- di English alfabet

. A a — pronounced as: ay — /eɪ/ — di letter A joesma «ij» tkrjbana like bdaja klma «aj».

. B b — pronounced as: bee — /b/ — di letter B joesma «bie» an di sound is /b/ like: book.

. C c — pronounced as: cee — /k/, /s/ — di letter C joesma «sj». can have di sound /k/ like: cat aw /s/ like: city.

. D d — pronounced as: dee — /d/ — di letter D joesma «dj» an di sound is /d/ like: dog.

. E e — pronounced as: ee — /iː/ — di letter E joesma «ij» like alswt klma see.

. F f — pronounced as: ef — /f/ — di letter F joesma «if» an di sound is /f/ like: fish.

. G g — pronounced as: gee — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — di letter G joesma «djj». can have di sound /ɡ/ like: go aw /dʒ/ like: giant.

. H h — pronounced as: aitch — /h/ — di letter H joesma «ijtsj» an di sound is /h/ like: house.

. I i — pronounced as: eye — /aɪ/ — di letter I joesma «ai» like klma eye.

. J j — pronounced as: jay — /dʒ/ — di letter J joesma «djaj» an di sound is /dʒ/ like: job.

. K k — pronounced as: kay — /k/ — di letter K joesma «kaj» an di sound is /k/ like: key.

. L l — pronounced as: el — /l/ — di letter L joesma «il» an di sound is /l/ like: love.

. M m — pronounced as: em — /m/ — di letter M joesma «im» an di sound is /m/ like: man.

. N n — pronounced as: en — /n/ — di letter N joesma «in» an di sound is /n/ like: name.

. O o — pronounced as: oh — /oʊ/ — di letter O joesma «aw» an di sound is /oʊ/ like: go.

. P p — pronounced as: pee — /p/ — di letter P joesma «bie» an di sound is /p/ like: pen.

. Q q — pronounced as: cue — /k/ — di letter Q joesma «kjw» wghalbana jatj mah di letter U like: queen.

. R r — pronounced as: ar — /r/ — di letter R joesma «ar» an di sound is /r/ like: red.

. S s — pronounced as: ess — /s/, /z/ — di letter S joesma «is». can have di sound /s/ like: sun aw /z/ like: rose.

. T t — pronounced as: tee — /t/ — di letter T joesma «tj» an di sound is /t/ like: ten.

. U u — pronounced as: u — /juː/, /ʌ/ — di letter U joesma «joe» /juː/ wjmkn an jlike /ʌ/ like: cup.

. V v — pronounced as: vee — /v/ — di letter V joesma «» an di sound is /v/ like: very.

. W w — pronounced as: double-u — /w/ — di letter W joesma «dabl-joe» an di sound is /w/ like: water.

. X x — pronounced as: ex — /ks/ — di letter X joesma «iks» wghalbana jkwn swth /ks/ like: box.

. Y y — pronounced as: why — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — di letter Y joesma «waj». can have di sound /j/ like: yes aw /ɪ/ like: happy aw /aɪ/ like: my.

. Z z — pronounced as: zee* — /z/ — di letter Z joesma «zj» English alamrjkja. wfj English albrjtanja joesma ghalbana «zed» (zid). swth /z/ like: zoo.

2- word order (WORD ORDER)

1 basic sentence subject + verb subdzjekt + wurb I sleep. ai sli:p Mi sleep.

2 direct object subject + verb + direct object subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject I read a book. ai ried uh boek Mi read a book.

3 indirect object subject + verb + indirect object + direct object subdzjekt + wurb + indairikt ubject + dairikt ubject I give him a book. ai giv him uh boek Mi give him a book.

4 beneficiary subject + verb + direct object + for + person subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + foor + pursun I buy a book for him. ai bai uh boek foor him Mi buy a book fi him.

5 pronoun indirect object subject + verb + pronoun indirect object + direct object subdzjekt + wurb + indairikt ubject proonaun + dairikt ubject I give her a book. ai giv hur uh boek Mi give har a book.

6 adjective subject + be + adjective subdzjekt + bie + edzjektief The book is big. dha boek iz big Di book big.

7 adverb subject + verb + adverb subdzjekt + wurb + edwurb He reads quickly. hie riedz kwiklie Him read quick.

8 direct object + adverb subject + verb + direct object + adverb subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + edwurb I read a book quickly. ai ried uh boek kwiklie Mi read a book quick.

9 adverb of time subject + verb + adverb of time subdzjekt + wurb + tajm edwurb I work today. ai wirk tadaj Mi work today.

10 adverb of place subject + verb + adverb of place subdzjekt + wurb + bljs edwurb She lives there. shie livz dhjr Shi live deh.

11 prepositional phrase subject + be + prepositional phrase subdzjekt + bie + pripazisjanal frjz The book is on the table. dha boek iz awn dha tjboel Di book deh pon di table.

12 direct object + almkan subject + verb + direct object + place phrase subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + pljs prjz I put a book on the table. ai poet uh boek awn dha tjboel Mi put a book pon di table.

13 mhdd + noun determiner + noun ditirminar + nawn This book is new. dhis boek iz njw Dis book new.

14 mhdd + sfa + noun determiner + adjective + noun ditirminar + edzjektief + nawn This big book is new. dhis big boek iz njw Dis big book new.

15 add + noun numeral + noun njoemiral + nawn Two books are new. tw boeks ar njw Two books new.

16 coordination subject + verb + and + subject + verb subdzjekt + wurb + aand + subdzjekt + wurb I read and he writes. ai ried aand hie rajts Mi read an him write.

17 coordination with objects subject + verb + direct object + and + subject + verb + direct object subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + aand + subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject I read a book and he writes a letter. ai ried uh boek aand hie rajts uh litar Mi read a book an him write a letter.

18 passive form in present tense subject + be + altsrjf althalth subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj The book is read. dha boek iz rid Di book get read.

19 passive form + agent subject + be + altsrjf althalth + by + subject alhkjkj subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj + bai + ijdjint The book is read by the teacher. dha boek iz rid bai dha tjtsjar Di book get read by di teacher.

20 passive form + indirect object subject + be + altsrjf althalth + to + indirect object subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj + tw + indairikt ubject The book is given to him. dha boek iz givin tw him Di book get give to him.

21 passive form + indirect object + agent subject + be + altsrjf althalth + to + indirect object + by + subject alhkjkj subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj + tw + indairikt ubject + bai + ijdjint The book is given to him by the teacher. dha boek iz givin tw him bai dha tjtsjar joeata di book lhh bwasta teacher.

22 passive form + adverb subject + be + altsrjf althalth + adverb subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj + edwurb The book is read now. dha boek iz rid naw Di book a get read now.

23 passive form + place subject + be + altsrjf althalth + place phrase subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj + lwkjsjan The book is put on the table. dha boek iz poet awn dha tjboel jwda Di book deh pon di table.

