarnt/wozant/wernt + subject? He is here, isn't he? hii iz hir, izant hii? Halkan ayuu joogaa, miyaanay ahayn?

Present Continuous Weedh + isn't/aren't + fal-sameeye? weedh + izant/aarnt + subject? She is working, isn't she? shii iz working, izant shii? Way shaqaynaysaa, miyaanay ahayn?

Present Perfect Weedh + hasn't/haven't + fal-sameeye? weedh + hazant/havnt + subject? They have finished, haven't they? dhey haav finished, havnt dhey? Way dhammeeyeen, miyaanay ahayn?

Past Perfect Weedh + hadn't + fal-sameeye? weedh + hadnt + subject? He had left, hadn't he? hii had left, hadnt hii? Wuu baxay, miyaanu bixin?

Future — will Weedh + won't + fal-sameeye? weedh + woont + subject? You will come, won't you? yuu wil kam, woont yuu? Waad iman doontaa, miyaadan iman doonin?

Modal Weedh + modal negative + fal-sameeye? weedh + modal negative + subject? He can swim, can't he? hii kan swim, kaant hii? Wuu dabaalan karaa, miyaanu karin?

Let's Let's + V1, shall we? let's + vii-wan, shaal wii? Let's go, shall we? let's goo, shaal wii? Aan tagno, miyaanu ahayn?

Amar V1 + will you? vii-wan + wil yuu? Open the door, will you? oopen dha door, wil yuu? Albaabka fur, fadlan.

Negative Question — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + fal-sameeye + V1? doont/dazant + dha subject + vii-wan? Don't you like coffee? doont yuu layk koofi? Qaxwada ma jeclid miyaa?

Negative Question — Past Simple Didn't + fal-sameeye + V1? didnt + dha subject + vii-wan? Didn't you see him? didnt yuu sii him? Miyaadan arag isaga?

Negative Question — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + fal-sameeye...? izant/aarnt/wozant/wernt + dha subject? Isn't he ready? izant hii redi? Miyaanu diyaar ahayn?

Negative Question — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + fal-sameeye + ficil-ing? izant/aarnt + dha subject + verb-ing? Isn't she working? izant shii working? Miyaanay shaqaynayn?

Negative Question — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + fal-sameeye + V3? havnt/hazant + dha subject + vii-thrii? Haven't you finished? havnt yuu finished? Miyaadan dhamayn?

Negative Question — Future Won't + fal-sameeye + V1? woont + dha subject + vii-wan? Won't you come with us? woont yuu kam with as? Miyaadan nala iman doonin?

Negative Question — Modal Modal negative + fal-sameeye + V1? modal negative + dha subject + vii-wan? Can't you help me? kaant yuu help mii? Miyaadan i caawin karin?

Su'aal diidmo oo buuxda Kaaliye + fal-sameeye + not + V1...? auxiliary + dha subject + not + vii-wan? Do you not know? duu yuu not noow? Miyaadan garanayn?

I am — Tag I am +..., aren't I? ay am +..., aarnt ay? I am right, aren't I? ay am rayt, aarnt ay? Waan saxanahay, miyaan sax ahayn?

Xeerarka aasaasiga ah

Xeer Tusaale

Weedh togan → Tag diidmo ah You like it, don't you?

Weedh diidmo ah → Tag togan You don't like it, do you?

Negative Question = Su'aal diidmo ah Don't you like it?

Tag Question = Weedh + su'aal gaaban oo dabagal ah You like it, don't you?

Haddii weedhu leedahay kaaliye, isla kaaliyahaas ayaa lagu isticmaalaa Tag She is working, isn't she?

Haddii aanu jirin kaaliye ku jira Present/Past Simple, isticmaal do/does/did He works, doesn't he?

Su'aasha diidmada ah, ficilka asalka ah V1 ayaa yimaada ka dib do/does/did Didn't you go? Waa sax. ❌ Didn't you went?

Jawaabta Yes/No waa inay waafaqdaa macnaha dhabta ah ee jawaabta Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

20- Erayo Modal ah (MODAL WORDS)

Modal Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha Sida loo isticmaalo Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaadda

can kan awoodid / kari kara I can swim. Ay kan swim. Waan dabaalan karaa.

could kud wuu kari karay / wuu awoodi karay I could swim when I was five. Ay kud swim wen ay woz fayf. Waan dabaalan kari jiray markii aan shan jir ahaa.

may mey waxaa laga yaabaa It may rain. It mey reyn. Waxaa laga yaabaa inuu roob da'o.

might mayt waxaa laga yaabaa It might rain. It mayt reyn. Waxaa laga yaabaa inuu roob da'o.

must mast waa in / khasab ah You must leave. Yuu mast liiv. Waa inaad baxdaa.

shall shal waxaa la samayn doonaa / ma...? Shall we go? Shal wii gow? Ma tagnaa?

should shud waa in / habboon You should rest. Yuu shud rest. Waa inaad nasataa.

will wil wuu samayn doonaa / mustaqbal I will help you. Ay wil help yuu. Waan ku caawin doonaa.

would wud wuxuu samayn lahaa / xaalad shuruudaysan I would help you. Ay wud help yuu. Waan ku caawin lahaa.

ought to oot tu waa in / waxaa habboon You ought to study. Yuu oot tu stadi. Waa inaad wax barataa.

Xeerka

Modal-yada aasaasiga ah badanaa waxaa ka dambeeya falka qaabkiisa koowaad (V1):

modal + V1

Tusaale:

She can speak English.

Shii kan spiik Ingliish.

Waxay ku hadli kartaa Ingiriisiga.

Waa khalad:

❌ She can speaks.

2. Macnaha iyo shaqada Modal-yada

Shaqada Modal words / expressions Macnaha

Ability — Awoodid can, could, be able to awoodid / karti

Possibility — Suurtagalnimo can, could, may, might, might possibly waxaa laga yaabaa / suuragal

Permission — Oggolaansho can, could, may, might waa la oggol yahay / ma karaa?

Request — Codsi can, could, will, would, may ma...? / ma ii samayn kartaa?

Advice — Talo should, ought to, had better waxaa habboon / waa inaad

Obligation — Waajib must, have to, have got to, need to waa in / khasab

Necessity — Baahi must, have to, need to waa lagama maarmaan

Prohibition — Mamnuucid must not, cannot/can't, may not waa mamnuuc / ma bannaana

Expectation — Filasho should, ought to, be supposed to waxaa la filayaa / waa in

Prediction — Saadaalin will, shall, should, ought to wuxuu samayn doonaa / waxaa la filayaa

Willingness — Rabitaan will, would wuu diyaar u yahay / wuu rabaa

Refusal — Diidmo will not, won't, would not, wouldn't wuu diidayaa / ma samayn doono

Habit — Caado would, will wuxuu samayn jiray / caadi ahaan wuu sameeyaa

Hypothetical — Xaalad mala-awaal ah would, could, might wuxuu samayn lahaa / wuu kari lahaa

Deduction — Gunaanad must, can't, couldn't, may, might waa inuu yahay / ma noqon karto / waxaa laga yaabaa

Regret — Qoomamo should have, ought to have, could have, would have waxaa habboonayd / wuu samayn kari lahaa

Past possibility — Suurtagalnimo hore may have, might have, could have waxaa laga yaabaa inuu hore u dhacay

Past deduction — Gunaanad ku saabsan waayihii hore must have, can't have, couldn't have waa inuu dhacay / suurtagal ma aha inuu dhacay

3. Semi-Modals — Falal u eg Modal

Kuwani ma aha modal-yada aasaasiga ah, laakiin waxay qabtaan shaqooyin la mid ah modal-yada.

