1- L-Alfabett Ingliż
1. A a — L-isem tal-ittra: ej — /eɪ/ — L-ittra A tissejjaħ “ej”, bħal fil-bidu tal-kelma “eight”.
2. B b — L-isem tal-ittra: bi — /b/ — L-ittra B tissejjaħ “bi”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /b/, bħal fil-kelma: book.
3. C c — L-isem tal-ittra: si — /k/, /s/ — L-ittra C tissejjaħ “si”. Il-ħoss tagħha jista’ jkun /k/, bħal fil-kelma cat, jew /s/, bħal fil-kelma city.
4. D d — L-isem tal-ittra: di — /d/ — L-ittra D tissejjaħ “di”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /d/, bħal fil-kelma dog.
5. E e — L-isem tal-ittra: i — /iː/ — L-ittra E tissejjaħ “i”, bħall-ħoss tal-ittra E fil-kelma see.
6. F f — L-isem tal-ittra: ef — /f/ — L-ittra F tissejjaħ “ef”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /f/, bħal fil-kelma fish.
7. G g — L-isem tal-ittra: ġi — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — L-ittra G tissejjaħ “ġi”. Il-ħoss tagħha jista’ jkun /ɡ/, bħal fil-kelma go, jew /dʒ/, bħal fil-kelma giant.
8. H h — L-isem tal-ittra: ejtċ — /h/ — L-ittra H tissejjaħ “ejtċ”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /h/, bħal fil-kelma house.
9. I i — L-isem tal-ittra: aj — /aɪ/ — L-ittra I tissejjaħ “aj”, bħall-kelma eye.
10. J j — L-isem tal-ittra: ġej — /dʒ/ — L-ittra J tissejjaħ “ġej”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /dʒ/, bħal fil-kelma job.
11. K k — L-isem tal-ittra: kej — /k/ — L-ittra K tissejjaħ “kej”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /k/, bħal fil-kelma key.
12. L l — L-isem tal-ittra: el — /l/ — L-ittra L tissejjaħ “el”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /l/, bħal fil-kelma love.
13. M m — L-isem tal-ittra: em — /m/ — L-ittra M tissejjaħ “em”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /m/, bħal fil-kelma man.
14. N n — L-isem tal-ittra: en — /n/ — L-ittra N tissejjaħ “en”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /n/, bħal fil-kelma name.
15. O o — L-isem tal-ittra: ow — /oʊ/ — L-ittra O tissejjaħ “ow”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /oʊ/, bħal fil-kelma go.
16. P p — L-isem tal-ittra: pi — /p/ — L-ittra P tissejjaħ “pi”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /p/, bħal fil-kelma pen.
17. Q q — L-isem tal-ittra: kju — /k/ — L-ittra Q tissejjaħ “kju”. Normalment tiġi flimkien mal-ittra U, bħal fil-kelma queen.
18. R r — L-isem tal-ittra: ar — /r/ — L-ittra R tissejjaħ “ar”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /r/, bħal fil-kelma red.
19. S s — L-isem tal-ittra: es — /s/, /z/ — L-ittra S tissejjaħ “es”. Il-ħoss tagħha jista’ jkun /s/, bħal fil-kelma sun, jew /z/, bħal fil-kelma rose.
20. T t — L-isem tal-ittra: ti — /t/ — L-ittra T tissejjaħ “ti”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /t/, bħal fil-kelma ten.
21. U u — L-isem tal-ittra: ju — /juː/, /ʌ/ — L-ittra U tissejjaħ “ju” (/juː/), u tista’ tirrappreżenta wkoll il-ħoss /ʌ/, bħal fil-kelma cup.
22. V v — L-isem tal-ittra: vi — /v/ — L-ittra V tissejjaħ “vi”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /v/, bħal fil-kelma very.
23. W w — L-isem tal-ittra: dabəl-ju — /w/ — L-ittra W tissejjaħ “double-u”, u l-ħoss tagħha huwa /w/, bħal fil-kelma water.
24. X x — L-isem tal-ittra: eks — /ks/ — L-ittra X tissejjaħ “eks”, u normalment il-ħoss tagħha huwa /ks/, bħal fil-kelma box.
25. Y y — L-isem tal-ittra: waj — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — L-ittra Y tissejjaħ “waj”. Il-ħoss tagħha jista’ jkun /j/, bħal fil-kelma yes, /ɪ/, bħal fil-kelma happy, jew /aɪ/, bħal fil-kelma my.
26. Z z — L-isem tal-ittra: zi* — /z/ — Fl-Ingliż Amerikan, l-ittra Z normalment tissejjaħ “zee” (zi). Fl-Ingliż Brittaniku, normalment tissejjaħ “zed” (zed). Il-ħoss tagħha huwa /z/, bħal fil-kelma zoo.
2- L-Ordni tal-Kliem (WORD ORDER)
1. Sentenza bażika — Suġġett + Verb — Sobjekt + verb — I sleep. — Aj sliip. — Jien norqod.
2. Oġġett dirett — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett — Sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt — I read a book. — Aj riid ə buk. — Jien naqra ktieb.
3. Oġġett indirett — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett indirett + Oġġett dirett — Sobjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dajrekt objekt — I give him a book. — Aj ġiv him ə buk. — Jien nagħtih ktieb.
4. Benefiċjarju — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + for + persuna — Sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + for + persuna — I buy a book for him. — Aj baj ə buk for him. — Jien nixtrilu ktieb.
5. Pronom tal-oġġett indirett — Suġġett + Verb + Pronom tal-oġġett indirett + Oġġett dirett — Sobjekt + verb + indirekt objekt prounawn + dajrekt objekt — I give her a book. — Aj ġiv her ə buk. — Jien nagħtiha ktieb.
6. Aġġettiv — Suġġett + be + Aġġettiv — Sobjekt + bi + aġġettiv — The book is big. — Dhə buk iz biġ. — Il-ktieb huwa kbir.
7. Avverbju — Suġġett + Verb + Avverbju — Sobjekt + verb + advərb — He reads quickly. — Hi riidz kwikli. — Hu jaqra malajr.
8. Oġġett dirett + Avverbju — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + Avverbju — Sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + advərb — I read a book quickly. — Aj riid ə buk kwikli. — Jien naqra ktieb malajr.
9. Avverbju taż-żmien — Suġġett + Verb + Avverbju taż-żmien — Sobjekt + verb + tajm advərb — I work today. — Aj werk tudej. — Jien naħdem illum.
10. Avverbju tal-post — Suġġett + Verb + Avverbju tal-post — Sobjekt + verb + plejs advərb — She lives there. — Xi livz dher. — Hija tgħix hemm.
11. Frażi prepożizzjonali — Suġġett + be + Frażi prepożizzjonali — Sobjekt + bi + prepəziżənəl frejz — The book is on the table. — Dhə buk iz on dhə tejbəl. — Il-ktieb qiegħed fuq il-mejda.
12. Oġġett dirett + Post — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + Frażi tal-post — Sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + plejс frejz — I put a book on the table. — Aj put ə buk on dhə tejbəl. — Jien inqiegħed ktieb fuq il-mejda.
13. Determinant + Nom — Determinant + Nom — Diterminər + nawn — This book is new. — Dhis buk iz nju. — Dan il-ktieb huwa ġdid.
14. Determinant + Aġġettiv + Nom — Determinant + Aġġettiv + Nom — Diterminər + aġġettiv + nawn — This big book is new. — Dhis biġ buk iz nju. — Dan il-ktieb il-kbir huwa ġdid.
15. Numru + Nom — Numru + Nom — Njumərəl + nawn — Two books are new. — Tu buks ar nju. — Żewġ kotba huma ġodda.
16. Koordinazzjoni — Suġġett + Verb + and + Suġġett + Verb — Sobjekt + verb + end + sobjekt + verb — I read and he writes. — Aj riid end hi rajts. — Jien naqra u hu jikteb.
17. Koordinazzjoni bl-oġġetti — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + and + Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett — Sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + end + sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt — I read a book and he writes a letter. — Aj riid ə buk end hi rajts ə letər. — Jien naqra ktieb u hu jikteb ittra.
18. Forma passiva — Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb — Sobjekt + bi + vii thrii — The book is read. — Dhə buk iz red. — Il-ktieb jinqara.
19. Forma passiva + Aġent — Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + by + Aġent — Sobjekt + bi + vii thrii + baj + ejġent — The book is read by the teacher. — Dhə buk iz red baj dhə tiċər. — Il-ktieb jinqara mill-għalliem.
20. Forma passiva + Oġġett indirett — Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + to + Oġġett indirett — Sobjekt + bi + vii thrii + tu + indirekt objekt — The book is given to him. — Dhə buk iz ġivən tu him. — Il-ktieb jingħata lilu.
21. Forma passiva + Oġġett indirett + Aġent — Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + to + Oġġett indirett + by + Aġent — Sobjekt + bi + vii thrii + tu + indirekt objekt + baj + ejġent — The book is given to him by the teacher. — Dhə buk iz ġivən tu him baj dhə tiċər. — Il-ktieb jingħata lilu mill-għalliem.
22. Forma passiva + Avverbju — Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + Avverbju — Sobjekt + bi + vii thrii + advərb — The book is read now. — Dhə buk iz red naw. — Il-ktieb qed jinqara issa.
23. Forma passiva + Post — Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + Post — Sobjekt + bi + vii thrii + lokexən — The book is put on the table. — Dhə buk iz put on dhə tejbəl. — Il-ktieb jitqiegħed fuq il-mejda.
24. Forma passiva + Aġent + Avverbju taż-żmien — Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + by + Aġent + Avverbju taż-żmien — Sobjekt + bi + vii thrii + baj + ejġent + tajm advərb — The book is read by the teacher today. — Dhə buk iz red baj dhə tiċər tudej. — Il-ktieb jinqara mill-għalliem illum.
25. Forma passiva + Oġġett indirett + Aġent + Avverbju taż-żmien — Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + to + Oġġett indirett + by + Aġent + Avverbju taż-żmien — Sobjekt + bi + vii thrii + tu + indirekt objekt + baj + ejġent + tajm advərb — The book is given to the student by the teacher today. — Dhə buk iz ġivən tu dhə studənt baj dhə tiċər tudej. — Il-ktieb jingħata lill-istudent mill-għalliem illum.
26. Passiv tal-preżent perfett — Suġġett + has/have been + It-tielet forma tal-verb — Sobjekt + hæz/hæv bin + vii thrii — The book has been read. — Dhə buk hæz bin red. — Il-ktieb inqara.
27. Passiv perfett + Aġent — Suġġett + has/have been + It-tielet forma tal-verb + by + Aġent — Sobjekt + hæz/hæv bin + vii thrii + baj + ejġent — The book has been read by the teacher. — Dhə buk hæz bin red baj dhə tiċər. — Il-ktieb inqara mill-għalliem.
28. Passiv tal-futur — Suġġett + will be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + Żmien — Sobjekt + wil bi + vii thrii + tajm — The book will be read tomorrow. — Dhə buk wil bi red təmarow. — Il-ktieb se jinqara għada.
29. Passiv tal-futur + Aġent — Suġġett + will be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + by + Aġent + Żmien — Sobjekt + wil bi + vii thrii + baj + ejġent + tajm — The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. — Dhə buk wil bi red baj dhə tiċər təmarow. — Il-ktieb se jinqara mill-għalliem għada.
30. Forma passiva b'verb modali — Suġġett + Verb modali + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb — Sobjekt + modəl verb + bi + vii thrii — The book must be read. — Dhə buk mast bi red. — Il-ktieb irid jinqara.
31. Forma negattiva — Suġġett + Verb awżiljarju + not + Verb — Sobjekt + oksiljeri verb + not + verb — I do not read a book. — Aj du not riid ə buk. — Jien ma naqrax ktieb.
32. Forma passiva negattiva — Suġġett + be + not + It-tielet forma tal-verb + by + Aġent — Sobjekt + bi + not + vii thrii + baj + ejġent — The book is not read by the teacher. — Dhə buk iz not red baj dhə tiċər. — Il-ktieb ma jinqrax mill-għalliem.
33. Mistoqsija iva/le — Verb awżiljarju + Suġġett + Verb? — Oksiljeri verb + sobjekt + verb? — Do you read a book? — Du ju riid ə buk? — Inti taqra ktieb?
34. Mistoqsija fil-forma passiva — be + Suġġett + It-tielet forma tal-verb? — Bi + sobjekt + vii thrii? — Is the book being read? — Iz dhə buk bii-iŋ red? — Il-ktieb qed jinqara?
35. Mistoqsija dwar is-suġġett — who + Verb + Oġġett dirett? — Hu + verb + dajrekt objekt? — Who reads the book? — Hu riidz dhə buk? — Min jaqra l-ktieb?
36. Mistoqsija dwar l-oġġett indirett — who/whom + Verb awżiljarju + Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + to? — Hu/hum + oksiljeri verb + sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + tu? — Who do you give the book to? — Hu du ju ġiv dhə buk tu? — Lil min tagħtih il-ktieb?
37. Forma imperattiva — Verb + ...! — Verb + ...! — Read! — Riid! — Aqra!
38. Imperattiv + Oġġett indirett — Verb + Oġġett dirett + to + Oġġett indirett! — Verb + dajrekt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt! — Give the book to him! — Ġiv dhə buk tu him! — Agħtih il-ktieb!
39. Imperattiv passiv — let + Oġġett dirett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb! — Let + dajrekt objekt + bi + vii thrii! — Let the book be read! — Let dhə buk bi red! — Ħalli l-ktieb jinqara!
40. Infinitiv — to + Verb — Tu + verb — to read — Tu riid — taqra / il-qari.
41. Infinitiv + Oġġett dirett — to + Verb + Oġġett dirett — Tu + verb + dajrekt objekt — to read a book — Tu riid ə buk — taqra ktieb.
42. Infinitiv + Oġġett dirett definit — to + Verb + Oġġett dirett definit — Tu + verb + speċifiku dajrekt objekt — to read the book — Tu riid dhə buk — taqra l-ktieb.
43. Għan — Suġġett + Verb + to + Verb — Sobjekt + verb + tu + verb — I eat to play. — Aj iit tu plej. — Jien niekol biex nilgħab.
44. Sentenza relattiva — Nom + Kelma relattiva + Klawżola — Nawn + relətiv werd + kloz — The book that I read is interesting. — Dhə buk dhæt aj red iz intrəstiŋ. — Il-ktieb li naqra huwa interessanti.
45. Sentenza relattiva passiva — Nom + Kelma relattiva + Forma passiva — Nawn + relətiv werd + vojs — The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. — Dhə buk dhæt iz bii-iŋ red baj dhə tiċər iz intrəstiŋ. — Il-ktieb li qed jinqara mill-għalliem huwa interessanti.
46. Kundizzjoni — if + Sentenza, Suġġett + Verb — If + kloz, sobjekt + verb — If I have time, I read. — If aj hæv tajm, aj riid. — Jekk ikolli l-ħin, naqra.
47. Kundizzjoni + Forma passiva — if + Suġġett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb, Suġġett + Verb — If + sobjekt + bi + vii thrii, sobjekt + verb — If the book is read, he learns. — If dhə buk iz red, hi lernz. — Jekk il-ktieb jinqara, hu jitgħallem.
48. Diskors indirett — Suġġett + Verb + that + Suġġett + Verb — Sobjekt + verb + dhæt + sobjekt + verb — He said that he was reading. — Hi sed dhæt hi wəz rii-diŋ. — Hu qal li kien qed jaqra.
49. Mistoqsija indiretta — Suġġett + Verb + if/whether + Suġġett + Verb — Sobjekt + verb + if/wedhər + sobjekt + verb — He asked if I was reading. — Hi askt if aj wəz rii-diŋ. — Hu staqsa jekk kontx qed naqra.
50. Kmand jew talba indiretta — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett + to + Verb — Sobjekt + verb + objekt + tu + verb — He asked me to read. — Hi askt mi tu riid. — Hu talabni naqra.
L-Avverbji
1. Manjiera (Manner): L-avverbju tal-manjiera normalment jiġi wara l-verb jew l-oġġett. Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett + Avverbju. I read the book quickly. — Aj riid dhə buk kwikli. — Jien naqra l-ktieb malajr.
2. Post (Place): L-avverbju tal-post normalment jiġi wara l-verb jew l-oġġett. Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett + Post. I read the book at home. — Aj riid dhə buk æt hom. — Jien naqra l-ktieb id-dar.
3. Żmien (Time): L-avverbju taż-żmien normalment jiġi fl-aħħar jew fil-bidu tas-sentenza. Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett + Żmien. I read the book yesterday. — Aj red dhə buk jestərdej. — Jien qrajt il-ktieb ilbieraħ.
4. Frekwenza (Frequency): L-avverbju tal-frekwenza normalment jiġi qabel il-verb prinċipali. Suġġett + Avverbju tal-frekwenza + Verb. I often read books. — Aj ofən riid buks. — Jien spiss naqra kotba.
5. Frekwenza + be (Frequency + be): L-avverbju tal-frekwenza jiġi wara l-verb be. Suġġett + be + Avverbju tal-frekwenza. He is always happy. — Hi iz olwəz hæpi. — Hu dejjem kuntent.
6. Frekwenza + Verb awżiljarju (Frequency + auxiliary): L-avverbju tal-frekwenza jiġi wara l-ewwel verb awżiljarju. Suġġett + Verb awżiljarju + Avverbju tal-frekwenza + Verb. I have never seen it. — Aj hæv nevər siin it. — Jien qatt ma rajtu.
7. Grad (Degree): L-avverbju tal-grad jiġi qabel l-aġġettiv jew l-avverbju li jiddeskrivi. Suġġett + Avverbju tal-grad + Aġġettiv / Avverbju. It is very good. — It iz veri ġud. — Huwa tajjeb ħafna.
8. Grad + Verb (Degree + verb): Skont l-avverbju użat, l-avverbju tal-grad jista’ jiġi qabel jew wara l-verb. Suġġett + Verb + Avverbju. I really like it. — Aj rieli lajk it. — Jogħġobni ħafna.
9. Avverbju tas-sentenza (Sentence adverb): Jista’ jidher fil-bidu, fin-nofs jew fl-aħħar tas-sentenza, u jesprimi l-attitudni tal-kelliem lejn is-sentenza kollha. Avverbju + Sentenza. Fortunately, I won. — Forċənətli, aj wan. — Fortunatament, irbaħt.
10. Avverbju ta’ kumment (Comment adverb): Normalment jidher fil-bidu tas-sentenza u jesprimi l-opinjoni jew il-kumment tal-kelliem. Avverbju + Sentenza. Honestly, I don't know. — Onəstli, aj dont no. — Biex ngħid il-verità, ma nafx.
11. Avverbju ta’ konnessjoni (Linking adverb): Normalment jidher fil-bidu jew fin-nofs tas-sentenza u jgħaqqad żewġ ideat jew sentenzi. Sentenza + Avverbju ta’ konnessjoni + Sentenza. I was tired; however, I worked. — Aj wəz tajərd; hawevər, aj werkt. — Kont għajjien; madankollu, ħdimt.
12. Direzzjoni (Direction): L-avverbju tad-direzzjoni jiġi wara l-verb jew l-oġġett. Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett + Avverbju tad-direzzjoni. She went outside. — Xi went awtsajd. — Hija ħarġet barra.
13. Frekwenza speċifika (Definite frequency): Espressjoni li tindika frekwenza speċifika tista’ tidher fil-bidu jew fl-aħħar tas-sentenza. Espressjoni taż-żmien + Sentenza. I go there every day. — Aj gow dher evri dej. — Jien immur hemm kuljum.
14. Tul taż-żmien (Duration): L-espressjoni tat-tul taż-żmien normalment tidher fl-aħħar tas-sentenza. Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett + Tul taż-żmien. I studied for two hours. — Aj stadid for tu awərz. — Studjajt għal sagħtejn.
15. Għan (Purpose): L-espressjoni tal-għan normalment tidher fl-aħħar tas-sentenza u tispjega r-raġuni għaliex issir l-azzjoni. Sentenza + Għan. I went there to study. — Aj went dher tu stadi. — Mort hemm biex nistudja.
OĠĠETT INDIRETT (INDIRECT OBJECT)
# — Tip — Struttura — Pronunzja tal-istruttura — Eżempju — Pronunzja tal-eżempju — Traduzzjoni
1. L-oġġett indirett qabel l-oġġett dirett — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett indirett + Oġġett dirett — Sobjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dajrekt objekt — I gave him a book. — Aj ġejv him ə buk. — Jien tajtu ktieb.
2. Oġġett dirett + to + Oġġett indirett — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + to + Oġġett indirett — Sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt — I gave a book to him. — Aj ġejv ə buk tu him. — Jien tajt ktieb lilu.
3. L-oġġett indirett qabel l-oġġett dirett — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett indirett + Oġġett dirett — Sobjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dajrekt objekt — She sent me a letter. — Xi sent mi ə letər. — Hija bagħtitli ittra.
4. Oġġett dirett + to + Oġġett indirett — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + to + Oġġett indirett — Sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt — She sent a letter to me. — Xi sent ə letər tu mi. — Hija bagħtet ittra lili.
5. Oġġett indirett qabel l-oġġett dirett b'for — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett indirett + Oġġett dirett — Sobjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dajrekt objekt — I bought her a gift. — Aj bot her ə ġift. — Jien xtrajtilha rigal.
6. Oġġett dirett + for + Oġġett indirett — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + for + Oġġett indirett — Sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + for + indirekt objekt — I bought a gift for her. — Aj bot ə ġift for her. — Jien xtrajt rigal għaliha.
7. Forma passiva bl-oġġett indirett — Oġġett indirett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + Oġġett dirett — Indirekt objekt + bi + vii thrii + dajrekt objekt — He was given a book. — Hi wəz ġivən ə buk. — Hu ngħata ktieb.
8. Forma passiva bl-oġġett dirett + to + Oġġett indirett — Oġġett dirett + be + It-tielet forma tal-verb + to + Oġġett indirett — Dajrekt objekt + bi + vii thrii + tu + indirekt objekt — A book was given to him. — Ə buk wəz ġivən tu him. — Ktieb ingħata lilu.
9. Mistoqsija dwar l-oġġett indirett — Kelma interrogattiva + Verb awżiljarju + Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + to? — Hu + du/daz/did + sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt + tu? — Who did you give it to? — Hu did ju ġiv it tu? — Lil min tajtu?
10. Mistoqsija formali dwar l-oġġett indirett — To whom + Verb awżiljarju + Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett? — Tu hum + oksiljeri verb + sobjekt + verb + dajrekt objekt? — To whom did you give it? — Tu hum did ju ġiv it? — Lil min tajtu?
Il-Ġenittiv: Il-Pussess u r-Relazzjoni (GENITIVE)
# — Tip — Struttura — Pronunzja tal-istruttura — Eżempju — Pronunzja tal-eżempju — Traduzzjoni
1. Pussess singulari — Nom + 's + Nom — Nawn + iz + nawn — John's car — Ġonz kar — Il-karozza ta' John.
2. Pussess bl-użu ta' of — Nom + of + Nom — Nawn + ov + nawn — the car of John — Dhə kar ov Ġon — Il-karozza ta' John.
3. Pussess fil-plural regolari — Nom plural + ' + Nom — Plurəl nawn + apostrofi + nawn — students' books — Stjudənts buks — Il-kotba tal-istudenti.
4. Pussess fil-plural irregolari — Nom + 's + Nom — Nawn + iz + nawn — children's toys — Ċildrənz tojz — Il-ġugarelli tat-tfal.
5. Pussess bl-użu ta' of — Nom + of + Nom — Nawn + ov + nawn — the roof of the house — Dhə ruf ov dhə haw s — Is-saqaf tad-dar.
6. Determinant possessiv — Determinant possessiv + Nom — Pəzesiv diterminər + nawn — my car — Maj kar — Il-karozza tiegħi.
7. Pussess indipendenti — Pronom possessiv — Pəzesiv prounawn — The car is mine. — Dhə kar iz majn. — Il-karozza hija tiegħi.
8. Pussess b'of + pronom possessiv — Nom + of + Pronom possessiv — Nawn + ov + pəzesiv prounawn — a friend of mine — Ə frend ov majn — Ħabib tiegħi.
9. Pussess marbut maż-żmien — Nom taż-żmien + 's + Nom — Tajm nawn + iz + nawn — today's news — Tudejz njuz — L-aħbarijiet tal-lum.
10. Pussess b'perjodu ta' żmien plural — Numru + Unità ta' kejl + ' + Nom — Njumərəl + unit + apostrofi + nawn — two weeks' vacation — Tu wiks vəkejxən — Vaganza ta' ġimagħtejn.
11. Mistoqsija dwar il-pussess — whose + Nom? — Huz + nawn? — Whose book? — Huz buk? — Ta' min hu l-ktieb?
12. Pussess f'sentenza relattiva — whose + Nom + Klawżola — Huz + nawn + kloz — the man whose car... — Dhə mænd huz kar... — Ir-raġel li l-karozza tiegħu...
13. Pussess konġunt — L-ewwel Nom + and + It-tieni Nom + 's + Nom — Nawn + end + nawn + iz + nawn — John and Mary's house — Ġon end Meriz haw s — Id-dar ta' John u Mary, li għandhomha flimkien.
14. Pussess separat — L-ewwel Nom + 's + and + It-tieni Nom + 's + Nom — Nawn + iz + end + nawn + iz + nawn — John's and Mary's houses — Ġonz end Meriz haw siz — Id-djar ta' John u Mary, kull wieħed b'daru.
Pronomi Possessivi Indipendenti (INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVES)
Persuna — Determinant possessiv — Pronunzja — Pronom possessiv indipendenti — Pronunzja — Eżempju sħiħ — Pronunzja tal-eżempju — Traduzzjoni
I = jien — my — maj — mine — majn — This book is mine. — Dhis buk iz majn. — Dan il-ktieb huwa tiegħi.
you = inti — your — jur — yours — jurz — This book is yours. — Dhis buk iz jurz. — Dan il-ktieb huwa tiegħek.
he = hu — his — hiz — his — hiz — This book is his. — Dhis buk iz hiz. — Dan il-ktieb huwa tiegħu.
she = hi — her — her — hers — herz — This book is hers. — Dhis buk iz herz. — Dan il-ktieb huwa tagħha.
it = hu/hi għal ħaġa jew annimal — its — its — Ma jeżistix pronom possessiv indipendenti komuni — — The dog hurt its leg. — Dhə doġ hərt its leġ. — Il-kelb weġġa' siequ.
we = aħna — our — awər — ours — awərz — This book is ours. — Dhis buk iz awərz. — Dan il-ktieb huwa tagħna.
they = huma — their — dher — theirs — dherz — This book is theirs. — Dhis buk iz dherz. — Dan il-ktieb huwa tagħhom.
The book is the boy's. = Il-ktieb huwa tat-tifel.
The book is for the boy. = Il-ktieb huwa għat-tifel.
Kien Se (WAS GOING TO)
Pronom — Struttura — Pronunzja tal-istruttura — Eżempju — Pronunzja tal-eżempju — Tifsira
I = jien — Jien + was going to + Verb — Aj + wəz gow-iŋ tu + verb — I was going to eat. — Aj wəz gow-iŋ tu iit. — Kont se niekol.
you = inti — Inti + were going to + Verb — Ju + wer gow-iŋ tu + verb — You were going to eat. — Ju wer gow-iŋ tu iit. — Kont se tiekol.
he = hu — Hu + was going to + Verb — Hi + wəz gow-iŋ tu + verb — He was going to eat. — Hi wəz gow-iŋ tu iit. — Hu kien se jiekol.
she = hi — Hi + was going to + Verb — Xi + wəz gow-iŋ tu + verb — She was going to eat. — Xi wəz gow-iŋ tu iit. — Hija kienet se tiekol.
it = hu/hi għal ħaġa jew annimal — It + was going to + Verb — It + wəz gow-iŋ tu + verb — It was going to rain. — It wəz gow-iŋ tu rejn. — Kien se jagħmel ix-xita.
we = aħna — Aħna + were going to + Verb — Wi + wer gow-iŋ tu + verb — We were going to eat. — Wi wer gow-iŋ tu iit. — Konna se nieklu.
they = huma — Huma + were going to + Verb — Dhej + wer gow-iŋ tu + verb — They were going to eat. — Dhej wer gow-iŋ tu iit. — Huma kienu se jieklu.
[was about to / were about to] — Jintuża wkoll biex juri li xi ħaġa kienet se sseħħ minnufih.
Was about to = xi ħaġa kienet se sseħħ minnufih.
Was supposed to = kien hemm pjan jew obbligu li ssir xi ħaġa, iżda xi ħaġa setgħet żammitha milli sseħħ jew wasslet għal riżultat differenti.
I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. = Kelli nnaddaf illum, iżda minħabba t-temp ħażin mhux se nagħmel dan.
2- In-Nomi (NOUNS)
Kunċett — Struttura — Eżempju — Pronunzja bl-Ingliż — Traduzzjoni
Plural — Nom + s — books — Buks — kotba
Plural — Nom + es [iz] — boxes — Boksiz — kaxxi
Singular definit — the [dhə] + Nom — the book — Dhə buk — il-ktieb
Plural definit — the [dhə] + Nom plural — the books — Dhə buks — il-kotba
Singular indefinit — a [ə] + Nom — a book — Ə buk — ktieb
Singular indefinit qabel ħoss vokaliku — an [ən] + Nom — an apple — Ən æpəl — tuffieħa
Oġġett indirett — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett indirett + Oġġett dirett — I give him the book. — Aj ġiv him dhə buk. — Jien nagħtih il-ktieb.
Oġġett indirett b'to — Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + to + Oġġett indirett — I give the book to him. — Aj ġiv dhə buk tu him. — Jien nagħtih il-ktieb.
Pussess — Nom tas-sid + 's + Nom tal-ħaġa li tappartjeni lilu — John's car — Ġonz kar — Il-karozza ta' John.
Pussess plural — Nom plural tas-sid + ' + Nom tal-ħaġa li tappartjeni lilu — the boys' books — Dhə bojz buks — Il-kotba tas-subien.
Pussess bl-użu ta' of — Nom tal-ħaġa + of + Nom tas-sid — the door of the house — Dhə dor ov dhə haw s — Il-bieb tad-dar.