24 passive form + agent + time expression subject + be + altsrjf althalth + by + subject alhkjkj + adverb of time subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj + bai + ijdjint + tajm edwurb The book is read by the teacher today. dha boek iz rid bai dha tjtsjar tadaj joeekra di book bwasta teacher today.

25 passive form + indirect object + agent + time expression subject + be + altsrjf althalth + to + indirect object + by + subject alhkjkj + adverb of time subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj + tw + indairikt ubject + bai + ijdjint + tajm edwurb The book is given to the student by the teacher today. dha boek iz givin tw dha stjwdant bai dha tjtsjar tadaj joeata di book lltalb bwasta teacher today.

26 present perfect passive form subject + has/have been + altsrjf althalth subdzjekt + haz/hav bijn + wie thrj The book has been read. dha boek haz bijn rid Di book get read.

27 perfect passive form + agent subject + has/have been + altsrjf althalth + by + subject alhkjkj subdzjekt + haz/hav bijn + wie thrj + bai + ijdjint The book has been read by the teacher. dha boek haz bijn rid bai dha tjtsjar lkd tmt kraaa di book bwasta teacher.

28 future passive form subject + will be + altsrjf althalth + subdzjekt + wil bie + wie thrj + tajm The book will be read tomorrow. dha boek wil bie rid toemwrw Di book will get read tomorrow.

29 future passive form + agent subject + will be + altsrjf althalth + by + subject alhkjkj + subdzjekt + wil bie + wie thrj + bai + ijdjint + tajm The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. dha boek wil bie rid bai dha tjtsjar toemwrw sjoekra di book bwasta teacher tomorrow.

30 passive form with a modal verb subject + verb alnaks + be + altsrjf althalth subdzjekt + moodal wurb + bie + wie thrj The book must be read. dha boek mast bie rid jdjb an Di book get read.

31 negation subject + verb almsaad + not + verb subdzjekt + auksiljeri wurb + noet + wurb I do not read a book. ai dw noet ried uh boek Mi nuh read a book.

32 negation of the passive form subject + be + not + altsrjf althalth + by + subject alhkjkj subdzjekt + bie + noet + wie thrj + bai + ijdjint The book is not read by the teacher. dha boek iz noet rid bai dha tjtsjar Di book nuh get read by di teacher.

33 yes/no question verb almsaad + subject + verb auksiljeri wurb + subdzjekt + virb Do you read a book? dw joe ried uh boek Yuh read a book?

34 question in passive form be + subject + altsrjf althalth bie + subdzjekt + wie thrj Is the book being read? iz dha boek bjjngh rid Is di book a get read?

35 question about the subject who + verb + direct object hw + wurb + dairikt ubject Who reads the book? hw riedz dha boek A who read di book?

36 question about the indirect object who/whom + verb almsaad + subject + verb + direct object + to hw/hwm + auksiljeri wurb + subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + tw Who do you give the book to? hw dw joe giv dha boek tw A who yuh give di book to?

37 imperative verb + ...! wurb + ...! Read! ried! Read!

38 imperative + indirect object verb + direct object + to + indirect object! wurb + dairikt ubject + tw + indairikt ubject! Give the book to him! giv dha boek tw him! Give di book to him!

39 passive imperative let + direct object + be + altsrjf althalth! lit + dairikt ubject + bie + wie thrj! Let the book be read! lit dha boek bie rid! Mek di book get read!

40 infinitive to + verb tw + wurb to read tw ried fi read / di reading

41 infinitive + direct object to + verb + direct object tw + wurb + dairikt ubject to read a book tw ried uh boek fi read a book

42 infinitive + definite direct object to + verb + direct object determiner tw + wurb + sbjsifik dairikt ubject to read the book tw ried dha boek fi read di book

43 purpose subject + verb + to + verb subdzjekt + wurb + tw + wurb I eat to play. ai ijt tw blaj Mi eat fi play.

44 relative clause noun + adaa alwsl + sentence nawn + rilativ wird + klwz The book that I read is interesting. dha boek dhet ai ried iz intaristingh Di book weh mi read interesting.

45 relative clause in passive form noun + adaa alwsl + almbnj llmdjhwl nawn + rilativ wird + vwjs The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. dha boek dhet iz bjjngh rid bai dha tjtsjar iz intaristingh di book weh di teacher a read interesting.

46 condition if + sentence subject + verb iif + klwz subdzjekt + wurb If I have time, I read. iif ai hav tajm ai ried If mi have time, mi read.

47 condition + passive form if + subject + be + altsrjf althalth subject + verb iif + subdzjekt + bie + wie thrj subdzjekt + wurb If the book is read, he learns. iif dha boek iz rid hie lirnz idha koerj di book get read, him learn.

48 reported speech subject + verb + that + subject + verb subdzjekt + wurb + dhet + subdzjekt + wurb He said that he was reading. hie sid dhet hie woez rjdingh Him seh dat him did a read.

49 indirect question subject + verb + if/whether + subject + verb subdzjekt + wurb + iif/widhar + subdzjekt + wurb He asked if I was reading. hie aaskt iif ai woez rjdingh Him ask if mi did a read.

50 indirect command or request subject + verb + + to + verb subdzjekt + wurb + ubdzjekt + tw + wurb He asked me to read. hie aaskt mie tw ried Him ask mi fi read.

Adverbs:

1 Manner (Manner): An adverb of manner come afta di verb or di object. Subject + verb + object + adverb. I read the book quickly. — Ai ried de boek kwiekli. — Mi read di book quick.

2 Place (Place): An adverb of place come afta di verb or di object. Subject + verb + object + place. I read the book at home. — Ai ried de boek et hoom. — Mi read di book a home.

3 Time (Time): An adverb of time usually come at di end or di beginning a di sentence. Subject + verb + object + time. I read the book yesterday. — Ai ried de boek jesturdee. — Mi read di book yesterday.

4 Frequency (Frequency): An adverb of frequency usually come before di main verb. Subject + adverb of frequency + verb. I often read books. — Ai ofen ried boeks. — Mi often read books.

5 Frequency + be (Frequency + be): Di adverb of frequency come afta di verb be. Subject + be-verb + adverb of frequency. He is always happy. — Hie iz olweez heppie. — Him always happy.

6 Frequency + auxiliary (Frequency + auxiliary): Di adverb of frequency come afta di first auxiliary verb. Subject + auxiliary + adverb of frequency + verb. I have never seen it. — Ai hev never zien it. — Mi neva see it.

7 Degree (Degree): An adverb of degree come before di adjective or adverb weh it describe. Subject + adverb of degree + adjective / adverb. It is very good. — It iz verrie goed. — It very good.

8 Degree + verb (Degree + verb): Depend pon di adverb weh yuh use, an adverb of degree can come before or afta di verb. Subject + verb + adverb. I really like it. — Ai rielie laik it. — Mi really like it.

9 Sentence adverb (Sentence adverb): It can come at di beginning, middle or end a di sentence an show di speaker attitude toward di whole sentence. Adverb + sentence. Fortunately, I won. — Fortsjoenutlie, ai wan. — Luckily, mi win.