Modal expression Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaadda

have to haf tu waa in / khasab I have to go. Ay haf tu gow. Waa inaan tagaa.

has to haz tu waa in / khasab She has to work. Shii haz tu work. Waa inay shaqaysaa.

had to had tu waxay ahayd inuu / inay I had to leave. Ay had tu liiv. Waa inaan baxayay / waxay igu khasbanaatay inaan baxo.

have got to haf gaat tu waa in / khasab I have got to go. Ay haf gaat tu gow. Waa inaan tagaa.

has got to haz gaat tu waa in / khasab He has got to leave. Hii haz gaat tu liiv. Waa inuu baxaa.

had better had betar waxaa ka wanaagsan inaad You had better go. Yuu had betar gow. Waxaa kuu wanaagsan inaad tagto.

be able to bii eibal tu awood u lahaansho She is able to swim. Shii iz eibal tu swim. Waxay awooddaa inay dabaalato.

be unable to bii aneibal tu aan awoodin He is unable to walk. Hii iz aneibal tu wok. Isagu ma awoodo inuu socdo.

be allowed to bii alaawid tu loo oggol yahay We are allowed to leave. Wii aar alaawid tu liiv. Waa naloo oggol yahay inaan baxno.

be permitted to bii permitid tu loo oggol yahay You are permitted to enter. Yuu aar permitid tu entar. Waa laguu oggol yahay inaad gasho.

be supposed to bii sapowzd tu laga filayo / laga rabo You are supposed to wait. Yuu aar sapowzd tu weyt. Waa inaad sugtaa.

be required to bii rikwayard tu lagaa rabo You are required to sign. Yuu aar rikwayard tu sayn. Waxaa lagaa rabaa inaad saxiixdo.

be expected to bii ikspektid tu laga filayo They are expected to arrive. Dhey aar ikspektid tu arayv. Waxaa la filayaa inay yimaadaan.

be willing to bii wiling tu diyaar u ahaansho I am willing to help. Ay am wiling tu help. Waan diyaar u ahay inaan caawiyo.

be unwilling to bii anwiling tu aan diyaar u ahayn He is unwilling to cooperate. Hii iz anwiling tu kow-aapareyt. Isagu diyaar uma aha inuu la shaqeeyo dadka kale.

be likely to bii laykli tu u badan tahay inay She is likely to win. Shii iz laykli tu win. Waxay u badan tahay inay guulaysato.

be unlikely to bii anlaykli tu uma badna inay He is unlikely to come. Hii iz anlaykli tu kam. Uma badna inuu yimaado.

4. Need — Fal u eg Modal

Need waxaa loo isticmaali karaa laba qaab.

Modal need

Need I go?

Niid ay gow?

Ma khasab baa inaan tago?

You needn't worry.

Yuu niidant wari.

Looma baahna inaad welwesho.

Main verb need

I need to go.

Ay niid tu gow.

Waxaan u baahanahay inaan tago.

Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

need niid baahi / u baahan

needn't niidant looma baahna

need to niid tu u baahan in la sameeyo

don't need to downt niid tu looma baahna in la sameeyo

didn't need to didant niid tu looma baahnayn in la sameeyo

5. Dare — Fal u eg Modal

Dare wuxuu ka dhigan yahay inuu qofku ku dhiirrado inuu wax sameeyo, waxaana loo isticmaali karaa fal caadi ah ama fal u eg modal.

Dare I ask?

Deyar ay aask?

Ma ku dhiirran karaa inaan su'aalo?

How dare you!

Haw deyar yuu!

Sidee baad ugu dhiirranaysaa!

Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

dare deyar ku dhiirran

daren't deyarant aan ku dhiirranayn

dare not deyar nat ha ku dhiirran

don't dare downt deyar ha ku dhiirran

6. Used to — Caado Hore

Used to ma aha modal caadi ah, laakiin waa qaab loo isticmaalo in lagu muujiyo caado ama xaalad hore oo hadda aan jirin.

I used to live there.

Ay yuust tu liv dheyr.

Hore ayaan halkaas ugu noolaan jiray.

Macnaha:

used to + V1

= Caado ama xaalad hore oo jirtay, laakiin laga yaabo inaanay hadda jirin.

7. Be going to

Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu muujiyo qorshe mustaqbalka ah ama wax la filayo inay dhacaan iyadoo ay jiraan calaamado muujinaya.

I am going to study.

Ay am gow-ing tu stadi.

Waxaan qorshaynayaa inaan wax barto.

It is going to rain.

It iz gow-ing tu reyn.

Waxay u muuqataa inuu roob da'ayo.

8. Modal expressions — Erayo Muujinaya Suurtagalnimo

Kuwani ma aha modal verbs, balse waa erayo iyo weedho muujiya suurtagalnimo ama heerka hubanti.

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

perhaps pərhaps waxaa laga yaabaa

maybe meybii waxaa laga yaabaa

possibly posibli suurtagal ahaan / waxaa laga yaabaa

probably probabli waxay u badan tahay

likely laykli u badan tahay

unlikely anlaykli uma badna

certainly sərtanli hubaal

definitely definitli hubaal / si xaqiiqo ah

surely shurli hubaal

apparently aparantli sida muuqata

presumably prizuumabli sida la filayo / sida loo malaynayo

conceivably kənsiivabli suurtagal ahaan

arguably aargyuəbli waxaa lagu doodi karaa

necessarily nesiserili waa lama huraan

not necessarily nat nesiserili khasab ma aha

Tusaale:

She will probably come.

Shii wil probabli kam.

Waxay u badan tahay inay timaaddo.

9. Expressions of necessity — Weedho Muujinaya Baahi

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

must mast waa in / khasab

have to haf tu waa in / khasab

have got to haf gaat tu waa in / khasab

need to niid tu u baahan in la sameeyo / waa in

be required to bii rikwayard tu lagaa rabo

be obliged to bii ablayjd tu kugu waajib ah

be compelled to bii kəmpeeld tu lagugu qasbay

be forced to bii forst tu lagugu khasbay

be necessary to bii nesiseri tu lagama maarmaan u ah

be essential to bii isenshal tu aad muhiim u ah / lama huraan u ah

10. Expressions of advice — Weedho Talo Bixin ah

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

should shud waxaa habboon

ought to oot tu waxaa habboon

had better had betar waxaa ka wanaagsan

might want to mayt want tu waxaa laga yaabaa inaad doorbidayso / waxaa kuu wanaagsan

could kud waxaad samayn kartaa / waxaa laga yaabaa inay habboon tahay

be advised to bii ad-vayzd tu lagula taliyo

it would be wise to it wud bii wayz tu waxaa caqli leh in

it would be better to it wud bii betar tu waxaa ka wanaagsan in

Tusaale:

You might want to check again.