It-tmiem tal-kelma — X'inżidu? — Eżempju — Pronunzja
Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-kliem — -s — book → books — Buk → buks
s — -es — bus → buses — Bas → basiz
ss — -es — class → classes — Klas → klasiz
sh — -es — dish → dishes — Dix → dixiz
ch — -es — watch → watches — Woċ → woċiz
x — -es — box → boxes — Boks → boksiz
z — -es — quiz → quizzes — Kwiz → kwiziz
Konsonanti + y — -ies — baby → babies — Bejbi → bejbiz
Vokali + y — -s — boy → boys — Boj → bojz
Xi kliem li jispiċċa b'f/fe — -ves — knife → knives — Najf → najvz
Xi kliem li jispiċċa b'f/fe — -s — roof → roofs — Ruf → rufs
Meta nom jista' jingħadd, normalment il-plural tiegħu jindika aktar minn wieħed. In-nomi li ma jingħaddux normalment ma jingħatawx plural bl-istess mod.
OĠĠETT INDIRETT (INDIRECT OBJECT)
Hemm tliet modi ewlenin kif jitqiegħed l-oġġett indirett fl-Ingliż:
1- Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett indirett + Oġġett dirett
I give a boy a book. = Jien nagħti ktieb lil tifel.
2- Suġġett + Verb + Oġġett dirett + to + Oġġett indirett
I give a book to a boy. = Jien nagħti ktieb lil tifel.
3- Suġġett + Verb + to + Oġġett indirett + Oġġett dirett
I give to a boy a book. = Jien nagħti ktieb lil tifel.
Dan l-aħħar mudell jidher mhux naturali fl-Ingliż modern; l-ewwel u t-tieni mudelli jintużaw aktar spiss.
IL-ĠENITTIV: IL-PUSSESS
Hemm żewġ modi ewlenin kif jiġi espress il-pussess bl-Ingliż:
1- Sid + 's + Ħaġa li tappartjeni lis-sid
The boy's book = Il-ktieb tat-tifel.
2- Ħaġa li tappartjeni lis-sid + of + Sid
The book of the boy = Il-ktieb tat-tifel.
3- L-Aġġettivi (ADJECTIVES)
Tip ta’ aġġettiv Struttura bl-Ingliż Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
Aġġettiv deskrittiv Aġġettiv + nom adjective + noun a beautiful house a bjútiful háws dar sabiħa
Aġġettiv tal-kwantità Kwantità + nom kwóntiti + náwn many books méni búks ħafna kotba
Aġġettiv numerali Numru + nom námber + náwn three books θrí búks tliet kotba
Aġġettiv dimostrattiv this/that/these/those + nom ðis/ðæt/ðíz/ðóuz + náwn this book ðis búk dan il-ktieb
Aġġettiv possessiv my/your/his/her/its/our/their + nom mái/jór/híz/hér/its/áwer/ðér + náwn my car mái kár il-karozza tiegħi
Aġġettiv interrogattiv which/what/whose + nom wiċ/wot/húz + náwn which book? wiċ búk? liema ktieb?
Aġġettiv indefinit Kelma indefinita + nom indéfinət wórd + náwn some books sam búks xi kotba
Aġġettiv distributtiv each/every/either/neither + nom íċ/évri/áiðer/níðer + náwn each student íċ stúdent kull student
Aġġettiv derivat minn isem proprju Isem proprju → aġġettiv próper náwn → adjéktiv English language íngliċ læŋgwiċ il-lingwa Ingliża
Aġġettiv kompost Kelma + kelma wórd + wórd a well-known actor a wél-nówn áktor attur magħruf
Aġġettiv derivat minn forma verbali preżenti jew passata V-ing / V-ed ví-iŋ / ví-ed a boring movie a bóriŋ múvi film tedjanti
Aġġettiv komparattiv Aġġettiv + er / more + aġġettiv adjéktiv + ér / mór + adjéktiv bigger house bíger háws dar akbar
Aġġettiv superlattiv Aġġettiv + est / most + aġġettiv adjéktiv + ést / móust + adjéktiv the biggest house ðə bígest háws l-akbar dar
Aġġettivi kkoordinati Aġġettiv + virgola + aġġettiv + nom adjéktiv + kómma + adjéktiv + náwn a long, difficult journey a lóŋ, dífikəlt džérni vjaġġ twil u diffiċli
Aġġettiv qabel in-nom Aġġettiv + nom adjéktiv + náwn a red car a réd kár karozza ħamra
Aġġettiv predikattiv Suġġett + be + aġġettiv sábġekt + bí + adjéktiv The car is red. ðə kár iz réd. Il-karozza hija ħamra.
Aġġettiv wara n-nom Nom + aġġettiv náwn + adjéktiv something interesting sámθiŋ íntrestiŋ ħaġa interessanti
Aġġettiv użat waħdu Aġġettiv adjéktiv perfect pérfekt perfett
Aġġettiv enfatiku Aġġettiv + nom adjéktiv + náwn my own car mái ówn kár il-karozza tiegħi stess
Aġġettiv esklamattiv what + aġġettiv + nom wot + adjéktiv + náwn What a beautiful day! wot a bjútiful déi! X’ġurnata sabiħa!
1. Il-preżent sempliċi — Present Simple
Struttura: Suġġett + am/is/are + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + æm/iz/ar + kómpliment
Pronom Struttura Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I am I am happy. ái æm hæpi Jien ferħan/ferħana.
You You are You are happy. jú ar hæpi Int ferħan/ferħana.
He He is He is happy. hí iz hæpi Huwa ferħan.
She She is She is happy. ší iz hæpi Hija ferħana.
It It is It is cold. it iz kóuld Huwa kiesaħ.
We We are We are happy. wí ar hæpi Aħna ferħanin.
You You are You are happy. jú ar hæpi Intom ferħanin.
They They are They are happy. ðéi ar hæpi Huma ferħanin.
2. Il-passat sempliċi — Past Simple
Struttura: Suġġett + was/were + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + woz/wer + kómpliment
Pronom Struttura Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I was I was happy. ái woz hæpi Jien kont ferħan/ferħana.
You You were You were happy. jú wer hæpi Int kont ferħan/ferħana.
He He was He was happy. hí woz hæpi Huwa kien ferħan.
She She was She was happy. ší woz hæpi Hija kienet ferħana.
It It was It was cold. it woz kóuld Kien kiesaħ.
We We were We were happy. wí wer hæpi Aħna konna ferħanin.
You You were You were happy. jú wer hæpi Intom kontu ferħanin.
They They were They were happy. ðéi wer hæpi Huma kienu ferħanin.
3. Il-futur sempliċi — Future Simple
Struttura: Suġġett + will be + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + wil bí + kómpliment
Pronom Struttura Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I will be I will be happy. ái wil bí hæpi Jien se nkun ferħan/ferħana.
You You will be You will be happy. jú wil bí hæpi Int se tkun ferħan/ferħana.
He He will be He will be happy. hí wil bí hæpi Huwa se jkun ferħan.
She She will be She will be happy. ší wil bí hæpi Hija se tkun ferħana.
It It will be It will be cold. it wil bí kóuld Se jkun kiesaħ.
We We will be We will be happy. wí wil bí hæpi Aħna se nkunu ferħanin.
You You will be You will be happy. jú wil bí hæpi Intom se tkunu ferħanin.
They They will be They will be happy. ðéi wil bí hæpi Huma se jkunu ferħanin.
4. Il-preżent kontinwu — Present Continuous
Struttura: Suġġett + am/is/are being + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + æm/iz/ar bí-iŋ + kómpliment
Pronom Struttura Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I am being I am being careful. ái æm bí-iŋ kérful Qed inġib ruħi b’attenzjoni.
You You are being You are being careful. jú ar bí-iŋ kérful Qed iġġib ruħek b’attenzjoni.
He He is being He is being careful. hí iz bí-iŋ kérful Qed iġib ruħu b’attenzjoni.
She She is being She is being careful. ší iz bí-iŋ kérful Qed iġġib ruħha b’attenzjoni.
It It is being It is being repaired. it iz bí-iŋ ripérd Qed jissewwa.
We We are being We are being careful. wí ar bí-iŋ kérful Qed inġibu ruħna b’attenzjoni.
You You are being You are being careful. jú ar bí-iŋ kérful Qed iġġibu ruħkom b’attenzjoni.
They They are being They are being careful. ðéi ar bí-iŋ kérful Qed iġibu ruħhom b’attenzjoni.
5. Il-passat kontinwu — Past Continuous
Struttura: Suġġett + was/were being + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + woz/wer bí-iŋ + kómpliment
Pronom Struttura Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I was being I was being careful. ái woz bí-iŋ kérful Kont qed inġib ruħi b’attenzjoni.
You You were being You were being careful. jú wer bí-iŋ kérful Kont qed iġġib ruħek b’attenzjoni.
He He was being He was being careful. hí woz bí-iŋ kérful Kien qed iġib ruħu b’attenzjoni.
She She was being She was being careful. ší woz bí-iŋ kérful Kienet qed iġġib ruħha b’attenzjoni.
It It was being It was being repaired. it woz bí-iŋ ripérd Kien qed jissewwa.
We We were being We were being careful. wí wer bí-iŋ kérful Konna qed inġibu ruħna b’attenzjoni.
You You were being You were being careful. jú wer bí-iŋ kérful Kontu qed iġġibu ruħkom b’attenzjoni.
They They were being They were being careful. ðéi wer bí-iŋ kérful Kienu qed iġibu ruħhom b’attenzjoni.
6. Il-futur kontinwu — Future Continuous
Struttura: Suġġett + will be being + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + wil bí bí-iŋ + kómpliment
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I will be being careful. ái wil bí bí-iŋ kérful Se nkun qed inġib ruħi b’attenzjoni.
You You will be being careful. jú wil bí bí-iŋ kérful Se tkun qed iġġib ruħek b’attenzjoni.
He He will be being careful. hí wil bí bí-iŋ kérful Se jkun qed iġib ruħu b’attenzjoni.
She She will be being careful. ší wil bí bí-iŋ kérful Se tkun qed iġġib ruħha b’attenzjoni.
It It will be being repaired. it wil bí bí-iŋ ripérd Se jkun qed jissewwa.
We We will be being careful. wí wil bí bí-iŋ kérful Se nkunu qed inġibu ruħna b’attenzjoni.
You You will be being careful. jú wil bí bí-iŋ kérful Se tkunu qed iġġibu ruħkom b’attenzjoni.
They They will be being careful. ðéi wil bí bí-iŋ kérful Se jkunu qed iġibu ruħhom b’attenzjoni.
Dan iż-żmien grammatikali huwa korrett, iżda rari ħafna jintuża fl-Ingliż naturali.
7. Il-perfett preżenti — Present Perfect
Struttura: Suġġett + have/has been + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + hæv/hæz bin + kómpliment
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I have been happy. ái hæv bin hæpi Jien kont ferħan/ferħana u għadni hekk.
You You have been happy. jú hæv bin hæpi Int kont ferħan/ferħana u għadek hekk.
He He has been happy. hí hæz bin hæpi Huwa kien ferħan u għadu hekk.
She She has been happy. ší hæz bin hæpi Hija kienet ferħana u għadha hekk.
It It has been cold. it hæz bin kóuld Kien kiesaħ u għadu hekk.
We We have been happy. wí hæv bin hæpi Aħna konna ferħanin u għadna hekk.
You You have been happy. jú hæv bin hæpi Intom kontu ferħanin u għadkom hekk.
They They have been happy. ðéi hæv bin hæpi Huma kienu ferħanin u għadhom hekk.
8. Il-passat perfett — Past Perfect
Struttura: Suġġett + had been + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + hæd bin + kómpliment
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I had been happy. ái hæd bin hæpi Jien kont kont ferħan/ferħana sa dak iż-żmien.
You You had been happy. jú hæd bin hæpi Int kont kont ferħan/ferħana sa dak iż-żmien.
He He had been happy. hí hæd bin hæpi Huwa kien ilu ferħan sa dak iż-żmien.
She She had been happy. ší hæd bin hæpi Hija kienet ilha ferħana sa dak iż-żmien.
It It had been cold. it hæd bin kóuld Kien ilu kiesaħ sa dak iż-żmien.
We We had been happy. wí hæd bin hæpi Aħna konna ilna ferħanin sa dak iż-żmien.
You You had been happy. jú hæd bin hæpi Intom kontu ilkom ferħanin sa dak iż-żmien.
They They had been happy. ðéi hæd bin hæpi Huma kienu ilhom ferħanin sa dak iż-żmien.
9. Il-futur perfett — Future Perfect
Struttura: Suġġett + will have been + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + wil hæv bin + kómpliment
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I will have been happy. ái wil hæv bin hæpi Jien inkun kont ferħan/ferħana sa dak iż-żmien.
You You will have been happy. jú wil hæv bin hæpi Int tkun kont ferħan/ferħana sa dak iż-żmien.
He He will have been happy. hí wil hæv bin hæpi Huwa jkun kien ferħan sa dak iż-żmien.
She She will have been happy. ší wil hæv bin hæpi Hija tkun kienet ferħana sa dak iż-żmien.
It It will have been cold. it wil hæv bin kóuld Ikun ilu kiesaħ sa dak iż-żmien.
We We will have been happy. wí wil hæv bin hæpi Aħna nkunu konna ferħanin sa dak iż-żmien.
You You will have been happy. jú wil hæv bin hæpi Intom tkunu kontu ferħanin sa dak iż-żmien.
They They will have been happy. ðéi wil hæv bin hæpi Huma jkunu kienu ferħanin sa dak iż-żmien.
10. Il-perfett kontinwu preżenti — Present Perfect Continuous
Struttura: Suġġett + have/has been being + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + hæv/hæz bin bí-iŋ + kómpliment
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I have been being careful. ái hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Kont qed inġib ruħi b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien.
You You have been being careful. jú hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Kont qed iġġib ruħek b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien.
He He has been being careful. hí hæz bin bí-iŋ kérful Kien qed iġib ruħu b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien.
She She has been being careful. ší hæz bin bí-iŋ kérful Kienet qed iġġib ruħha b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien.
It It has been being repaired. it hæz bin bí-iŋ ripérd Kien qed jissewwa għal xi żmien.
We We have been being careful. wí hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Konna qed inġibu ruħna b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien.
You You have been being careful. jú hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Kontu qed iġġibu ruħkom b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien.
They They have been being careful. ðéi hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Kienu qed iġibu ruħhom b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien.
11. Il-passat perfett kontinwu — Past Perfect Continuous
Struttura: Suġġett + had been being + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + hæd bin bí-iŋ + kómpliment
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I had been being careful. ái hæd bin bí-iŋ kérful Kont ili nġib ruħi b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien sa dak iż-żmien.
You You had been being careful. jú hæd bin bí-iŋ kérful Kont ili ġġib ruħek b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien sa dak iż-żmien.
He He had been being careful. hí hæd bin bí-iŋ kérful Kien ilu jġib ruħu b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
She She had been being careful. ší hæd bin bí-iŋ kérful Kienet ilha ġġib ruħha b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
It It had been being repaired. it hæd bin bí-iŋ ripérd Kien ilu jissewwa sa dak iż-żmien.
We We had been being careful. wí hæd bin bí-iŋ kérful Konna ilna nġibu ruħna b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
You You had been being careful. jú hæd bin bí-iŋ kérful Kontu ilkom iġġibu ruħkom b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
They They had been being careful. ðéi hæd bin bí-iŋ kérful Kienu ilhom iġibu ruħhom b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
12. Il-futur perfett kontinwu — Future Perfect Continuous
Struttura: Suġġett + will have been being + komplement
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: sábiġekt + wil hæv bin bí-iŋ + kómpliment
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti
I I will have been being careful. ái wil hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Inkun ili nġib ruħi b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien sa dak iż-żmien.
You You will have been being careful. jú wil hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Tkun ili ġġib ruħek b’attenzjoni għal xi żmien sa dak iż-żmien.
He He will have been being careful. hí wil hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Jkun ilu jġib ruħu b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
She She will have been being careful. ší wil hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Tkun ilha ġġib ruħha b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
It It will have been being repaired. it wil hæv bin bí-iŋ ripérd Jkun ilu jissewwa sa dak iż-żmien.
We We will have been being careful. wí wil hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Inkun ilna nġibu ruħna b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
You You will have been being careful. jú wil hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Tkunu ilkom iġġibu ruħkom b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
They They will have been being careful. ðéi wil hæv bin bí-iŋ kérful Jkunu ilhom iġibu ruħhom b’attenzjoni sa dak iż-żmien.
4- Pronomi (PRONOUNS)
1. Pronomi personali — il-forom bażiċi kollha
Każ / kunċett grammatikali Forma grammatikali Pronunzja tal-forma bl-Ingliż Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Każ tas-suġġett Pronom tas-suġġett Subject pronoun I ai jien
Każ tas-suġġett Pronom tas-suġġett Subject pronoun you ju int / intom
Każ tas-suġġett Pronom tas-suġġett Subject pronoun he hi hu
Każ tas-suġġett Pronom tas-suġġett Subject pronoun she shi hi
Każ tas-suġġett Pronom tas-suġġett Subject pronoun it it huwa / hi għal oġġetti u annimali
Każ tas-suġġett Pronom tas-suġġett Subject pronoun we wi aħna
Każ tas-suġġett Pronom tas-suġġett Subject pronoun they dhei huma
Eżempji
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I read. ai rid Jien naqra.
you You work. ju werk Int taħdem. / Intom taħdmu.
he He sleeps. hi sliips Hu jorqod.
she She cooks. shi kuks Hi ssajjar.
it It works. it werks Jaħdem. / Taħdem. (għal oġġett jew annimal)
we We study. wi stadi Aħna nistudjaw.
they They live here. dhei liv hir Huma jgħixu hawn.
2. Pronomi tal-oġġett
Dawn il-pronomi jintużaw bħala oġġetti diretti jew indiretti tal-verb.
Kunċett grammatikali Forma grammatikali Pronunzja tal-forma bl-Ingliż Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Każ tal-oġġett Pronom tal-oġġett Object pronoun me mi lili / għalija
Każ tal-oġġett Pronom tal-oġġett Object pronoun you ju lilek / lilkom
Każ tal-oġġett Pronom tal-oġġett Object pronoun him him lilu / għalih
Każ tal-oġġett Pronom tal-oġġett Object pronoun her her lilha / għaliha
Każ tal-oġġett Pronom tal-oġġett Object pronoun it it lilu / lilha għal oġġett jew annimal
Każ tal-oġġett Pronom tal-oġġett Object pronoun us as lilna / għalina
Każ tal-oġġett Pronom tal-oġġett Object pronoun them dhem lilhom / għalihom
Eżempji
Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
She called me. shi kold mi Hi ċemplitli.
I saw you. ai so ju Rajt lilek / Rajt lilkom.
We helped him. wi helpt him Aħna għinnih.
I know her. ai no her Jien nafha.
I bought it. ai bot it Jien xtrajtu / xtrajtha.
He invited us. hi invaitid as Hu stedinna.
She called them. shi kold dhem Hi ċemplet lilhom.
3. Aġġettivi possessivi qabel in-nom
Dawn il-forom possessivi jintużaw qabel nom biex juru s-sjieda.
Kunċett grammatikali Forma grammatikali Pronunzja tal-forma bl-Ingliż Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Sjieda my + noun mai + naun my mai tiegħi / tiegħi
Sjieda your + noun jor + naun your jor tiegħek / tagħkom
Sjieda his + noun hiz + naun his hiz tiegħu
Sjieda her + noun her + naun her her tagħha
Sjieda its + noun its + naun its its tiegħu / tagħha għal oġġett jew annimal
Sjieda our + noun awar + naun our awar tagħna
Sjieda their + noun dher + naun their dher tagħhom
Eżempji
Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
My book is new. mai buk iz nju Il-ktieb tiegħi huwa ġdid.
Your car is fast. jor kar iz fast Il-karozza tiegħek hija veloċi.
His house is big. hiz haus iz big Id-dar tiegħu hija kbira.
Her phone is new. her fon iz nju It-telefon tagħha huwa ġdid.
Its color is beautiful. its kalar iz bjutiful Il-kulur tiegħu / tagħha huwa sabiħ.
Our teacher is nice. awar ticher iz nais L-għalliem tagħna huwa qalbu tajba.
Their house is large. dher haus iz larj Id-dar tagħhom hija kbira.
4. Pronomi possessivi indipendenti
Dawn il-forom jintużaw mingħajr nom warajhom.
Kunċett grammatikali Forma grammatikali Pronunzja tal-forma bl-Ingliż Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Sjieda indipendenti mine main mine main tiegħi
Sjieda indipendenti yours jorz yours jorz tiegħek / tagħkom
Sjieda indipendenti his hiz his hiz tiegħu
Sjieda indipendenti hers herz hers herz tagħha
Sjieda indipendenti ours awarz ours awarz tagħna
Sjieda indipendenti theirs dherz theirs dherz tagħhom
Nota: Normalment ma jintużax pronom possessiv indipendenti komuni għal “it”.
Eżempji
Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
This book is mine. dhis buk iz main Dan il-ktieb huwa tiegħi.
The car is yours. dhe kar iz jorz Il-karozza hija tiegħek.
The house is his. dhe haus iz hiz Id-dar hija tiegħu.
The bag is hers. dhe bag iz herz Il-borża hija tagħha.
The room is ours. dhe rum iz awarz Il-kamra hija tagħna.
The books are theirs. dhe buks ar dherz Il-kotba huma tagħhom.
5. Pronomi riflessivi
Dawn jintużaw meta l-azzjoni tal-verb terġa’ lura fuq is-suġġett innifsu.
Kunċett grammatikali Forma grammatikali Pronunzja tal-forma bl-Ingliż Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Riflessiv my + self mai + self myself mai-self lili nnifsi
Riflessiv your + self jor + self yourself jor-self lilek innifsek
Riflessiv him + self him + self himself him-self lilu nnifsu
Riflessiv her + self her + self herself her-self lilha nnifisha
Riflessiv it + self it + self itself it-self lilu nnifsu / lilha nnifisha għal oġġett jew annimal
Riflessiv our + selves awar + selvz ourselves awar-selvz lilna nfusna
Riflessiv your + selves jor + selvz yourselves jor-selvz lilkom infuskom
Riflessiv them + selves dhem + selvz themselves dhem-selvz lilhom infushom
Eżempji
Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I hurt myself. ai hert mai-self Jien weġġajt lili nnifsi.
You did it yourself. ju did it jor-self Int għamiltu waħdek.
He introduced himself. hi introdjust him-self Hu ppreżenta ruħu.
She taught herself English. shi tot herself inglish Hi tgħallmet l-Ingliż waħedha.
The machine turned itself off. dhe mashin ternd it-self of Il-magna tfiet waħedha.
We enjoyed ourselves. wi injoid awar-selvz Aħna ħadna gost.
They introduced themselves. dhei introdjust dhem-selvz Huma ppreżentaw ruħhom.
6. Pronomi dimostrattivi
Kunċett grammatikali Forma grammatikali Pronunzja tal-forma bl-Ingliż Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Dimostrattiv singular qrib this dhis this dhis dan / din
Dimostrattiv singular imbiegħed that dhat that dhat dak / dik
Dimostrattiv plural qrib these dhiz these dhiz dawn
Dimostrattiv plural imbiegħed those dhoz those dhoz dawk
Eżempji
This is my book.
dhis iz mai buk.
Dan huwa l-ktieb tiegħi.
That is your car.
dhat iz jor kar.
Din hija l-karozza tiegħek.
These are my shoes.
dhiz ar mai shuz.
Dawn huma ż-żraben tiegħi.
Those are their houses.
dhoz ar dher hauziz.
Dawk huma d-djar tagħhom.
7. Pronomi interrogattivi
Kunċett grammatikali Forma grammatikali Pronunzja tal-forma bl-Ingliż Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Mistoqsija dwar persuna bħala suġġett who hu who hu min?
Mistoqsija dwar persuna bħala oġġett whom hum whom hum lil min?
Mistoqsija dwar is-sjieda whose huz whose huz ta’ min?
Mistoqsija dwar ħaġa jew għażla what wot what wot xiex? / x’?
Mistoqsija dwar għażla which wich which wich liema?
Eżempji
Who called you?
hu kold ju?
Min ċempillek?
Whom did you see?
hum did ju si?
Lil min rajt?
Whose is this?
huz iz dhis?
Ta’ min hu dan?
What happened?
wot hapend?
X’ġara?
Which is yours?
wich iz jorz?
Liema waħda hija tiegħek?
8. Pronomi relattivi
Kunċett grammatikali Forma grammatikali Pronunzja tal-forma bl-Ingliż Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Għal persuna bħala suġġett who hu who hu li
Għal persuna bħala oġġett whom hum whom hum li / lil min
Għas-sjieda whose huz whose huz li tiegħu / tagħha
Għal oġġett jew annimal which wich which wich li
Għal persuni jew oġġetti that dhat that dhat li
Eżempji
The man who works here is my brother.
dhe man hu werks hir iz mai bradhar.
Ir-raġel li jaħdem hawn huwa ħija.
The book which I bought is interesting.
dhe buk wich ai bot iz intresting.
Il-ktieb li xtrajt huwa interessanti.
The girl whose car was stolen called the police.
dhe gerl huz kar woz stolen kold dhe polis.
It-tfajla li nsterqitilha l-karozza ċemplet lill-pulizija.
9. Pronomi indefiniti
Dawn jirreferu għal persuni jew affarijiet mhux speċifikati.
Kunċett grammatikali Pronom Pronunzja Tifsira
Persuna mhux speċifikata someone sam-wan xi ħadd
Persuna mhux speċifikata somebody sam-badi xi ħadd
Persuna f’mistoqsijiet jew sentenzi negattivi anyone eni-wan xi ħadd / ħadd
Persuna f’mistoqsijiet jew sentenzi negattivi anybody eni-badi xi ħadd / ħadd
Ebda persuna no one no-wan ħadd
Ebda persuna nobody no-badi ħadd
Il-persuni kollha everyone evri-wan kulħadd
Il-persuni kollha everybody evri-badi kulħadd
Ħaġa mhux speċifikata something sam-thing xi ħaġa
Ħaġa f’mistoqsijiet jew sentenzi negattivi anything eni-thing xi ħaġa / xejn
L-ebda ħaġa nothing nathing xejn
L-affarijiet kollha everything evri-thing kulma / kollox
5- Żminijiet tal-verbi
1. Present Simple
Użu: drawwiet, fatti u azzjonijiet ripetuti.
Struttura: Suġġett + V1 + ...
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I work. ai werk Jien naħdem.
you You work. ju werk Int taħdem.
he He works. hi werks Hu jaħdem.
she She works. shi werks Hi taħdem.
it It works. it werks Jaħdem / taħdem.
we We work. wi werk Aħna naħdmu.
you You work. ju werk Intom taħdmu.
they They work. dhei werk Huma jaħdmu.
Ma’ he / she / it, normalment jiżdied -s mal-verb.
2. Past Simple
Użu: azzjoni li seħħet u ntemmet fil-passat.
Struttura: Suġġett + V2 + ...
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I worked. ai werkt Jien ħdimt.
you You worked. ju werkt Int ħdimt.
he He worked. hi werkt Hu ħadem.
she She worked. shi werkt Hi ħadmet.
it It worked. it werkt Ħadem / ħadmet.
we We worked. wi werkt Aħna ħdimna.
you You worked. ju werkt Intom ħdimtu.
they They worked. dhei werkt Huma ħadmu.
3. Future Simple
Użu: azzjoni li se sseħħ fil-futur.
Struttura: Suġġett + will + V1
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I will work. ai wil werk Jien se naħdem.
you You will work. ju wil werk Int se taħdem.
he He will work. hi wil werk Hu se jaħdem.
she She will work. shi wil werk Hi se taħdem.
it It will work. it wil werk Se jaħdem / taħdem.
we We will work. wi wil werk Aħna se naħdmu.
you You will work. ju wil werk Intom se taħdmu.
they They will work. dhei wil werk Huma se jaħdmu.
4. Present Continuous
Użu: azzjoni li qed isseħħ bħalissa jew f’dan il-perjodu.
Struttura: Suġġett + am/is/are + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I am working. ai am werking Jien qed naħdem bħalissa.
you You are working. ju ar werking Int qed taħdem bħalissa.
he He is working. hi iz werking Hu qed jaħdem bħalissa.
she She is working. shi iz werking Hi qed taħdem bħalissa.
it It is working. it iz werking Qed jaħdem / taħdem bħalissa.
we We are working. wi ar werking Aħna qed naħdmu bħalissa.
you You are working. ju ar werking Intom qed taħdmu bħalissa.
they They are working. dhei ar werking Huma qed jaħdmu bħalissa.
5. Past Continuous
Użu: azzjoni li kienet għaddejja f’mument speċifiku fil-passat.
Struttura: Suġġett + was/were + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I was working. ai woz werking Jien kont qed naħdem.
you You were working. ju wer werking Int kont qed taħdem.
he He was working. hi woz werking Hu kien qed jaħdem.
she She was working. shi woz werking Hi kienet qed taħdem.
it It was working. it woz werking Kien qed jaħdem / kienet qed taħdem.
we We were working. wi wer werking Aħna konna qed naħdmu.
you You were working. ju wer werking Intom kontu qed taħdmu.
they They were working. dhei wer werking Huma kienu qed jaħdmu.
6. Future Continuous
Użu: azzjoni li tkun għaddejja f’mument speċifiku fil-futur.
Struttura: Suġġett + will be + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I will be working. ai wil bi werking Jien se nkun qed naħdem.
you You will be working. ju wil bi werking Int se tkun qed taħdem.
he He will be working. hi wil bi werking Hu se jkun qed jaħdem.
she She will be working. shi wil bi werking Hi se tkun qed taħdem.
it It will be working. it wil bi werking Se jkun qed jaħdem / se tkun qed taħdem.
we We will be working. wi wil bi werking Aħna se nkunu qed naħdmu.
you You will be working. ju wil bi werking Intom se tkunu qed taħdmu.
they They will be working. dhei wil bi werking Huma se jkunu qed jaħdmu.
7. Present Perfect
Użu: azzjoni li seħħet fil-passat u għandha rabta mal-preżent, mingħajr ma jissemma ħin speċifiku li fih seħħet.
Struttura: Suġġett + have/has + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I have worked. ai hav werkt Jien ħdimt / għamilt ix-xogħol.
you You have worked. ju hav werkt Int ħdimt.
he He has worked. hi haz werkt Hu ħadem.
she She has worked. shi haz werkt Hi ħadmet.
it It has worked. it haz werkt Ħadem / ħadmet.
we We have worked. wi hav werkt Aħna ħdimna.
you You have worked. ju hav werkt Intom ħdimtu.
they They have worked. dhei hav werkt Huma ħadmu.
8. Past Perfect
Użu: azzjoni li kienet seħħet qabel azzjoni oħra fil-passat.