10 Comment adverb (Comment adverb): It usually come at di beginning a di sentence an show di speaker opinion or comment. Adverb + sentence. Honestly, I don't know. — Onestlie, ai doont noo. — Fi true, mi nuh know.

11 Linking adverb (Linking adverb): It usually come at di beginning or middle a di sentence an connect two ideas or sentences. Sentence + linking adverb + sentence. I was tired; however, I worked. — Ai woz taiërd; haoe-ever, ai werkt. — Mi did tired; still, mi work.

12 Direction (Direction): An adverb of direction come afta di verb or di object. Subject + verb + object + adverb of direction. She went outside. — Sjie went autsaid. — Shi go outside.

13 Definite frequency (Definite frequency): An expression fi a specific frequency can come at di beginning or end a di sentence. Time expression + sentence. I go there every day. — Ai goo der evrie dee. — Mi go deh every day.

14 Duration (Duration): An expression of duration usually come at di end a di sentence. Subject + verb + object + duration. I studied for two hours. — Ai staddied for toe auërs. — Mi study fi two hours.

15 Purpose (Purpose): An expression of purpose usually come at di end a di sentence an give di reason fi doing an action. Sentence + purpose. I went there to study. — Ai went der toe staddie. — Mi go deh fi study.

INDIRECT OBJECT: indirect object

# type grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form example Arabic pronunciation of di example Dutch translation

1 indirect object subject + verb + indirect object + direct object subdzjekt + wurb + indairikt ubject + dairikt ubject I gave him a book. ai gjv him uh boek Mi give him a book.

2 direct object + to + indirect object subject + verb + direct object + to + indirect object subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + tw + indairikt ubject I gave a book to him. ai gjv uh boek tw him Mi give a book to him.

3 indirect object subject + verb + indirect object + direct object subdzjekt + wurb + indairikt ubject + dairikt ubject She sent me a letter. shie sint mie uh litar Shi send mi a letter.

4 direct object + to + indirect object subject + verb + direct object + to + indirect object subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + tw + indairikt ubject She sent a letter to me. shie sint uh litar tw mie arslt letter lj.

5 indirect object for subject + verb + indirect object + direct object subdzjekt + wurb + indairikt ubject + dairikt ubject I bought her a gift. ai bwt hur uh gift Mi buy har a gift.

6 direct object + for + indirect object subject + verb + direct object + for + indirect object subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + foor + indairikt ubject I bought a gift for her. ai bwt uh gift foor hur asjtrjt gift lha.

7 indirect object almbnj llmdjhwl indirect object + be + altsrjf althalth + direct object indairikt ubject + bie + wie thrj + dairikt ubject He was given a book. hie woez givin uh boek Him get a book.

8 direct object almbnj llmdjhwl + to + indirect object direct object + be + altsrjf althalth + to + indirect object dairikt ubject + bie + wie thrj + tw + indairikt ubject A book was given to him. uh boek woez givin tw him aoeatj bookana lh.

9 question about the indirect object adaa alastfham + verb almsaad + subject + verb + direct object + to woe + dw/daz/did + subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject + tw Who did you give it to? hw did joe gjv it tw A who yuh give it to?

10 alrsmj indirect object To whom + verb almsaad + subject + verb + direct object tw hwm + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + wurb + dairikt ubject To whom did you give it? tw hwm did joe gjv it A who yuh give it?

GENITIVE: possession / genitive

# type grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form example Arabic pronunciation of di example translation

1 possession of a singular noun noun + 's + noun nawn + iz + nawn John's car djwnz kaar John car.

2 possession with of noun + of + noun nawn + aoev + nawn the car of John dha kaar aoev djwn John car.

3 possession of a regular plural noun plural + ' + noun bloeral nawn + aaboestrafij + nawn students' books stjwdants boeks di students dem books

4 possession of an irregular plural noun + 's + noun nawn + iz + nawn children's toys tsjildrinz twjz di pickney dem toys

5 possession of a thing with of noun + of + noun nawn + aoev + nawn the roof of the house dha rwf aoev dha haus di roof a di house

6 possessive determiner possessive determiner + noun pazisiv ditirminar + nawn my car maj kaar mi car

7 independent possessive pronoun independent possessive pronoun pazisiv proonaun The car is mine. dha kaar iz majn Di car a fi mi / di car belong to mi.

8 double genitive noun + of + independent possessive pronoun nawn + aoev + pazisiv proonaun a friend of mine uh frind aoev majn a friend a fi mi / one a mi friends.

9 time possession noun + 's + noun tajm nawn + iz + nawn today's news tadajz njwz today news.

10 plural unit of measurement numeral + whda alkjas + ' + noun njoemiral + joewnit + aaboestrafij + nawn two weeks' vacation tw wjks vakjsjan a vacation fi two weeks.

11 question about possession whose + noun hwz + nawn Whose book? hwz boek A who di book belong to? / A who dis book fi?

12 possession in a relative clause whose + noun + sentence hwz + nawn + klwz the man whose car... dha man hwz kaar... di man weh him car...

13 joint possession noun alawl + and + noun althanj + 's + noun nawn + aand + nawn + iz + nawn John and Mary's house djwn aand mjrjz haus di house weh John an Mary own together.

14 separate possession noun alawl + 's + and + noun althanj + 's + noun nawn + iz + aand + nawn + iz + nawn John's and Mary's houses djwnz aand mjrjz hawziz di houses a John an Mary; each one have dem own house.

INDEPENDENT: independent possessive pronouns

person possessive determiner pronunciation of possessive determiner independent possessive pronoun pronunciation of possession full example Arabic pronunciation of di example translation

I = ana my maj mine majn This book is mine. dhis boek iz majn Dis book a fi mi.

you = anta / anti your jwr yours jwrz This book is yours. dhis boek iz jwrz Dis book a fi yuh.

he = hw his hiz his hiz This book is his. dhis boek iz hiz Dis book a fi him.

she = hie her hur hers harz This book is hers. dhis boek iz harz Dis book a fi har.

it = hw/hie lghjr alaakl its its there is no common independent possessive pronoun — The dog hurt its leg. dha dwgh hirt its lig Di dog hurt its leg.

we = nhn our aawr ours aawrz This book is ours. dhis boek iz aawrz Dis book a fi wi.

they = hm / hn their dhjr theirs dhjrz This book is theirs. dhis boek iz dhjrz Dis book a fi dem.

The book is the boy's. = Di book a fi di bwai.

The book is for the boy. = Di book fi di bwai.