Yuu mayt want tu chek agen.

Waxaa kuu wanaagsan inaad mar kale hubiso.

11. Expressions of permission — Weedho Oggolaansho ah

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

can kan waa la karaa / waa la oggol yahay

could kud ma la karaa? / ma suuragal baa?

may mey waa la oggol yahay / ma karaa?

might mayt ma suuragal baa? / codsi aad u edeb badan

be allowed to bii alaawid tu loo oggol yahay

be permitted to bii permitid tu loo oggol yahay

be authorized to bii ootharayzd tu loo fasaxay / loo oggolaaday

be entitled to bii intaytald tu xaq u leh

12. Expressions of ability — Weedho Awood Muujinaya

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

can kan awoodid

could kud awoodi jiray / kari karay

be able to bii eibal tu awood u leh

be capable of bii keypabal av awood u leh

manage to manij tu ku guulaysashada samaynta wax

succeed in saksiiid in ku guulaysashada

Tusaale:

She was able to solve the problem.

Shii woz eibal tu solv dha problem.

Waxay awoodday inay xalliso dhibaatada.

13. Expressions of expectation — Weedho Filasho Muujinaya

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

should shud waxaa la filayaa

ought to oot tu waxaa habboon / waa inay

be supposed to bii sapowzd tu laga rabo / laga filayo

be expected to bii ikspektid tu laga filayo

be due to bii dyuu tu loo qorsheeyay / la filayo

be scheduled to bii skedyuuld tu loo qorsheeyay

Tusaale:

The train is due to arrive at six.

Dha treyn iz dyuu tu arayv at siks.

Tareenka waxaa la filayaa inuu yimaado lixda saac.

14. Expressions of willingness — Weedho Diyaargarow Muujinaya

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

will wil wuu samayn doonaa / diyaar buu u yahay

would wud wuu samayn lahaa / ma jeclaan lahayd?

be willing to bii wiling tu diyaar u ah inuu

be happy to bii hapi tu ku faraxsan inuu sameeyo

be prepared to bii priperd tu diyaar u ah inuu

be ready to bii redi tu diyaar u ah inuu

15. Expressions of refusal — Weedho Diidmo Muujinaya

Weedha Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

will not / won't wil nat / wownt ma samayn doono / wuu diidayaa

would not / wouldn't wud nat / wudant ma samayn lahayn / wuu diidi lahaa

refuse to rifyuuz tu diid inuu sameeyo

decline to diklayn tu diidmo / ka cudur daarasho

be unwilling to bii anwiling tu aan diyaar u ahayn inuu

16. Past Modal Constructions — Qaababka Modal-ka ee Waayihii Hore

Qaababkani waxay adeegsadaan modal iyo fal ka hadlaya wax laga yaabo inay dhaceen ama dhici karay waayihii hore.

Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

could have + V3 kud haf + vii thrii wuu samayn kari lahaa

may have + V3 mey haf + vii thrii waxaa laga yaabaa inuu sameeyay

might have + V3 mayt haf + vii thrii waxaa laga yaabaa inuu sameeyay

must have + V3 mast haf + vii thrii waa inuu sameeyay

can't have + V3 kaant haf + vii thrii suuragal ma aha inuu sameeyay

couldn't have + V3 kudant haf + vii thrii suuragal ma ahayn inuu sameeyay

should have + V3 shud haf + vii thrii waxaa habboonayd inuu sameeyo

ought to have + V3 oot tu haf + vii thrii waxaa habboonayd inuu sameeyo

would have + V3 wud haf + vii thrii wuu samayn lahaa

needn't have + V3 niidant haf + vii thrii looma baahnayn inuu sameeyo, laakiin wuu sameeyay

Tusaale:

You should have called me.

Yuu shud haf koold mii.

Waxay ahayd inaad i soo wacdo.

17. Modal + Progressive — Modal iyo Fal Socda

Modal-ka waxaa raaca be + fal ku dhammaada -ing:

modal + be + verb-ing

Qaabka Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda Macnaha

can be + verb-ing He can be working. Hii kan bii working. Waa suuragal inuu shaqaynayo.

could be + verb-ing He could be working. Hii kud bii working. Waxaa laga yaabaa inuu shaqaynayo.

may be + verb-ing He may be working. Hii mey bii working. Waxaa laga yaabaa inuu shaqaynayo.

might be + verb-ing He might be working. Hii mayt bii working. Waxaa laga yaabaa inuu shaqaynayo.

must be + verb-ing He must be working. Hii mast bii working. Waa inuu shaqaynayaa.

should be + verb-ing He should be working. Hii shud bii working. Waa inuu shaqaynayaa / waxaa laga filayaa inuu shaqaynayo.

will be + verb-ing He will be working. Hii wil bii working. Wuu shaqayn doonaa.

would be + verb-ing He would be working. Hii wud bii working. Wuu shaqayn lahaa.

18. Modal + Perfect Progressive — Modal iyo Fal Socday

modal + have been + verb-ing

Tusaale:

She may have been working.

Shii mey haf bin working.

Waxaa laga yaabaa inay shaqaynaysay.

Qaabka Macnaha

could have been + verb-ing waxaa laga yaabaa inuu muddo samaynayay

may have been + verb-ing waxaa laga yaabaa inuu muddo samaynayay

might have been + verb-ing waxaa laga yaabaa inuu muddo samaynayay

must have been + verb-ing waa inuu muddo samaynayay

should have been + verb-ing waxaa habboonayd inuu muddo samaynayay

would have been + verb-ing wuu muddo samayn lahaa

19. Modal + Passive — Modal iyo Fal Dadban

modal + be + V3

Tusaale:

The work must be finished.

Dha work mast bii finished.

Shaqada waa in la dhammeeyaa.

Qaabka Tusaale

can be + V3 It can be done.

could be + V3 It could be done.

may be + V3 It may be done.

might be + V3 It might be done.

must be + V3 It must be done.

should be + V3 It should be done.

will be + V3 It will be done.

would be + V3 It would be done.

20. Modal + Perfect Passive — Modal iyo Fal Dadban oo Hore

modal + have been + V3

Tusaale:

It should have been done.

It shud haf bin dan.

Waa in la samayn lahaa.

Qaabka Macnaha

could have been + V3 waxaa laga yaabaa in la sameeyay

may have been + V3 waxaa laga yaabaa in la sameeyay

might have been + V3 waxaa laga yaabaa in la sameeyay

must have been + V3 waa in la sameeyay

should have been + V3 waxay ahayd in la sameeyo

would have been + V3 waa la samayn lahaa

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

Nooca Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda qaabka Tusaale dhammaystiran Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaadda

Keli — togan There is + magac keli ah Dheyr iz + noun There is a book on the table. Dheyr iz a buk on dha teybal. Buug ayaa miiska saaran.