Struttura: Suġġett + had + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I had worked. ai had werkt Jien kont ħdimt.
you You had worked. ju had werkt Int kont ħdimt.
he He had worked. hi had werkt Hu kien ħadem.
she She had worked. shi had werkt Hi kienet ħadmet.
it It had worked. it had werkt Kien ħadem / kienet ħadmet.
we We had worked. wi had werkt Aħna konna ħdimna.
you You had worked. ju had werkt Intom kontu ħdimtu.
they They had worked. dhei had werkt Huma kienu ħadmu.
9. Future Perfect
Użu: azzjoni li tkun tlestiet qabel mument speċifiku fil-futur.
Struttura: Suġġett + will have + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I will have worked. ai wil hav werkt Jien inkun lestejt ix-xogħol.
you You will have worked. ju wil hav werkt Int tkun lestejt ix-xogħol.
he He will have worked. hi wil hav werkt Hu jkun lesta x-xogħol.
she She will have worked. shi wil hav werkt Hi tkun lestiet ix-xogħol.
it It will have worked. it wil hav werkt Jkun ħadem / tkun ħadmet.
we We will have worked. wi wil hav werkt Aħna nkunu lestejna x-xogħol.
you You will have worked. ju wil hav werkt Intom tkunu lestejtu x-xogħol.
they They will have worked. dhei wil hav werkt Huma jkunu lestew ix-xogħol.
10. Present Perfect Continuous
Użu: azzjoni li bdiet fil-passat u għadha għaddejja, jew li għadha kemm intemmet u għandha effett fil-preżent.
Struttura: Suġġett + have/has been + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I have been working. ai hav bin werking Jien ilni naħdem.
you You have been working. ju hav bin werking Int ilek taħdem.
he He has been working. hi haz bin werking Hu ilu jaħdem.
she She has been working. shi haz bin werking Hi ilha taħdem.
it It has been working. it haz bin werking Ilu jaħdem / ilha taħdem.
we We have been working. wi hav bin werking Aħna ilna naħdmu.
you You have been working. ju hav bin werking Intom ilkom taħdmu.
they They have been working. dhei hav bin werking Huma ilhom jaħdmu.
11. Past Perfect Continuous
Użu: azzjoni li kienet ilha għaddejja għal ċertu żmien qabel mument jew azzjoni oħra fil-passat.
Struttura: Suġġett + had been + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I had been working. ai had bin werking Jien kont ili naħdem.
you You had been working. ju had bin werking Int kont ilek taħdem.
he He had been working. hi had bin werking Hu kien ilu jaħdem.
she She had been working. shi had bin werking Hi kienet ilha taħdem.
it It had been working. it had bin werking Kien ilu jaħdem / kienet ilha taħdem.
we We had been working. wi had bin werking Aħna konna ilna naħdmu.
you You had been working. ju had bin werking Intom kontu ilkom taħdmu.
they They had been working. dhei had bin werking Huma kienu ilhom jaħdmu.
12. Future Perfect Continuous
Użu: azzjoni li tkun ilha għaddejja għal ċertu żmien sa mument partikolari fil-futur.
Struttura: Suġġett + will have been + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I will have been working. ai wil hav bin werking Jien inkun ilni naħdem għal ċertu żmien.
you You will have been working. ju wil hav bin werking Int tkun ilek taħdem għal ċertu żmien.
he He will have been working. hi wil hav bin werking Hu jkun ilu jaħdem għal ċertu żmien.
she She will have been working. shi wil hav bin werking Hi tkun ilha taħdem għal ċertu żmien.
it It will have been working. it wil hav bin werking Jkun ilu jaħdem / tkun ilha taħdem għal ċertu żmien.
we We will have been working. wi wil hav bin werking Aħna nkunu ilna naħdmu għal ċertu żmien.
you You will have been working. ju wil hav bin werking Intom tkunu ilkom taħdmu għal ċertu żmien.
they They will have been working. dhei wil hav bin werking Huma jkunu ilhom jaħdmu għal ċertu żmien.
6- Żminijiet tal-verb fil-passiv
1. Present Simple Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + am/is/are + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + am/is/are + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I am written about. ai am ritn abaut Jitkellmu dwari bil-miktub.
you You are written about. ju ar ritn abaut Jitkellmu dwarek bil-miktub.
he He is written about. hi iz ritn abaut Jitkellmu dwaru bil-miktub.
she She is written about. shi iz ritn abaut Jitkellmu dwarha bil-miktub.
it It is written about. it iz ritn abaut Jitkellmu dwaru / dwarha bil-miktub.
we We are written about. wi ar ritn abaut Jitkellmu dwarina bil-miktub.
you You are written about. ju ar ritn abaut Jitkellmu dwarikom bil-miktub.
they They are written about. dhei ar ritn abaut Jitkellmu dwarhom bil-miktub.
Eżempju aktar naturali:
The book is written in English.
dhe buk iz ritn in inglish.
Il-ktieb huwa miktub bl-Ingliż.
2. Past Simple Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + was/were + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + was/were + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I was invited. ai woz invaitid Jien ġejt mistieden / mistiedna.
you You were invited. ju wer invaitid Int ġejt mistieden / mistiedna.
he He was invited. hi woz invaitid Hu ġie mistieden.
she She was invited. shi woz invaitid Hi ġiet mistiedna.
it It was invited. it woz invaitid Ġie mistieden / ġiet mistiedna għal oġġett jew annimal.
we We were invited. wi wer invaitid Aħna ġejna mistiedna.
you You were invited. ju wer invaitid Intom ġejtu mistiedna.
they They were invited. dhei wer invaitid Huma ġew mistiedna.
3. Future Simple Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + will be + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + will be + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I will be invited. ai wil bi invaitid Jien se nkun mistieden / mistiedna.
you You will be invited. ju wil bi invaitid Int se tkun mistieden / mistiedna.
he He will be invited. hi wil bi invaitid Hu se jkun mistieden.
she She will be invited. shi wil bi invaitid Hi se tkun mistiedna.
it It will be invited. it wil bi invaitid Se jkun mistieden / se tkun mistiedna għal oġġett jew annimal.
we We will be invited. wi wil bi invaitid Aħna se nkunu mistiedna.
you You will be invited. ju wil bi invaitid Intom se tkunu mistiedna.
they They will be invited. dhei wil bi invaitid Huma se jkunu mistiedna.
4. Present Continuous Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + am/is/are being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + am/is/are being + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I am being watched. ai am bi-ing wocht Qed jiġi osservat / osservata bħalissa.
you You are being watched. ju ar bi-ing wocht Qed tiġi osservat / osservata bħalissa.
he He is being watched. hi iz bi-ing wocht Hu qed jiġi osservat bħalissa.
she She is being watched. shi iz bi-ing wocht Hi qed tiġi osservata bħalissa.
it It is being watched. it iz bi-ing wocht Qed jiġi osservat / qed tiġi osservata bħalissa.
we We are being watched. wi ar bi-ing wocht Aħna qed niġu osservati bħalissa.
you You are being watched. ju ar bi-ing wocht Intom qed tiġu osservati bħalissa.
they They are being watched. dhei ar bi-ing wocht Huma qed jiġu osservati bħalissa.
5. Past Continuous Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + was/were being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + was/were being + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I was being watched. ai woz bi-ing wocht Jien kont qed niġi osservat / osservata.
you You were being watched. ju wer bi-ing wocht Int kont qed tiġi osservat / osservata.
he He was being watched. hi woz bi-ing wocht Hu kien qed jiġi osservat.
she She was being watched. shi woz bi-ing wocht Hi kienet qed tiġi osservata.
it It was being watched. it woz bi-ing wocht Kien qed jiġi osservat / kienet qed tiġi osservata.
we We were being watched. wi wer bi-ing wocht Aħna konna qed niġu osservati.
you You were being watched. ju wer bi-ing wocht Intom kontu qed tiġu osservati.
they They were being watched. dhei wer bi-ing wocht Huma kienu qed jiġu osservati.
6. Future Continuous Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + will be being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + will be being + V3
Din il-forma hija rari ħafna fl-Ingliż modern.
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I will be being watched. ai wil bi bi-ing wocht Jien se nkun qed niġi osservat / osservata.
you You will be being watched. ju wil bi bi-ing wocht Int se tkun qed tiġi osservat / osservata.
he He will be being watched. hi wil bi bi-ing wocht Hu se jkun qed jiġi osservat.
she She will be being watched. shi wil bi bi-ing wocht Hi se tkun qed tiġi osservata.
it It will be being watched. it wil bi bi-ing wocht Se jkun qed jiġi osservat / se tkun qed tiġi osservata.
we We will be being watched. wi wil bi bi-ing wocht Aħna se nkunu qed niġu osservati.
you You will be being watched. ju wil bi bi-ing wocht Intom se tkunu qed tiġu osservati.
they They will be being watched. dhei wil bi bi-ing wocht Huma se jkunu qed jiġu osservati.
7. Present Perfect Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + have/has been + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + have/has been + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I have been invited. ai hav bin invaitid Jien ġejt mistieden / mistiedna.
you You have been invited. ju hav bin invaitid Int ġejt mistieden / mistiedna.
he He has been invited. hi haz bin invaitid Hu ġie mistieden.
she She has been invited. shi haz bin invaitid Hi ġiet mistiedna.
it It has been invited. it haz bin invaitid Ġie mistieden / ġiet mistiedna għal oġġett jew annimal.
we We have been invited. wi hav bin invaitid Aħna ġejna mistiedna.
you You have been invited. ju hav bin invaitid Intom ġejtu mistiedna.
they They have been invited. dhei hav bin invaitid Huma ġew mistiedna.
8. Past Perfect Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + had been + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + had been + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I had been invited. ai had bin invaitid Jien kont ġejt mistieden / mistiedna.
you You had been invited. ju had bin invaitid Int kont ġejt mistieden / mistiedna.
he He had been invited. hi had bin invaitid Hu kien ġie mistieden.
she She had been invited. shi had bin invaitid Hi kienet ġiet mistiedna.
it It had been invited. it had bin invaitid Kien ġie mistieden / kienet ġiet mistiedna għal oġġett jew annimal.
we We had been invited. wi had bin invaitid Aħna konna ġejna mistiedna.
you You had been invited. ju had bin invaitid Intom kontu ġejtu mistiedna.
they They had been invited. dhei had bin invaitid Huma kienu ġew mistiedna.
9. Future Perfect Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + will have been + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + will have been + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I will have been invited. ai wil hav bin invaitid Jien inkun ġejt mistieden / mistiedna.
you You will have been invited. ju wil hav bin invaitid Int tkun ġejt mistieden / mistiedna.
he He will have been invited. hi wil hav bin invaitid Hu jkun ġie mistieden.
she She will have been invited. shi wil hav bin invaitid Hi tkun ġiet mistiedna.
it It will have been invited. it wil hav bin invaitid Ikun ġie mistieden / tkun ġiet mistiedna għal oġġett jew annimal.
we We will have been invited. wi wil hav bin invaitid Aħna nkunu ġejna mistiedna.
you You will have been invited. ju wil hav bin invaitid Intom tkunu ġejtu mistiedna.
they They will have been invited. dhei wil hav bin invaitid Huma jkunu ġew mistiedna.
10. Present Perfect Continuous Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + have/has been being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + have/has been being + V3
Din il-forma hija grammatikalment possibbli, iżda rari ħafna u mhux naturali f’ħafna kuntesti.
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I have been being watched. ai hav bin bi-ing wocht Jien ilni niġi osservat / osservata.
you You have been being watched. ju hav bin bi-ing wocht Int ilek tiġi osservat / osservata.
he He has been being watched. hi haz bin bi-ing wocht Hu ilu jiġi osservat.
she She has been being watched. shi haz bin bi-ing wocht Hi ilha tiġi osservata.
it It has been being watched. it haz bin bi-ing wocht Ilu jiġi osservat / ilha tiġi osservata.
we We have been being watched. wi hav bin bi-ing wocht Aħna ilna niġu osservati.
you You have been being watched. ju hav bin bi-ing wocht Intom ilkom tiġu osservati.
they They have been being watched. dhei hav bin bi-ing wocht Huma ilhom jiġu osservati.
11. Past Perfect Continuous Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + had been being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + had been being + V3
Din il-forma hija estremament rari.
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I had been being watched. ai had bin bi-ing wocht Jien kont ilni niġi osservat / osservata.
you You had been being watched. ju had bin bi-ing wocht Int kont ilek tiġi osservat / osservata.
he He had been being watched. hi had bin bi-ing wocht Hu kien ilu jiġi osservat.
she She had been being watched. shi had bin bi-ing wocht Hi kienet ilha tiġi osservata.
it It had been being watched. it had bin bi-ing wocht Kien ilu jiġi osservat / kienet ilha tiġi osservata.
we We had been being watched. wi had bin bi-ing wocht Aħna konna ilna niġu osservati.
you You had been being watched. ju had bin bi-ing wocht Intom kontu ilkom tiġu osservati.
they They had been being watched. dhei had bin bi-ing wocht Huma kienu ilhom jiġu osservati.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Passive
Struttura: Suġġett + will have been being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Subject + will have been being + V3
Din il-forma hija estremament rari.
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
I I will have been being watched. ai wil hav bin bi-ing wocht Jien inkun ilni niġi osservat / osservata.
you You will have been being watched. ju wil hav bin bi-ing wocht Int tkun ilek tiġi osservat / osservata.
he He will have been being watched. hi wil hav bin bi-ing wocht Hu jkun ilu jiġi osservat.
she She will have been being watched. shi wil hav bin bi-ing wocht Hi tkun ilha tiġi osservata.
it It will have been being watched. it wil hav bin bi-ing wocht Ikun ilu jiġi osservat / tkun ilha tiġi osservata.
we We will have been being watched. wi wil hav bin bi-ing wocht Aħna nkunu ilna niġu osservati.
you You will have been being watched. ju wil hav bin bi-ing wocht Intom tkunu ilkom tiġu osservati.
they They will have been being watched. dhei wil hav bin bi-ing wocht Huma jkunu ilhom jiġu osservati.
7- In-negazzjoni
1. Il-preżent sempliċi — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + do/does + not + V1
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I do not work. Ai du not werk Jien ma naħdimx.
You You do not work. Ju du not werk Int ma taħdimx.
He He does not work. Hii daz not werk Hu ma jaħdimx.
She She does not work. Shii daz not werk Hi ma taħdimx.
It It does not work. It daz not werk Ma jaħdimx / ma taħdimx (għal oġġett jew annimal).
We We do not work. Wii du not werk Aħna ma naħdmux.
They They do not work. Dhei du not werk Huma ma jaħdmux.
Kontrazzjonijiet:
do not → don't — duwnt
does not → doesn't — daznt
⚠️ Wara doesn't, uża V1:
He doesn't work. ✅
He doesn't works. ❌
2. Il-passat sempliċi — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + did + not + V1
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I did not work. Ai did not werk Jien ma ħdimtx.
You You did not work. Ju did not werk Int ma ħdimtx.
He He did not work. Hii did not werk Hu ma ħadimx.
She She did not work. Shii did not werk Hi ma ħadmitx.
It It did not work. It did not werk Ma ħadimx / ma ħadmitx.
We We did not work. Wii did not werk Aħna ma ħdimniex.
They They did not work. Dhei did not werk Huma ma ħadmux.
did not → didn't — didnt
⚠️ Wara didn't, uża V1:
I didn't work. ✅
I didn't worked. ❌
3. Il-futur sempliċi — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + will + not + V1
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I will not work. Ai wil not werk Jien mhux se naħdem.
You You will not work. Ju wil not werk Int mhux se taħdem.
He He will not work. Hii wil not werk Hu mhux se jaħdem.
She She will not work. Shii wil not werk Hi mhux se taħdem.
It It will not work. It wil not werk Mhux se jaħdem / taħdem.
We We will not work. Wii wil not werk Aħna mhux se naħdmu.
They They will not work. Dhei wil not werk Huma mhux se jaħdmu.
will not → won't — wount
Żminijiet kontinwi
4. Il-preżent kontinwu — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + am/is/are + not + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I am not working. Ai am not werking Jien mhux qed naħdem bħalissa.
You You are not working. Ju ar not werking Int mhux qed taħdem bħalissa.
He He is not working. Hii iz not werking Hu mhux qed jaħdem bħalissa.
She She is not working. Shii iz not werking Hi mhux qed taħdem bħalissa.
It It is not working. It iz not werking Mhux qed jaħdem / taħdem bħalissa.
We We are not working. Wii ar not werking Aħna mhux qed naħdmu bħalissa.
They They are not working. Dhei ar not werking Huma mhux qed jaħdmu bħalissa.
Kontrazzjonijiet:
is not → isn't — iznt
are not → aren't — arnt
am not → I'm not — aim not
5. Il-passat kontinwu — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + was/were + not + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I was not working. Ai woz not werking Jien ma kontx qed naħdem.
You You were not working. Ju wer not werking Int ma kontx qed taħdem.
He He was not working. Hii woz not werking Hu ma kienx qed jaħdem.
She She was not working. Shii woz not werking Hi ma kinitx qed taħdem.
It It was not working. It woz not werking Ma kienx qed jaħdem / ma kinitx qed taħdem.
We We were not working. Wii wer not werking Aħna ma konniex qed naħdmu.
They They were not working. Dhei wer not werking Huma ma kinux qed jaħdmu.
Kontrazzjonijiet:
was not → wasn't — woznt
were not → weren't — wernt
6. Il-futur kontinwu — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + will + not + be + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I will not be working. Ai wil not bii werking Jien mhux se nkun qed naħdem.
You You will not be working. Ju wil not bii werking Int mhux se tkun qed taħdem.
He He will not be working. Hii wil not bii werking Hu mhux se jkun qed jaħdem.
She She will not be working. Shii wil not bii werking Hi mhux se tkun qed taħdem.
It It will not be working. It wil not bii werking Mhux se jkun qed jaħdem / taħdem.
We We will not be working. Wii wil not bii werking Aħna mhux se nkunu qed naħdmu.
They They will not be working. Dhei wil not bii werking Huma mhux se jkunu qed jaħdmu.
Żminijiet perfetti
7. Il-preżent perfett — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + have/has + not + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I have not worked. Ai hav not werkt Jien ma ħdimtx / ma ħdimtx sa issa.
You You have not worked. Ju hav not werkt Int ma ħdimtx.
He He has not worked. Hii haz not werkt Hu ma ħadimx.
She She has not worked. Shii haz not werkt Hi ma ħadmitx.
It It has not worked. It haz not werkt Ma ħadimx / ma ħadmitx.
We We have not worked. Wii hav not werkt Aħna ma ħdimniex.
They They have not worked. Dhei hav not werkt Huma ma ħadmux.
Kontrazzjonijiet:
have not → haven't — havnt
has not → hasn't — haznt
8. Il-passat perfett — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + had + not + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I had not worked. Ai had not werkt Jien ma kontx ħdimt sa dak iż-żmien.
You You had not worked. Ju had not werkt Int ma kontx ħdimt sa dak iż-żmien.
He He had not worked. Hii had not werkt Hu ma kienx ħadem sa dak iż-żmien.
She She had not worked. Shii had not werkt Hi ma kinitx ħadmet sa dak iż-żmien.
It It had not worked. It had not werkt Ma kienx ħadem / ma kinitx ħadmet sa dak iż-żmien.
We We had not worked. Wii had not werkt Aħna ma konniex ħdimna sa dak iż-żmien.
They They had not worked. Dhei had not werkt Huma ma kinux ħadmu sa dak iż-żmien.
had not → hadn't — hadnt
9. Il-futur perfett — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + will + not + have + V3
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I will not have worked. Ai wil not hav werkt Jien ma nkunx ħdimt sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
You You will not have worked. Ju wil not hav werkt Int ma tkunx ħdimt sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
He He will not have worked. Hii wil not hav werkt Hu ma jkunx ħadem sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
She She will not have worked. Shii wil not hav werkt Hi ma tkunx ħadmet sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
It It will not have worked. It wil not hav werkt Ma jkunx ħadem / ma tkunx ħadmet sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
We We will not have worked. Wii wil not hav werkt Aħna ma nkunux ħdimna sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
They They will not have worked. Dhei wil not hav werkt Huma ma jkunux ħadmu sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
Il-futur perfett kontinwu
10. Il-preżent perfett kontinwu — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + have/has + not + been + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I have not been working. Ai hav not bin werking Jien ma kontx qed naħdem għal ċertu żmien.
You You have not been working. Ju hav not bin werking Int ma kontx qed taħdem għal ċertu żmien.
He He has not been working. Hii haz not bin werking Hu ma kienx qed jaħdem għal ċertu żmien.
She She has not been working. Shii haz not bin werking Hi ma kinitx qed taħdem għal ċertu żmien.
It It has not been working. It haz not bin werking Ma kienx qed jaħdem / ma kinitx qed taħdem għal ċertu żmien.
We We have not been working. Wii hav not bin werking Aħna ma konniex qed naħdmu għal ċertu żmien.
They They have not been working. Dhei hav not bin werking Huma ma kinux qed jaħdmu għal ċertu żmien.
11. Il-passat perfett kontinwu — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + had + not + been + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I had not been working. Ai had not bin werking Jien ma kontx ilni naħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-passat.
You You had not been working. Ju had not bin werking Int ma kontx ilek taħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-passat.
He He had not been working. Hii had not bin werking Hu ma kienx ilu jaħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-passat.
She She had not been working. Shii had not bin werking Hi ma kinitx ilha taħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-passat.
It It had not been working. It had not bin werking Ma kienx ilu jaħdem / ma kinitx ilha taħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-passat.
We We had not been working. Wii had not bin werking Aħna ma konniex ilna naħdmu għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-passat.
They They had not been working. Dhei had not bin werking Huma ma kinux ilhom jaħdmu għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-passat.
12. Il-futur perfett kontinwu — forma negattiva
Struttura: Suġġett + will + not + have + been + V-ing
Pronom Sentenza Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I will not have been working. Ai wil not hav bin werking Jien mhux se nkun ili naħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
You You will not have been working. Ju wil not hav bin werking Int mhux se tkun ilek taħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
He He will not have been working. Hii wil not hav bin werking Hu mhux se jkun ilu jaħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
She She will not have been working. Shii wil not hav bin werking Hi mhux se tkun ilha taħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
It It will not have been working. It wil not hav bin werking Mhux se jkun ilu jaħdem / mhux se tkun ilha taħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
We We will not have been working. Wii wil not hav bin werking Aħna mhux se nkunu ilna naħdmu għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
They They will not have been working. Dhei wil not hav bin werking Huma mhux se jkunu ilhom jaħdmu għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
1. Il-preżent sempliċi fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + am/is/are + not + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + am/iz/ar + not + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I am not invited. Ai am not invajtid Jien mhux mistieden / mistiedna.
You You are not invited. Ju ar not invajtid Int m'intix mistieden / mistiedna.
He He is not invited. Hii iz not invajtid Hu mhux mistieden.
She She is not invited. Shii iz not invajtid Hi mhix mistiedna.
It It is not used. It iz not juzd Dan / din ma jintużax / ma tintużax.
We We are not invited. Wii ar not invajtid Aħna m'aħniex mistiedna.
They They are not invited. Dhei ar not invajtid Huma mhumiex mistiedna.
is not → isn't — iznt
are not → aren't — arnt
2. Il-passat sempliċi fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + was/were + not + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + woz/wer + not + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I was not invited. Ai woz not invajtid Jien ma kontx mistieden / mistiedna.
You You were not invited. Ju wer not invajtid Int ma kontx mistieden / mistiedna.
He He was not invited. Hii woz not invajtid Hu ma kienx mistieden.
She She was not invited. Shii woz not invajtid Hi ma kinitx mistiedna.
It It was not used. It woz not juzd Dan / din ma kienx / ma kinitx użat(a).
We We were not invited. Wii wer not invajtid Aħna ma konniex mistiedna.
They They were not invited. Dhei wer not invajtid Huma ma kinux mistiedna.
was not → wasn't — woznt
were not → weren't — wernt
3. Il-futur sempliċi fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + will + not + be + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + wil + not + bii + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I will not be invited. Ai wil not bii invajtid Jien mhux se nkun mistieden / mistiedna.
You You will not be invited. Ju wil not bii invajtid Int mhux se tkun mistieden / mistiedna.
He He will not be invited. Hii wil not bii invajtid Hu mhux se jkun mistieden.
She She will not be invited. Shii wil not bii invajtid Hi mhux se tkun mistiedna.
It It will not be used. It wil not bii juzd Dan / din mhux se jintuża / tintuża.
We We will not be invited. Wii wil not bii invajtid Aħna mhux se nkunu mistiedna.
They They will not be invited. Dhei wil not bii invajtid Huma mhux se jkunu mistiedna.
will not → won't — wount
4. Il-preżent kontinwu fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + am/is/are + not + being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + am/iz/ar + not + bii-ing + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I am not being invited. Ai am not bii-ing invajtid Jien mhux qed niġi mistieden / mistiedna bħalissa.
You You are not being invited. Ju ar not bii-ing invajtid Int m'intix qed tiġi mistieden / mistiedna bħalissa.
He He is not being invited. Hii iz not bii-ing invajtid Hu mhux qed jiġi mistieden bħalissa.
She She is not being invited. Shii iz not bii-ing invajtid Hi mhix qed tiġi mistiedna bħalissa.
It It is not being used. It iz not bii-ing juzd Dan / din mhux qed jintuża / tintuża bħalissa.
We We are not being invited. Wii ar not bii-ing invajtid Aħna mhux qed niġu mistiedna bħalissa.
They They are not being invited. Dhei ar not bii-ing invajtid Huma mhux qed jiġu mistiedna bħalissa.
5. Il-passat kontinwu fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + was/were + not + being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + woz/wer + not + bii-ing + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I was not being invited. Ai woz not bii-ing invajtid Jien ma kontx qed niġi mistieden / mistiedna dak il-ħin.
You You were not being invited. Ju wer not bii-ing invajtid Int ma kontx qed tiġi mistieden / mistiedna dak il-ħin.
He He was not being invited. Hii woz not bii-ing invajtid Hu ma kienx qed jiġi mistieden dak il-ħin.
She She was not being invited. Shii woz not bii-ing invajtid Hi ma kinitx qed tiġi mistiedna dak il-ħin.
It It was not being used. It woz not bii-ing juzd Dan / din ma kienx qed jintuża / ma kinitx qed tintuża dak il-ħin.
We We were not being invited. Wii wer not bii-ing invajtid Aħna ma konniex qed niġu mistiedna dak il-ħin.
They They were not being invited. Dhei wer not bii-ing invajtid Huma ma kinux qed jiġu mistiedna dak il-ħin.
6. Il-futur kontinwu fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + will + not + be + being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + wil + not + bii + bii-ing + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I will not be being invited. Ai wil not bii bii-ing invajtid Jien mhux se nkun fil-proċess li niġi mistieden / mistiedna f'dak il-mument fil-futur.
You You will not be being invited. Ju wil not bii bii-ing invajtid Int mhux se tkun fil-proċess li tiġi mistieden / mistiedna f'dak il-mument fil-futur.
He He will not be being invited. Hii wil not bii bii-ing invajtid Hu mhux se jkun fil-proċess li jiġi mistieden f'dak il-mument fil-futur.
She She will not be being invited. Shii wil not bii bii-ing invajtid Hi mhux se tkun fil-proċess li tiġi mistiedna f'dak il-mument fil-futur.
We We will not be being invited. Wii wil not bii bii-ing invajtid Aħna mhux se nkunu fil-proċess li niġu mistiedna f'dak il-mument fil-futur.
They They will not be being invited. Dhei wil not bii bii-ing invajtid Huma mhux se jkunu fil-proċess li jiġu mistiedna f'dak il-mument fil-futur.
⚠️ Din il-forma hija grammatikalment possibbli iżda rari ħafna u mhix komuni fl-Ingliż ta' kuljum. Normalment tintuża struttura aktar sempliċi.
7. Il-preżent perfett fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + have/has + not + been + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + hav/haz + not + bin + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I have not been invited. Ai hav not bin invajtid Jien ma ġejtx mistieden / mistiedna.
You You have not been invited. Ju hav not bin invajtid Int ma ġejtx mistieden / mistiedna.
He He has not been invited. Hii haz not bin invajtid Hu ma ġiex mistieden.
She She has not been invited. Shii haz not bin invajtid Hi ma ġietx mistiedna.
It It has not been used. It haz not bin juzd Dan / din ma ntużax / ma ntużatx.
We We have not been invited. Wii hav not bin invajtid Aħna ma ġejniex mistiedna.
They They have not been invited. Dhei hav not bin invajtid Huma ma ġewx mistiedna.
have not → haven't — havnt
has not → hasn't — haznt
8. Il-passat perfett fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + had + not + been + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + had + not + bin + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I had not been invited. Ai had not bin invajtid Jien ma kontx ġejt mistieden / mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien.
You You had not been invited. Ju had not bin invajtid Int ma kontx ġejt mistieden / mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien.
He He had not been invited. Hii had not bin invajtid Hu ma kienx ġie mistieden sa dak iż-żmien.
She She had not been invited. Shii had not bin invajtid Hi ma kinitx ġiet mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien.
We We had not been invited. Wii had not bin invajtid Aħna ma konniex ġejna mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien.
They They had not been invited. Dhei had not bin invajtid Huma ma kinux ġew mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien.
had not → hadn't — hadnt
9. Il-futur perfett fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + will + not + have + been + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + wil + not + hav + bin + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I will not have been invited. Ai wil not hav bin invajtid Jien mhux se nkun ġejt mistieden / mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
You You will not have been invited. Ju wil not hav bin invajtid Int mhux se tkun ġejt mistieden / mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
He He will not have been invited. Hii wil not hav bin invajtid Hu mhux se jkun ġie mistieden sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
She She will not have been invited. Shii wil not hav bin invajtid Hi mhux se tkun ġiet mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
We We will not have been invited. Wii wil not hav bin invajtid Aħna mhux se nkunu ġejna mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
They They will not have been invited. Dhei wil not hav bin invajtid Huma mhux se jkunu ġew mistiedna sa dak iż-żmien fil-futur.
10. Il-preżent perfett kontinwu fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + have/has + not + been + being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + hav/haz + not + bin + bii-ing + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I have not been being invited. Ai hav not bin bii-ing invajtid Jien ma kontx qed niġi mistieden / mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu.
You You have not been being invited. Ju hav not bin bii-ing invajtid Int ma kontx qed tiġi mistieden / mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu.
He He has not been being invited. Hii haz not bin bii-ing invajtid Hu ma kienx qed jiġi mistieden kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu.
She She has not been being invited. Shii haz not bin bii-ing invajtid Hi ma kinitx qed tiġi mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu.