WAS GOING TO: did plan fi / would

pronoun grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form Arabic pronunciation of di example meaning

I = ana ana + was going to + verb ai + woez ghwjngh tw + wurb I was going to eat. ai woez ghwjngh tw ijt Mi would eat / mi did plan fi eat.

you = anta/anti ant + were going to + verb joe + wur ghwjngh tw + wurb You were going to eat. joe wur ghwjngh tw ijt Yuh would eat / yuh did plan fi eat.

he = hw hw + was going to + verb hie + woez ghwjngh tw + wurb He was going to eat. hie woez ghwjngh tw ijt Him would eat / him did plan fi eat.

she = hie hie + was going to + verb shie + woez ghwjngh tw + wurb She was going to eat. shie woez ghwjngh tw ijt Shi would eat / shi did plan fi eat.

it = hw/hie lghjr alaakl hw/hie + was going to + verb it + woez ghwjngh tw + wurb It was going to rain. it woez ghwjngh tw rjn It woulda rain / di rain did ago fall.

we = nhn nhn + were going to + verb wj + wur ghwjngh tw + wurb We were going to eat. wj wur ghwjngh tw ijt Wi would eat / wi did plan fi eat.

they = hm/hn hm/hn + were going to + verb dhaj + wur ghwjngh tw + wurb They were going to eat. dhaj wur ghwjngh tw ijt Dem would eat / dem did plan fi eat.

[woez abawt tw/wur abawt tw] was about to/were about to aw nstchdm

Was about to = something was just about fi happen.

Was supposed to = somebody was supposed fi do something according to di agreement, but something stop it or things turn out different.

I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. = Mi was supposed fi clean up today, but because a di bad weather, mi nah do it.

2- nouns (NOUNS)

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic example aluitspraak bEnglish balarbja

plural noun + s books bwks ktb

plural noun + es boxes bwksiz snadjk

singular determiner the + noun the book dha bwk di book

plural determiner the + noun djma the books dha bwks alktb

singular determiner a + noun a book uh bwk a book

singular determiner (If di word start wid a vowel) an + noun an apple aan aaboel tfaha

indirect object subject + fal + mfawl bh mbasjr + mfawl bh mbasjr I give him the book. ai giv him dha bwk Mi give him di book.

indirect object to subject + fal + mfawl bh mbasjr + to + mfawl bh mbasjr I give the book to him. ai giv dha bwk tw him Mi give di book to him.

possession noun almalk + 's + noun almmlwk John's car djwnz kaar John car

mlkja plural noun djma almalk + ' + noun almmlwk the boys' books dha bwjz bwks di bwai dem books

possession with of noun almmlwk + of + noun almalk the door of the house dha dwr aav dha haus di door a di house

word ending what do wi add? Arabic pronunciation

most words -s book → books bwk -> bwks

s -es bus → buses bas -> basiz

ss -es class → classes klas -> klasiz

sh -es dish → dishes disj -> disjiz

ch -es watch → watches watsj -> watsjiz

x -es box → boxes bwks -> bwksiz

z -es quiz → quizzes kwiz -> kwiziz

consonant + y -ies baby → babies bjbj -> bjbjz

vowel + y -s boy → boys bwj -> bwjz

some f/fe -ves knife → knives najf -> najfz

some f/fe -s roof → roofs rwf -> rwfs

when it is indefinite and di plural a di same as di singularA idha kan noun madwd, wi nuh put

INDIRECT OBJECT: indirect object

Deh a three basic ways fi place di indirect object in English:

1- Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

I give a boy a book. = aatj wldana boekana.

2- Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to + Indirect Object

I give a book to a boy. = aatj boekana lwld.

3- Subject + Verb + to + Indirect Object + Direct Object

I give to a boy a book. = aatj lwld boekana.

Dis way sound unnatural in modern English; di first an second ways get use more often.

GENITIVE: possession

Deh a two basic ways fi express possession in English:

1- Owner's + Possession

The boy's book = di book a di bwai.

2- Possession + of + Owner

The book of the boy = di book a di bwai.

3- adjectives (ADJECTIVES)

type inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form example Arabic pronunciation meaning

descriptive adjectives sfa + noun edzjektief + nawn a beautiful house uh bjwtifoel haus a pretty house

quantitative adjectives kmja + noun kwantitj + nawn many books minj bwks nuff books

numeral adjectives add + noun nambar + nawn three books thrj bwks three books

demonstrative adjectives this/that/these/those + noun dhis/dhet/dhjz/dhwz + nawn this book dhis bwk dis book

possessive adjectives my/your/his/her/its/our/their + noun maj/jwr/hiz/hur/its/aawr/dhjr + nawn my car maj kaar mi car

interrogative adjectives which/what/whose + noun witsj/wat/hwz + nawn which book? witsj bwk which book?

indefinite adjectives klma mhdda + noun indifinit wird + nawn some books sam bwks some books

distributive adjectives each/every/either/neither + noun ijtsj/evrie/ijdhar/njdhar + nawn each student ijtsj stjwdant every student / each one a di students dem

adjectives derived from proper names noun alm → sfa brabar nawn → edzjektief English language inghlisj langhwidj di English language

compound adjectives klma + klma wird + wird a well-known actor uh wil-nwn aaktwr a famous actor

adjectives derived from present/past participle V-ing / V-ed wie-iingh / wie-iid a boring movie uh bwringh mwfj a boring movie

comparative adjectives sfa + er / more + sfa edzjektief + iar / mwr + edzjektief bigger house bighar haus a bigger house

superlative adjectives sfa + est / most + sfa edzjektief + iist / mwst + edzjektief the biggest house dha bighist haus di biggest house

successive adjectives sfa + + sfa + noun edzjektief + fasla + edzjektief + nawn a long, difficult journey uh lwngh difikalt djirnj a long, difficult journey

adjectives before the noun sfa + noun edzjektief + nawn a red car uh rid kaar a red car

predicative adjectives subject + be + sfa subdzjekt + bie + edzjektief The car is red. dha kaar iiz rid only red car

adjectives after the noun noun + sfa nawn + edzjektief something interesting samthingh intristingh something interesting

absolute adjectives sfa edzjektief perfect birfikt perfect

emphatic adjectives sfa + noun edzjektief + nawn my own car maj awn kaar mi own car

exclamatory adjectives what + sfa + noun wat + edzjektief + nawn What a beautiful day! wat uh bjwtifoel daj What a pretty day!

. almdara albsjt — Present Simple

Formation: subject + am/is/are + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + am/iiz/ar + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I am I am happy. ai am habj Mi happy.

You You are You are happy. joe ar habj Yuh happy.

He He is He is happy. hie iiz habj Him happy.

She She is She is happy. shie iiz habj Shi happy.

It It is It is cold. it iiz kwld It cold.

We We are We are happy. wj ar habj Wi happy.

You You are You are happy. joe ar habj Unu happy.

They They are They are happy. dhaj ar habj Dem happy.

2. almadj albsjt — Past Simple

Formation: subject + was/were + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + waz/wur + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I was I was happy. ai waz habj Mi did happy.

You You were You were happy. joe wur habj Mi did happy.

He He was He was happy. hie waz habj Him did happy.

She She was She was happy. shie waz habj Shi did happy.

It It was It was cold. it waz kwld It did cold.

We We were We were happy. wj wur habj Wi did happy.

You You were You were happy. joe wur habj Unu did happy.

They They were They were happy. dhaj wur habj Dem did happy.

3. almstkbl albsjt — Future Simple

Formation: subject + will be + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil bie + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will be I will be happy. ai wil bie habj Mi will happy.

You You will be You will be happy. joe wil bie habj Yuh will happy.