Jamac — togan There are + magac jamac ah Dheyr aar + noun There are two books on the table. Dheyr aar tuu buks on dha teybal. Laba buug ayaa miiska saaran.

Magac aan la tirin karin There is + magac aan la tirin karin Dheyr iz + uncountable noun There is some water in the bottle. Dheyr iz sam wootar in dha botl. Biyaha qaar ayaa dhalada ku jira.

Keli — diidmo There isn't + magac keli ah Dheyr izant + noun There isn't a book here. Dheyr izant a buk hiir. Buug halkan ma yaallo.

Jamac — diidmo There aren't + magac jamac ah Dheyr aarnt + noun There aren't any books here. Dheyr aarnt eni buks hiir. Halkan wax buugaag ah ma yaallaan.

Su'aal — keli Is there + magac keli ah...? Iz dheyr + noun? Is there a problem? Iz dheyr a problem? Dhibaato ma jirtaa?

Su'aal — jamac Are there + magac jamac ah...? Aar dheyr + noun? Are there any problems? Aar dheyr eni problems? Dhibaatooyin ma jiraan?

Su'aal diidmo — keli Isn't there + magac keli ah...? Izant dheyr + noun? Isn't there a problem? Izant dheyr a problem? Dhibaato miyaanay jirin?

Su'aal diidmo — jamac Aren't there + magac jamac ah...? Aarnt dheyr + noun? Aren't there any problems? Aarnt dheyr eni problems? Dhibaatooyin miyaanay jirin?

Hore — keli There was + magac keli ah Dheyr woz + noun There was a problem. Dheyr woz a problem. Dhibaato ayaa jirtay.

Hore — jamac There were + magac jamac ah Dheyr wer + noun There were many people. Dheyr wer meni piipal. Dad badan ayaa joogay.

Hore diidmo — keli There wasn't + magac keli ah Dheyr wozant + noun There wasn't a problem. Dheyr wozant a problem. Dhibaato ma jirin.

Hore diidmo — jamac There weren't + magac jamac ah Dheyr wernt + noun There weren't many people. Dheyr wernt meni piipal. Dad badan ma joogin.

Su'aal hore — keli Was there + magac keli ah...? Woz dheyr + noun? Was there a problem? Woz dheyr a problem? Dhibaato ma jirtay?

Su'aal hore — jamac Were there + magac jamac ah...? Wer dheyr + noun? Were there many people? Wer dheyr meni piipal? Dad badan ma joogeen?

Mustaqbal There will be + magac Dheyr wil bii + noun There will be a meeting tomorrow. Dheyr wil bii a miiting tumaaro. Berri shir ayaa jiri doona.

Mustaqbal diidmo There won't be + magac Dheyr wownt bii + noun There won't be a meeting tomorrow. Dheyr wownt bii a miiting tumaaro. Berri shir ma jiri doono.

Su'aal mustaqbal Will there be + magac...? Wil dheyr bii + noun? Will there be a meeting tomorrow? Wil dheyr bii a miiting tumaaro? Berri shir ma jiri doonaa?

Present Perfect There has/have been + magac Dheyr haz/haf bin + noun There has been a mistake. Dheyr haz bin a misteyk. Qalad ayaa dhacay.

Past Perfect There had been + magac Dheyr had bin + noun There had been a problem. Dheyr had bin a problem. Dhibaato ayaa jirtay.

Modal There can/may/might/must/should be + magac Dheyr kan/mey/mayt/mast/shud bii + noun There may be a problem. Dheyr mey bii a problem. Waxaa laga yaabaa inay dhibaato jirto.

1. Have = Lahaansho

Nooca Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda qaabka Tusaale dhammaystiran Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaadda

Waxaa lala isticmaalaa I / you / we / they Mawduuc + have + magac Dha subject + haf + dha noun I have a car. Ay haf a kaar. Waxaan leeyahay baabuur.

Waxaa lala isticmaalaa he / she / it Mawduuc + has + magac Dha subject + haz + dha noun She has a car. Shii haz a kaar. Waxay leedahay baabuur.

Have waxaa lala isticmaalaa: I, you, we, they

Has waxaa lala isticmaalaa: he, she, it

2. Qaabka diidmada ee Have

Nooca Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda qaabka Tusaale dhammaystiran Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaadda

Diidmo I/you/we/they Mawduuc + do not + have + magac Dha subject + du nat + haf + dha noun I do not have a car. Ay du nat haf a kaar. Ma lihi baabuur.

Diidmo he/she/it Mawduuc + does not + have + magac Dha subject + daz nat + haf + dha noun She does not have a car. Shii daz nat haf a kaar. Ma laha baabuur.

Fiiro gaar ah: marka la isticmaalo does, waxaa la adeegsadaa have, ee lama isticmaalo has:

She doesn't have a car. ✅

She doesn't has a car. ❌

3. Su'aalaha Have

Nooca Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda qaabka Tusaale dhammaystiran Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Tarjumaadda

Su'aal I/you/we/they Do + mawduuc + have + magac? Du + dha subject + haf + dha noun? Do you have a car? Du yuu haf a kaar? Baabuur ma leedahay?

Su'aal he/she/it Does + mawduuc + have + magac? Daz + dha subject + haf + dha noun? Does she have a car? Daz shii haf a kaar? Baabuur ma leedahay?

4. Have oo ah fal kaabayaal ah

Have mar walba macnaheedu ma aha "lahaansho"; waxa kale oo loo adeegsadaa samaynta waqtiyada Perfect.

Waqtiga Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda qaabka Tusaale Tarjumaadda

Present Perfect Mawduuc + have/has + V3 Dha subject + haf/haz + vii thrii I have finished. Waan dhammeeyay.

Present Perfect Continuous Mawduuc + have/has + been + fal-ing Dha subject + haf/haz + bin + verb-ing I have been working. In muddo ah ayaan shaqaynayay.

Past Perfect Mawduuc + had + V3 Dha subject + had + vii thrii I had finished. Waan dhammeeyay ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

Past Perfect Continuous Mawduuc + had + been + fal-ing Dha subject + had + bin + verb-ing I had been working. Waan shaqaynayay muddo ka hor dhacdo kale oo hore.

Farqiga muhiimka ah

I have a car.

→ have = lahaansho

I have finished.

→ have = fal kaabayaal ah oo lagu sameeyo Present Perfect.

5. Have to = Waa in / Waajib

Have to waxaa loo adeegsadaa muujinta baahi, waajib ama wax khasab ah.

Nooca Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda qaabka Tusaale dhammaystiran Tarjumaadda

I/you/we/they Mawduuc + have to + V1 Dha subject + haf tu + vii wan I have to work. Waa inaan shaqeeyaa.

he/she/it Mawduuc + has to + V1 Dha subject + haz tu + vii wan She has to work. Waa inay shaqaysaa.