We We have not been being invited. Wii hav not bin bii-ing invajtid Aħna ma konniex qed niġu mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu.
They They have not been being invited. Dhei hav not bin bii-ing invajtid Huma ma kinux qed jiġu mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu.
⚠️ Din il-forma hija estremament rari fl-Ingliż u ġeneralment tiġi evitata.
11. Il-passat perfett kontinwu fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + had + not + been + being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + had + not + bin + bii-ing + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I had not been being invited. Ai had not bin bii-ing invajtid Jien ma kontx qed niġi mistieden / mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu fil-passat.
You You had not been being invited. Ju had not bin bii-ing invajtid Int ma kontx qed tiġi mistieden / mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu fil-passat.
He He had not been being invited. Hii had not bin bii-ing invajtid Hu ma kienx qed jiġi mistieden kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu fil-passat.
She She had not been being invited. Shii had not bin bii-ing invajtid Hi ma kinitx qed tiġi mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu fil-passat.
We We had not been being invited. Wii had not bin bii-ing invajtid Aħna ma konniex qed niġu mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu fil-passat.
They They had not been being invited. Dhei had not bin bii-ing invajtid Huma ma kinux qed jiġu mistiedna kontinwament matul dak il-perjodu fil-passat.
⚠️ Din il-forma hija rari ħafna.
12. Il-futur perfett kontinwu fil-vuċi passiva — forma negattiva
Struttura
Bil-Malti: Suġġett + will + not + have + been + being + V3
Pronunzja tal-istruttura: Sabjekt + wil + not + hav + bin + bii-ing + vii thrii
Pronom Eżempju Pronunzja bl-ortografija Maltija Tifsira
I I will not have been being invited. Ai wil not hav bin bii-ing invajtid Jien mhux se nkun ili niġi mistieden / mistiedna kontinwament sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
You You will not have been being invited. Ju wil not hav bin bii-ing invajtid Int mhux se tkun ilek tiġi mistieden / mistiedna kontinwament sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
He He will not have been being invited. Hii wil not hav bin bii-ing invajtid Hu mhux se jkun ilu jiġi mistieden kontinwament sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
She She will not have been being invited. Shii wil not hav bin bii-ing invajtid Hi mhux se tkun ilha tiġi mistiedna kontinwament sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
We We will not have been being invited. Wii wil not hav bin bii-ing invajtid Aħna mhux se nkunu ilna niġu mistiedna kontinwament sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
They They will not have been being invited. Dhei wil not hav bin bii-ing invajtid Huma mhux se jkunu ilhom jiġu mistiedna kontinwament sa dak il-mument fil-futur.
⚠️ Din il-forma hija estremament rari u ġeneralment tiġi evitata favur struttura aktar sempliċi.
no + noun
Tifsira bil-Malti Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura Eżempju Pronunzja Tifsira
Nomi singulari li jistgħu jingħaddu no + nom singulari no + nawn no book no buk Ebda ktieb.
Nomi plurali li jistgħu jingħaddu no + nom plural no + plurel nawn no books no buks Ebda kotba.
Nomi li ma jingħaddux no + nom li ma jingħaddx no + ankauntabl nawn no water no woter Ebda ilma.
Eżistenza ta' xi ħaġa there is + no + nom singulari / li ma jingħaddx dher iz + no + nawn There is no book. Dher iz no buk M'hemm ebda ktieb.
Eżistenza ta' affarijiet there are + no + nom plural dher ar + no + plurel nawn There are no books. Dher ar no buks M'hemm ebda kotba.
Pussess have/has + no + nom hav/haz + no + nawn I have no books. Ai hav no buks M'għandix kotba.
8- Il-mistoqsijiet
1 Preżent sempliċi Do/Does + suġġett + V1...? — du/daz + sabjekt + vii wan? — Do you work? — Du ju werk? — Taħdem?
2 Passat sempliċi Did + suġġett + V1...? — did + sabjekt + vii wan? — Did you work? — Did ju werk? — Ħdimt?
3 Futur sempliċi Will + suġġett + V1...? — wil + sabjekt + vii wan? — Will you work? — Wil ju werk? — Se taħdem?
4 Preżent kontinwu Am/Is/Are + suġġett + V-ing...? — am/iz/ar + sabjekt + vii-ing? — Are you working? — Ar ju werking? — Qed taħdem bħalissa?
5 Passat kontinwu Was/Were + suġġett + V-ing...? — woz/wer + sabjekt + vii-ing? — Were you working? — Wer ju werking? — Kont qed taħdem?
6 Futur kontinwu Will + suġġett + be + V-ing...? — wil + sabjekt + bii + vii-ing? — Will you be working? — Wil ju bii werking? — Se tkun qed taħdem?
7 Preżent perfett Have/Has + suġġett + V3...? — hav/haz + sabjekt + vii thrii? — Have you worked? — Hav ju werkt? — Ħdimt?
8 Passat perfett Had + suġġett + V3...? — had + sabjekt + vii thrii? — Had you worked? — Had ju werkt? — Kont ħdimt sa dak iż-żmien?
9 Futur perfett Will + suġġett + have + V3...? — wil + sabjekt + hav + vii thrii? — Will you have worked? — Wil ju hav werkt? — Se tkun ħdimt sa dak iż-żmien?
10 Preżent perfett kontinwu Have/Has + suġġett + been + V-ing...? — hav/haz + sabjekt + bin + vii-ing? — Have you been working? — Hav ju bin werking? — Ilni naħdem? / Ilni taħdem għal xi żmien?
11 Passat perfett kontinwu Had + suġġett + been + V-ing...? — had + sabjekt + bin + vii-ing? — Had you been working? — Had ju bin werking? — Kont ilek taħdem għal xi żmien?
12 Futur perfett kontinwu Will + suġġett + have + been + V-ing...? — wil + sabjekt + hav + bin + vii-ing? — Will you have been working? — Wil ju hav bin werking? — Se tkun ilek taħdem għal ċertu żmien sa dak il-mument?
Tifsira bil-Malti Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-ortografija Maltija
Mistoqsija dwar ħaġa What + awżiljarju + suġġett + verb? Wot + oksiljeri + sabjekt + verb?
Mistoqsija dwar persuna li tagħmel l-azzjoni Who + verb? Huu + verb?
Mistoqsija dwar persuna li tirċievi l-azzjoni Who/Whom + awżiljarju + suġġett + verb? Huu/huum + oksiljeri + sabjekt + verb?
Mistoqsija dwar post Where + awżiljarju + suġġett + verb? Wher + oksiljeri + sabjekt + verb?
Mistoqsija dwar ħin When + awżiljarju + suġġett + verb? Wen + oksiljeri + sabjekt + verb?
Mistoqsija dwar raġuni Why + awżiljarju + suġġett + verb? Wai + oksiljeri + sabjekt + verb?
Mistoqsija dwar għażla Which + nom + awżiljarju + suġġett + verb? Wich + nawn + oksiljeri + sabjekt + verb?
Mistoqsija dwar pussess Whose + nom...? Huuz + nawn...?
Mistoqsija dwar mod jew metodu How + awżiljarju + suġġett + verb? Haw + oksiljeri + sabjekt + verb?
Mistoqsija dwar kwantità ta' affarijiet li jingħaddu How many + nom plural...? Haw meni + plurel nawn...?
Mistoqsija dwar kwantità ta' ħaġa li ma tingħaddx How much + nom li ma jingħaddx...? Haw mach + ankauntabl nawn...?
Mistoqsija dwar it-tul ta' żmien How long...? Haw long...?
Mistoqsija dwar il-frekwenza How often...? Haw ofen...?
Mistoqsija dwar id-distanza How far...? Haw far...?
Ir-regola bażika
Ħafna mistoqsijiet WH isegwu din l-istruttura:
WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?
WH-werd + oksiljeri + sabjekt + mein verb?
Eżempju:
Where + do + you + live?
Wher + du + ju + liv?
= Fejn tgħix?
Madankollu, jekk il-WH-word innifsu huwa s-suġġett, normalment ma jintużax do/does/did:
Who + works here?
Huu + werks hir?
= Min jaħdem hawn?
Din hija d-differenza bażika bejn:
Who did you see? → Huu did ju sii? → Lil min rajt?
Who saw you? → Huu so ju? → Min ra lilek?
8- Avverbji
1. Avverbji tal-frekwenza
Kategorija Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
Frekwenza kontinwa Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence always olwejz dejjem
Frekwenza kważi kontinwa Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence usually jużwəli normalment
Frekwenza normali Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence normally norməli normalment / b'mod naturali
Frekwenza normali Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence generally ġenerəli b'mod ġenerali
Frekwenza normali Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence frequently frikwentli spiss
Frekwenza okkażjonali Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence often ofən spiss / ta' spiss
Frekwenza okkażjonali Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence sometimes samtaimz xi kultant
Frekwenza rari Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence occasionally əkejżənəli minn żmien għal żmien
Frekwenza rari Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence rarely rerəli rari
Frekwenza rari ħafna Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence seldom seldəm rari
Assenza ta' frekwenza Avverbju tal-frekwenza + sentenza Adverb of frequency + sentence never nevər qatt
Eżempju:
I always study English.
Aj olwejz stadi Ingliż.
Jien dejjem nistudja l-Ingliż.
2. Avverbji taż-żmien
Kategorija Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
Żmien preżenti Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb now naw issa
Żmien preżenti Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb currently kərentli bħalissa
Żmien preżenti Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb presently preżentli bħalissa
Żmien passat qrib Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb recently riżentli reċentement
Żmien passat Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb yesterday jesterdej ilbieraħ
Żmien passat Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb before bifor qabel
Żmien passat Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb previously privjəsli qabel / preċedentement
Żmien passat Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb formerly formərli qabel / fl-imgħoddi
Żmien kontinwu Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb still stil għadu / għadha
Żmien futur Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb soon sun dalwaqt
Żmien futur Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb later lejter aktar tard
Żmien futur Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb eventually iventʃuəli fl-aħħar / eventwalment
Żmien bikri Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb early erli bikri
Żmien tard Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb late lejt tard
Bidu Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb first ferst l-ewwel
Tmiem Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb finally fajnəli fl-aħħar
Fl-istess waqt Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb meanwhile minwajl sadanittant
Ordni Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb then dhen imbagħad / allura
Ordni Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb afterward afterwərd wara dan
Ordni Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb afterwards afterwərdz wara dan
Ordni Avverbju taż-żmien Time adverb subsequently sabsikwentli sussegwentement / wara dan
3. Avverbji taż-żmien li jindikaw kemm ilha għaddejja xi ħaġa jew jekk għadhiex għaddejja
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
already olredi diġà
yet jet għadu / għadha; s'issa
still stil għadu / għadha
just ġast biss / proprju; spiss jitqiegħed qabel il-verb
ever evər qatt / f'xi żmien
never nevər qatt
once wans darba waħda
twice twajs darbtejn
again əgen terġa' / mill-ġdid
again and again əgen end əgen aktar u aktar drabi / ripetutament
forever fərevər għal dejjem
temporarily tempərərili temporanjament
permanently pərmənentli b'mod permanenti
Eżempju:
She has already finished.
Xi hæz olredi finiʃt.
Hi diġà lestiet.
4. Avverbji tal-post
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
here hir hawn
there dher hemm
everywhere evriwer kullimkien
somewhere samwer x'imkien
anywhere eniwer f'kull post / imkien, skont il-kuntest
nowhere now wer ebda mkien
abroad əbrod barra minn pajjiżek / barra l-pajjiż
overseas oversiz barra l-pajjiż / lil hinn mill-baħar
nearby nirbaj fil-qrib
close kloʊs viċin
far far il-bogħod
away əwej 'l bogħod
back bæk lura / lejn wara
forward forwərd 'il quddiem
backward bækwərd lura / lejn wara
indoors indorz fuq ġewwa
outdoors awtdorz fuq barra
upstairs apsterz sular ta' fuq
downstairs downsterz sular ta' taħt
inside insajd ġewwa
outside awtsajd barra
5. Avverbji tal-grad
Dawn l-avverbji jindikaw kemm hija qawwija jew kbira l-kwalità deskritta minn aġġettiv, verb jew avverbju ieħor.
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
very veri ħafna
really rili tassew / ħafna
extremely ikstrimli b'mod estrem
highly hajli b'mod qawwi / ħafna
absolutely æbsəlutli assolutament / kompletament
completely kəmplitli kompletament
totally totəli totalment
entirely intajrli b'mod sħiħ
fully fuli b'mod sħiħ
quite kwajt pjuttost / mhux ħażin
rather radhər pjuttost / kemxejn
fairly ferli kemxejn / pjuttost
pretty priti pjuttost / mhux ħażin
somewhat samwat sa ċertu punt / kemxejn
slightly slajtli ftit
a little ə litəl ftit
too tu żejjed / aktar milli meħtieġ
enough inəf biżżejjed
almost olmowst kważi
nearly nirli kważi
barely berli bilkemm
hardly hardli bilkemm
scarcely skersli bilkemm
deeply dipli b'mod profond / ħafna
greatly grejtli b'mod konsiderevoli
so so hekk / tant
such satʃ tali / tant
a lot ə lot ħafna
a bit ə bit ftit
a little bit ə litəl bit ftit żgħir
Eżempju:
The movie is extremely interesting.
Dhə muvi iz ikstrimli intresting.
Il-film huwa interessanti ħafna.
6. Avverbji tal-probabbiltà u tal-possibbiltà
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
certainly sərtənli żgur / ċertament
definitely definitli żgur / bla dubju
surely ʃurli żgur
probably probəbli probabbilment
possibly posəbli possibilment
perhaps pərhæps forsi
maybe mejbi forsi
apparently əperəntli donnha / milli jidher
evidently evidentli milli jidher / b'mod evidenti
clearly klirli b'mod ċar
obviously obviəsli ovvjament
presumably prizjuməbli preżumibbilment / x'aktarx
supposedly səpoʊzədli suppostament / skont dak li jingħad
undoubtedly andawtidli bla dubju
arguably argjuəbli jista' jingħad li
likely laikli x'aktarx
unlikely anlaikli mhux probabbli
7. Avverbji li jesprimu l-attitudni jew il-perspettiva tal-kelliem
Dawn jissejħu sentence adverbs jew stance adverbs u jesprimu l-attitudni tal-kelliem lejn is-sentenza kollha.
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
fortunately forʧənətli fortunatament
unfortunately anforʧənətli sfortunatament
luckily lakili b'xorti tajba
sadly sædli sfortunatament / b'dieqa
honestly onəstli onestament / franchement
frankly fræŋkli b'mod dirett / franchement
personally pərsənəli personalment
seriously sirjəsli bis-serjetà
technically teknikli teknikament
basically bejsikli fil-qofol / bażikament
generally ġenerəli b'mod ġenerali
normally norməli normalment
naturally næʧərəli b'mod naturali
ideally ajdili idealment
theoretically thirətikli teoretikament
practically præktikli prattikament
politically pəlitikli politikament
economically ekənomikli ekonomikament
personally pərsənəli personalment
surprisingly sərprajzingli b'mod sorprendenti
strangely strenjli b'mod stramb
interestingly intrestingli interessantement
importantly importəntli importanti / b'mod importanti
especially ispeshəli b'mod speċjali
particularly pərtikjələrli b'mod partikolari
8. Avverbji li jillimitaw jew jenfasizzaw
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
only onli biss
just ġast biss / proprju
even ivən saħansitra
also olso ukoll
too tu ukoll
as well əz wel ukoll
mainly mejnli l-aktar / prinċipalment
mostly mowstli fil-biċċa l-kbira
merely mirli biss / sempliċement
simply simpli sempliċement / biss
particularly pərtikjələrli b'mod partikolari
especially ispeshəli b'mod speċjali
exactly igzæktli eżattament
precisely prisaj sli preċiżament / eżattament
specifically spəsifikli b'mod speċifiku
solely sowlli biss / esklużivament
largely larġli fil-biċċa l-kbira
even ivən saħansitra
indeed indid tabilħaqq / tassew
Eżempju:
Only John knows the answer.
Onli Ġon nowz dhə ænsər.
John biss jaf it-tweġiba.
9. Avverbji negattivi
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
not not le / mhux
never nevər qatt
nowhere nowwer ebda mkien
hardly hardli bilkemm
scarcely skersli bilkemm
barely berli bilkemm
rarely rerəli rari
seldom seldəm rari
Nota importanti:
Not huwa l-kelma jew il-partiċella ewlenija għan-negazzjoni.
I do not work.
Aj du not werk.
Jien ma naħdimx.
10. Avverbji tal-konsegwenza u tar-riżultat
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
therefore dherfor għalhekk / konsegwentement
thus dhas b'hekk / għalhekk
consequently konsikwentli b'konsegwenza ta' dan
accordingly əkordingli għaldaqstant / skont dan
hence hens għalhekk
otherwise adherwajz inkella / jekk le
Eżempju:
He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.
Hi wəz sik; dherfor, hi stejd hom.
Hu kien marid; għalhekk baqa' d-dar.
11. Avverbji ta' relazzjoni u żieda
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
also olso ukoll
too tu ukoll
additionally ədiʃənəli barra minn hekk
moreover morowvər aktar minn hekk
furthermore fərdhərmor barra minn hekk
besides bisajdz apparti minn hekk
likewise laikwajz bl-istess mod
similarly similərli b'mod simili
12. Avverbji ta' tqabbil u xebh
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
similarly similərli b'mod simili
likewise laikwajz bl-istess mod
equally ikwəli b'mod ugwali
similarly similərli b'mod simili
comparatively kəmperətivli b'mod komparattiv
relatively relətivli relattivament
correspondingly korəspɔndingli b'mod li jaqbel ma' dan
13. Avverbji ta' rabta u organizzazzjoni
Jintużaw biex jgħaqqdu l-ideat u jorganizzaw id-diskors.
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
however hawevər madankollu / iżda
therefore dherfor għalhekk
moreover morowvər aktar minn hekk
furthermore fərdhərmor barra minn hekk
nevertheless nevərdheles minkejja dan
nonetheless nandhəles minkejja dan
meanwhile minwajl sadanittant
instead insted minflok
otherwise adherwajz inkella / jekk le
consequently konsikwentli b'konsegwenza ta' dan
subsequently sabsikwentli sussegwentement
alternatively olternətivli bħala alternattiva
finally fajnəli fl-aħħar
firstly ferstli l-ewwel nett
secondly sekəndli it-tieni nett
thirdly thərdli it-tielet nett
next nekst li jmiss / wara
then dhen imbagħad
afterward afterwərd wara dan
14. Avverbji interrogattivi
Dawn jintużaw biex isiru mistoqsijiet dwar il-metodu, il-grad, il-kwantità u l-frekwenza.
Kelma Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
how haw kif
when wen meta
where wer fejn
why waj għaliex
how much haw matʃ kemm / liema kwantità
how many haw meni kemm / kemm-il wieħed
how often haw ofən kemm-il darba
how long haw long kemm idum / għal kemm żmien
how far haw far kemm hi 'l bogħod
how soon haw sun kemm dalwaqt / meta dalwaqt
how well haw wel kemm tajjeb
how quickly haw kwikli kemm malajr
Eżempju:
How often do you exercise?
Haw ofən du ju eksərsajz?
Kemm-il darba tagħmel eżerċizzju?
15. Avverbji tal-mod
Jiddeskrivu kif titwettaq azzjoni.
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
quickly kwikli malajr
slowly slowli bil-mod
carefully kerfəli b'attenzjoni
easily izili faċilment
badly bædli ħażin / b'mod ħażin
well wel tajjeb / sew
clearly klirli b'mod ċar
quietly kwajətli kwiet / bil-kwiet
loudly lawdli b'leħen għoli
secretly sikrətli bil-moħbi
openly owpənli b'mod miftuħ
together təgedhər flimkien
apart əpart separati / 'il bogħod minn xulxin
directly direktli direttament
indirectly indirektli b'mod indirett
deliberately dilibərətli apposta
accidentally æksidentəli bi żball / b'aċċident
carefully kerfəli b'attenzjoni
successfully səksesfəli b'suċċess
differently difrəntli b'mod differenti
16. Avverbji tal-aspettattiva
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
hopefully howpfəli nittamaw li / bit-tama li
presumably prizjuməbli preżumibbilment
supposedly səpoʊzədli suppostament / skont dak li jingħad
predictably pridiktəbli b'mod prevedibbli
unexpectedly anikspektədli b'mod mhux mistenni
inevitably inevitəbli inevitabbilment
eventually iventʃuəli fl-aħħar / eventwalment
17. Avverbji tal-ordni
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
first ferst l-ewwel
firstly ferstli l-ewwel nett
second sekənd it-tieni
secondly sekəndli it-tieni nett
third thərd it-tielet
thirdly thərdli it-tielet nett
next nekst li jmiss / wara
then dhen imbagħad
finally fajnəli fl-aħħar
lastly lastli fl-aħħar nett
18. Avverbji tal-enfasi
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
certainly sərtənli żgur / ċertament
definitely definitli żgur / bla dubju
indeed indid tabilħaqq
really rili tassew
truly truli tassew / verament
absolutely æbsəlutli assolutament
actually ækʧuəli fir-realtà / fil-fatt
literally litərəli litteralment
genuinely ġenjuənli b'mod ġenwin / tassew
clearly klirli b'mod ċar
obviously obviəsli ovvjament
surely ʃurli żgur
right (jitqiegħed qabel l-avverbju) — tajjeb / eżatt
19. Avverbji ta' kjarifika u spjegazzjoni
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
actually ækʧuəli fil-fatt / fir-realtà
really rili tassew / fil-verità
rather radhər pjuttost
instead insted minflok
specifically spəsifikli b'mod speċifiku
precisely prisajsli preċiżament
exactly igzæktli eżattament
namely nejmli jiġifieri / speċifikament
simply simpli sempliċement
basically bejsikli fil-qofol / bażikament
20. Avverbji ta' approssimazzjoni
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
almost olmowst kważi
nearly nirli kważi
approximately əproksimətli approssimattivament / bejn wieħed u ieħor
roughly rafli bejn wieħed u ieħor
about əbawt ma' / madwar
around ərawnd madwar
virtually vərʧuəli virtwalment / kważi
practically præktikli prattikament / kważi
roughly rafli b'mod approssimattiv
21. Avverbji ta' esklużjoni
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
only onli biss
merely mirli biss / sempliċement
solely sowlli biss / esklużivament
exclusively iksklusivli esklużivament
otherwise adherwajz inkella
apart əpart apparti / separatament
22. Avverbji ta' kompletezza
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
altogether oltəgedhər kollha kemm huma / b'mod ġenerali
entirely intajrli b'mod sħiħ
completely kəmplitli kompletament
fully fuli b'mod sħiħ
wholly howli kollu kemm hu / kompletament
universally junivərsəli b'mod universali / madwar id-dinja
23. Avverbji li jikkummentaw fuq is-sentenza jew l-informazzjoni
Dawn huma eżempji ta' sentence adverbs:
Avverbju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
actually ækʧuəli fil-fatt / fir-realtà
apparently əperəntli milli jidher
certainly sərtənli żgur / ċertament
clearly klirli b'mod ċar
definitely definitli żgur / bla dubju
evidently evidentli milli jidher / b'mod evidenti
fortunately forʧənətli fortunatament
frankly fræŋkli franchement / b'mod dirett
generally ġenerəli b'mod ġenerali
honestly onəstli onestament
ideally ajdili idealment
indeed indid tabilħaqq
naturally næʧərəli b'mod naturali
obviously obviəsli ovvjament
personally pərsənəli personalment
perhaps pərhæps forsi
probably probəbli probabbilment
seriously sirjəsli bis-serjetà
surely ʃurli żgur
surprisingly sərprajzingli b'mod sorprendenti
theoretically thirətikli teoretikament
unfortunately anforʧənətli sfortunatament
Kategorija Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
Formazzjoni ta' avverbju minn aġġettiv — regola bażika Aġġettiv + -ly Adjective + -ly quick → quickly kwik → kwikli mgħaġġel → malajr
Aġġettivi li jispiċċaw b'y Neħħi y u żid -ily Adjective - y + -ily happy → happily hæpi → hæpəli kuntent → bil-ferħ
Aġġettivi li jispiċċaw b'-le Neħħi e u żid -y Adjective - e + -y gentle → gently ġentəl → ġentli ġentili → bil-ġentilezza
Aġġettivi li jispiċċaw b'-ic Aġġettiv + -ally Adjective + -ally basic → basically bejsik → bejsikli bażiku → bażikament
Xi aġġettivi li jispiċċaw b'-ic Aġġettiv + -ally Adjective + -ally dramatic → dramatically drəmætik → drəmætikli drammatiku → b'mod drammatiku
Xi aġġettivi li jispiċċaw b'-ue Aġġettiv + -ly Adjective + -ly true → truly tru → truli veru → tassew
Aġġettivi li jispiċċaw b'-ll Aġġettiv + -y Adjective + -y full → fully ful → fuli sħiħ → kompletament
Avverbji li ma jinbidlux L-istess kelma Same word fast → fast fæst → fæst mgħaġġel → malajr
Avverbji li ma jinbidlux L-istess kelma Same word hard → hard hard → hard bi tqila / b'mod intensiv
Avverbji li ma jinbidlux L-istess kelma Same word late → late lejt → lejt tard → tard
Avverbji li ma jinbidlux L-istess kelma Same word early → early erli → erli bikri → kmieni
Avverbji b'forma irregolari Forma differenti Irregular form good → well gud → wel tajjeb → sew
Avverbji ffurmati minn nomi Nom + -ward/-wards Noun + -ward/-wards home → homeward hom → homwərd dar → lejn id-dar
Avverbji ffurmati minn nomi Nom + -wise Noun + -wise clock → clockwise klok → klokwajz arloġġ → fid-direzzjoni tal-arloġġ
Avverbji komposti Kelma + kelma Word + word somehow samhaʊ b'xi mod
Avverbji komposti Kelma + kelma Word + word everywhere evriwer kullimkien
Frażijiet avverbjali Frażi + nom jew prepożizzjoni Adverbial phrase in the morning in dhə morning filgħodu
9- Konġunzjonijiet
. Konġunzjonijiet koordinattivi — Coordinating Conjunctions
Din it-tip ta’ konġunzjoni tgħaqqad elementi li għandhom l-istess funzjoni grammatikali.
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
and and u
but bat imma
or or jew
nor nor lanqas
for for għax / peress li
yet yet imma / madankollu
so so għalhekk / allura
FANBOYS
For — for
And — and
Nor — nor
But — bat
Or — or
Yet — yet
So — so
I was tired, but I worked.
Aj woz tajerd, bat aj werkt.
Kont għajjien, imma ħdimt.
2. Konġunzjonijiet subordinattivi — Subordinating Conjunctions
Din it-tip ta’ konġunzjoni tgħaqqad klawżola subordinata ma’ klawżola ewlenija.
Kawża
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
because bikoz għax
since sins għax / peress li
as az għax / peress li
seeing that siing dhat meta wieħed iqis li
seeing as siing az peress li
now that naw dhat issa li / peress li
given that givn dhat meta wieħed iqis li
considering that konsidring dhat meta wieħed iqis li
inasmuch as inas-matsh az sakemm / peress li
insofar as insufar az sakemm / sa fejn
insomuch as insomatsh az sakemm / sal-punt li
in that in dhat sa fejn / billi
I stayed home because I was tired.
Aj stejd hom bikoz aj woz tajerd.
Bqajt id-dar għax kont għajjien.
3. Konġunzjonijiet tal-kundizzjoni
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
if if jekk
unless anles sakemm mhux / jekk mhux
provided provajdid bil-kundizzjoni li
provided that provajdid dhat bil-kundizzjoni li
providing provajding bil-kundizzjoni li
providing that provajding dhat bil-kundizzjoni li
as long as az long az sakemm / bil-kundizzjoni li
so long as so long az sakemm
on condition that on kondishn dhat bil-kundizzjoni li
in case in kejs f’każ li / għal li jista’ jkun
in the event that in dhi ivent dhat f’każ li jiġri
assuming that asuming dhat jekk nassumu li
supposing that sapozing dhat jekk nassumu li
suppose that sapoz dhat assumi li
given that givn dhat meta wieħed iqis li
granted that granted dhat anki jekk nammettu li
granting that granting dhat anki jekk nammettu li
If you study, you will learn.
If ju stadi, ju wil lern.
Jekk tistudja, titgħallem.
4. Konġunzjonijiet tal-konċessjoni u tal-kuntrast
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
although oltho avolja / minkejja li
though dho avolja / minkejja li
even though iivn dho avolja / minkejja li
even if iivn if anki jekk
whereas weraz billi / filwaqt li
while wajl billi / filwaqt li
whilst wajlst filwaqt li
albeit olbiit għalkemm / minkejja li
much as matsh az kemm-il darba / minkejja li
however much haw-ever matsh kemm ikun kemm ikun
no matter how no mater haw irrispettivament minn kif
no matter what no mater wot irrispettivament minn xiex
no matter who no mater huu irrispettivament minn min
no matter where no mater wer irrispettivament minn fejn
no matter when no mater wen irrispettivament minn meta
no matter which no mater witsh irrispettivament minn liema
Even though he was tired, he continued.
Iivn dho hii woz tajerd, hii kontinjud.
Għalkemm kien għajjien, kompla.
5. Konġunzjonijiet taż-żmien
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
when wen meta
whenever>wenev-er kull meta
while wajl filwaqt li
whilst wajlst filwaqt li
before bifor qabel ma
after after wara li
until / till / 'til / 'till antil / til / til / til sakemm / sa
since sins minn meta
once wans ladarba
as soon as az suun az malli
as long as az long az sakemm
so long as so long az sakemm
by the time baj dhi tajm sa meta
every time evri tajm kull darba li
each time iitj tajm kull darba li
the moment dhi moment malli / fil-mument li
the minute dhi minit malli
the instant dhi instant malli
directly direktli malli
immediately imii-djetli immedjatament malli
hardly... when hardli... wen bilkemm... meta
scarcely... when skersli... wen bilkemm... meta
no sooner... than no suuner... dhan hekk kif... minnufih
Call me when you arrive.
Kol mii wen ju arajv.
Ċempilli meta tasal.
6. Konġunzjonijiet tal-iskop
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
so that so dhat sabiex / sabiex
in order that in order dhat sabiex
lest lest biex ma / minħabba l-biża’ li
for fear that for fiir dhat minħabba l-biża’ li
in case in kejs f’każ li
I studied hard so that I could pass.
Aj stadid hard so dhat aj kud pas.
Studjajt bis-sħiħ sabiex ngħaddi.
7. Konġunzjonijiet tar-riżultat
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
so... that so... dhat tant... li
such... that satsh... dhat tali... li
so that so dhat b’tali mod li / tant li
such that satsh dhat b’tali mod li
He was so tired that he slept immediately.