He He will be He will be happy. hie wil bie habj Him will happy.

She She will be She will be happy. shie wil bie habj Shi will happy.

It It will be It will be cold. it wil bie kwld It will cold.

We We will be We will be happy. wj wil bie habj Wi will happy.

You You will be You will be happy. joe wil bie habj Unu will happy.

They They will be They will be happy. dhaj wil bie habj Dem will happy.

4. almdara almstmr — Present Continuous

Formation: subject + am/is/are being + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + am/iiz/ar bjjngh + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I am being I am being careful. ai am bjjngh kjrfoel Mi a behave careful.

You You are being You are being careful. joe ar bjjngh kjrfoel Yuh a behave careful.

He He is being He is being careful. hie iiz bjjngh kjrfoel Him a behave careful.

She She is being She is being careful. shie iiz bjjngh kjrfoel Shi a behave careful.

It It is being It is being repaired. it iiz bjjngh ribjrd It a get repair.

We We are being We are being careful. wj ar bjjngh kjrfoel Wi a behave careful.

You You are being You are being careful. joe ar bjjngh kjrfoel Unu a behave careful.

They They are being They are being careful. dhaj ar bjjngh kjrfoel Dem a behave careful.

5. almadj almstmr — Past Continuous

Formation: subject + was/were being + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + waz/wur bjjngh + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I was being I was being careful. ai waz bjjngh kjrfoel knt atsrf bhdhr.

You You were being You were being careful. joe wur bjjngh kjrfoel knt ttsrf bhdhr.

He He was being He was being careful. hie waz bjjngh kjrfoel kan jtsrf bhdhr.

She She was being She was being careful. shie waz bjjngh kjrfoel kent ttsrf bhdhr.

It It was being It was being repaired. it waz bjjngh ribjrd kan It a get repair.

We We were being We were being careful. wj wur bjjngh kjrfoel kna ntsrf bhdhr.

You You were being You were being careful. joe wur bjjngh kjrfoel kntm ttsrfwn bhdhr.

They They were being They were being careful. dhaj wur bjjngh kjrfoel kanwa jtsrfwn bhdhr.

6. almstkbl almstmr — Future Continuous

Formation: subject + will be being + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil bie bjjngh + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will be being careful. ai wil bie bjjngh kjrfoel sakwn mstmrana altsrf bhdhr.

You You will be being careful. joe wil bie bjjngh kjrfoel stkwn mstmrana altsrf bhdhr.

He He will be being careful. hie wil bie bjjngh kjrfoel sjkwn mstmrana altsrf bhdhr.

She She will be being careful. shie wil bie bjjngh kjrfoel stkwn mstmra altsrf bhdhr.

It It will be being repaired. it wil bie bjjngh ribjrd sjkwn mstmrana islahh.

We We will be being careful. wj wil bie bjjngh kjrfoel snkwn mstmrjn altsrf bhdhr.

You You will be being careful. joe wil bie bjjngh kjrfoel stkwnwn mstmrjn altsrf bhdhr.

They They will be being careful. dhaj wil bie bjjngh kjrfoel sjkwnwn mstmrjn altsrf bhdhr.

Dis tense grammatically correct, but it hardly ever come up in natural English.

7. almdara altam — Present Perfect

Formation: subject + have/has been + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + haf/haz + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have been happy. ai haf habj lkd Mi did happy.

You You have been happy. joe haf habj lkd Mi did happy.

He He has been happy. hie haz habj lkd Him did happy.

She She has been happy. shie haz habj lkd Shi did happy.

It It has been cold. it haz kwld lkd It did cold.

We We have been happy. wj haf habj lkd Wi did happy.

You You have been happy. joe haf habj lkd Unu did happy.

They They have been happy. dhaj haf habj lkd Dem did happy.

8. almadj altam — Past Perfect

Formation: subject + had been + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + had + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had been happy. ai had habj knt kd Mi did happy.

You You had been happy. joe had habj knt kd Mi did happy.

He He had been happy. hie had habj kan kd Him did happy.

She She had been happy. shie had habj kent kd Shi did happy.

It It had been cold. it had kwld kan aldjw kd kan bardana.

We We had been happy. wj had habj kna kd Wi did happy.

You You had been happy. joe had habj kntm kd Unu did happy.

They They had been happy. dhaj had habj kanwa kd Dem did happy.

9. almstkbl altam — Future Perfect

Formation: subject + will have been + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil haf + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will have been happy. ai wil haf habj sakwn kd Mi did happy.

You You will have been happy. joe wil haf habj stkwn kd Mi did happy.

He He will have been happy. hie wil haf habj sjkwn kd Him did happy.

She She will have been happy. shie wil haf habj stkwn kd Shi did happy.

It It will have been cold. it wil haf kwld sjkwn aldjw kd kan bardana.

We We will have been happy. wj wil haf habj snkwn kd Wi did happy.

You You will have been happy. joe wil haf habj stkwnwn kd Unu did happy.

They They will have been happy. dhaj wil haf habj sjkwnwn kd Dem did happy.

10. almdara altam almstmr — Present Perfect Continuous

Formation: subject + have/has been being + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + haf/haz bjjngh + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have been being careful. ai haf bjjngh kjrfoel knt mstmrana altsrf bhdhr.

You You have been being careful. joe haf bjjngh kjrfoel knt mstmrana altsrf bhdhr.

He He has been being careful. hie haz bjjngh kjrfoel kan mstmrana altsrf bhdhr.

She She has been being careful. shie haz bjjngh kjrfoel kent mstmra altsrf bhdhr.

It It has been being repaired. it haz bjjngh ribjrd kan mstmrana islahh.

We We have been being careful. wj haf bjjngh kjrfoel kna mstmrjn altsrf bhdhr.

You You have been being careful. joe haf bjjngh kjrfoel kntm mstmrjn altsrf bhdhr.

They They have been being careful. dhaj haf bjjngh kjrfoel kanwa mstmrjn altsrf bhdhr.

11. almadj altam almstmr — Past Perfect Continuous

Formation: subject + had been being + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + had bjjngh + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had been being careful. ai had bjjngh kjrfoel knt kd zllt atsrf bhdhr.

You You had been being careful. joe had bjjngh kjrfoel knt kd zllt ttsrf bhdhr.

He He had been being careful. hie had bjjngh kjrfoel kan kd zl jtsrf bhdhr.

She She had been being careful. shie had bjjngh kjrfoel kent kd zlt ttsrf bhdhr.

It It had been being repaired. it had bjjngh ribjrd kan kd astmr islahh.

We We had been being careful. wj had bjjngh kjrfoel kna kd zllna ntsrf bhdhr.

You You had been being careful. joe had bjjngh kjrfoel kntm kd zlltm ttsrfwn bhdhr.

They They had been being careful. dhaj had bjjngh kjrfoel kanwa kd zlwa jtsrfwn bhdhr.

12. almstkbl altam almstmr — Future Perfect Continuous

Formation: subject + will have been being + chbr

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil haf bjjngh + kwmbljmint

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will have been being careful. ai wil haf bjjngh kjrfoel sakwn kd zllt atsrf bhdhr.