Hore Mawduuc + had to + V1 Dha subject + had tu + vii wan I had to work. Waa inaan shaqeeyo ayay igu khasbanaatay.

Mustaqbal Mawduuc + will have to + V1 Dha subject + wil haf tu + vii wan I will have to work. Waa inaan shaqeeyo mustaqbalka.

6. Have got = Lahaansho

Ingiriisiga, gaar ahaan Ingiriisiga Ingiriiska, waxaa la isticmaali karaa:

have got / has got

Qaabka Tusaale Tarjumaadda

Mawduuc + have got + magac I have got a car. Waxaan leeyahay baabuur.

Mawduuc + has got + magac She has got a car. Waxay leedahay baabuur.

Qaabka diidmada:

I haven't got a car.

= Ma lihi baabuur.

Su'aal:

Have you got a car?

= Baabuur ma leedahay?

Imperatives — Weedhaha Amarka

Nooca Qaabka Ku dhawaaqidda qaabka Tusaale Ku dhawaaqidda tusaalaha Macnaha

Amar togan Fal V1 Come here. Kam hiir. Halkan kaalay.

Amar leh shay Fal + shay V1 + object Read the book. Riid dha buk. Akhri buugga.

Amar diidmo ah Don't + fal Downt + V1 Don't run. Downt ran. Ha ordin.

Qaab diidmo rasmi ah Do not + fal Du nat + V1 Do not enter. Du nat entar. Ha gelin.

Amar leh Be Be + sifo Bii + adjective Be careful. Bii keyrful. Ka taxaddar.

Be oo diidmo ah Don't be + sifo Downt bii + adjective Don't be late. Downt bii leyt. Ha soo daahin.

Let me Let + me + fal Let + mii + V1 Let me help you. Let mii help yuu. Ii oggolow inaan ku caawiyo.

Let him/her/them Let + shayga + fal Let + object + V1 Let him go. Let him gow. U oggolow inuu tago.

Let's Let's + fal Lets + V1 Let's go. Lets gow. Aynu tagno.

Let's oo diidmo ah Let's not + fal Lets nat + V1 Let's not wait. Lets nat weyt. Aynu sugin.

Amar edeb leh Please + fal Pliiz + V1 Please sit down. Pliiz sit dawn. Fadlan fadhiiso.

Amar la xoojinayo Do + fal Du + V1 Do sit down. Du sit dawn. Fadlan fadhiiso, runtii.

Amar adag Never + fal Never + V1 Never give up. Never giv ap. Weligaa ha quusan.

Caado / talo Always + fal Oolweyz + V1 Always be careful. Oolweyz bii keyrful. Mar walba taxaddar.

Amar dadban Be + V3 Bii + vii thrii Be prepared. Bii priperd. Is diyaari.

Amar + natiijo Fal + and + weedh V1 + and + clause Study hard, and you will pass. Stadi haard, and yuu wil paas. Si adag wax u baro, waadna gudbi doontaa.

Amar + digniin Fal + or + weedh V1 + or + clause Hurry up, or you'll be late. Hari ap, or yuul bii leyt. Dhaqso, haddii kale waad soo daahi doontaa.

Amar + su'aal dabagal ah Fal, will you? V1, wil yuu? Wait here, will you? Weyt hiir, wil yuu? Halkan ku sug, fadlan.

Let's + su'aal dabagal ah Let's + fal, shall we? Lets + V1, shal wii? Let's go, shall we? Lets gow, shal wii? Aynu tagno, miyaanay sidaas ahayn?

22- Horgalayaasha (PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES)