Hii woz so tajerd dhat hii slept imiidjetli.
Kien tant għajjien li raqad mill-ewwel.
8. Konġunzjonijiet tat-tqabbil
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
than dhan milli
as... as az... az daqs / kemm
not as... as not az... az mhux daqs
as if az if qisu / bħallikieku
as though az dho qisu / bħallikieku
just as jast az eżatt bħal
the more... the more dhi mor... dhi mor aktar ma... aktar
the more... the less dhi mor... dhi les aktar ma... inqas
the less... the more dhi les... dhi mor inqas ma... aktar
the less... the less dhi les... dhi les inqas ma... inqas
She is taller than I am.
Shii iz tolor dhan aj am.
Hiya itwal minni.
9. Konġunzjonijiet tal-mod u tat-tixbih
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
as az bħal / kif
as if az if qisu / bħallikieku
as though az dho qisu / bħallikieku
just as jast az eżatt bħal
the way dhi wej bil-mod li
in the way that in dhi wej dhat bil-mod li
however haw-ever b’kull mod / kif
however you haw-ever ju kif trid / b’kull mod li
He talks as if he knows everything.
Hii toks az if hii noz evrithing.
Jitkellem bħallikieku jaf kollox.
10. Konġunzjonijiet tal-għażla
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
or or jew
either... or ajdher... or jew... jew
whether... or wedher... or jekk... jew
whether... or not wedher... or not jekk... jew le
Either you come or I leave.
Ajdher ju kam or aj liiv.
Jew tiġi int, jew nitlaq jien.
11. Konġunzjonijiet korrelattivi
Correlative Conjunctions
Struttura Pronunzja Tifsira
both... and both... and kemm... kif ukoll
either... or ajdher... or jew... jew
neither... nor najdher... nor la... u lanqas
not only... but also not onli... bat olso mhux biss... iżda wkoll
whether... or wedher... or jekk... jew
whether... or not wedher... or not jekk... jew le
rather... than radher... dhan aktar milli / minflok
no sooner... than no suuner... dhan hekk kif... minnufih
hardly... when hardli... wen bilkemm... meta
scarcely... when skersli... wen bilkemm... meta
barely... when berli... wen bilkemm... meta
the more... the more dhi mor... dhi mor aktar ma... aktar
the more... the less dhi mor... dhi les aktar ma... inqas
the less... the more dhi les... dhi mor inqas ma... aktar
the less... the less dhi les... dhi les inqas ma... inqas
12. Konġunzjonijiet addittivi
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
and and u
as well as az wel az kif ukoll / barra minn hekk
not to mention not tu menshn biex ma nsemmux
besides bisajdz barra minn hekk
let alone let alon aħseb u ara
much less matsh les aħseb u ara
to say nothing of tu sej nathing ov biex ma nsemmux
apart from apart from minbarra / apparti
aside from asajd from minbarra / apparti
Xi wħud minn dawn l-espressjonijiet jistgħu jiffunzjonaw bħala frażijiet prepożizzjonali jew strutturi ta’ rabta skont l-użu tagħhom; għalhekk, mhux kollha huma kklassifikati bħala konġunzjonijiet fis-sens strett.
13. Konġunzjonijiet ta’ eċċezzjoni
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
except that iksept dhat ħlief li
except when iksept wen ħlief meta
except if iksept if ħlief jekk
save that sejv dhat ħlief li
but that bat dhat ħlief li
unless anles jekk mhux / sakemm mhux
14. Konġunzjonijiet ta’ suppożizzjoni
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
assuming that asuming dhat jekk nassumu li
supposing that sapozing dhat jekk nassumu li
suppose that sapoz dhat assumi li
presuming that prizuming dhat jekk nassumu li
provided that provajdid dhat bil-kundizzjoni li
providing that provajding dhat bil-kundizzjoni li
given that givn dhat meta wieħed iqis li
granting that granting dhat anki jekk nammettu li
granted that granted dhat anki jekk nammettu li
15. Konġunzjonijiet relattivi universali
Konġunzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
whoever hu-ever kull min
whomever huum-ever kull min ikun l-oġġett tal-verb
whatever wot-ever kulma / tkun xi tkun il-ħaġa
whichever witsh-ever liema waħda tkun
wherever wer-ever kull fejn
whenever wen-ever kull meta
however haw-ever kif ikun / tkun kemm tkun
Whoever comes can enter.
Hu-ever kamz kan enter.
Kull min jiġi jista’ jidħol.
Whatever you choose is fine.
Wot-ever ju tjuuz iz fajn.
Kulma tagħżel huwa tajjeb.
16. Konġunzjonijiet qodma u formali ħafna
Dawn għadhom jeżistu bl-Ingliż, iżda mhumiex komuni fil-lingwaġġ ta’ kuljum:
Kelma Pronunzja Tifsira
albeit olbiit għalkemm / minkejja li
albeit that olbiit dhat għalkemm
albeit when olbiit wen għalkemm meta
albeit with olbiit with għalkemm flimkien ma’
insofar as insufar az sakemm / sa fejn
inasmuch as inas-matsh az meta wieħed iqis li
insomuch as insomatsh az sal-punt li
notwithstanding that notwithstanding dhat minkejja li
whereas weraz filwaqt li
whilst wajlst filwaqt li
lest lest biex ma / ħalli ma
save that sejv dhat ħlief li
provided that provajdid dhat bil-kundizzjoni li
supposing that sapozing dhat jekk nassumu li
17. Kliem li xi kultant jitqies bħala konġunzjoni, iżda normalment mhuwiex
Dawn il-kliem jgħaqqdu ideat, iżda fil-fatt ġeneralment mhumiex konġunzjonijiet koordinattivi jew subordinattivi:
Kelma Pronunzja Klassifikazzjoni komuni Tifsira
however haw-ever avverbju konġuntiv madankollu
therefore dherfor avverbju konġuntiv għalhekk
moreover mor-over avverbju konġuntiv barra minn hekk
furthermore ferdhermor avverbju konġuntiv barra minn hekk
nevertheless neverdheles avverbju konġuntiv minkejja dan
nonetheless nondheles avverbju konġuntiv minkejja dan
consequently konsikwentli avverbju konġuntiv b’konsegwenza ta’ dan
otherwise adh-erwajz avverbju konġuntiv inkella
instead insted avverbju konġuntiv minflok
meanwhile miinwajl avverbju konġuntiv sadanittant
thus dhas avverbju konġuntiv b’hekk / għalhekk
hence hens avverbju konġuntiv għalhekk / minn hawn
Eżempju:
I was tired; however, I worked.
Aj woz tajerd; haw-ever, aj werkt.
Kont għajjien; madankollu, ħdimt.
Għalhekk, however ma jintużax bl-istess mod bħal but f’dan it-tip ta’ sentenza.
Tużahx hekk:
❌ I was tired, however I worked.
Uża waħda minn dawn il-forom korretti:
✅ I was tired, but I worked.
Jew:
✅ I was tired; however, I worked.
If only -> kieku / kemm nixtieq
If only I played -> Kieku kont nilgħab.
Anyway/Anyways -> xorta waħda / fi kwalunkwe każ
10- Prepożizzjonijiet (PREPOSITIONS)
Prepożizzjonijiet bażiċi
Prepożizzjoni Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti Eżempju sħiħ Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
about abaut dwar / fuq We talked about the problem. wi tokt abaut dhe problem. Diskutejna dwar il-problema.
above abav fuq / aktar ’il fuq minn The lamp is above the table. dhe lamp iz abav dhe teibl. Il-lampa tinsab fuq il-mejda.
across akros naħa għall-oħra ta’ / minn naħa għall-oħra We walked across the street. wi wokt akros dhe strit. Qsamna t-triq.
after after wara We met after lunch. wi met after lanch. Iltaqajna wara l-ikla ta’ nofsinhar.
against agenst kontra / imiss ma’ The ladder is against the wall. dhe ladder iz agenst dhe wol. Is-sellum qiegħed imserraħ mal-ħajt.
along along ma’ tul / tul We walked along the river. wi wokt along dhe river. Imxejna tul ix-xmara.
amid amid f’nofs / f’nofs He stood amid the crowd. hi stud amid dhe kraud. Huwa qagħad f’nofs il-folla.
among among fost She was among friends. shi woz among frendz. Hija kienet fost il-ħbieb.
around arawnd madwar We sat around the table. wi sat arawnd dhe teibl. Qgħadna madwar il-mejda.
at at f’ / ħdejn I am at school. ay am at skul. Jien l-iskola.
before bifor qabel Come before noon. kam bifor nun. Ejjew qabel nofsinhar.
behind bihaynd wara The car is behind the house. dhe kar iz bihaynd dhe haus. Il-karozza tinsab wara d-dar.
below bilow taħt / aktar ’l isfel minn The temperature is below zero. dhe tempricher iz bilow ziro. It-temperatura hija taħt iż-żero.
beneath binith taħt The keys are beneath the book. dhe kiz ar binith dhe buk. Iċ-ċwievet jinsabu taħt il-ktieb.
beside bisayid maġenb Sit beside me. sit bisayid mi. Oqgħod bilqiegħda maġenbi.
besides bisayidz minbarra / barra minn hekk Besides English, she speaks Arabic. bisayidz inglish, shi spiks arabik. Minbarra l-Ingliż, hija titkellem bl-Għarbi.
between bitwin bejn The shop is between two buildings. dhe shop iz bitwin tu bildingz. Il-ħanut jinsab bejn żewġ binjiet.
beyond biyond lil hinn minn The village is beyond the mountain. dhe vilij iz biyond dhe maunten. R-raħal jinsab lil hinn mill-muntanja.
by bay minn / maġenb / sa The book was written by her. dhe buk woz ritn bay her. Il-ktieb inkiteb minnha.
concerning konserning dwar / rigward We talked concerning the project. wi tokt konserning dhe projekt. Diskutejna dwar il-proġett.
despite dispajt minkejja Despite the rain, we went out. dispajt dhe reyn, wi went aut. Minkejja x-xita, ħriġna.
down daun l isfel minn He walked down the hill. hi wokt daun dhe hil. Huwa niżel l isfel mill-għolja bil-mixi.
during djuring matul / waqt I slept during the flight. ay slept djuring dhe flajt. Rqadt waqt it-titjira.
except iksept ħlief għal Everyone came except John. evriwan keym iksept Jon. Kulħadd ġie ħlief John.
for for għal / għal perjodu ta’ żmien This gift is for you. dhis gift iz for yu. Dan ir-rigal huwa għalik.
from from minn I came from Kuwait. ay keym from Kuwait. Ġejt mill-Kuwajt.
in in f’ / ġewwa She is in the room. shi iz in dhe rum. Hija tinsab fil-kamra.
inside insayd ġewwa The keys are inside the bag. dhe kiz ar insayd dhe bag. Iċ-ċwievet jinsabu ġewwa l-borża.
into intu ġewwa / lejn ġewwa He went into the room. hi went intu dhe rum. Huwa daħal fil-kamra.
like layk bħal He runs like a professional. hi ranz layk a profeshonal. Huwa jiġri bħal professjonist.
near nir qrib I live near the school. ay liv nir dhe skul. Jien ngħix qrib l-iskola.
of ov ta’ / minn The door of the house is open. dhe dor ov dhe haus iz open. Il-bieb tad-dar huwa miftuħ.
off of lil hinn minn / minn fuq Take your shoes off the table. teyk yor shuz of dhe teibl. Neħħi ż-żraben tiegħek minn fuq il-mejda.
on on fuq The book is on the table. dhe buk iz on dhe teibl. Il-ktieb qiegħed fuq il-mejda.
onto ontu fuq / lejn fuq The cat jumped onto the table. dhe kat jampt ontu dhe teibl. Il-qattus qabeż fuq il-mejda.
opposite opozit quddiem / faċċata ta’ The bank is opposite the hotel. dhe bank iz opozit dhe hotel. Il-bank jinsab faċċata tal-lukanda.
out aut barra He went out the door. hi went aut dhe dor. Huwa ħareġ mill-bieb.
outside autsayd barra minn They are outside the house. dhey ar autsayd dhe haus. Huma jinsabu barra d-dar.
over over fuq / minn fuq The plane flew over the city. dhe pleyn flu over dhe siti. L-ajruplan ittajjar fuq il-belt.
past past lil hinn minn / wara We walked past the school. wi wokt past dhe skul. Għaddejna mill-iskola bil-mixi.
regarding rigarding dwar / rigward I have a question regarding the plan. ay hav a kweschen rigarding dhe plan. Għandi mistoqsija dwar il-pjan.
round rawnd madwar We walked round the park. wi wokt rawnd dhe park. Imxejna madwar il-park.
since sins minn (punt taż-żmien) I have lived here since 2020. ay hav livd hir sins tu thawzand twenti. Ilni ngħix hawn mill-2020.
through thru minn ġo / minn ġewwa We walked through the tunnel. wi wokt thru dhe tanal. Għaddejna mill-mina bil-mixi.
throughout thruawt matul kollu It rained throughout the day. it reynd thruawt dhe dey. Għamlet ix-xita matul il-jum kollu.
till til sa / sa ma Wait till tomorrow. weyt til tumoro. Stenna sa għada.
to tu lejn / għal I went to school. ay went tu skul. Mort l-iskola.
toward toward lejn He walked toward me. hi wokt toward mi. Huwa mexa lejja.
towards towordz lejn She ran towards the door. shi ran towordz dhe dor. Hija ġriet lejn il-bieb.
under ander taħt The cat is under the table. dhe kat iz ander dhe teibl. Il-qattus jinsab taħt il-mejda.
underneath ander-nith eżatt taħt The bag is underneath the chair. dhe bag iz ander-nith dhe cher. Il-borża tinsab taħt is-siġġu.
unlike anlayk b’differenza minn / mhux bħal Unlike him, I am quiet. anlayk him, ay am kwayet. B’differenza minnu, jien kwiet.
until antil sa / sa ma Stay here until Friday. stey hir antil Fraydey. Ibqa’ hawn sal-Ġimgħa.
up ap ’il fuq He walked up the stairs. hi wokt ap dhe sterz. Huwa tela’ t-taraġ bil-mixi.
upon apon fuq / malli Upon arrival, call me. apon arayval, kol mi. Malli tasal, ċempilli.
via vaya / viya permezz ta’ / minn We traveled via Dubai. wi traveld vaya Dubai. Ivvjaġġajna minn Dubai.
with with ma’ / flimkien ma’ I went with my brother. ay went with may bradher. Mort ma’ ħija.
within within fi żmien / ġewwa Finish it within an hour. finish it within an awar. Lestih fi żmien siegħa.
without withaut mingħajr He left without his phone. hi left withaut hiz fon. Huwa telaq mingħajr it-telefon tiegħu.
2. Prepożizzjonijiet komposti
Dawn huma espressjonijiet komposti li jaġixxu bħala prepożizzjonijiet.
Espressjoni Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
according to akording tu skond / skont According to the report, sales increased. akording tu dhe riport, seylz inkrist. Skont ir-rapport, il-bejgħ żdied.
ahead of ahed ov qabel / quddiem She arrived ahead of us. shi arayvd ahed ov as. Hija waslet qabilna.
along with along with flimkien ma’ He came along with his brother. hi keym along with hiz bradher. Huwa ġie flimkien ma’ ħuh.
apart from apart from ħlief għal / minbarra Apart from John, everyone agreed. apart from Jon, evriwan agridd. Minbarra John, kulħadd qabel.
as for az for fir-rigward ta’ / fejn jidħol As for me, I agree. az for mi, ay agrī. Fir-rigward tiegħi, naqbel.
as of az ov mill- / b’effett minn As of Monday, the rule applies. az ov Mandey, dhe rul aplajz. Ir-regola tapplika mill-Ġimgħa? No, mill-jum tat-Tnejn.
as to az tu dwar / rigward There is uncertainty as to the cause. dher iz ansertenti az tu dhe koz. Hemm inċertezza dwar il-kawża.
because of bikoz ov minħabba We stayed home because of the rain. wi steyd hom bikoz ov dhe reyn. Bqajna d-dar minħabba x-xita.
by means of bay minz ov permezz ta’ We solved it by means of a computer. wi solvd it bay minz ov a kompyuter. Solvejnieha permezz ta’ kompjuter.
by way of bay wey ov permezz ta’ / minn We went by way of London. wi went bay wey ov Landan. Morna minn Londra.
close to klos tu qrib ta’ The school is close to my house. dhe skul iz klos tu may haus. L-iskola tinsab qrib id-dar tiegħi.
due to dyu tu minħabba The flight was delayed due to fog. dhe flajt woz dileyd dyu tu fog. It-titjira ttardjat minħabba ċ-ċpar.
except for iksept for ħlief għal Everyone came except for Mary. evriwan keym iksept for Meri. Kulħadd ġie ħlief Mary.
far from far from ' il bogħod minn / ’il bogħod milli The answer is far from simple. dhe anser iz far from simpl. It-tweġiba mhijiex sempliċi xejn.
in addition to in adishen tu barra minn hekk / minbarra In addition to English, he studies Arabic. in adishen tu Inglish, hi stadiz Arabik. Minbarra l-Ingliż, huwa jistudja l-Għarbi.
in case of in keys ov f’każ ta’ Call me in case of emergency. kol mi in keys ov imerjensi. Ċempilli f’każ ta’ emerġenza.
in front of in front ov quddiem The car is in front of the house. dhe kar iz in front ov dhe haus. Il-karozza tinsab quddiem id-dar.
in place of in pleys ov minflok Use this in place of sugar. yuz dhis in pleys ov shugar. Uża dan minflok iz-zokkor.
in spite of in spayt ov minkejja In spite of the rain, we left. in spayt ov dhe reyn, wi left. Minkejja x-xita, tlaqna.
in terms of in termz ov fir-rigward ta’ / mil-lat ta’ In terms of price, it is cheap. in termz ov prays, it iz chip. Mil-lat tal-prezz, huwa rħis.
instead of insted ov minflok I drank tea instead of coffee. ay drank ti insted ov kofi. Xrobtt it-te minflok il-kafè.
next to nekst tu maġenb Sit next to me. sit nekst tu mi. Oqgħod bilqiegħda maġenbi.
on account of on akaunt ov minħabba The match was canceled on account of rain. dhe mach woz kanseld on akaunt ov reyn. Il-logħba tħassret minħabba x-xita.
on behalf of on bihaf ov f’isem I spoke on behalf of the team. ay spok on bihaf ov dhe tim. Tkellimt f’isem it-tim.
on top of on top ov fuq / barra minn hekk The keys are on top of the box. dhe kiz ar on top ov dhe boks. Iċ-ċwievet jinsabu fuq il-kaxxa.
out of aut ov ’ il barra minn / minn He walked out of the room. hi wokt aut ov dhe rum. Huwa ħareġ mill-kamra.
owing to owing tu minħabba The event was canceled owing to rain. dhe ivent woz kanseld owing tu reyn. L-avveniment tħassar minħabba x-xita.
prior to prayor tu qabel Prior to the meeting, we prepared. prayor tu dhe miting, wi priperd. Qabel il-laqgħa, ħejjejna ruħna.
regardless of rigardles ov irrispettivament minn We will continue regardless of the cost. wi wil kontinyu rigardles ov dhe kost. Se nkomplu irrispettivament mill-ispiża.
thanks to thanks tu grazzi għal Thanks to you, we succeeded. thanks tu yu, wi saksidd. Grazzi għalik, irnexxielna.
together with together with flimkien ma’ She came together with her friends. shi keym together with her frendz. Hija ġiet flimkien ma’ sħabha.
up to ap tu sa / sa massimu ta’ Up to ten people can enter. ap tu ten pipel kan enter. Jistgħu jidħlu sa għaxar persuni.
with regard to with rigard tu rigward / fir-rigward ta’ With regard to your question, I agree. with rigard tu yor kweschen, ay agrī. Fir-rigward tal-mistoqsija tiegħek, naqbel.
with respect to with rispekt tu dwar / fir-rigward ta’ With respect to this issue, we disagree. with rispekt tu dhis ishu, wi disagri. Fir-rigward ta’ din il-kwistjoni, ma naqblux.
3. Espressjonijiet prepożizzjonali oħra
Espressjoni Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
by virtue of bay vertyu ov minħabba / bis-saħħa ta’
by dint of bay dint ov bis-saħħa ta’ / permezz ta’
by reason of bay rizon ov minħabba
by courtesy of bay kortesi ov grazzi għal / permezz ta’
by order of bay order ov b’ordni ta’
by reference to bay referens tu b’referenza għal
by means of bay minz ov permezz ta’
by way of bay wey ov permezz ta’
in accordance with in akordans with skond / f’konformità ma’
in comparison with in komparison with meta mqabbel ma’
in connection with in konekshen with b’rabta ma’
in contrast to in kontrast tu b’kuntrast ma’
in exchange for in ikschenj for bi skambju għal
in favor of in feyvor ov favur
in lieu of in lyu ov minflok
in relation to in rileyshen tu b’rabta ma’
in response to in rispons tu bi tweġiba għal
in search of in serch ov_fit-tfittxija għal
in view of in vyu ov fid-dawl ta’
on the basis of on dhe beysis ov fuq il-bażi ta’
on the grounds of on dhe graundz ov fuq il-bażi ta’ / minħabba
with a view to with a vyu tu bil-għan li
with the exception of with dhe iksepshen ov bl-eċċezzjoni ta’
with the help of with dhe help ov bl-għajnuna ta’
with reference to with referens tu b’referenza għal / fir-rigward ta’
4. Prepożizzjonijiet antiki, rari u formali
Xi kelmiet li jintużaw fl-Ingliż antik, legali, letterarju u formali:
Kelma Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
abaft abaft wara / fuq in-naħa ta’ wara
alongside alongsayd maġenb
amidst amidst f’nofs
amongst amongst fost
astride astrayd fuq / b’riġel fuq kull naħa
athwart athwort ma’ naħa għal oħra / b’mod trasversali
atop atop fuq
barring baring ħlief għal / jekk ma jkunx hemm
circa serka madwar / bejn wieħed u ieħor
cum kam flimkien ma’ / li jservi wkoll bħala
ere ir qabel
notwithstanding notwithstanding minkejja
per per għal kull / permezz ta’
save seyv ħlief għal
vis-à-vis vi-a-vi faċċata ta’ / fir-rigward ta’
worth werth jiswa / ta’ valur
Eżempju:
Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.
notwithstanding dhe difikultiz, wi kontinyud.
Minkejja d-diffikultajiet, komplejna.
5. Prepożizzjonijiet tal-post
Il-prepożizzjonijiet jistgħu jiġu organizzati skont din is-sistema:
Relazzjoni Prepożizzjonijiet
ġewwa in, inside, within
moviment lejn ġewwa into
barra out, outside
fuq wiċċ on
moviment lejn wiċċ onto
fuq above, over, atop, on top of
taħt under, below, beneath, underneath
quddiem in front of, before
wara behind
maġenb beside, by, next to, alongside
bejn tnejn between
fost grupp among, amongst
qrib near, close to
faċċata opposite, across from
madwar around, round
minn naħa għall-oħra across, through
tul along
fid-direzzjoni ta’ toward, towards
’il bogħod minn away from, off
wara li tgħaddi minn past, beyond
6. Prepożizzjonijiet taż-żmien
Relazzjoni taż-żmien Prepożizzjoni Eżempju
ħin eżatt at at 5 o'clock
jum / data on on Monday
xahar / sena / perjodu in in 2026
qabel before, prior to, ahead of before lunch
wara after, following after work
waqt during during the meeting
minn since since Monday
għal perjodu for for two hours
sa until, till until Friday
minn ħin sa ħin from … to from Monday to Friday
matul kollu throughout throughout the year
sa mhux aktar tard minn by by Friday
skadenza b'ħin speċifiku by by 6 p.m.
fi żmien within within two hours
madwar around, about around noon
qrib ħin near near midnight
7. Prepożizzjonijiet tal-kawża u l-għan
Prepożizzjoni / espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
because of bikoz ov minħabba
due to dyu tu minħabba
owing to owing tu minħabba
on account of on akaunt ov minħabba
as a result of az a rizalt ov bħala riżultat ta’
thanks to thanks tu grazzi għal
for for għal
for the sake of for dhe seyk ov għall-ġid ta’ / għall-fini ta’
with a view to with a vyu tu bil-għan li
in order to in order tu sabiex / sabiex
* “In order to” normalment jiġi segwit minn verb fil-forma bażika; għalhekk huwa aktar preċiż li jitqies bħala espressjoni li tintroduċi l-għan milli bħala prepożizzjoni ordinarja.
8. Nota importanti: prepożizzjoni + nom?
Ir-regola bażika:
Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing
Prepożizzjoni + nom / pronom / verb b'-ing
Pereżempju:
Prepożizzjoni + nom
I am in the house.
ay am in dhe haus.
Jien qiegħed fid-dar.
Prepożizzjoni + pronom
This gift is for him.
dhis gift iz for him.
Dan ir-rigal huwa għalih.
Innota:
for him ✅
for he ❌
Wara prepożizzjoni jintuża l-pronom fl-oġġett, mhux fil-forma tas-suġġett.
Prepożizzjoni + V-ing
She is good at cooking.
shi iz gud at kuking.
Hija tajba fit-tisjir.
He left without saying goodbye.
hi left without seying gudbay.
Huwa telaq mingħajr ma qal addiju.
9. Differenzi bejn prepożizzjonijiet simili
Kelma Tifsira bażika Eżempju
in ġewwa in the room
into moviment lejn ġewwa go into the room
on fuq wiċċ on the table
onto moviment lejn wiċċ jump onto the table
at punt jew post speċifiku at the station
to direzzjoni lejn go to school
by maġenb / permezz ta’ / sa skadenza by the door / by car / by Friday
with flimkien ma’ / billi tuża with him / with a knife
from minn from London
of relazzjoni jew pussess the door of the house
for għal / għal perjodu for you / for two hours
since mill-punt ta’ bidu since Monday
during matul perjodu during the meeting
until sa punt ta’ tmiem until Friday
between bejn tnejn between John and Mary
among fost grupp among friends
above aktar ’il fuq minn above the table
over fuq / minn fuq over the bridge
below aktar ’l isfel minn below the line
under taħt under the table
beside maġenb beside me
besides minbarra besides English
because of / cause of minħabba because of rain
despite minkejja despite the rain
in spite of minkejja in spite of the rain
aboard abbord / fuq vettura aboard the ship
11- Determinaturi (DETERMINERS)
Determinaturi bażiċi
Determiner Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira bil-Malti Eżempju sħiħ Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
a a artiklu indefinit għal nom singular I saw a dog. ay so a dog. Rajt kelb.
an an artiklu indefinit qabel ħoss vokaliku She ate an apple. shi eyt an apel. Hija kielet tuffieħa.
the dhe l-artiklu definit I saw the dog. ay so dhe dog. Rajt il-kelb.
this dhis dan / din This book is useful. dhis buk iz yusful. Dan il-ktieb huwa utli.
that dhat dak / dik That car is expensive. dhat kar iz ikspensiv. Dik il-karozza tiswa ħafna.
these dhiz dawn These books are new. dhiz buks ar nyu. Dawn il-kotba huma ġodda.
those dhoz dawk Those houses are old. dhoz hauziz ar old. Dawk id-djar huma antiki.
2. Determinaturi possessivi
Dawn jitqiegħdu qabel in-nom biex juru min għandu l-ħaġa.
Determiner Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira Eżempju
my may tiegħi My book is here.
your yor tiegħek / tagħkom Your car is outside.
his hiz tiegħu His house is big.
her her tagħha Her bag is black.
its its tiegħu / tagħha għal annimal jew ħaġa The dog moved its tail.
our awar t tagħna Our teacher is kind.
their dher t tagħhom Their house is beautiful.
Eżempji
my book = il-ktieb tiegħi
your car = il-karozza tiegħek
his phone = it-telefon tiegħu
her bag = il-borża tagħha
our house = id-dar tagħna
their children = uliedhom
Madankollu:
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs mhumiex determinaturi meta jintużaw waħedhom; huma pronomi possessivi.
This book is mine.
dhis buk iz mayn.
Dan il-ktieb huwa tiegħi.
3. Determinaturi dimostrattivi
Determiner Pronunzja Numru Distanza Eżempju
this dhis singulari qrib this book
that dhat singulari bogħod that book
these dhiz plural qrib these books
those dhoz plural bogħod those books
Regola
this + singular noun
this book
dhis buk
dan il-ktieb
these + plural noun
these books
dhiz buks
dawn il-kotba
that + singular noun
that car
dhat kar
dik il-karozza
those + plural noun
those cars
dhoz karz
dawk il-karozzi
4. Determinaturi tal-kwantità
Dawn jindikaw kwantità ta’ nom.
Determiner Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira Eżempju
some sam xi / ftit I bought some books.
any eni xi / kwalunkwe Do you have any questions?
no now ebda / l-ebda I have no money.
much mach ħafna, għal nomi li ma jingħaddux I don't have much time.
many meni ħafna, għal nomi li jingħaddu She has many books.
little litel ftit, kważi xejn I have little time.
a little a litel ftit I have a little time.
few fyu ftit, kważi ħadd Few people came.
a few a fyu (ftit) xi ftit I have a few questions.
enough inaf biżżejjed We have enough food.
more mor aktar I need more water.
less les inqas I need less sugar.
fewer fyu-er inqas, għal nomi li jingħaddu We need fewer chairs.
all ol kollha / kollha kemm huma All students passed.
both both it-tnejn Both students passed.
half haf nofs Half the class left.
most most il-biċċa l-kbira Most people agreed.
enough inaf biżżejjed We have enough money.
5. Determinaturi numerali
In-numri jistgħu jintużaw bħala determinaturi meta jiġu direttament qabel nom.
Numru Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Eżempju
one wan one book
two tu two books
three thri three books
four for four books
five fayv five books
six siks six books
seven seven seven books
eight eyt eight books
nine nayn nine books
ten ten ten books
hundred handred a hundred books
thousand thawzand a thousand books
million milyon a million people
billion bilyon a billion dollars
Jistgħu jintużaw ukoll numri ordinali u numri oħra bħala determinaturi.
6. Determinaturi distributtivi
Jintużaw biex jirreferu għal membri individwali ta’ grupp.
Determiner Pronunzja Tifsira Eżempju
each ich kull wieħed / kull waħda Each student has a book.
every evri kull / kull wieħed Every student passed.
either ay-dher / i-dher kwalunkwe wieħed mit-tnejn Either answer is acceptable.
neither nay-dher / ni-dher ebda wieħed mit-tnejn Neither answer is correct.
Id-differenza
each
Each student received a book.
ich student risivd a buk.