You You will have been being careful. joe wil haf bjjngh kjrfoel stkwn kd zllt ttsrf bhdhr.

He He will have been being careful. hie wil haf bjjngh kjrfoel sjkwn kd zl jtsrf bhdhr.

She She will have been being careful. shie wil haf bjjngh kjrfoel stkwn kd zlt ttsrf bhdhr.

It It will have been being repaired. it wil haf bjjngh ribjrd sjkwn kd astmr islahh.

We We will have been being careful. wj wil haf bjjngh kjrfoel snkwn kd zllna ntsrf bhdhr.

You You will have been being careful. joe wil haf bjjngh kjrfoel stkwnwn kd zlltm ttsrfwn bhdhr.

They They will have been being careful. dhaj wil haf bjjngh kjrfoel sjkwnwn kd zlwa jtsrfwn bhdhr.

4- pronouns (PRONOUNS)

. personal pronouns — all di basic cases

case / term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

subject form subject pronoun subdzjekt brwnawn I ai ana

subject form subject pronoun subdzjekt brwnawn you joe ant / antm

subject form subject pronoun subdzjekt brwnawn he hie hw

subject form subject pronoun subdzjekt brwnawn she shie hie

subject form subject pronoun subdzjekt brwnawn it it hw/hie lghjr alaakl

subject form subject pronoun subdzjekt brwnawn we wj nhn

subject form subject pronoun subdzjekt brwnawn they dhei hm / hn

examples

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I read. ai ried ana akra.

you You work. joe wirk ant taml / antm tamlwn.

he He sleeps. hie sljps hw jnam.

she She cooks. shie kwks hie ttbch.

it It works. it wirks inh jaml.

we We study. wj stadj nhn ndrs.

they They live here. dhei lief hjr hm jajsjwn hna.

2. object case

yuh use dis when di pronoun is a direct or indirect object.

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

direct object direct object ubdzjekt brwnawn me mie ijaj / lj

direct object direct object ubdzjekt brwnawn you joe ijak / ijakm

direct object direct object ubdzjekt brwnawn him him ijah / lh

direct object direct object ubdzjekt brwnawn her hur ijaha / lha

direct object direct object ubdzjekt brwnawn it it ijah/ijaha lghjr alaakl

direct object direct object ubdzjekt brwnawn us aas ijana / lna

direct object direct object ubdzjekt brwnawn them dhim ijahm / lhm

examples

example Arabic pronunciation meaning

She called me. shie kwld mie hie atslt bie.

I saw you. ai sw joe rajtk / rajtkm.

We helped him. wj hilbt him saadnah.

I know her. ai noe hur ana aarfha.

I bought it. ai bwt it asjtrjth.

He invited us. hie invajtid aas hw daana.

She called them. shie kwld dhim hie atslt bhm.

3. possessive pronouns + noun

dis one come before di noun an show who own di noun.

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

possession my + noun maj + nawn my maj j / lj

possession your + noun jwr + nawn your jwr k / km

possession his + noun hiz + nawn his hiz h / lh

possession her + noun hur + nawn her hur ha / lha

possession its + noun its + nawn its its h/ha lghjr alaakl

possession our + noun aawr + nawn our aawr na / lna

possession their + noun dhjr + nawn their dhjr hm / hn

examples

example Arabic pronunciation meaning

My book is new. maj bwk iz njw boekj djdjd.

Your car is fast. jwr kaar iz fast sjartk srjaa.

His house is big. hiz haus iz bigh mnzlh kbjr.

Her phone is new. hur fwn iz njw hatfha djdjd.

Its color is beautiful. its kalar iz bjwtifoel lwnh djmjl.

Our teacher is nice. aawr tjtsjar iz najs malmna ltjf.

Their house is large. dhjr haus iz lardj mnzlhm kbjr.

4. independent possessive pronouns

dis one come without a noun after it.

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

independent possession mine majn mine majn lj / mlkj

independent possession yours jwrz yours jwrz lk / mlkk

independent possession his hiz his hiz lh / mlkh

independent possession hers hirz hers hirz lha / mlkha

independent possession ours aawrz ours aawrz lna / mlkna

independent possession theirs dhjrz theirs dhjrz lhm / mlkhm

note: dere is no commonly used independent possessive pronoun fi it.

examples

example Arabic pronunciation meaning

This book is mine. dhis bwk iz majn dit boek lj.

The car is yours. dha kaar iz jwrz de auto lk.

The house is his. dha haus iz hiz huis lh.

The bag is hers. dha bagh iz hirz alhkjba lha.

The room is ours. dha rwm iz aawrz alghrfa lna.

The books are theirs. dha bwks ar dhjrz alktb lhm.

5. reflexive pronouns

yuh use dis when di subject refer to di subject itself.

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

reflexive my + self maj + silf myself maj silf nfsj

reflexive your + self jwr + silf yourself jwr silf nfsk

reflexive him + self him + silf himself him silf nfsh

reflexive her + self hur + silf herself hur silf nfsha

reflexive it + self it + silf itself it silf nfsh/nfsha lghjr alaakl

reflexive our + selves aawr + silfz ourselves aawr silfz anfsna

reflexive your + selves jwr + silfz yourselves jwr silfz anfskm

reflexive them + selves dhim + silfz themselves dhim silfz anfshm / anfshn

examples

example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I hurt myself. ai hirt maj silf aadhjt nfsj.

You did it yourself. joe did it jwr silf falt dhlk bnfsk.

He introduced himself. hie intradjwst him silf kdm nfsh.

She taught herself English. shie twt hur silf almt nfsha Engels.

The machine turned itself off. dha masjjn tirnd it silf awf awkft alaala nfsha.

We enjoyed ourselves. wj indjoewjd aawr silfz astmtana.

They introduced themselves. dhei intradjwst dhim silfz kdmwa anfshm.

6. demonstrative pronouns

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

demonstrative singular near dis this dis hdha / hdhh

demonstrative singular far dhat that dhat dhlk / tlk

demonstrative plural near these dhjz these dhjz hwlaa / hdhh

demonstrative plural far those dhwz those dhwz awljk / tlk

examples

This is my book.

dhis iz maj bwk.

hdha boekj.

That is your car.

dhat iz jwr kaar.

tlk sjartk.

These are my shoes.

dhjz ar maj sjwz.

hdhh ahdhjtj.

Those are their houses.

dhwz ar dhjr hawziz.

tlk mnazlhm.

7. interrogative pronouns

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

for questions about people who hw who hw mn

for direct object questions whom hwm whom hwm mn / man aldhj wka aljh werkwoord

for possession whose hwz whose hwz lmn / man sahb

for thing or choice what wat what wat madha / ma

for choice which witsj which witsj aj

examples

Who called you?

hw kwld jw

atsl bk

Whom did you see?

hwm did joe sj

rajt

Whose is this?

hwz iz dhis

lmn hdha

What happened?

wat haband

madha hdth

Which is yours?

witsj iz jwrz

aj wahd lk

8. relative pronouns

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

for people who hw who hw aldhj / altj

for direct objects whom hwm whom hwm aldhj / altj

for possession whose hwz whose hwz aldhj lh / altj lha

for non-human things which witsj which witsj aldhj / altj

for human and non-human things that dhat that dhat aldhj / altj

examples

The man who works here is my brother.

dha man hw wirks hjr iz maj bradhar.

alrdjl aldhj jaml hna hw achj.