Prefix Ku dhawaaqid Macnaha Tusaale Macnaha tusaalaha

a- ey / ii aan ahayn / lid ku ah atypical aan caadi ahayn

ab- ab ka fog abduct afduubid

ad- ad ku wajahan / ilaa adjoin ku darsamid

ambi- ambi laba dhinac ambiguous aan caddayn

ante- anti ka hor antecedent kii ka horreeyay

anti- anti lid ku ah antiwar dagaal-diid

arch- aarkh madax / ugu weyn archbishop madaxa hoggaamiyaha kiniisadaha

auto- awto iskiis automatic si toos ah u shaqeeya

bi- bay laba bilingual laba-luqadood ku hadla

circum- sarkam ku wareegsan circumference wareegga dibadda

co- kow wadajir cooperate wada shaqayn

contra- kontra lid ku ah contradict ka hor imaan

counter- kawntar ka soo horjeed counterattack weerar-celin

de- di ka saarid / rogid deactivate daminta

deca- deka toban decade toban sano

deci- desi toban meelood meel decimeter desimitir

demi- demi badh demigod ilaah badhkiis

dis- dis diidmo / lid ku ah disagree isku khilaafid

dys- dis xun / cilad dysfunction cilad shaqo

eco- iiko deegaan ecosystem nidaamka deegaanka

ecto- ekto dibadda ectoderm lakabka dibadda ee uurjiifka

endo- endo gudaha endoskeleton qalfoofka gudaha

epi- epi dusha / korka epidermis maqaarka kore

eu- yu wanaagsan euphemism erey jilicsan oo beddel ah

ex- eks hore / dibadda ex-president madaxweynihii hore

extra- ekstra dheeraad / dibadda extraordinary caadiga ka baxsan

fore- foor ka hor / hore forecast saadaalin

geo- jiiyo dhul geography juqraafi

hemi- hemi badh hemisphere kalabadhka meeraha

hetero- hetero kala duwan heterogeneous noocyo kala duwan leh

homo- hoomo isku mid homogeneous isku nooc ah

hyper- haypar xad-dhaaf / aad u badan hyperactive ficil badan oo xad-dhaaf ah

hypo- haypo hoose / ka yar hypothermia heerkulka jirka oo aad u hooseeya

in- in aan ahayn / gudaha inactive aan firfircoonayn

im- im aan ahayn / gudaha impossible suuragal ahayn

il- il aan ahayn illegal sharci-darro ah

ir- ir aan ahayn irregular aan joogto ahayn

infra- infra ka hooseeya infrared shucaaca infrared-ka

inter- intar dhexdooda international caalami

intra- intra gudaha intranet shabakad gudaha ah

intro- intro gudaha / gelin introduce soo bandhigid

iso- ayso is le'eg is otope atomyo isku nooc ah

macro- makro weyn macroeconomics dhaqaalaha guud

mal- mal xun / khaldan malfunction cilad

mega- meega aad u weyn megastore dukaan aad u weyn

meta- meeta ka dib / isbeddel metadata xog ku saabsan xog kale

micro- maykro yaryar microscope mikroskoob

mid- mid dhexe midnight saqda dhexe

mini- mini yaryar minibus bas yar

mono- mono hal monolingual hal luqad ku hadla

multi- malti badan multilingual luqado badan ku hadla

neo- niyo cusub neologism erey cusub

non- non aan ahayn nonstandard aan caadi ahayn

omni- omni dhammaan omniscient wax walba og

out- awt ka baxsan / ka badan outperform ka waxqabad fiican

over- owvar xad-dhaaf / ka badan overcook cunto si xad-dhaaf ah u karin

paleo- paleyoo qadiimi paleolithic xilligii dhagaxa hore

pan- pan dhammaan pan-European Yurub oo dhan ka dhexeeya

para- para dhinac / u eg paranormal dabeecad ka baxsan tan caadiga ah

peri- peri ku wareegsan perimeter wareegga xadka

poly- poli badan polyglot luqado badan yaqaan

post- post ka dib postwar dagaalka ka dib

pre- pri ka hor prehistory xilligii taariikhda ka hor

pro- pro taageeraya / u hiilinaya pro-democracy dimuqraadiyad taageera

proto- prooto hore / asalka ah prototype nooc tijaabo ah

pseudo- suudo been ah / u eg pseudonym magac been-abuur ah

re- rii mar kale rewrite mar kale qorid

retro- retro dib u noqosho retroactive dib u dhaqan-gal ah

semi- semi badh / qayb semicircle wareeg badhkiis

sub- sab hoose / ka hooseeya submarine maraakiibta quusta

super- suuper ka sarreeya / aad u badan superhuman ka sarreeya awoodda aadanaha

supra- suupra ka sarreeya supranational ka sarreeya heer qaran

syn- sin wadajir / isku synchronize isku waafajin waqti ahaan

tele- teli meel fog telephone taleefan

trans- trans dhinac kale / gudub transport gaadiidid

tri- tray saddex triangle saddex-xagal

ultra- altra xad-dhaaf / ka sii fog ultramodern casri aad u horumarsan

un- an aan ahayn / lid ku ah unhappy murugaysan

under- andar hoose / aan ku filnayn underpaid mushahar yar la siiyo

uni- yuni hal unilateral hal dhinac ah

vice- vays ku-xigeen vice-president madaxweyne ku-xigeen

with- with ka fog / dib uga withdraw ka noqosho

Suffixes — Dabagalayaal

Suffix Ku dhawaaqid Shaqada Erey tusaale ah Macnaha

-er ar qof ficil sameeya teacher macallin

-or or qof ficil sameeya actor jilaa

-ar ar qof la xiriira ficil beggar dawarsade

-ist ist qof ku takhasusay artist farshaxanle

-ian iyan qof ku takhasusay ama la xiriira musician muusikiiste

-ant ant qof ama shay ficil sameeya assistant kaaliye

-ent ent qof ficil sameeya student arday

-ee ii qof ficilku ku dhacayo employee shaqaale

-ess is qof dumar ah actress jilaa dumar ah

-ness nis xaalad ama sifo happiness farxad

-ity iti xaalad ama sifo activity firfircooni

-ty ti xaalad ama sifo safety badbaado

-ship ship xaalad / xiriir friendship saaxiibtinimo

-hood hud xaalad / marxalad childhood carruurnimo

-dom dam xaalad / deegaan kingdom boqortooyo

-th th xaalad ama sifo warmth diirimaad

-ment ment natiijo ama ficil development horumar

-tion shan ficil ama natiijo education waxbarasho

-sion shan / jan ficil ama natiijo decision go'aan

-ion yan / shan ficil ama natiijo action fal

-ation eyshan ficil organization abaabul

-al al ficil ama natiijo arrival imaansho

-ance ans xaalad ama ficil appearance muuqaal

-ence ans xaalad existence jiritaan

-ancy ansi xaalad expectancy filasho

-ency ensi xaalad efficiency hufnaan

-age ij natiijo ama ficil marriage guur

-ure yar natiijo ama xaalad failure fashil

-ing ing ficil magac laga dhigo swimming dabaal

-ism izam fikir ama nidaam capitalism hanti-goosad

-cracy krasi nidaam maamul democracy dimuqraadiyad

-crat krat qof ka tirsan nidaam democrat qof dimuqraadiyad taageera

-archy aarki nidaam maamul monarchy boqortooyo

-arch aark taliye ama hoggaamiye monarch boqor

-logy looji cilmi ama daraasad biology cilmiga noolaha

-graphy garaafi qoraal ama sharraxaad geography juqraafi

-graph garaaf qalab wax qora ama calaamad autograph saxiix qofeed

-meter miitar qalab wax cabbira thermometer heerkulbeeg

-metry mitri fal cabbirid geometry joomateri

-scope skoob qalab wax lagu eego telescope telescope

-scopy skoobi habka wax lagu baaro microscopy baadhista mikroskoobka

-nomy nomi nidaam ama xeer astronomy cilmiga xiddigiska

-phobia foobiya cabsi arachnophobia cabsida caarada

-phile fayl jacayl ama xiise bibliophile qof buugaagta jecel

-philia filiya jacayl ama xiise audiophilia xiisaha codka

-phone foon cod ama qalab cod telephone taleefan

-phony foni cod ama hab cod symphony simfoni

-path paath qof qaba xaalad gaar ah psychopath qof qaba cillad nafsiyeed

-pathy paathi xaalad ama cudur neuropathy cillad neerfaha

-itis aytis barar arthritis bararka kala-goysyada

-osis oosis xaalad ama cudur diagnosis ogaanshaha cudur

-emia iimiya xaalad dhiigga la xiriirta anemia dhiig-yaraan

-oma ooma buro ama barar carcinoma kansar

-ectomy ektomi qalliin lagu saaro appendectomy saarista lifaaqa mindhicirka

-otomy ootomi qalliin lagu jeexo tracheotomy jeexidda dhuunta neef-mareenka

-plasty plasti qalliin wax lagu hagaajiyo rhinoplasty qalliinka hagaajinta sanka

-let let yareyn booklet buug-yare

-ling ling yaryar / farac duckling shimbir-badeed yar

-ette et yareyn kitchenette jiko yar

-kin kin yareyn manikin qaab-jir yar

-oid oyd u eg humanoid bani'aadam u eg

-esque esk leh muuqaal u eg picturesque muuqaal qurux badan

-like layk u eg childlike ilmo u eg

-ish ish u eg / wax yar greenish cagaar u janjeera

-ster star qof ficil la xiriira youngster dhallinyaro

-eer iir qof hawl qabta auctioneer qof xaraashka qabta

-ard ard qof leh sifo gaar ah coward fuley

-some sam sababa ama leh sifo troublesome dhib badan

-worthy warthi u qalma / mudan trustworthy lagu kalsoonaan karo

-proof bruuf iska caabiya waterproof biyo-celin ah

-free frii aan lahayn sugar-free aan sonkor lahayn

-wide wayd ku baahsan worldwide caalami

-ward ward u jeeda dhinac backward dib u jeeda

-wise wayz hab ama jiho clockwise jiho u wareegta sida saacadda

-fold fold jeer / laab threefold saddex laab

23- Falalka Isku-dhafka ah (PHRASAL VERBS)

Phrasal verb = fal ka kooban fal iyo eray kale, badanaa falka waxaa raaca erayo sida up, out, off, on, away, back, in, over.