Kull student irċieva ktieb.
Jiffoka fuq kull individwu separatament.
every
Every student received a book.
evri student risivd a buk.
Kull student irċieva ktieb.
Jiffoka fuq il-grupp kollu.
7. Determinaturi interrogattivi
Jintużaw f’mistoqsijiet qabel nom.
Determiner Pronunzja Tifsira Eżempju
what wot xi / liema What book do you want?
which wich liema Which book do you want?
whose huz tal-min Whose book is this?
what kind of wot kaynd ov x’tip ta’ What kind of car do you want?
which kind of wich kaynd ov liema tip ta’ Which kind of food do you prefer?
Eżempji
Which book do you want?
wich buk du yu want?
Liema ktieb trid?
Whose car is this?
huz kar iz dhis?
Ta’ min hi din il-karozza?
8. Determinaturi indefiniti
Dawn jirreferu għal persuni jew affarijiet mhux speċifikati.
Determiner Pronunzja Tifsira
a a artiklu indefinit
an an artiklu indefinit qabel ħoss vokaliku
some sam xi / ftit
any eni kwalunkwe / xi
no now ebda
another anadher ieħor / waħda oħra
other adhar oħra / oħrajn
such sach tali / ta’ dak it-tip
9. Another u other
Eżempji oħra
another
another + singular countable noun
I need another book.
ay nid anadher buk.
Għandi bżonn ktieb ieħor.
other
other + plural noun
I need other books.
ay nid adhar buks.
Għandi bżonn kotba oħra.
the other
The other book is mine.
dhe adhar buk iz mayn.
Il-ktieb l-ieħor huwa tiegħi.
the other + plural
The other books are mine.
dhe adhar buks ar mayn.
Il-kotba l-oħra huma tiegħi.
10. Determinaturi għall-enfasi u x-xebh
such
such + a/an + adjective + singular noun
She is such a nice person.
shi iz sach a nays person.
Hija persuna tant twajba.
Fin-nom plural:
such people
sach pipel
nies bħal dawn
Ma’ nomi li ma jingħaddux:
such good advice
sach gud advays
pariri tajbin bħal dawn
11. Determinaturi ta’ kwantità kbira jew ġenerali
Determiner Pronunzja Tifsira Eżempju
all ol kollha all students
both both it-tnejn both books
each ich kull wieħed each student
every evri kull every student
either i-dher kwalunkwe wieħed mit-tnejn either book
neither ni-dher ebda wieħed mit-tnejn neither book
enough inaf biżżejjed enough food
much mach ħafna, għal kwantità li ma tingħaddx much water
many meni ħafna, għal affarijiet li jingħaddu many books
most most il-biċċa l-kbira most people
more mor aktar more time
less les inqas less water
fewer fyu-er inqas, għal nomi li jingħaddu fewer people
half haf nofs half the money
plenty of plenti ov ħafna / ammont kbir ta’ plenty of food
a lot of a lot ov ħafna a lot of people
lots of lots ov ħafna lots of books
12. Espressjonijiet ta’ kwantità li jaġixxu bħala determinaturi
Dawn l-espressjonijiet jistgħu jintużaw biex jiddeskrivu kwantità ta’ nom.
Espressjoni Pronunzja bl-Ingliż Tifsira
a lot of a lot ov ħafna
lots of lots ov ħafna
plenty of plenti ov ħafna / kwantità abbundanti
a number of a namber ov numru ta’
a great number of a greyt namber ov numru kbir ta’
a large number of a larj namber ov numru kbir ta’
a small number of a smol namber ov numru żgħir ta’
a great deal of a greyt dil ov ammont kbir ta’
a large amount of a larj amaunt ov ammont kbir ta’
a small amount of a smol amaunt ov ammont żgħir ta’
a majority of a majoriti ov il-maġġoranza ta’
a minority of a minoriti ov il-minoranza ta’
a pair of a per ov par ta’
a couple of a kapel ov tnejn / ftit
a range of a reynj ov firxa ta’
a variety of a varayeti ov varjetà ta’
a series of a siriz ov serje ta’
a set of a set ov sett ta’
a group of a grup ov grupp ta’
a number of a namber ov numru ta’
Eżempju:
A lot of students study English.
a lot ov students stadi Inglish.
Ħafna studenti jistudjaw l-Ingliż.
13. Frazzjonijiet u partijiet
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
half haf nofs
a half a haf nofs
quarter kworter kwart
a quarter a kworter kwart
third thर्ड terz
a third a thर्ड terz
two-thirds tu thर्डz żewġ terzi
three-quarters thri kworterz tliet kwarti
part of part ov parti minn
most of most ov il-biċċa l-kbira ta’
some of sam ov xi wħud minn
all of ol ov kollha minn
none of nan ov ħadd minn / ebda wieħed minn
Eżempji:
Half the students left.
haf dhe students left.
Nofs l-istudenti telqu.
Most of the students passed.
most ov dhe students past.
Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-istudenti għaddew.
14. None u neither
none
Jintuża ma’ grupp ta’ tnejn jew aktar:
None of the students came.
nan ov dhe students keym.
Ħadd mill-istudenti ma ġie.
neither
Jintuża meta qed nitkellmu dwar tnejn:
Neither student came.
nay-dher student keym.
L-ebda wieħed miż-żewġ studenti ma ġie.
either
Jirreferi għal wieħed minn tnejn:
Either student can help you.
i-dher student kan help yu.
Kwalunkwe wieħed miż-żewġ studenti jista’ jgħinek.
15. Determinaturi negattivi
Determiner Pronunzja Tifsira Eżempju
no now ebda no money
neither nay-dher ebda wieħed mit-tnejn neither student
no other now adhar ebda ieħor no other option
not a not a mhux wieħed / mhux persuna waħda not a single person
not any not eni ebda / mhux xi not any books
Eżempju:
No student was absent.
now student woz absent.
L-ebda student ma kien assenti.
16. Kliem utli li mhux dejjem ikun determinatur pur
Xi kliem jista’ jaġixxi bħala determinatur skont il-kuntest u l-użu tiegħu.
Kelma Pronunzja Kif jintuża bħala determinatur
certain serten certain people = ċerti nies
certain serten a certain person = persuna partikolari
particular partikjular a particular reason = raġuni partikolari
specific spesifik a specific case = każ speċifiku
given given given circumstances = ċirkostanzi mogħtija
same seym the same person = l-istess persuna
next nekst next week = il-ġimgħa d-dieħla
last last last year = is-sena l-oħra
previous privies previous examples = eżempji preċedenti
following following the following day = l-għada
certain serten certain circumstances = ċerti ċirkostanzi
various veries various reasons = raġunijiet differenti
numerous nyumeres numerous examples = bosta eżempji
countless kauntles countless possibilities = possibbiltajiet bla għadd
different different different ideas = ideat differenti
same seym the same answer = l-istess tweġiba
17. Kliem bħal next u last
It-tifsira ta’ dawn il-kliem tista’ tinbidel skont jekk jintużax “the”.
next week
I will travel next week.
ay wil travel nekst wik.
Se nivvjaġġa l-ġimgħa d-dieħla.
the next week
Jista’ jirreferi għall-ġimgħa ta’ wara f’sekwenza jew f’kuntest speċifiku.
The next week was very busy.
dhe nekst wik woz veri bizi.
Il-ġimgħa ta’ wara kienet impenjattiva ħafna.
L-istess idea:
last year = is-sena l-oħra
the last year = l-aħħar sena / is-sena finali
18. Espressjonijiet komposti ta’ determinazzjoni u enfasi
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
each and every ich and evri kull wieħed, mingħajr eċċezzjoni
every single evri singel kull wieħed assolutament
each individual ich individjual kull individwu
any given eni given kwalunkwe wieħed partikolari
a certain a serten ċertu / partikolari
one particular wan partikjular wieħed speċifiku
the whole dhe hol sħiħ / kollu
the entire dhe intayr sħiħ / kollu kemm hu
the total dhe total it-total
Eżempji:
Every single student passed.
evri singel student past.
Kull student għadda.
The entire class left.
dhe intayr klas left.
Il-klassi kollha telqet.
19. Whole u entire
Iż-żewġ kelmiet għandhom tifsira simili u jfissru xi ħaġa sħiħa.
the whole + noun
I read the whole book.
ay red dhe hol buk.
Qrajt il-ktieb kollu.
the entire + noun
I read the entire book.
ay red dhe intayr buk.
Qrajt il-ktieb kollu.
20. Determinaturi speċjali tal-pussess u l-identifikazzjoni
Dawn jinkludu forom possessivi bħal dawn:
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
John's jonz tal-John
Mary's meriz tal-Mary
the man's dhe manz tar-raġel
the students' dhe students tal-istudenti
Eżempju:
John's car is new.
jonz kar iz nyu.
Il-karozza ta’ John hija ġdida.
“John's” jintuża biex juri l-pussess.
21. L-ordni tad-determinaturi
Normalment, id-determinaturi jsegwu ordni partikolari.
Pereżempju:
the three old books
dhe thri old buks
it-tliet kotba l-qodma
Mhux:
❌ three the books
L-ordni komuni:
determiner definit + numru / kwantità + aġġettiv + nom
Eżempju:
the two beautiful houses
dhe tu byutiful hauziz
iż-żewġ djar sbieħ
22. Jistgħu jintużaw żewġ determinaturi flimkien?
Kultant iva, iżda mhux kull kombinazzjoni hija korretta.
❌ a the book
Ma ngħidux:
❌ a the book
❌ this my book
Fl-Ingliż standard, ma ngħidux:
❌ this my book
Minflok ngħidu:
this book of mine
dhis buk ov mayn
dan il-ktieb tiegħi
Madankollu, jeżistu strutturi bħal:
all my books
ol may buks
il-kotba kollha tiegħi
Jiġifieri:
all + my + books
U wkoll:
both my parents
both may perents
iż-żewġ ġenituri tiegħi
U:
half the money
haf dhe mani
nofs il-flus
23. Determinaturi ma’ nomi li jingħaddu u nomi li ma jingħaddux
Nomi singulari li jingħaddu
Jistgħu jintużaw:
a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another
Pereżempju:
a book
a buk
ktieb
this book
dhis buk
dan il-ktieb
every book
evri buk
kull ktieb
Nomi plurali li jingħaddu
Jistgħu jintużaw:
the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer
Eżempju:
many books
meni buks
ħafna kotba
Nomi li ma jingħaddux
Jistgħu jintużaw:
the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most
Eżempju:
much water
mach woter
ħafna ilma
24. Several
“Several” huwa determinatur li jfisser aktar minn tnejn, iżda mhux numru kbir ħafna.
Several students came.
several students keym.
Waslu diversi studenti.
Tifsira approssimattiva:
aktar minn tnejn, iżda mhux ammont kbir ħafna.
25. Certain / various / numerous
Kelma Pronunzja Tifsira Eżempju
certain serten ċerti / partikolari certain people
various veries diversi / differenti various reasons
numerous nyumeres bosta / numerużi numerous examples
countless kauntles bla għadd countless opportunities
several several diversi several books
different different differenti different ideas
12- Kundizzjonali (IF CONDITIONAL)
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Żmien/Tifsira
Kundizzjonali żero If + Present Simple, Present Simple If + preżent sempliċi, preżent sempliċi Fatti ġenerali / drawwiet
L-ewwel kundizzjonali If + Present Simple, will + verb bażiku V1 If + preżent sempliċi, will + verb bażiku Futur possibbli
It-tieni kundizzjonali If + Past Simple, would + verb bażiku V1 If + passat sempliċi, wud + verb bażiku Sitwazzjoni ipotetika fil-preżent/futur
It-tielet kundizzjonali If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle V3 If + passat perfett, wud hav + it-tielet forma Sitwazzjoni ipotetika fil-passat / xi ħaġa li ma seħħitx
Kundizzjonali mħallta tal-ewwel tip If + Past Perfect, would + verb bażiku V1 If + passat perfett, wud + verb bażiku Passat → preżent
Kundizzjonali mħallta tat-tieni tip If + Past Simple, would have + past participle V3 If + passat sempliċi, wud hav + it-tielet forma Preżent → passat
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
Would Simple would + V1 wud + vi wieħed I would eat. Aj wud it. Jien kont niekol.
Would Continuous would be + V-ing wud bi + vi-ing I would be eating. Aj wud bi iting. Jien kont inkun qed niekol.
Would Perfect would have + V3 wud hav + vi tlieta I would have eaten. Aj wud hav iten. Jien kont inkun diġà kilt.
Would Perfect Continuous would have been + V-ing wud hav bin + vi-ing I would have been eating. Aj wud hav bin iting. Jien kont inkun ilni niekol.
Bil-pronomi kollha
Pronom Would + V1 Would be + V-ing Would have + V3 Would have been + V-ing
I I would eat. I would be eating. I would have eaten. I would have been eating.
You You would eat. You would be eating. You would have eaten. You would have been eating.
He He would eat. He would be eating. He would have eaten. He would have been eating.
She She would eat. She would be eating. She would have eaten. She would have been eating.
It It would eat. It would be eating. It would have eaten. It would have been eating.
We We would eat. We would be eating. We would have eaten. We would have been eating.
They They would eat. They would be eating. They would have eaten. They would have been eating.
Il-forom negattivi kollha ta’ Would – Active
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
Sempliċi / ipotetiku would not + verb bażiku V1 wud not + vi wieħed I would not eat. Aj wud not it. Jien ma kontx niekol.
Kontinwu ipotetiku would not be + verb b’-ing V-ing wud not bi + vi-ing I would not be eating. Aj wud not bi iting. Jien ma kontx inkun qed niekol.
Perfett ipotetiku would not have + V3 wud not hav + vi tlieta I would not have eaten. Aj wud not hav iten. Jien ma kontx inkun kilt.
Perfett kontinwu ipotetiku would not have been + verb b’-ing V-ing wud not hav bin + vi-ing I would not have been eating. Aj wud not hav bin iting. Jien ma kontx inkun ilni niekol.
Il-pronomi kollha
Pronom Would not + V1 Would not be + V-ing Would not have + V3 Would not have been + V-ing
I I would not eat. I would not be eating. I would not have eaten. I would not have been eating.
You You would not eat. You would not be eating. You would not have eaten. You would not have been eating.
He He would not eat. He would not be eating. He would not have eaten. He would not have been eating.
She She would not eat. She would not be eating. She would not have eaten. She would not have been eating.
It It would not eat. It would not be eating. It would not have eaten. It would not have been eating.
We We would not eat. We would not be eating. We would not have eaten. We would not have been eating.
They They would not eat. They would not be eating. They would not have eaten. They would not have been eating.
Abbrevjazzjonijiet
Forma sħiħa Forma mqassra Pronunzja miktuba bil-Malti
would not + V1 wouldn't + V1 wudnt + vi wieħed
would not be + V-ing wouldn't be + V-ing wudnt bi + vi-ing
would not have + V3 wouldn't have + V3 wudnt hav + vi tlieta
would not have been + V-ing wouldn't have been + V-ing wudnt hav bin + vi-ing
Il-forom kollha ta’ Would Passive
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
Sempliċi would be + V3 wud bi + vi tlieta The book would be read. De buk wud bi red. Il-ktieb kien jinqara.
Kontinwu would be being + V3 wud bi bijing + vi tlieta The book would be being read. De buk wud bi bijing red. Il-ktieb kien ikun qed jinqara.
Perfett would have been + V3 wud hav bin + vi tlieta The book would have been read. De buk wud hav bin red. Il-ktieb kien ikun inqara.
Perfett kontinwu would have been being + V3 wud hav bin bijing + vi tlieta The book would have been being read. De buk wud hav bin bijing red. Il-ktieb kien ikun ilu jinqara.
Bil-pronomi kollha
Pronom Would Passive Simple Would Passive Continuous Would Passive Perfect Would Passive Perfect Continuous
I I would be seen. I would be being seen. I would have been seen. I would have been being seen.
You You would be seen. You would be being seen. You would have been seen. You would have been being seen.
He He would be seen. He would be being seen. He would have been seen. He would have been being seen.
She She would be seen. She would be being seen. She would have been seen. She would have been being seen.
It It would be seen. It would be being seen. It would have been seen. It would have been being seen.
We We would be seen. We would be being seen. We would have been seen. We would have been being seen.
They They would be seen. They would be being seen. They would have been seen. They would have been being seen.
Forma negattiva — Would Passive Negative
Tip Struttura Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
Sempliċi would not be + V3 The book would not be read. De buk wud not bi red. Il-ktieb ma kienx jinqara.
Kontinwu would not be being + V3 The book would not be being read. De buk wud not bi bijing red. Il-ktieb ma kienx ikun qed jinqara.
Perfett would not have been + V3 The book would not have been read. De buk wud not hav bin red. Il-ktieb ma kienx ikun inqara.
Perfett kontinwu would not have been being + V3 The book would not have been being read. De buk wud not hav bin bijing red. Il-ktieb ma kienx ikun ilu jinqara.
Kliem ewlieni għall-kundizzjonali
Kelma / espressjoni Pronunzja bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Tifsira bil-Malti Użu
if if jekk / kieku Jintroduċi kundizzjoni
if not if not jekk le / jekk ma...x Jesprimi kundizzjoni negattiva
unless anles sakemm mhux / jekk mhux Spiss ifisser if... not
when wen meta / jekk Għal kundizzjonijiet mistennija jew ripetuti
whenever>wenever kull meta Kundizzjoni ripetuta
even if iven if anqas jekk / anki jekk Kundizzjoni li ma tbiddilx ir-riżultat
only if onli if biss jekk Kundizzjoni meħtieġa
if and only if if and onli if jekk u biss jekk Kundizzjoni neċessarja u suffiċjenti
as long as az long az sakemm / bil-kundizzjoni li Kundizzjoni
so long as so long az sakemm / bil-kundizzjoni li Bħal as long as
provided that prov ajdid dat bil-kundizzjoni li Kundizzjoni formali
providing that prov ajding dat bil-kundizzjoni li Kundizzjoni
on condition that on kondishen dat bil-kundizzjoni li Kundizzjoni formali
in case in kejs f’każ li / bħala prekawzjoni Jesprimi prekawzjoni; mhux dejjem l-istess bħal if
in the event that in di ivent dat fil-każ li Kundizzjoni formali
assuming that asuming dat jekk nassumu li Suppożizzjoni
supposing that supozing dat jekk nassumu li Suppożizzjoni
suppose supoz immaġina li / ngħidu aħna Tintroduċi suppożizzjoni
what if wot if x’jiġri jekk Mistoqsija dwar possibbiltà
if only if onli kieku / kemm nixtieq li Xewqa jew dispjaċir
even though iven do għalkemm / minkejja li Konċessjoni, mhux kundizzjoni tipika
whether weder jekk / jekk hux Alternattiva jew dubju
when w en meta
only when onli wen biss meta / biss jekk
13- It-Tqabbil u s-Superlattiv (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)
Tqabbil qasir adjective + -er + than adjettiv + ir + dan taller than toler dan
Superlattiv qasir the + adjective + -est de + adjettiv + ist the tallest de tolist
Tqabbil twil more + adjective + than mor + adjettiv + dan more beautiful than mor bjutitful dan
Superlattiv twil the most + adjective de most + adjettiv the most beautiful de most bjutitful
Inferjorità fil-paragun less + adjective + than les + adjettiv + dan less expensive than les ikspensiv dan
L-inqas the least + adjective de list + adjettiv the least expensive de list ikspensiv
Ugwali as + adjective + as az + adjettiv + az as tall as az tol az
Mhux daqshekk not as + adjective + as not az + adjettiv + az not as tall as not az tol az
Tqabbil mhux komplut adjective + as adjettiv + az tall as tol az
Forma negattiva not + adjective + as not + adjettiv + az not tall as not tol az
Tqabbil qawwi much/far/a lot + comparative mach/far/a lot + komparattiv much better mach beter
Tqabbil ħafif a little/slightly + comparative a litl/slajtli + komparattiv slightly better slajtli beter
Żieda gradwali comparative + and + comparative komparattiv + and + komparattiv bigger and bigger biger and biger
Iktar ma..., aktar... the + comparative, the + comparative de + komparattiv, de + komparattiv the more, the better de mor, de beter
L-aħjar fi grupp the + superlative + in/of de + superlattiv + in/of the best in the class de best in de klas
Wieħed mill-aħjar one of the + superlative + plural noun wan ov de + superlattiv + nom plural one of the best students wan ov de best students
Bil-bosta l-aħjar by far + the + superlative baj far + de + superlattiv by far the best baj far de best
Tqabbil tal-verb verb + more/less verb + mor/les work more werk mor
Tqabbil ta’ nomi li jingħaddu more/fewer + plural noun mor/fju-er + nom plural more books / fewer books mor buks / fju-er buks
Tqabbil ta’ nomi li ma jingħaddux more/less + uncountable noun mor/les + nom li ma jingħaddx more water / less water mor woter / les woter
Tqabbil tal-flus more/less + noun mor/les + nom more money mor mani
Tqabbil tan-numru more/fewer + plural noun mor/fju-er + nom plural more people mor pipol
Darbtejn l-ammont twice as much as twajs az mach az twice as much money twajs az mach mani
Darbtejn in-numru twice as many as twajs az meni az twice as many books twajs az meni buks
I am as tall as him Aj am az tol az him Jien għoli daqsu.
Meta nużaw -er u meta nużaw more?
Din hija regola ġenerali utli.
Każ Użu Eżempju Pronunzja Tifsira
Adjettiv qasir, ġeneralment b’sillaba waħda -er taller toler aktar għoli
Adjettiv qasir, ġeneralment b’sillaba waħda -er smaller smoler iżgħar
Adjettiv li jispiċċa b’-y -er, b’y tinbidel għal i happier hapier aktar ferħan
Adjettiv li jispiċċa b’-e -r larger larjer akbar
Adjettiv twil, ġeneralment b’żewġ sillabi jew aktar more more beautiful mor bjutitful aktar sabiħ
Adjettiv twil more more expensive mor ikspensiv aktar għali
Adjettiv twil more more interesting mor interesting aktar interessanti
15- Klawżoli Relattivi (RELATIVE CLAUSES)
Tip Relattivi komuni / kliem introduttorju Pronunzja tal-kliem bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni bil-Malti
Klawżola relattiva definittiva who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why hu / hum / huz / wich / dat / wer / wen / waj The man who lives here is my teacher. De man hu livz hir iz maj ticher. R-raġel li jgħix hawn huwa l-għalliem tiegħi.
Klawżola relattiva mhux definittiva who / whom / whose / which / where / when hu / hum / huz / wich / wer / wen My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. Maj brader, hu livz in Landan, iz a doktor. Ħija, li jgħix Londra, huwa tabib.
Klawżola relattiva bħala suġġett who/which/that + verb hu/wich/dat + verb The woman who works here is friendly. De wuman hu werks hir iz frendli. Il-mara li taħdem hawn hija amikevoli.
Klawżola relattiva bħala oġġett who/whom/which/that + subject + verb hu/hum/wich/dat + suġġett + verb The man whom I met was kind. De man hum aj met woz kajnd. R-raġel li ltqajt miegħu kien qalbu tajba.
Klawżola relattiva mnaqqsa, relattiv imħolli barra noun + subject + verb nom + suġġett + verb The book I bought is interesting. De buk aj bot iz interesting. Il-ktieb li xtrajt huwa interessanti.
Klawżola relattiva possessiva whose + noun huz + nom The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. De gerl huz fader iz a doktor iz maj frend. It-tifla li missierha huwa tabib hija ħabibti.
Klawżola relattiva tal-post where + clause wer + klawżola This is the house where I grew up. Dis iz de hawz wer aj gru ap. Din hija d-dar fejn trabbejt.
Klawżola relattiva taż-żmien when + clause wen + klawżola I remember the day when we met. Aj rimember de dej wen wi met. Niftakar il-jum meta ltqajna.
Klawżola relattiva tar-raġuni why + clause waj + klawżola I know the reason why he left. Aj no de rizan waj hi left. Naf ir-raġuni għaliex telaq.
Klawżola relattiva bi prepożizzjoni preposition + whom/which prepożizzjoni + hum/wich The person to whom I spoke was helpful. De person tu hum aj spok woz helpful. Il-persuna li tkellimt magħha kienet ta’ għajnuna.
Klawżola relattiva mnaqqsa b’V-ing noun + V-ing nom + vi-ing The man standing there is my brother. De man standing der iz maj brader. R-raġel li qiegħed bilwieqfa hemm huwa ħija.
Klawżola relattiva mnaqqsa b’V3 noun + V3 nom + vi tlieta The documents signed yesterday are important. De dokumentz sajnd yesterdej ar important. Id-dokumenti ffirmati lbieraħ huma importanti.
Klawżola relattiva bl-infinittiv noun + to + V1 nom + tu + vi wieħed She was the first person to arrive. Shi woz de ferst person tu arajv. Kienet l-ewwel persuna li waslet.
Klawżola relattiva komposta whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however hu-ever / wot-ever / wich-ever / wer-ever / wen-ever / haw-ever Take whatever you want. Tejk wot-ever ju wont. Ħu dak kollu li trid.
Klawżola relattiva li tirreferi għall-klawżola sħiħa , which + clause wich + klawżola He missed the bus, which made him late. Hi mist de bas, wich mejd him lejt. Tilef il-karozza tal-linja, u minħabba f’hekk wasal tard.
Klawżola relattiva nominali what / whatever / whoever / whichever wot / wot-ever / hu-ever / wich-ever I know what you mean. Aj no wot ju min. Naf x’tifhem.
Klawżola relattiva inkorporata fi klawżola relattiva oħra relative clause inside relative clause klawżola relattiva ġewwa klawżola relattiva oħra The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. De man hu livz in de hawz dat aj bot iz maj nejbor. R-raġel li jgħix fid-dar li xtrajt huwa l-ġar tiegħi.
16- Diskors Irrappurtat u Diskors Dirett (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)
Tip Struttura komuni Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Eżempju dirett Diskors irrappurtat Traduzzjoni
Stqarrija affermattiva said (that) + clause sed (dat) + klawżola He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. Huwa qal li kien għajjien.
Stqarrija negattiva said (that) + subject + not + verb sed (dat) + suġġett + not + verb He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. Huwa qal li ma kienx għajjien.
Mistoqsija iva/le asked if/whether + clause askt if/weder + klawżola He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. Huwa staqsa jekk kontx lest.
Mistoqsija b’kelma interrogattiva asked + question word + clause askt + kelma interrogattiva + klawżola He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. Huwa staqsa fejn kont ngħix.
Kmand affermattiv told + object + to + V1 told + oġġett + tu + vi wieħed He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. Huwa qalli biex niftaħ il-bieb.
Kmand negattiv told + object + not to + V1 told + oġġett + not tu + vi wieħed He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. Huwa qalli biex ma niftaħx il-bieb.
Talba asked + object + to + V1 askt + oġġett + tu + vi wieħed She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. Hija talbitni ngħinha.
Talba negattiva asked + object + not to + V1 askt + oġġett + not tu + vi wieħed She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. Hija talbitni biex ma nitlaqx.
Parir advised + object + to + V1 advajzd + oġġett + tu + vi wieħed He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. Huwa tani parir biex nistudja aktar.
Parir negattiv advised + object + not to + V1 advajzd + oġġett + not tu + vi wieħed He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. Huwa tani parir biex ma nsuqx malajr.
Suġġeriment suggested + V-ing sajjestid + vi-ing He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. Huwa ssuġġerixxa li mmorru.
Suġġeriment b’that suggested that + subject + should + V1 sajjestid dat + suġġett + shud + vi wieħed He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. Huwa ssuġġerixxa li mmorru.
Wegħda promised + to + V1 promist + tu + vi wieħed He said, “I will help you.” He promised to help me. Huwa wiegħed li jgħinni.
Rifjut refused + to + V1 rifjuzd + tu + vi wieħed He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. Huwa rrifjuta li jmur.
Offerta offered + to + V1 oferd + tu + vi wieħed He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. Huwa offra li jgħinni.
Twissija warned + object + to + V1 wornd + oġġett + tu + vi wieħed He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. Huwa wissieni biex noqgħod attent.
Twissija negattiva warned + object + not to + V1 wornd + oġġett + not tu + vi wieħed He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. Huwa wissieni biex ma mmissux.
Apoloġija apologized for + V-ing apolojajzd for + vi-ing He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. Huwa skuża ruħu talli gideb.
Ammissioni admitted + V-ing admitid + vi-ing He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. Huwa ammetta li kissru.
Ċaħda denied + V-ing dinajd + vi-ing He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. Huwa ċaħad li kissru.
Akkuża accused + object + of + V-ing akjuzd + oġġett + ov + vi-ing He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. Huwa akkużani li seraqtu.
Ħtija attribwita lil xi ħadd blamed + object + for + V-ing blejmd + oġġett + for + vi-ing He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. Huwa waħħal fija għall-problema.
Prosit congratulated + object + on + V-ing/noun kongratjulejtid + oġġett + on + vi-ing/nom He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. Huwa feraħli għar-rebħa.
Tibdil taż-żminijiet f’Reported Speech
Meta nirrappurtaw xi ħaġa li ntqalet fil-passat, normalment isir backshift: iż-żmien tal-verb jinbidel għal forma aktar fil-passat.
Diskors dirett Diskors irrappurtat Pronunzja tal-forma rrappurtata
Present Simple Past Simple passat sempliċi
Present Continuous Past Continuous passat kontinwu
Present Perfect Past Perfect passat perfett
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous passat perfett kontinwu
Past Simple Past Perfect passat perfett
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous passat perfett kontinwu
Past Perfect Past Perfect passat perfett
will + V1 would + V1 wud + vi wieħed
will be + V-ing would be + V-ing wud bi + vi-ing
will have + V3 would have + V3 wud hav + vi tlieta
can + V1 could + V1 kud + vi wieħed
may + V1 might + V1 majt + vi wieħed
must + V1 had to + V1 had tu + vi wieħed
3. Eżempji ta’ Backshift
Diskors dirett Diskors irrappurtat Traduzzjoni
He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. Huwa qal li kien jaħdem hemmhekk.
He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. Huwa qal li kien qed jaħdem.
He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. Huwa qal li kien diġà spiċċa.
He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. Huwa qal li kien diġà spiċċa.
He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. Huwa qal li kien ilu rieqed.
He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. Huwa qal li kien se jiġi.
He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. Huwa qal li kien kapaċi jgħum.
He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. Huwa qal li seta’ jiġi.
4. Tibdil tal-pronomi
Diskors dirett Diskors irrappurtat
I he / she
me him / her
my his / her
mine his / hers
we they
us them
our their
ours theirs
you I / we / he / she / they, skont il-kuntest
your my / our / his / her / their, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju:
Direct: She said, “I love my house.”