The book which I bought is interesting.

dha bwk witsj ai bwt iz intristingh.

het boek aldhj asjtrjth mmta.

The girl whose car was stolen called the police.

dha ghirl hwz kaar waz stwlin kwld dha bwljs.

alftaa altj soerkt sjartha atslt bvoorwaardea.

9. determiner pronouns

dis one point to a specific person or thing.

term inna Arabic pronoun Arabic pronunciation meaning

indefinite person someone sam wan sjchs ma

indefinite person somebody sam badj sjchs ma

negative/indefinite person anyone iinj wan aj sjchs

negative/indefinite person anybody iinj badj aj sjchs

no person no one noe wan la ahd

no person nobody noe badj la ahd

everyone everyone iivrj wan aldjmja

everyone everybody iivrj badj aldjmja

indefinite thing something samthingh sjja ma

any thing anything iinj thingh aj sjja

no thing nothing nathingh la sjja

every thing everything iivrj thingh kl sjja

5- verb tenses

. simple present

use: habits an repeated actions.

Formation: subject + V1 + ...

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I work. ai wirk ana aaml.

you You work. joe wirk ant taml.

he He works. hie wirks hw jaml.

she She works. shie wirks hie taml.

it It works. it wirks inh jaml.

we We work. wj wirk nhn naml.

you You work. joe wirk antm tamlwn.

they They work. dhei wirk hm jamlwn.

he / she / it usually get -s pan di verb.

2. simple past

use: action happen an finish inna di past.

Formation: subject + V2 + ...

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I worked. ai wirkt ana amlt.

you You worked. joe wirkt ant amlt.

he He worked. hie wirkt hw aml.

she She worked. shie wirkt hie amlt.

it It worked. it wirkt inh aml.

we We worked. wj wirkt nhn amlna.

you You worked. joe wirkt antm amltm.

they They worked. dhei wirkt hm amlwa.

3. simple future

use: something weh wi expect fi happen inna di future.

Formation: subject + will + V1

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will work. ai wil wirk saaml.

you You will work. joe wil wirk staml.

he He will work. hie wil wirk sjaml.

she She will work. shie wil wirk staml.

it It will work. it wil wirk sjaml / sjsjtghl.

we We will work. wj wil wirk snaml.

you You will work. joe wil wirk stamlwn.

they They will work. dhei wil wirk sjamlwn.

4. present continuous

use: something weh a happen right now or around di current time.

Formation: subject + am/is/are + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I am working. ai am wirkingh ana aaml alaan.

you You are working. joe ar wirkingh ant taml alaan.

he He is working. hie iz wirkingh hw jaml alaan.

she She is working. shie iz wirkingh hie taml alaan.

it It is working. it iz wirkingh inh jaml alaan.

we We are working. wj ar wirkingh nhn naml alaan.

you You are working. joe ar wirkingh antm tamlwn alaan.

they They are working. dhei ar wirkingh hm jamlwn alaan.

5. past continuous

use: something weh was happening at a certain time inna di past.

Formation: subject + was/were + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I was working. ai waz wirkingh knt aaml.

you You were working. joe wur wirkingh knt taml.

he He was working. hie waz wirkingh kan jaml.

she She was working. shie waz wirkingh kent taml.

it It was working. it waz wirkingh kan jaml.

we We were working. wj wur wirkingh kna naml.

you You were working. joe wur wirkingh kntm tamlwn.

they They were working. dhei wur wirkingh kanwa jamlwn.

6. future continuous

use: something weh wi will be doing continuously at a certain time inna di future.

Formation: subject + will be + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will be working. ai wil bie wirkingh sakwn aaml.

you You will be working. joe wil bie wirkingh stkwn taml.

he He will be working. hie wil bie wirkingh sjkwn jaml.

she She will be working. shie wil bie wirkingh stkwn taml.

it It will be working. it wil bie wirkingh sjkwn jaml.

we We will be working. wj wil bie wirkingh snkwn naml.

you You will be working. joe wil bie wirkingh stkwnwn tamlwn.

they They will be working. dhei wil bie wirkingh sjkwnwn jamlwn.

7. present perfect

use: action happen an finish inna di past, wid a connection to di present, or action weh happen an finish without a specific time.

Formation: subject + have/has + V3

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have worked. ai haf wirkt lkd amlt.

you You have worked. joe haf wirkt lkd amlt.

he He has worked. hie haz wirkt lkd aml.

she She has worked. shie haz wirkt lkd amlt.

it It has worked. it haz wirkt lkd aml.

we We have worked. wj haf wirkt lkd amlna.

you You have worked. joe haf wirkt lkd amltm.

they They have worked. dhei haf wirkt lkd amlwa.

8. past perfect

use: action weh happen before another past action.

Formation: subject + had + V3

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had worked. ai had wirkt knt kd amlt.

you You had worked. joe had wirkt knt kd amlt.

he He had worked. hie had wirkt kan kd aml.

she She had worked. shie had wirkt kent kd amlt.

it It had worked. it had wirkt kan kd aml.

we We had worked. wj had wirkt kna kd amlna.

you You had worked. joe had wirkt kntm kd amltm.

they They had worked. dhei had wirkt kanwa kd amlwa.

9. future perfect

use: action weh wi will have completed by a certain future time.

Formation: subject + will have + V3

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will have worked. ai wil haf wirkt sakwn kd amlt.

you You will have worked. joe wil haf wirkt stkwn kd amlt.

he He will have worked. hie wil haf wirkt sjkwn kd aml.

she She will have worked. shie wil haf wirkt stkwn kd amlt.

it It will have worked. it wil haf wirkt sjkwn kd aml.

we We will have worked. wj wil haf wirkt snkwn kd amlna.

you You will have worked. joe wil haf wirkt stkwnwn kd amltm.

they They will have worked. dhei wil haf wirkt sjkwnwn kd amlwa.

10. present perfect continuous

use: action start inna di past an still continue, or continue up to a time close to di present.

Formation: subject + have/has been + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have been working. ai haf bin wirkingh ana aaml mndh ftra.

you You have been working. joe haf bin wirkingh ant taml mndh ftra.

he He has been working. hie haz bin wirkingh hw jaml mndh ftra.

she She has been working. shie haz bin wirkingh hie taml mndh ftra.

it It has been working. it haz bin wirkingh inh jaml mndh ftra.

we We have been working. wj haf bin wirkingh nhn naml mndh ftra.

you You have been working. joe haf bin wirkingh antm tamlwn mndh ftra.

they They have been working. dhei haf bin wirkingh hm jamlwn mndh ftra.

11. past perfect continuous

use: action weh continue fi a period before another past action.