Tusaale:

give + up → give up = isdhiibid / joojin wax

Fiiro gaar ah: dhammaan isku-dhisyada falka iyo preposition/adverb isku macne ma aha; qaar waa phrasal verbs, qaarna waa prepositional verbs ama phrasal-prepositional verbs.

1. Falalka Isku-dhafka ah ee Caanka ah

Phrasal verb Ku dhawaaqid Macnaha Tusaale buuxa

add up ad ap isugeyn / macquul noqon The numbers add up.

ask for aask for codsiin She asked for help.

back up baak ap taageerid / kayd samayn Please back up your files.

break down breyk dawn xumaansho / burburid My car broke down.

break in breyk in ku soo jabid Someone broke in last night.

break out breyk awt bilaabasho kedis ah A fire broke out.

break up breyk ap kala tagid They broke up last year.

bring back bring baak soo celin Please bring back my book.

bring in bring in soo gelin They brought in a new manager.

bring up bring ap soo hadal qaadid / korin She brought up an important issue.

call back kool baak mar kale wicid I'll call you back later.

call off kool of joojin / baajin They called off the meeting.

carry on kaari on sii wadid Please carry on working.

carry out kaari awt fulin They carried out the plan.

catch up kaach ap la jaanqaadid I need to catch up with you.

check in chek in is-diiwaangelin marka la yimaado We checked in at the hotel.

check out chek awt bixid / hubin We checked out at noon.

clean up kleen ap nadiifin Clean up your room.

come back kam baak soo noqosho He came back yesterday.

come in kam in soo galid Come in, please.

come out kam awt soo bixid The new book came out yesterday.

come over kam oovar soo booqasho Come over tonight.

cut down kat dawn yareyn I'm trying to cut down on sugar.

cut off kat of gooyn / jarid They cut off the electricity.

deal with diil with la tacaalid We need to deal with this problem.

do without duu withawt la'aanteed wax ku qabsasho We can do without a car.

drop off darap of geyn / dejin I'll drop you off at school.

end up end ap dambe ku dambayn We ended up staying home.

fall apart fool apart burburid The old chair fell apart.

fall behind fool bihaynd dib u dhacid He fell behind in class.

figure out figyar awt fahamid / xal helid I can't figure it out.

fill in fil in buuxin Please fill in this form.

fill out fil awt buuxin foom Fill out the application.

find out faynd awt ogaansho I found out the truth.

get back get baak soo noqosho I'll get back home soon.

get in get in gudaha gelid Get in the car.

get off get of ka degid / ka bixid Get off the bus.

get on get on fuulid Get on the bus.

get out get awt bixid Get out of the room.

get over get oovar ka gudbid She got over her fear.

get up get ap kacid I get up at seven.

give back giv baak soo celin Give me back my phone.

give in giv in isdhiibid He finally gave in.

give up giv ap joojin / isdhiibid Don't give up.

go ahead goo ahed sii wadid / bilaabid Go ahead and start.

go back goo baak ku noqosho We went back home.

go on goo on sii socosho Please go on.

go out goo awt bannaanka u bixid We went out last night.

grow up grow ap korid I grew up in Kuwait.

hand in haand in gudbin Hand in your homework.

hang on haang on sugid / qabsasho Hang on a minute.

hang out haang awt wada joogid We hang out together.

hold on howld on sugid / qabsasho Hold on, please.

keep on kiip on sii wadid Keep on trying.

keep up kiip ap heerka la socod Keep up the good work.

kick out kik awt cayrin They kicked him out.

look after luk aafter daryeelid She looks after her children.

look for luk for raadinta I’m looking for my keys.

look into luk intu baaritaan We'll look into the problem.

look out luk awt iska jirid Look out!

look up luk ap raadinta macluumaad Look up the word.

make up meyk ap heshisiin / samaysasho They made up after the argument.

move on muuv on u gudbid It's time to move on.

pick up pik ap qaadid / soo qaadid Pick up the phone.

point out poynt awt muujin / tilmaamid She pointed out a mistake.

put away put away meel dhigid Put your clothes away.

put down put dawn dhigid Put the book down.

put off put of dib u dhigid Don't put it off.

put on put on xirasho / shidid Put on your jacket.

put out put awt demin / bannaanka saarid Put out the fire.

put up put ap daldalid / kor u qaadid Put up the picture.

run into ran intu si lama filaan ah ula kulmid I ran into an old friend.

run out ran awt ka dhammaan We ran out of milk.

set up set ap aasaasid / diyaarin They set up a new company.

show up show ap soo muuqasho He didn't show up.

shut down shat dawn xirid / damin The factory shut down.

sit down sit dawn fadhiiso Please sit down.

stand up staand ap istaag Please stand up.

take back teyk baak ka noqosho hadal I take back what I said.

take off teyk of duulid / iska bixin dhar The plane took off.

take on teyk on qaadasho shaqo ama masuuliyad She took on a new job.

take out teyk awt bannaanka u saarid Take out the trash.

take over teyk oovar la wareegid She took over the company.

take up teyk ap bilaabid hawl ama hiwaayad He took up swimming.

throw away throo away tuurid Don't throw it away.

try on tray on tijaabin dhar Try on this shirt.

turn down tarn dawn diidid / hoos u dhigid She turned down the offer.

turn off tarn of demin Turn off the light.

turn on tarn on shidid Turn on the TV.

turn up tarn ap kordhin codka / soo muuqasho Turn up the volume.

wake up weyk ap toosid I woke up early.

work out wark awt jimicsi samayn / xal helid I work out every day.

write down rayt dawn qorid Write down the answer.

2. Qaababka Muhiimka ah

Nooca Qaab-dhismeedka Ku dhawaaqid Tusaale Macnaha

Phrasal verb kala go'i kara Fal + fal-kaab + shay Verb + adverb + object Turn off the light. Demi nalka.

Marka magac-u-yaal la isticmaalo Fal + magac-u-yaal + fal-kaab Verb + pronoun + adverb Turn it off. Demi.

Phrasal verb aan kala go'i karin Fal + fal-kaab / xiriiriye + shay Verb + adverb/preposition + object Look after the child. Daryeel ilmaha.

Fal aan shay u baahnayn Fal + fal-kaab Verb + adverb The plane took off. Diyaaraddu way duushay.

Phrasal-prepositional Fal + fal-kaab + xiriiriye + shay Verb + adverb + preposition + object I look forward to the trip. Waan sugayaa safarka anigoo xiisaynaya.

3. Xeer Muhiim ah: Ma Kala Go'i Karaa?

Turn off waa phrasal verb kala go'i kara:

Turn off the light.

Turn the light off.

Turn it off. ✅

Turn off it. ❌

Laakiin look after lama kala goyn karo:

Look after the child. ✅

Look the child after. ❌

Look after him. ✅

24- Gaabinnada (CONTRACTIONS)

Contraction waa qaab gaaban oo laba eray ama ka badan laga sameeyo. Waxaa si badan loogu isticmaalaa Ingiriisiga hadalka iyo qoraalka aan rasmiga ahayn.