Reported: She said that she loved her house.
Pronunzja: Shi sed dat shi lavd her hawz.
Traduzzjoni: Hija qalet li kienet tħobb id-dar tagħha.
5. Tibdil tal-kliem li jindika ż-żmien u l-post
Diskors dirett Diskors irrappurtat
now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before / the previous day
tomorrow the next day / the following day
last week the previous week
next week the following week
ago before
here there
this that
these those
17- Infiniti u Nomi Verbali (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)
Tip Terminu Ingliż Pronunzja bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura Tifsira/Użu
Infinitiv bit-to to-infinitive tu-infinitiv to + V1 tu + vi wieħed Jintuża biex jesprimi azzjoni jew skop
Infinitiv mingħajr to bare infinitive ber infinitiv V1 vi wieħed Verb bażiku mingħajr to
Forma -ing użata bħala nom gerund jerend V-ing vi-ing L-azzjoni jew il-fatt li tagħmel xi ħaġa
Infinitiv perfett perfect infinitive perfekt infinitiv to have + V3 tu hav + vi tlieta Azzjoni li tkun diġà seħħet
Infinitiv kontinwu continuous infinitive kontinju infinitiv to be + V-ing tu bi + vi-ing Azzjoni li tkun għaddejja
Infinitiv perfett kontinwu perfect continuous infinitive perfekt kontinju infinitiv to have been + V-ing tu hav bin + vi-ing Azzjoni li tkun ilha għaddejja
Infinitiv passiv passive infinitive pasiv infinitiv to be + V3 tu bi + vi tlieta Azzjoni li ssir fuq is-suġġett
Infinitiv passiv perfett perfect passive infinitive perfekt pasiv infinitiv to have been + V3 tu hav bin + vi tlieta Azzjoni passiva li tkun diġà seħħet
# Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni bil-Malti
1 Adjective + V-ing Suġġett + be + adjective + verb b’-ing + oġġett is-suġġett + bi + adjettiv + verb b’ing + oġġett I am happy seeing you. Aj am hapi siing ju. Jien kuntent li narak.
2 Adjective + to-infinitive Suġġett + be + adjective + to + V1 + oġġett is-suġġett + bi + adjettiv + tu + vi wieħed + oġġett I am happy to see you. Aj am hapi tu si ju. Jien kuntent li narak.
3 Verb + to-infinitive Suġġett + plan + to + V1 is-suġġett + plan + tu + vi wieħed I plan to eat. Aj plan tu it. Biħsiebni niekol.
4 Verb + V-ing Suġġett + plan + V-ing is-suġġett + plan + vi-ing I plan eating. Aj plan iting. Biħsiebni niekol, iżda din il-forma mhijiex naturali f’dan il-kuntest.
5 Perception verb + object + V1 Suġġett + see + oġġett + V1 is-suġġett + si + oġġett + vi wieħed I see him run. Aj si him ran. Narah jiġri.
6 Perception verb + object + V-ing Suġġett + see + oġġett + V-ing is-suġġett + si + oġġett + vi-ing I see him running. Aj si him raning. Narah jiġri bħalissa.
7 Purpose + to-infinitive Verb + suġġett + to + V1 verb + suġġett + tu + vi wieħed I eat to play. Aj it tu plej. Niekol biex nilgħab.
8 Purpose + in order to Verb + suġġett + in order to + V1 verb + suġġett + in order tu + vi wieħed I eat in order to play. Aj it in order tu plej. Niekol sabiex nilgħab.
18- Is-Subjunctive (SUBJUNCTIVE)
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
1 Present Subjunctive Suġġett + that + verb bażiku V1 is-suġġett + dat + verb bażiku vi wieħed I suggest that he go. Aj sajjest dat hi go. Nissuġġerixxi li jmur.
2 Negative Present Subjunctive Suġġett + that + not + verb bażiku V1 is-suġġett + dat + not + verb bażiku vi wieħed I suggest that he not go. Aj sajjest dat hi not go. Nissuġġerixxi li ma jmurx.
3 Be Subjunctive Suġġett + that + be + adjective/noun is-suġġett + dat + bi + adjettiv/nom It is important that he be ready. It iz important dat hi bi redi. Huwa importanti li jkun lest.
4 After demand/recommendation Suġġett + that + suġġett + V1 is-suġġett + dat + suġġett + vi wieħed They demanded that she leave. Dey dimandid dat shi liv. Huma talbu li titlaq.
5 After insist Suġġett + that + suġġett + V1 is-suġġett + dat + suġġett + vi wieħed I insist that he stay. Aj insist dat hi stej. Ninsisti li jibqa’.
6 After require Suġġett + that + suġġett + V1 is-suġġett + dat + suġġett + vi wieħed The law requires that everyone be present. De lo rik wajerz dat evriwan bi prezent. Il-liġi titlob li kulħadd ikun preżenti.
7 Were Subjunctive If + suġġett + were +... if + suġġett + wer +... If I were you, I would wait. If aj wer ju, aj wud wejt. Kieku kont flokok, kont nistenna.
8 Wish + were Suġġett + wish + suġġett + were +... is-suġġett + wish + suġġett + wer +... I wish I were taller. Aj wish aj wer to ler. Nixtieq li kont itwal.
9 Formal hypothetical inversion Were + suġġett +... wer + suġġett +... Were I you, I would wait. Wer aj ju, aj wud wejt. Kieku kont flokok, kont nistenna.
10 Fixed/formal expression God/Heaven + V1 god/hev en + vi wieħed God save the King. God sejv de king. J’Alla jħares lir-Re.
19- Mistoqsijiet Tag (TAG QUESTIONS)
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż miktuba bil-Malti Eżempju sħiħ Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni bil-Malti
Tag Question — affermattiva Sentenza affermattiva + awżiljarju negattiv + suġġett? sentenza affermattiva + awżiljarju negattiv + suġġett? You are ready, aren't you? Ju ar redi, arnt ju? Inti lest, hux hekk?
Tag Question — negattiva Sentenza negattiva + awżiljarju affermattiv + suġġett? sentenza negattiva + awżiljarju affermattiv + suġġett? You aren't ready, are you? Ju arnt redi, ar ju? M'intix lest, hux hekk?
Present Simple Sentenza + don't/doesn't + suġġett? sentenza + dont/duznt + suġġett? She works here, doesn't she? Shi werks hir, duznt shi? Hija taħdem hawn, hux hekk?
Past Simple Sentenza + didn't/did + suġġett? sentenza + didnt/did + suġġett? You saw him, didn't you? Ju so him, didnt ju? Rajtuh, hux hekk?
Be Sentenza + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + suġġett? sentenza + iznt/arnt/woznt/wernt + suġġett? He is here, isn't he? Hi iz hir, iznt hi? Huwa hawn, hux hekk?
Present Continuous Sentenza + isn't/aren't + suġġett? sentenza + iznt/arnt + suġġett? She is working, isn't she? Shi iz werking, iznt shi? Hija qed taħdem, hux hekk?
Present Perfect Sentenza + hasn't/haven't + suġġett? sentenza + haznt/havnt + suġġett? They have finished, haven't they? Dey hav finished, havnt dey? Huma lestew, hux hekk?
Past Perfect Sentenza + hadn't + suġġett? sentenza + hadnt + suġġett? He had left, hadn't he? Hi had left, hadnt hi? Huwa kien telaq, hux hekk?
Future — will Sentenza + won't + suġġett? sentenza + wont + suġġett? You will come, won't you? Ju wil kam, wont ju? Se tiġi, hux hekk?
Modal Sentenza + modal negattiv + suġġett? sentenza + modal negattiv + suġġett? He can swim, can't he? Hi ken swim, kant hi? Huwa jaf jgħum, hux hekk?
Let's Let's + V1, shall we? let's + vi wieħed, shal wi? Let's go, shall we? Lets go, shal wi? Ejja mmorru, hux hekk?
Imperative V1 + will you? vi wieħed + wil ju? Open the door, will you? Open de dor, wil ju? Iftaħ il-bieb, jekk jogħġbok.
Negative Question — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + suġġett + V1? dont/duznt + suġġett + vi wieħed? Don't you like coffee? Dont ju lajk kofi? Ma tħobbx il-kafè?
Negative Question — Past Simple Didn't + suġġett + V1? didnt + suġġett + vi wieħed? Didn't you see him? Didnt ju si him? Ma rajtux?
Negative Question — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + suġġett...? iznt/arnt/woznt/wernt + suġġett? Isn't he ready? Iznt hi redi? Mhuwiex lest?
Negative Question — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + suġġett + V-ing? iznt/arnt + suġġett + vi-ing? Isn't she working? Iznt shi werking? Mhijiex taħdem?
Negative Question — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + suġġett + V3? havnt/haznt + suġġett + vi tlieta? Haven't you finished? Havnt ju finished? Għadek ma spiċċajtx?
Negative Question — Future Won't + suġġett + V1? wont + suġġett + vi wieħed? Won't you come with us? Wont ju kam wid as? Mhux se tiġi magħna?
Negative Question — Modal Modal negattiv + suġġett + V1? modal negattiv + suġġett + vi wieħed? Can't you help me? Kant ju help mi? Ma tistax tgħinni?
Full Negative Question Auxiliary + suġġett + not + V1...? awżiljarju + suġġett + not + vi wieħed? Do you not know? Du ju not no? Ma tafx?
I am — Tag I am +..., aren't I? aj am +..., arnt aj? I am right, aren't I? Aj am rajt, arnt aj? Għandi raġun, hux hekk?
Regoli bażiċi
Regola Eżempju
S
entenza affermattiva → tag negattiv You like it, don't you?
Sentenza negattiva → tag affermattiv You don't like it, do you?
Negative Question = mistoqsija negattiva Don't you like it?
Tag Question = sentenza + mistoqsija qasira fl-aħħar You like it, don't you?
Jekk is-sentenza għandha awżiljarju, użah fit-tag She is working, isn't she?
Jekk ma jkunx hemm awżiljarju fil-Present/Past Simple, uża do/does/did He works, doesn't he?
F’Negative Question, il-verb ewlieni jibqa’ f’V1 wara do/does/did Didn't you go? u mhux ❌ Didn't you went?
It-tweġiba Yes/No tirrifletti l-fatt reali Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
20- Verbi modali u espressjonijiet modali (MODAL WORDS)
Modal Pronunzja bl-ittri Latini Tifsira bil-Malti Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
can kan kapacità / jista’ I can swim. Aj kan swim. Jien kapaċi ngħum.
could kud kien kapaċi / seta’ / kien ikun jista’ I could swim when I was five. Aj kud swim wen aj woz fajv. Jien kont kapaċi ngħum meta kelli ħames snin.
may mej forsi / jista’ jkun It may rain. It mej rejn. Forsi tagħmel ix-xita.
might majt forsi / jista’ jkun It might rain. It majt rejn. Forsi tagħmel ix-xita.
must mast irid bilfors / għandu Ieħu You must leave. Ju mast liv. Int trid titlaq.
shall xal se / għandu / għandna...? Shall we go? Xal wi gow? Immorru?
should xud għandu / ikun aħjar You should rest. Ju xud rest. Għandek tistrieħ.
will wil se / lest li I will help you. Aj wil help ju. Jien se ngħinek.
would wud kien se / kien jagħmel / kieku I would help you. Aj wud help ju. Jien kont ngħinek / kont ngħinek kieku...
ought to ot tu għandu / suppost You ought to study. Ju ot tu stadi. Għandek tistudja.
Regola
Il-verbi modali ewlenin normalment jiġu segwiti mill-forma bażika tal-verb (V1):
modal + V1
Eżempju:
She can speak English.
Xi kan spik IngliX.
Hi kapaċi titkellem bl-Ingliż.
Mhux korrett:
❌ She can speaks.
2. It-tifsiriet tal-verbi modali skont il-funzjoni tagħhom
Funzjoni Verbi jew espressjonijiet modali Tifsira
Ability — Kapaċità can, could, be able to kapaċità / ikun kapaċi
Possibility — Possibbiltà can, could, may, might, might possibly jista’ / forsi / possibbli
Permission — Permess can, could, may, might jista’ / permess
Request — Talba can, could, will, would, may tista’...? / tista’ jekk jogħġbok...?
Advice — Parir should, ought to, had better għandu / ikun aħjar
Obligation — Obbligu must, have to, have got to, need to irid bilfors / għandu
Necessity — Neċessità must, have to, need to huwa meħtieġ / irid bilfors
Prohibition — Projbizzjoni must not, cannot/can't, may not huwa pprojbit / m'għandux
Expectation — Stennija should, ought to, be supposed to suppost / mistenni
Prediction — Tbassir will, shall, should, ought to se / mistenni li
Willingness — Rieda will, would se / lest li
Refusal — Rifjut will not, won't, would not, wouldn't ma jridx / jirrifjuta
Habit — Drawwa would, will kien jagħmel / normalment jagħmel
Hypothetical — Sitwazzjoni ipotetika would, could, might kieku / seta’ / forsi
Deduction — Konklużjoni loġika must, can't, couldn't, may, might bilfors / ma jistax ikun / forsi
Regret — Dispjaċir should have, ought to have, could have, would have kellu jagħmel / seta’ għamel
Possibbiltà fil-passat may have, might have, could have forsi ġara / seta’ ġara
Konklużjoni dwar il-passat must have, can't have, couldn't have bilfors ġara / ma jistax ikun li ġara
3. Verbi semi-modali (SEMI-MODALS)
Dawn mhumiex verbi modali ewlenin, iżda għandhom funzjonijiet simili għal dawk tal-verbi modali.
Espressjoni modali Pronunzja Tifsira Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
have to hav tu irid / ikollu jagħmel I have to go. Aj hav tu gow. Irrid immur.
has to haz tu irid / ikollha tagħmel She has to work. Xi haz tu werk. Hi trid taħdem.
had to had tu kellu / kellha tagħmel I had to leave. Aj had tu liv. Kelli nitlaq.
have got to hav got tu irid bilfors I have got to go. Aj hav got tu gow. Irrid immur bilfors.
has got to haz got tu irid bilfors He has got to leave. Hi haz got tu liv. Huwa jrid jitlaq bilfors.
had better had bet-ter ikun aħjar You had better go. Ju had bet-ter gow. Ikun aħjar għalik li tmur.
be able to bi ejbl tu ikun kapaċi She is able to swim. Xi iz ejbl tu swim. Hi kapaċi tgħum.
be unable to bi anejbl tu ma jkunx kapaċi He is unable to walk. Hi iz anejbl tu wok. Huwa ma jistax jimxi.
be allowed to bi elawd tu jingħata permess We are allowed to leave. Wi ar elawd tu liv. Għandna permess nitilqu.
be permitted to bi per-mit-id tu jingħata permess You are permitted to enter. Ju ar per-mit-id tu enter. Għandek permess tidħol.
be supposed to bi sepozd tu suppost You are supposed to wait. Ju ar sepozd tu wejt. Suppost tistenna.
be required to bi rik-wa-jerd tu ikun meħtieġ You are required to sign. Ju ar rik-wa-jerd tu sajn. Int mitlub tiffirma.
be expected to bi ik-spek-tid tu ikun mistenni They are expected to arrive. Dhej ar ik-spek-tid tu erajv. Huwa mistenni li jaslu.
be willing to bi wil-ing tu jkun lest li I am willing to help. Aj am wil-ing tu help. Jien lest ngħin.
be unwilling to bi an-wil-ing tu ma jkunx lest li He is unwilling to cooperate. Hi iz an-wil-ing tu kow-operejt. Huwa ma jridx jikkoopera.
be likely to bi laj-kli tu x'aktarx li She is likely to win. Xi iz laj-kli tu win. X'aktarx li tirbaħ.
be unlikely to bi an-laj-kli tu x'aktarx li ma He is unlikely to come. Hi iz an-laj-kli tu kam. X'aktarx li ma jiġix.
4. Need — użu simili għal verb modali
Il-verb need jista' jintuża f'ċerti strutturi b'mod simili għal verb modali.
Need bħala verb modali
Need I go?
Nid aj gow?
Għandi mmur?
You needn't worry.
Ju nid-nt wari.
M'għandekx għalfejn tinkwieta.
Need bħala verb ewlieni
I need to go.
Aj nid tu gow.
Għandi bżonn immur.
Forma Pronunzja Tifsira
need nid bżonn / ikollu bżonn
needn't nid-nt m'għandux għalfejn
need to nid tu ikollu bżonn jagħmel
don't need to downt nid tu m'għandux għalfejn jagħmel
didn't need to did-nt nid tu ma kellux bżonn jagħmel
5. Dare — użu simili għal verb modali
Dare, li jfisser “jazzarda”, jista' jintuża bħala verb ewlieni jew b'mod simili għal verb modali.
Dare I ask?
Der aj ask?
Nazzarda nistaqsi?
How dare you!
Haw der ju!
Kif tazzarda!
Forma Pronunzja Tifsira
dare der jazzarda
daren't der-nt ma jazzardax
dare not der not ma jazzardax
don't dare downt der tazzardax
6. Used to — drawwa fil-passat
Used to mhuwiex verb modali ewlieni, iżda huwa kostruzzjoni simili għal verb modali.
I used to live there.
Aj just tu liv dher.
Kont ngħix hemmhekk.
Tifsira:
used to + V1
= jintuża biex juri drawwa jew stat li kien jeżisti fil-passat iżda li mhux neċessarjament għadu jeżisti.
7. Be going to
Jintuża biex nitkellmu dwar pjanijiet futuri jew biex nagħmlu tbassir ibbażat fuq evidenza.
I am going to study.
Aj am gow-ing tu stadi.
Se nistudja.
It is going to rain.
It iz gow-ing tu rejn.
Se tagħmel ix-xita.
8. Espressjonijiet li juru possibbiltà
Dawn mhumiex verbi modali, iżda huma espressjonijiet li jistgħu juru grad differenti ta' possibbiltà jew ċertezza.
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
perhaps per-haps forsi
maybe mej-bi forsi
possibly pos-si-bli possibilment / jista' jkun
probably prob-eb-li x'aktarx
likely laj-kli aktarx / probabbli
unlikely an-laj-kli improbabbli / mhux probabbli
certainly ser-ten-li ċertament
definitely def-in-it-li żgur / bla dubju
surely xur-li żgur / bla dubju
apparently ap-per-ent-li mid-dehra / milli jidher
presumably pre-zjum-eb-li preżumibbilment / x'aktarx
conceivably ken-siv-eb-li teoretikament possibbli
arguably ar-gju-eb-li jista' jingħad li
necessarily nes-es-er-i-li neċessarjament
not necessarily not nes-es-er-i-li mhux neċessarjament
Eżempju:
She will probably come.
Xi wil prob-eb-li kam.
X'aktarx li tiġi.
9. Espressjonijiet ta' neċessità
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
must mast irid bilfors
have to hav tu ikollu jagħmel / ikollu bżonn
have got to hav got tu irid bilfors
need to nid tu ikollu bżonn / għandu jagħmel
be required to bi rik-wa-jerd tu ikun meħtieġ / ikun mitlub
be obliged to bi ob-lajjd tu ikun obbligat
be compelled to bi kem-peld tu jkun imġiegħel
be forced to bi forst tu jkun sfurzat
be necessary to bi nes-es-er-i tu ikun neċessarju li
be essential to bi i-sen-xel tu ikun essenzjali li
10. Espressjonijiet ta' parir
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
should xud għandu / ikun aħjar
ought to ot tu għandu
had better had bet-ter ikun aħjar
might want to majt wont tu forsi tkun trid / ikun aħjar li
could kud tista' / forsi jkun aħjar
be advised to bi ed-vajzd tu tiġi avżat biex
it would be wise to it wud bi wajz tu ikun għaqli li
it would be better to it wud bi bet-ter tu ikun aħjar li
Eżempju:
You might want to check again.
Ju majt wont tu ċek e-gen.
Forsi jkun aħjar għalik li terġa' tiċċekkja.
11. Espressjonijiet ta' permess
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
can kan jista' / jista' jkollu permess
could kud tista'...? / nista'...?
may mej jista' / għandu permess
might majt tista'...? (b'mod aktar formali jew edukat)
be allowed to bi elawd tu ikollu permess
be permitted to bi per-mit-id tu ikollu permess
be authorized to bi o-tho-rajzd tu ikun awtorizzat
be entitled to bi in-taj-teld tu ikollu d-dritt għal
12. Espressjonijiet ta' kapaċità
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
can kan jista' / huwa kapaċi
could kud kien kapaċi / seta'
be able to bi ejbl tu ikun kapaċi
be capable of bi kej-pebl ov ikun kapaċi
manage to man-ij tu jirnexxilu
succeed in sek-sid in jirnexxilu / jirnexxielu jagħmel
Eżempju:
She was able to solve the problem.
Xi woz ejbl tu solv dhe prob-lem.
Irnexxielha ssolvi l-problema.
13. Espressjonijiet ta' stennija
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
should xud mistenni li / suppost
ought to ot tu suppost / għandu
be supposed to bi sepozd tu suppost
be expected to bi ik-spek-tid tu mistenni li
be due to bi dju tu suppost / skedat li
be scheduled to bi ske-juld tu ikun skedat li
Eżempju:
The train is due to arrive at six.
Dhe trejn iz dju tu erajv et siks.
Il-ferrovija mistennija tasal fis-sitta.
14. Espressjonijiet ta' rieda
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
will wil se / ikun lest li
would wud kien lest / kieku
be willing to bi wil-ing tu jkun lest li
be happy to bi he-pi tu jkun kuntent li / ikun lest li
be prepared to bi pri-perd tu jkun ippreparat biex
be ready to bi red-i tu jkun lest biex
15. Espressjonijiet ta' rifjut
Espressjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
will not / won't wil not / wont ma jagħmilx / jirrifjuta
would not / wouldn't wud not / wud-nt ma kienx jagħmel / jirrifjuta
refuse to ri-fjuz tu jirrifjuta li
decline to di-klajn tu jirrifjuta / ma jaċċettax li
be unwilling to bi an-wil-ing tu ma jkunx lest li
16. Kostruzzjonijiet modali fil-passat
Dawn il-kostruzzjonijiet jintużaw biex nitkellmu dwar possibbiltà, obbligu, parir jew konklużjoni relatata mal-passat.
Kostruzzjoni Pronunzja Tifsira
could have + V3 kud hav + vi thri seta' għamel
may have + V3 mej hav + vi thri forsi għamel / seta' ġara
might have + V3 majt hav + vi thri forsi kien għamel
must have + V3 mast hav + vi thri bilfors għamel / għandu jkun li għamel
can't have + V3 kant hav + vi thri ma jistax ikun li għamel
couldn't have + V3 kud-nt hav + vi thri ma setax għamel
should have + V3 xud hav + vi thri kellu jagħmel / kien imissu għamel
ought to have + V3 ot tu hav + vi thri kellu jagħmel
would have + V3 wud hav + vi thri kien jagħmel kieku
needn't have + V3 nid-nt hav + vi thri m'għandux għalfejn kien għamel
Eżempju:
You should have called me.
Ju xud hav kold mi.
Kien imissek ċempiltli.
17. Modal + Progressiv
Wara verb modali nistgħu nużaw be + verb b'-ing biex niffurmaw il-progressiv:
modal + be + verb-ing
Kostruzzjoni Eżempju Pronunzja Tifsira
can be + verb-ing He can be working. Hi kan bi wer-king. Jista' jkun li qiegħed jaħdem.
could be + verb-ing He could be working. Hi kud bi wer-king. Forsi qiegħed jaħdem.
may be + verb-ing He may be working. Hi mej bi wer-king. Forsi qiegħed jaħdem.
might be + verb-ing He might be working. Hi majt bi wer-king. Forsi qiegħed jaħdem.
must be + verb-ing He must be working. Hi mast bi wer-king. Bilfors qiegħed jaħdem.
should be + verb-ing He should be working. Hi xud bi wer-king. Suppost qiegħed jaħdem.
will be + verb-ing He will be working. Hi wil bi wer-king. Se jkun qiegħed jaħdem.
would be + verb-ing He would be working. Hi wud bi wer-king. Kien ikun qiegħed jaħdem.
18. Modal + Perfett Progressiv
modal + have been + verb-ing
Eżempju:
She may have been working.
Xi mej hav bin wer-king.
Forsi kienet ilha taħdem.
Kostruzzjoni Tifsira
could have been + verb-ing forsi seta' kien qiegħed jagħmel
may have been + verb-ing forsi kien ilu jagħmel
might have been + verb-ing forsi kien ilu jagħmel
must have been + verb-ing bilfors kien ilu jagħmel
should have been + verb-ing kellu jkun qiegħed jagħmel
would have been + verb-ing kien ikun qiegħed jagħmel
19. Modal + Passiv
modal + be + V3
Eżempju:
The work must be finished.
Dhe werk mast bi fin-ixt.
Ix-xogħol irid jitlesta.
Kostruzzjoni Eżempju
can be + V3 It can be done.
could be + V3 It could be done.
may be + V3 It may be done.
might be + V3 It might be done.
must be + V3 It must be done.
should be + V3 It should be done.
will be + V3 It will be done.
would be + V3 It would be done.
20. Modal + Passiv Perfett
modal + have been + V3
Eżempju:
It should have been done.
It xud hav bin dan.
Kellu jsir.
Kostruzzjoni Tifsira
could have been + V3 seta' sar
may have been + V3 forsi kien sar
might have been + V3 forsi kien sar
must have been + V3 bilfors kien sar
should have been + V3 kellu jsir
would have been + V3 kien ikun sar
21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju sħiħ Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
Singular — affermattiv There is + nom singulari dher iz + nom There is a book on the table. Dher iz e buk on dhe tejbl. Hemm ktieb fuq il-mejda.
Plural — affermattiv There are + nom plural dher ar + nom There are two books on the table. Dher ar tu buks on dhe tejbl. Hemm żewġ kotba fuq il-mejda.
Nom li ma jingħaddx There is + nom li ma jingħaddx dher iz + nom li ma jingħaddx There is some water in the bottle. Dher iz sam woter in dhe botl. Hemm ftit ilma fil-flixkun.
Singular — negattiv There isn't + nom singulari dher iz-nt + nom There isn't a book here. Dher iz-nt e buk hir. M'hemmx ktieb hawn.
Plural — negattiv There aren't + nom plural dher ar-nt + nom There aren't any books here. Dher ar-nt eni buks hir. M'hemm l-ebda ktieb hawn.
Mistoqsija — singulari Is there + nom singulari...? Iz dher + nom? Is there a problem? Iz dher e prob-lem? Hemm problema?
Mistoqsija — plural Are there + nom plural...? Ar dher + nom? Are there any problems? Ar dher eni prob-lemz? Hemm xi problemi?
Mistoqsija negattiva — singulari Isn't there + nom singulari...? Iz-nt dher + nom? Isn't there a problem? Iz-nt dher e prob-lem? M'hemmx problema?
Mistoqsija negattiva — plural Aren't there + nom plural...? Ar-nt dher + nom? Aren't there any problems? Ar-nt dher eni prob-lemz? M'hemmx problemi?
Passat — singulari There was + nom singulari dher woz + nom There was a problem. Dher woz e prob-lem. Kien hemm problema.
Passat — plural There were + nom plural dher wer + nom There were many people. Dher wer meni pipol. Kien hemm ħafna nies.
Passat negattiv — singulari There wasn't + nom singulari dher woz-nt + nom There wasn't a problem. Dher woz-nt e prob-lem. Ma kienx hemm problema.
Passat negattiv — plural There weren't + nom plural dher wer-nt + nom There weren't many people. Dher wer-nt meni pipol. Ma kienx hemm ħafna nies.
Mistoqsija fil-passat — singulari Was there + nom singulari...? Woz dher + nom? Was there a problem? Woz dher e prob-lem? Kien hemm problema?
Mistoqsija fil-passat — plural Were there + nom plural...? Wer dher + nom? Were there many people? Wer dher meni pipol? Kien hemm ħafna nies?
Futur There will be + nom dher wil bi + nom There will be a meeting tomorrow. Dher wil bi e mit-ing tumoro. Għada se jkun hemm laqgħa.
Futur negattiv There won't be + nom dher wont bi + nom There won't be a meeting tomorrow. Dher wont bi e mit-ing tumoro. Għada mhux se jkun hemm laqgħa.
Mistoqsija fil-futur Will there be + nom...? Wil dher bi + nom? Will there be a meeting tomorrow? Wil dher bi e mit-ing tumoro? Se jkun hemm laqgħa għada?
Present Perfect There has/have been + nom dher haz/hav bin + nom There has been a mistake. Dher haz bin e mis-tejk. Sar żball.
Past Perfect There had been + nom dher had bin + nom There had been a problem. Dher had bin e prob-lem. Kien hemm problema.
Modali There can/may/might/must/should be + nom dher kan/mej/majt/mast/xud bi + nom There may be a problem. Dher mej bi e prob-lem. Jista' jkun hemm problema.
1. Have = ikollu / ikollha
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju sħiħ Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
Ma' I / you / we / they Suġġett + have + nom dhe sabġekt + hav + dhe nom I have a car. Aj hav e kar. Għandi karozza.
Ma' he / she / it Suġġett + has + nom dhe sabġekt + haz + dhe nom She has a car. Xi haz e kar. Hija għandha karozza.
Have jintuża ma': I, you, we, they
Has jintuża ma': he, she, it
2. Forma negattiva ta' have
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju sħiħ Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
Negattiv ma' I/you/we/they Suġġett + do not + have + nom dhe sabġekt + du not + hav + dhe nom I do not have a car. Aj du not hav e kar. M'għandix karozza.
Negattiv ma' he/she/it Suġġett + does not + have + nom dhe sabġekt + daz not + hav + dhe nom She does not have a car. Xi daz not hav e kar. Hija m'għandhiex karozza.
Nota: wara does, il-verb ikun have u mhux has:
She doesn't have a car. ✅
She doesn't has a car. ❌
3. Mistoqsijiet b'have
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju sħiħ Pronunzja tal-eżempju Traduzzjoni
Mistoqsija ma' I/you/we/they Do + suġġett + have + nom? du + dhe sabġekt + hav + dhe nom? Do you have a car? Du ju hav e kar? Għandek karozza?
Mistoqsija ma' he/she/it Does + suġġett + have + nom? daz + dhe sabġekt + hav + dhe nom? Does she have a car? Daz xi hav e kar? Għandha karozza?
4. Have bħala verb awżiljarju
Have mhux dejjem ifisser “ikollu”; jintuża wkoll biex jinbnew il-perfect tenses.
Żmien Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju Traduzzjoni
Present Perfect Suġġett + have/has + V3 dhe sabġekt + hav/haz + vi thri I have finished. Jien lestejt.