Tusaalooyin:

I am → I'm → aym → anigu waxaan ahay

I have → I've → ayv → waan haystaa / waan sameeyay

I will → I'll → ayl → waan samayn doonaa

I would → I'd → ayd → waan samayn lahaa (macnuhu wuxuu ku xiran yahay xaaladda)

1- Gaabinta BE

am → 'm

I am → I'm → aym → anigu waxaan ahay

Example: I'm happy. → aym haapi → Waan faraxsanahay.

are → 're

You are → You're → yoor → adigu waad tahay

Example: You're right. → yoor rayt → Waad saxan tahay.

We are → We're → wiir → annagu waan nahay

Example: We're ready. → wiir redi → Diyaar baan nahay.

They are → They're → dheyr → iyagu waa

Example: They're here. → dheyr hir → Halkan ayay joogaan.

is → 's

He is → He's → hiiz → isaga waa

Example: He's tired. → hiiz tayard → Wuu daallan yahay.

She is → She's → shiiz → iyadu waa

Example: She's happy. → shiiz haapi → Way faraxsan tahay.

It is → It's → its → waa / waxaa weeye, iyadoo ku xiran macnaha

Example: It's cold. → its kold → Waa qabow.

2- Gaabinta HAVE

have → 've

I have → I've → ayv → waan haystaa / waan sameeyay

Example: I've finished. → ayv finishd → Waan dhammeeyay.

You have → You've → yuuv → waad haysataa / waad samaysay

Example: You've changed. → yuuv cheynjd → Waad isbeddashay.

We have → We've → wiiv → waan haysannaa / waan samaynay

Example: We've arrived. → wiiv arayvd → Waan nimid.

They have → They've → dheyv → way haystaan / way sameeyeen

Example: They've left. → dheyv left → Way tageen.

He has → He's → hiiz → wuu haystaa / wuu sameeyay

Example: He's finished. → hiiz finishd → Wuu dhammeeyay.

She has → She's → shiiz → way haysataa / way samaysay

Example: She's gone. → shiiz gon → Way tagtay.

3- Gaabinta WILL

will → 'll

I will → I'll → ayl → waan samayn doonaa

Example: I'll help you. → ayl help yu → Waan ku caawin doonaa.

You will → You'll → yuul → waad samayn doontaa

Example: You'll understand. → yuul andarstaand → Waad fahmi doontaa.

He will → He'll → hiil → wuu samayn doonaa

Example: He'll come tomorrow. → hiil kam tumaroow → Berri ayuu iman doonaa.

She will → She'll → shiil → way samayn doontaa

Example: She'll call you. → shiil kool yu → Way ku soo wici doontaa.

We will → We'll → wiil → waan samayn doonnaa

Example: We'll see. → wiil sii → Waan arki doonnaa.

They will → They'll → dheyl → way samayn doonaan

Example: They'll arrive soon. → dheyl arayv suun → Dhawaan ayay iman doonaan.

4- Gaabinta WOULD

would → 'd

I would → I'd → ayd → waan samayn lahaa

Example: I'd help you. → ayd help yu → Waan ku caawin lahaa.

You would → You'd → yuud → waad samayn lahayd

Example: You'd like it. → yuud layk it → Waad jeclaan lahayd.

He would → He'd → hiid → wuu samayn lahaa

Example: He'd come. → hiid kam → Wuu iman lahaa.

She would → She'd → shiid → way samayn lahayd

Example: She'd help us. → shiid help as → Way na caawin lahayd.

We would → We'd → wiid → waan samayn lahayn

Example: We'd go. → wiid goo → Waan tegi lahayn.

They would → They'd → dheyd → way samayn lahaayeen

Example: They'd agree. → dheyd agrii → Way ku heshiin lahaayeen.

5- Gaabinta HAD

had → 'd

I had → I'd → ayd → waan hore u sameeyay / waan haystay

Example: I'd finished before he arrived. → ayd finishd bifoor hii arayvd → Waan dhammeeyay ka hor intuusan iman.

You had → You'd → yuud → waad hore u samaysay

Example: You'd already left. → yuud olredi left → Horay ayaad u tagtay.

He had → He'd → hiid → wuu hore u sameeyay

Example: He'd eaten. → hiid iitn → Wuu cunay.

She had → She'd → shiid → way hore u samaysay

Example: She'd finished. → shiid finishd → Way dhammeeysay.

6- Natiijada Muhiimka ah: 'd waxay leedahay laba macne

I'd = I would ama I had

I'd go. → ayd goo → Waan tegi lahaa.

I'd gone. → ayd gon → Waan tegay / horay ayaan u tegay.

Badanaa macnaha waxaa lagu gartaa erayada ku xeeran iyo qaabka jumladda.

7- Gaabinta NOT

not → n't

is not → isn't → iznt → ma aha

Example: He isn't here. → hii iznt hir → Halkan ma joogo.

are not → aren't → aarnt → ma aha / ma jiraan

Example: They aren't ready. → dhey aarnt redi → Diyaar ma aha.

was not → wasn't → woznt → ma ahayn

Example: He wasn't there. → hii woznt dheyr → Halkaas ma joogin.

were not → weren't → warnt → ma ahayn / ma joogin

Example: We weren't late. → wi warnt leyt → Ma aynaan daahin.

have not → haven't → haavnt → ma haysto / ma samayn

Example: I haven't finished. → ay haavnt finishd → Weli ma dhammeeyn.

has not → hasn't → haaznt → ma haysto / ma samayn

Example: She hasn't arrived. → shii haaznt arayvd → Weli ma iman.

had not → hadn't → haadnt → ma uusan hore u samayn

Example: He hadn't eaten. → hii haadnt iitn → Weli ma uusan cunin.

do not → don't → doont → ma

Example: I don't know. → ay doont noo → Ma aqaan.

does not → doesn't → daznt → ma

Example: He doesn't know. → hii daznt noo → Isagu ma yaqaan.

did not → didn't → didnt → ma samayn / ma samaynin

Example: I didn't see him. → ay didnt sii him → Ma aanan arag isaga.

8- Gaabinno Kale

cannot → can't → kaant → ma awoodo

could not → couldn't → kudnt → ma awoodin

should not → shouldn't → shudnt → ma aha in la sameeyo

would not → wouldn't → wudnt → ma samayn lahayn

must not → mustn't → masnt → waa mamnuuc / waa inaan la samayn

will not → won't → woont → ma samayn doono

Example: I won't go. → ay woont goo → Ma tegi doono.

9- Fiiro Gaar ah

Gaabinnadani guud ahaan ma aha dabagalayaal (suffixes) naxwe ahaan. Waa erayo la isku soo gaabiyay, waxaana badanaa la isticmaalaa calaamadda apostrophe (').

Tusaalooyin:

I + will → I'll

You + have → You've

He + is → He's

They + are → They're

Do + not → Don't

Can + not → Can't

Waxaa habboon in la xusuusto: Contractions = gaabinnada; Suffixes = dabagalayaal.