Present Perfect Continuous Suġġett + have/has + been + verb-ing dhe sabġekt + hav/haz + bin + verb-ing I have been working. Jien ilni naħdem.
Past Perfect Suġġett + had + V3 dhe sabġekt + had + vi thri I had finished. Jien kont lestejt.
Past Perfect Continuous Suġġett + had + been + verb-ing dhe sabġekt + had + bin + verb-ing I had been working. Jien kont ilni naħdem.
Id-differenza tidher f'dawn l-eżempji:
I have a car.
→ have = ikolli / għandi
I have finished.
→ have = verb awżiljarju li jintuża biex jinbena l-Present Perfect.
5. Have to = ikollu jagħmel / ikun obbligat
Have to jesprimi neċessità jew obbligu.
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju sħiħ Traduzzjoni
I/you/we/they Suġġett + have to + V1 dhe sabġekt + hav tu + vi wan I have to work. Irrid naħdem.
he/she/it Suġġett + has to + V1 dhe sabġekt + haz tu + vi wan She has to work. Hi trid taħdem.
Passat Suġġett + had to + V1 dhe sabġekt + had tu + vi wan I had to work. Kelli naħdem.
Futur Suġġett + will have to + V1 dhe sabġekt + wil hav tu + vi wan I will have to work. Se jkolli naħdem.
6. Have got = ikollu / ikollha
Fl-Ingliż, speċjalment fl-Ingliż Brittaniku, tista' tintuża l-forma:
have got / has got
Struttura Eżempju Traduzzjoni
Suġġett + have got + nom I have got a car. Għandi karozza.
Suġġett + has got + nom She has got a car. Hija għandha karozza.
Forma negattiva:
I haven't got a car.
= M'għandix karozza.
Mistoqsija:
Have you got a car?
= Għandek karozza?
Imperattivi — il-forma tal-kmand
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura bl-Ingliż Eżempju Pronunzja tal-eżempju Tifsira
Kmand affermattiv Verb V1 Come here. Kam hir. Ejja hawn.
Kmand b'oġġett Verb + oġġett V1 + object Read the book. Rid dhe buk. Aqra l-ktieb.
Kmand negattiv Don't + verb downt + vi wan Don't run. Downt ran. Tiġrix.
Forma negattiva formali Do not + verb du not + vi wan Do not enter. Du not enter. Tidħolx.
Be + aġġettiv Be + adjective bi + adjective Be careful. Bi kerful. Oqgħod attent.
Be negattiv Don't be + adjective downt bi + adjective Don't be late. Downt bi lejt. Tkunx tard.
Let me Let + me + verb let + mi + vi wan Let me help you. Let mi help ju. Ħallini ngħinek.
Let him/her/them Let + object + verb let + object + vi wan Let him go. Let him gow. Ħallih imur.
Let's Let's + verb let's + vi wan Let's go. Lets gow. Ejja mmorru.
Let's negattiv Let's not + verb let's not + vi wan Let's not wait. Lets not wejt. Ejja ma nistennewx.
Kmand edukat Please + verb pliz + vi wan Please sit down. Pliz sit dawn. Jekk jogħġbok, oqgħod bilqiegħda.
Kmand enfasizzat Do + verb du + vi wan Do sit down. Du sit dawn. Jekk jogħġbok, oqgħod bilqiegħda.
Twissija qawwija Never + verb never + vi wan Never give up. Never giv ap. Qatt taqta' qalbek.
Drawwa / parir Always + verb ol-wejz + vi wan Always be careful. Ol-wejz bi kerful. Dejjem oqgħod attent.
Kmand passiv Be + V3 bi + vi thri Be prepared. Bi priperd. Kun ippreparat.
Kmand + riżultat Verb + and + klawżola vi wan + and + clause Study hard, and you will pass. Stadi hard, and ju wil pas. Studja sew u tgħaddi.
Kmand + twissija Verb + or + klawżola vi wan + or + clause Hurry up, or you'll be late. Hari ap, or jul bi lejt. Ħaffef, inkella se tkun tard.
Kmand b'tag question Verb, will you? vi wan, wil ju? Wait here, will you? W ejt hir, wil ju? Stenna hawn, sew?
Let's + tag question Let's + verb, shall we? let's + vi wan, xal wi? Let's go, shall we? Lets gow, xal wi? Ejja mmorru, hux hekk?
22- Prefissi u suffissi (PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES)
Prefiss Pronunzja bl-alfabett Latin Tifsira bl-Malti Eżempju Tifsira
a- æ / i: nuqqas jew negazzjoni atypical atipiku
ab- ab 'l bogħod minn abduct jaħtaf
ad- ad lejn / sa adjoin jingħaqad ma'
ambi- ambi t-tnejn / madwar ambiguous ambigwu
ante- ante qabel antecedent li jiġi qabel
anti- anti kontra antiwar kontra l-gwerra
arch- ark ewlieni / prinċipali archbishop arċisqof
auto- awto innifsu / awtomatiku automatic awtomatiku
bi- baj tnejn bilingual bilingwi
circum- sirkum madwar circumference ċirkonferenza
co- ko flimkien cooperate jikkoopera
contra- kontra kontra contradict jikkontradixxi
counter- kawntər kontra / bħala tweġiba counterattack kontrattakk
de- di neħħija / treġġigħ lura deactivate jiddiżattiva
deca- deka għaxra decade deċennju
deci- desi wieħed minn għaxra decimeter deċimetru
demi- demi nofs demigod nofs alla
dis- dis negazzjoni / oppost disagree ma jaqbilx
dys- dis funzjonament ħażin dysfunction disfunzjoni
eco- eko ambjent ecosystem ekosistema
ecto- ekto estern ectoderm ektoderma
endo- endo intern endoskeleton endoskeletru
epi- epi fuq / fuq nett epidermis epidermide
eu- ju tajjeb euphemism ewfemiżmu
ex- eks li kien qabel / barra ex-president eks president
extra- ekstra barra minn / addizzjonali extraordinary straordinarju
fore- for qabel / minn qabel forecast tbassir
geo- ġeo Dinja geography ġeografija
hemi- hemi nofs hemisphere emisfera
hetero- hetero differenti heterogeneous eteroġenju
homo- homo l-istess / simili homogeneous omoġenju
hyper- ħajper eċċessiv / 'il fuq hyperactive iperattiv
hypo- ħajpo taħt / baxx hypothermia ipotermja
in- in le / ġewwa inactive inattiv
im- im le / ġewwa impossible impossibbli
il- il le illegal illegali
ir- ir le irregular irregolari
infra- infra taħt infrared infra-aħmar
inter- inter bejn international internazzjonali
intra- intra ġewwa intranet intranet
intro- intro lejn ġewwa introduce jintroduċi
iso- iso ugwali / l-istess isotope iżotopu
macro- makro kbir macroeconomics makroekonomija
mal- mal ħażin / difettuż malfunction funzjonament ħażin
mega- mega enormi megastore ħanut enormi
meta- meta bidla / lil hinn minn metadata metadejta
micro- majkro żgħir microscope mikroskopju
mid- mid nofs midnight nofsillejl
mini- mini żgħir minibus minibus
mono- mono wieħed monolingual b'lingwa waħda
multi- multi ħafna multilingual b'ħafna lingwi
neo- neo ġdid neologism neoloġiżmu
non- non le / mhux nonstandard mhux standard
omni- omni kollha / kollox omniscient jaf kollox
out- awt 'l barra / aktar minn outperform jagħmel aħjar minn
over- over eċċessiv / wisq overcook isajjar iżżejjed
paleo- palejo antik paleolithic Paleolitiku
pan- pan kollha pan-European Pan-Ewropew
para- para maġenb / simili paranormal paranormali
peri- peri madwar perimeter perimetru
poly- poli ħafna polyglot poliglotta
post- post wara postwar ta' wara l-gwerra
pre- pre qabel prehistory preistorja
pro- pro favur / għal pro-democracy favur id-demokrazija
proto- proto oriġinali / l-ewwel prototype prototip
pseudo- psewdo falz / simulat pseudonym psewdonimu
re- ri ġa' / mill-ġdid rewrite jikteb mill-ġdid
retro- retro lura / lejn il-passat retroactive retroattiv
semi- semi nofs / parzjali semicircle nofs ċirku
sub- sub taħt / sekondarju submarine sottomarin
super- super 'il fuq / eċċellenti superhuman aktar minn bniedem
supra- supra 'il fuq supranational supranazzjonali
syn- sin flimkien / mal- synchronize jissinkronizza
tele- tele f'distanza telephone telefon
trans- trans jaqsam / minn naħa għal oħra transport jittrasporta
tri- tri tlieta triangle trijanglu
ultra- ultra estrem / lil hinn ultramodern ultramodern
un- an le / oppost unhappy mhux kuntent
under- ander taħt / mhux biżżejjed underpaid imħallas inqas milli jixraqlu
uni- juni wieħed unilateral unilaterali
vice- vajs deputat / viċi vice-president viċi president
with- widh lura / 'il bogħod withdraw jirtira
Suffissi (SUFFIXES)
Suffiss Pronunzja bl-alfabett Latin Funzjoni Eżempju Tifsira
-er ər persuna li twettaq azzjoni teacher għalliem
-or or persuna li twettaq azzjoni actor attur
-ar ar persuna marbuta ma' azzjoni beggar tallab
-ist ist persuna b'qasam jew speċjalità part artist artist
-ian ian persuna marbuta ma' qasam musician mużiċist
-ant ant persuna jew ħaġa li twettaq azzjoni assistant assistent
-ent ent persuna li twettaq azzjoni student student
-ee i persuna li tirċievi l-azzjoni employee impjegat
-ess ess forma femminili actress attriċi
-ness ness kwalità jew stat happiness kuntentizza
-ity iti kwalità jew stat activity attività
-ty ti kwalità jew stat safety sigurtà
-ship ship stat jew relazzjoni friendship ħbiberija
-hood hud stat jew perjodu childhood tfulija
-dom dom stat jew territorju kingdom saltna
-th th kwalità jew stat warmth sħana
-ment ment riżultat jew proċess development żvilupp
-tion shən proċess jew riżultat education edukazzjoni
-sion zhən / shən proċess jew riżultat decision deċiżjoni
-ion ion proċess jew riżultat action azzjoni
-ation eyshən proċess organization organizzazzjoni
-al al azzjoni jew riżultat arrival wasla
-ance ans stat jew proċess appearance dehra
-ence ans stat existence eżistenza
-ancy ansi stat expectancy stennija / aspettattiva
-ency ensi stat efficiency effiċjenza
-age ij riżultat jew proċess marriage żwieġ
-ure jur riżultat jew stat failure falliment
-ing ing jifforma nom jew jindika attività swimming għawm
-ism iżəm ideoloġija jew twemmin capitalism capitaliżmu
-cracy krasi sistema ta' tmexxija democracy demokrazija
-crat krat persuna f'sistema ta' tmexxija democrat demokratiku / sostenitur tad-demokrazija
-archy arki sistema ta' tmexxija monarchy monarkija
-arch ark ħakkiem monarch monarka
-logy loġija xjenza jew studju biology bijoloġija
-graphy grafija kitba jew deskrizzjoni geography ġeografija
-graph graf strument jew marka autograph awtografu
-meter metru strument tal-kejl thermometer termometru
-metry metrija proċess tal-kejl geometry ġeometrija
-scope skop strument tal-osservazzjoni telescope teleskopju
-scopy skopija eżami jew osservazzjoni microscopy mikroskopija
-nomy nomija sistema jew regoli astronomy astronomija
-phobia fobija biża' arachnophobia aracnofobija
-phile fil ħabib jew dilettant bibliophile dilettant tal-kotba
-philia filija imħabba jew ġibda audiophilia imħabba għall-ħoss
-phone fon ħoss jew strument tal-ħoss telephone telefon
-phony fonija ħoss jew sistema tal-ħoss symphony sinfonija
-path pat persuna marbuta ma' kundizzjoni psychopath psikopata
-pathy patija kundizzjoni jew marda neuropathy newropatija
-itis ajtis infjammazzjoni arthritis artrite
-osis ożi kundizzjoni jew marda diagnosis dijanjosi
-emia emija kundizzjoni tad-demm anemia anemija
-oma oma tumur jew nefħa carcinoma karċinoma
-ectomy ektomija tneħħija kirurġika appendectomy appendektomija
-otomy otomija qtugħ kirurġiku tracheotomy trakeotomija
-plasty plastija tiswija kirurġika rhinoplasty rinoplastija
-let let diminuttiv / xi ħaġa żgħira booklet ktejjeb
-ling ling żgħir / żagħżugħ duckling frieħ tal-papra
-ette et diminuttiv kitchenette kċina żgħira
-kin kin diminuttiv manikin manikin żgħir
-oid ojd jixbah lil humanoid bħal bniedem
-esque esk bi stil ta' / li jixbah picturesque pittoresk
-like lajk jixbah lil childlike bħal tifel
-ish ish kemxejn / simili għal greenish lewn aħdar
-ster ster persuna marbuta ma' attività youngster żagħżugħ
-eer ir persuna involuta f'attività auctioneer irkantatur
-ard ard persuna b'karatteristika coward kodard
-some səm li jikkawża / mimli bih troublesome ta' nkwiet
-worthy wərdi li jistħoqqlu / denju trustworthy ta' min jafdah
-proof pruf reżistenti għal waterproof reżistenti għall-ilma
-free fri mingħajr sugar-free mingħajr zokkor
-wide wajd mifrux madwar worldwide mad-dinja kollha
-ward wərd fid-direzzjoni ta' backward lura
-wise wajz b'mod jew fid-direzzjoni clockwise fid-direzzjoni tal-arloġġ
-fold fold b'ammont jew multiplu threefold triplu
23- Verbi Frazali (PHRASAL VERBS)
Verb frażali = verb flimkien ma' kelma oħra, bħal up, out, off, on, away, back, in jew over.
Eżempju:
give + up → give up = jaqta' qalbu / jieqaf jagħmel xi ħaġa
Nota: Mhux kull kombinazzjoni ta' verb + prepożizzjoni jew avverbju hija phrasal verb. Hemm ukoll verbi prepożizzjonali u verbi frażali-prepożizzjonali.
1. Verbi frażali komuni
Verb frażali Tifsira bl-alfabett Latin Tifsira bl-Malti Eżempju sħiħ Pronunzja tal-eżempju
add up ad ap jagħmel sens / jammonta The numbers add up. Dha nambərz ad ap.
ask for ask for jitlob She asked for help. Shi askt for help.
back up bak ap jagħmel kopja ta' riżerva / jappoġġa Please back up your files. Pliz bak ap yor fajlz.
break down brejk dawn jinkiser / jieqaf jaħdem My car broke down. Maj kar brok dawn.
break in brejk in jidħol bil-forza Someone broke in last night. Samwan brok in last najt.
break out brejk awt jibda f'daqqa A fire broke out. A fajər brok awt.
break up brejk ap jifred / itemm relazzjoni They broke up last year. Dhej brok ap last jir.
bring back bring bak iġib lura Please bring back my book. Pliz bring bak maj buk.
bring in bring in iġib / idaħħal They brought in a new manager. Dhej brot in a nju manijer.
bring up bring ap iqajjem suġġett / irabbi She brought up an important issue. Shi brot ap an important ishu.
call back kol bak iċempel lura I'll call you back later. Ajl kol ju bak lejter.
call off kol of jikkanċella They called off the meeting. Dhej kold of dha miting.
carry on kari on ikompli Please carry on working. Pliz kari on werking.
carry out kari awt jesegwixxi / iwettaq They carried out the plan. Dhej karid awt dha plan.
catch up kach ap jlaħħaq ma' / jirkupra I need to catch up with you. Ai nid tu kach ap with ju.
check in chek in jirreġistra mal-wasla We checked in at the hotel. Wii chekt in at dha hotel.
check out chek awt jitlaq minn lukanda / jiċċekkja We checked out at noon. Wii chekt awt at nun.
clean up klin ap inaddaf Clean up your room. Klin ap yor rum.
come back kam bak jiġi lura He came back yesterday. Hii kej m bak jesterdej.
come in kam in idħol Come in, please. Kam in, pliz.
come out kam awt joħroġ / jiġi ppubblikat The new book came out yesterday. Dha nju buk kej m awt jesterdej.
come over kam over jiġi jżur Come over tonight. Kam over tunajt.
cut down kat dawn inaqqas I'm trying to cut down on sugar. Aim trajing tu kat dawn on shugar.
cut off kat of jaqta' / jissepara They cut off the electricity. Dhej kat of dhi ilektrisiti.
deal with dil with jittratta / jindirizza We need to deal with this problem. Wii nid tu dil with dhis problem.
do without du widawt jgħaddi mingħajr We can do without a car. Wii kan du widawt a kar.
drop off drop of iħalli lil xi ħadd f'post I'll drop you off at school. Ajl drop ju of at skul.
end up end ap jispiċċa f'sitwazzjoni We ended up staying home. Wii endid ap stejing hom.
fall apart fol apart jitfarrak The old chair fell apart. Dhi old cher fel apart.
fall behind fol bihaind jibqa' lura He fell behind in class. Hii fel bihaind in klas.
figure out figər awt jifhem / isib soluzzjoni I can't figure it out. Ai kant figər it awt.
fill in fil in jimla / idaħħal l-informazzjoni Please fill in this form. Pliz fil in dhis form.
fill out fil awt jimla formola Fill out the application. Fil awt dhi aplikejshən.
find out fajnd awt jiskopri / isir jaf I found out the truth. Ai fawnd awt dha truth.
get back get bak jerġa' lura I'll get back home soon. Ajl get bak hom sun.
get in get in jidħol Get in the car. Get in dha kar.
get off get of jinżel minn mezz tat-trasport Get off the bus. Get of dha bas.
get on get on jitla' fuq mezz tat-trasport Get on the bus. Get on dha bas.
get out get awt joħroġ Get out of the room. Get awt ov dha rum.
get over get over jegħleb / jirkupra She got over her fear. Shi got over her fir.
get up get ap iqum mis-sodda I get up at seven. Ai get ap at seven.
give back giv bak jerġa' jagħti lura Give me back my phone. Giv mi bak maj fon.
give in giv in jaċċedi / iċedi He finally gave in. Hii fajnali gejv in.
give up giv ap jaqta' qalbu / jieqaf Don't give up. Dont giv ap.
go ahead go ahed kompli / ibda Go ahead and start. Go ahed and start.
go back go bak imur lura We went back home. Wii went bak hom.
go on go on ikompli Please go on. Pliz go on.
go out go awt joħroġ We went out last night. Wii went awt last najt.
grow up gro ap jikber I grew up in Kuwait. Ai gru ap in Kuwait.
hand in hand in jippreżenta / jgħaddi Hand in your homework. Hand in yor homwerk.
hang on hang on stenna / żomm Hang on a minute. Hang on a minit.
hang out hang awt joqgħod mal-ħbieb / iqatta' ħin flimkien We hang out together. Wii hang awt tugedher.
hold on hold on stenna / żomm sod Hold on, please. Hold on, pliz.
keep on kip on ikompli Keep on trying. Kip on trajing.
keep up kip ap iżomm il-pass Keep up the good work. Kip ap dha gud werk.
kick out kik awt ikeċċi They kicked him out. Dhej kikt him awt.
look after luk after jieħu ħsieb She looks after her children. Shi luks after her children.
look for luk for ifittex I'm looking for my keys. Aim luking for maj kiz.
look into luk intu jinvestiga We'll look into the problem. Wiil luk intu dha problem.
look out luk awt oqgħod attent Look out! Luk awt!
look up luk ap ifittex informazzjoni Look up the word. Luk ap dha werd.
make up mejk ap jirrikonċilja / jivvinta They made up after the argument. Dhej mejd ap after dhi argument.
move on muv on jimxi 'l quddiem It's time to move on. Its tajm tu muv on.
pick up pik ap jiġbor / itella' Pick up the phone. Pik ap dha fon.
point out point awt jindika She pointed out a mistake. Shi pointid awt a m stej k.
put away put awej iwarrab / iqiegħed f'postu Put your clothes away. Put yor klodhz awej.
put down put dawn iqiegħed isfel Put the book down. Put dha buk dawn.
put off put of jipposponi Don't put it off. Dont put it of.
put on put on jilbes / jixgħel Put on your jacket. Put on yor jakit.
put out put awt jitfi Put out the fire. Put awt dha fajər.
put up put ap idendel / iwaqqaf Put up the picture. Put ap dha pikcher.
run into ran intu jiltaqa' ma' b'kumbinazzjoni I ran into an old friend. Ai ran intu an old frend.
run out ran awt jispiċċa / jispiċċalu I ran out of milk. Ai ran awt ov milk.
set up set ap iwaqqaf / jistabbilixxi They set up a new company. Dhej set ap a nju kampani.
show up shou ap jidher / jasal He didn't show up. Hii didnt shou ap.
shut down shat dawn jagħlaq / iwaqqaf The factory shut down. Dha factory shat dawn.
sit down sit dawn joqgħod bilqiegħda Please sit down. Pliz sit dawn.
stand up stand ap iqum bilwieqfa Please stand up. Pliz stand ap.
take back tej k bak jieħu lura kliemu I take back what I said. Ai tej k bak what ai sed.
take off tej k of ineħħi / jitlaq bl-ajruplan The plane took off. Dha plejn tuk of.
take on tej k on jaċċetta xogħol jew responsabbiltà She took on a new job. Shi tuk on a nju job.
take out tej k awt joħroġ / ineħħi Take out the trash. Tejk awt dha trash.
take over tej k over jieħu f'idejh She took over the company. Shi tuk over dha kampani.
take up tej k ap jibda attività jew passatemp He took up swimming. Hii tuk ap swimming.
throw away thro awej jarmi Don't throw it away. Dont thro it awej.
try on traj on jipprova ħwejjeġ Try on this shirt. Traj on dhis shert.
turn down tern dawn jirrifjuta / inaqqas She turned down the offer. Shi ternd dawn dhi ofer.
turn off tern of jitfi Turn off the light. Tern of dha lajt.
turn on tern on jixgħel Turn on the TV. Tern on dha ti-vi.
turn up tern ap iżid il-volum / jidher Turn up the volume. Tern ap dha voljum.
wake up wejk ap iqum I woke up early. Ai wok ap erli.
work out werk awt jagħmel eżerċizzju / isib soluzzjoni I work out every day. Ai werk awt evri dej.
write down rajt dawn jikteb Write down the answer. Rajt dawn dhi answer.
2. Strutturi ewlenin
Tip Struttura Pronunzja tal-istruttura Eżempju Tifsira
Phrasal verb separabbli verb + avverbju verb + adverb Turn off the light. Itfi d-dawl.
Bil-pronom verb + pronom + avverbju verb + pronoun + adverb Turn it off. Itfih.
Mhux separabbli verb + avverbju/prepożizzjoni + oġġett verb + adverb/preposition + object Look after the child. Ħu ħsieb it-tifel.
Intransittiv verb + avverbju verb + adverb The plane took off. L-ajruplan telaq.
Phrasal-prepositional verb + avverbju + prepożizzjoni + oġġett verb + adverb + preposition + object I look forward to the trip. Qed nistenna bil-ħerqa l-vjaġġ.
3. Regola importanti: Jista' jinfired il-phrasal verb?
Turn off huwa separabbli:
Turn off the light. (Itfi d-dawl.)
Turn the light off. (Itfi d-dawl.)
Turn it off. (Itfih.) ✅
Turn off it. ❌
Iżda look after mhuwiex separabbli:
Look after the child. (Ħu ħsieb it-tifel.) ✅
Look the child after. ❌
Look after him. (Ħu ħsiebu.) ✅
24- Kontrazzjonijiet (CONTRACTIONS)
Kontrazzjoni hija forma mqassra ta' żewġ kelmiet jew aktar. Tintuża ħafna fl-Ingliż mitkellem u fil-kitba informali.
Eżempji:
I am → I'm → ajm → jien / jiena
I have → I've → ajv → għandi / diġà, skont il-kuntest
I will → I'll → ajl → se
I would → I'd → ajd → kont nagħmel / kont se nagħmel, skont il-kuntest
1- Kontrazzjonijiet ta' BE
am → 'm
I am → I'm → ajm → Jien
Eżempju: I'm happy. → Ajm ħepi. → Jien kuntent/a.
are → 're
You are → You're → jur → Int / Intom
Eżempju: You're right. → Jur rajt. → Għandek raġun.
We are → We're → wir → Aħna
Eżempju: We're ready. → Wir redi. → Aħna lesti.
They are → They're → dhejər → Huma
Eżempju: They're here. → Dhejər hir. → Huma hawn.
is → 's
He is → He's → hiz → Hu
Eżempju: He's tired. → Hiz tajərd. → Huwa għajjien.
She is → She's → shiz → Hi
Eżempju: She's happy. → Shiz ħepi. → Hi kuntenta.
It is → It's → its → Huwa / hija / dan / din, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: It's cold. → Its kold. → It-temp kiesaħ.
2- Kontrazzjonijiet ta' HAVE
have → 've
I have → I've → ajv → Għandi / diġà, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: I've finished. → Ajv finish t. → Lestejt.
You have → You've → juv → Għandek / diġà, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: You've changed. → Juv chejnjd. → Inbidilt.
We have → We've → wiv → Għandna / diġà, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: We've arrived. → Wiv arajvd. → Wasalna.
They have → They've → dhejv → Għandhom / diġà, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: They've left. → Dhejv left. → Telqu.
He has → He's → hiz → Huwa diġà / għandu, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: He's finished. → Hiz finish t. → Lesta.
She has → She's → shiz → Hija diġà / għandha, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: She's gone. → Shiz gon. → Marret.
3- Kontrazzjonijiet ta' WILL
will → 'll
I will → I'll → ajl → Se nagħmel
Eżempju: I'll help you. → Ajl help ju. → Se ngħinek.
You will → You'll → jul → Se tagħmel / se tagħmlu
Eżempju: You'll understand. → Jul anderstand. → Se tifhem.
He will → He'll → hiil → Hu se
Eżempju: He'll come tomorrow. → Hiil kam tumoro. → Hu se jiġi għada.
She will → She'll → shiil → Hi se
Eżempju: She'll call you. → Shiil kol ju. → Se ċċempillek.
We will → We'll → wiil → Aħna se
Eżempju: We'll see. → Wiil si. → Naraw.
They will → They'll → dhejl → Huma se
Eżempju: They'll arrive soon. → Dhejl arajv sun. → Se jaslu dalwaqt.
4- Kontrazzjonijiet ta' WOULD
would → 'd
I would → I'd → ajd → Kont nagħmel / kont se nagħmel
Eżempju: I'd help you. → Ajd help ju. → Kont ngħinek.
You would → You'd → jud → Kont tagħmel / kont se tagħmel
Eżempju: You'd like it. → Jud laj k it. → Kien jogħġbok.
He would → He'd → hiid → Hu kien
Eżempju: He'd come. → Hiid kam. → Kien jiġi.
She would → She'd → shiid → Hi kienet
Eżempju: She'd help us. → Shiid help as. → Kienet tgħinna.
We would → We'd → wid → Aħna konna
Eżempju: We'd go. → Wid go. → Konna mmorru.
They would → They'd → dhejd → Huma kienu
Eżempju: They'd agree. → Dhej d agri. → Kienu jaqblu.
5- Kontrazzjonijiet ta' HAD
had → 'd
I had → I'd → ajd → Kont diġà / kont għamilt
Eżempju: I'd finished before he arrived. → Ajd finish t bifor hii arajvd. → Kont lestejt qabel ma wasal.
You had → You'd → jud → Kont diġà / kont għamilt
Eżempju: You'd already left. → Jud olredi left. → Kont diġà tlaqt.
He had → He'd → hiid → Hu kien diġà
Eżempju: He'd eaten. → Hiid itən. → Hu kien kiel.
She had → She'd → shiid → Hi kienet diġà
Eżempju: She'd finished. → Shiid finish t. → Hija kienet lesta.
6- Riżultat importanti: 'd jista' jkollha żewġ tifsiriet
I'd = I would jew I had
I'd go. → Ajd go. → Kont immur / kont immur kieku...
I'd gone. → Ajd gon. → Kont mort.
Normalment, il-kuntest jgħinek tifhem it-tifsira korretta.
7- Kontrazzjonijiet ta' NOT
not → n't
is not → isn't → izənt → mhuwiex / mhijiex
Eżempju: He isn't here. → Hii izənt hir. → Hu mhux hawn.
are not → aren't → arənt → m'intix / m'intomx / mhumiex, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: They aren't ready. → Dhej arənt redi. → Huma mhumiex lesti.
was not → wasn't → wozənt → ma kienx / ma kinitx
Eżempju: He wasn't there. → Hii wozənt dher. → Hu ma kienx hemm.
were not → weren't → wərnt → ma konniex / ma kinux, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: We weren't late. → Wii wərnt lejt. → Ma konniex tard.
have not → haven't → havənt → m'għandix / ma għamiltx, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: I haven't finished. → Ai havənt finish t. → Għadni ma lestejtx.
has not → hasn't → hazənt → m'għandux / ma għamlitx, skont il-kuntest
Eżempju: She hasn't arrived. → Shi hazənt arajvd. → Għadha ma waslitx.
had not → hadn't → hadənt → ma kienx għamel / ma kinitx għamlet
Eżempju: He hadn't eaten. → Hii hadənt itən. → Hu ma kienx kiel.
do not → don't → dont → ma ...x
Eżempju: I don't know. → Ai dont no. → Ma nafx.
does not → doesn't → dazənt → ma ...x
Eżempju: He doesn't know. → Hii dazənt no. → Hu ma jafx.
did not → didn't → didənt → ma ...x fil-passat
Eżempju: I didn't see him. → Ai didənt si him. → Ma rajtux.
8- Kontrazzjonijiet oħra
cannot → can't → kant → ma jistax / ma tistax
could not → couldn't → kudənt → ma setax / ma setgħetx
should not → shouldn't → shudənt → m'għandux / m'għandhiex
would not → wouldn't → wudənt → ma kienx jagħmel / ma kinitx tagħmel
must not → mustn't → masənt → m'għandux jagħmel / huwa pprojbit
will not → won't → wont → mhux se
Eżempju: I won't go. → Ai wont go. → Mhux se mmur.
9- Nota importanti
Dawn il-kontrazzjonijiet normalment mhumiex suffissi fis-sens grammatikali. Huma forom imqassra ta' kliem, u l-apostrofu juri fejn tħallew barra xi ittri.
Eżempji:
I + will → I'll
You + have → You've
He + is → He's
They + are → They're
Do + not → Don't
Can + not → Can't
Ftakar: Contractions = forom imqassra; Suffixes = suffissi.