Formation: subject + had been + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had been working. ai had bin wirkingh knt aaml mndh ftra.

you You had been working. joe had bin wirkingh knt taml mndh ftra.

he He had been working. hie had bin wirkingh kan jaml mndh ftra.

she She had been working. shie had bin wirkingh kent taml mndh ftra.

it It had been working. it had bin wirkingh kan jaml mndh ftra.

we We had been working. wj had bin wirkingh kna naml mndh ftra.

you You had been working. joe had bin wirkingh kntm tamlwn mndh ftra.

they They had been working. dhei had bin wirkingh kanwa jamlwn mndh ftra.

12. future perfect continuous

use: action weh wi will have been doing fi a period up to a future point.

Formation: subject + will have been + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will have been working. ai wil haf bin wirkingh sakwn kd amlt lmda majna.

you You will have been working. joe wil haf bin wirkingh stkwn kd amlt lmda majna.

he He will have been working. hie wil haf bin wirkingh sjkwn kd aml lmda majna.

she She will have been working. shie wil haf bin wirkingh stkwn kd amlt lmda majna.

it It will have been working. it wil haf bin wirkingh sjkwn kd aml lmda majna.

we We will have been working. wj wil haf bin wirkingh snkwn kd amlna lmda majna.

you You will have been working. joe wil haf bin wirkingh stkwnwn kd amltm lmda majna.

they They will have been working. dhei wil haf bin wirkingh sjkwnwn kd amlwa lmda majna.

6- verb tenses inna passive voice

. simple present passive

Formation: subject + am/is/are + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + am/iz/ar + wie thrj

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I am written about. ai am ritin abawt joektb anj.

you You are written about. joe ar ritin abawt joektb ank.

he He is written about. hie iz ritin abawt joektb anh.

she She is written about. shie iz ritin abawt joektb anha.

it It is written about. it iz ritin abawt joektb anh/anha lghjr alaakl.

we We are written about. wj ar ritin abawt joektb ana.

you You are written about. joe ar ritin abawt joektb ankm.

they They are written about. dhei ar ritin abawt joektb anhm.

more common:

The book is written in English.

dha bwk iz ritin in inghlisj.

di book written inna English language.

2. simple past passive

Formation: subject + was/were + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + waz/wur + wie thrj

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I was invited. ai waz invajtid tmt dawtj.

you You were invited. joe wur invajtid tmt dawtk.

he He was invited. hie waz invajtid tmt dawth.

she She was invited. shie waz invajtid tmt dawtha.

it It was invited. it waz invajtid tmt dawth lghjr alaakl.

we We were invited. wj wur invajtid tmt dawtna.

you You were invited. joe wur invajtid tmt dawtkm.

they They were invited. dhei wur invajtid tmt dawthm.

3. simple future passive

Formation: subject + will be + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil bie + wie thrj

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will be invited. ai wil bie invajtid sttm dawtj.

you You will be invited. joe wil bie invajtid sttm dawtk.

he He will be invited. hie wil bie invajtid sttm dawth.

she She will be invited. shie wil bie invajtid sttm dawtha.

it It will be invited. it wil bie invajtid sttm dawth.

we We will be invited. wj wil bie invajtid sttm dawtna.

you You will be invited. joe wil bie invajtid sttm dawtkm.

they They will be invited. dhei wil bie invajtid sttm dawthm.

4. present continuous passive

Formation: subject + am/is/are being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + am/iz/ar bjngh + wie thrj

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I am being watched. ai am bjngh watsjt ttm mrakbtj alaan.

you You are being watched. joe ar bjngh watsjt ttm mrakbtk alaan.

he He is being watched. hie iz bjngh watsjt ttm mrakbth alaan.

she She is being watched. shie iz bjngh watsjt ttm mrakbtha alaan.

it It is being watched. it iz bjngh watsjt ttm mrakbth alaan.

we We are being watched. wj ar bjngh watsjt ttm mrakbtna alaan.

you You are being watched. joe ar bjngh watsjt ttm mrakbtkm alaan.

they They are being watched. dhei ar bjngh watsjt ttm mrakbthm alaan.

5. past continuous passive

Formation: subject + was/were being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + waz/wur bjngh + wie thrj

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I was being watched. ai waz bjngh watsjt knt aoerakab.

you You were being watched. joe wur bjngh watsjt knt toerakab.

he He was being watched. hie waz bjngh watsjt kan joerakab.

she She was being watched. shie waz bjngh watsjt kent toerakab.

it It was being watched. it waz bjngh watsjt kan joerakab.

we We were being watched. wj wur bjngh watsjt kna noerakab.

you You were being watched. joe wur bjngh watsjt kntm toerakabwn.

they They were being watched. dhei wur bjngh watsjt kanwa joerakabwn.

6. future continuous passive

Formation: subject + will be being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil bie bjngh + wie thrj

dis form uncommon inna modern English, an it hardly ever use.

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will be being watched. ai wil bie bjngh watsjt sakwn chadaana llmrakba.

you You will be being watched. joe wil bie bjngh watsjt stkwn chadaana llmrakba.

he He will be being watched. hie wil bie bjngh watsjt sjkwn chadaana llmrakba.

she She will be being watched. shie wil bie bjngh watsjt stkwn chadaa llmrakba.

it It will be being watched. it wil bie bjngh watsjt sjkwn chadaana llmrakba.

we We will be being watched. wj wil bie bjngh watsjt snkwn chadajn llmrakba.

you You will be being watched. joe wil bie bjngh watsjt stkwnwn chadajn llmrakba.

they They will be being watched. dhei wil bie bjngh watsjt sjkwnwn chadajn llmrakba.

7. present perfect tense inna passive voice

Formation: subject + have/has been + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + haf/haz bin + wie thrj

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have been invited. ai haf bin invajtid tmt dawtj.

you You have been invited. joe haf bin invajtid tmt dawtk.

he He has been invited. hie haz bin invajtid tmt dawth.

she She has been invited. shie haz bin invajtid tmt dawtha.

it It has been invited. it haz bin invajtid tmt dawth.

we We have been invited. wj haf bin invajtid tmt dawtna.

you You have been invited. joe haf bin invajtid tmt dawtkm.

they They have been invited. dhei haf bin invajtid tmt dawthm.

8. past perfect passive

Formation: subject + had been + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + had bin + wie thrj

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had been invited. ai had bin invajtid knt kd doeajt.

you You had been invited. joe had bin invajtid knt kd doeajt.

he He had been invited. hie had bin invajtid kan kd doeaj.

she She had been invited. shie had bin invajtid kent kd doeajt.

it It had been invited. it had bin invajtid kan kd doeaj.

we We had been invited. wj had bin invajtid kna kd doeajna.

you You had been invited. joe had bin invajtid kntm kd doeajtm.

they They had been invited. dhei had bin invajtid kanwa kd doeawa.

9. future perfect passive

Formation: subject + will have been + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil haf bin + wie thrj

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will have been invited. ai wil haf bin invajtid sakwn kd doeajt.

you You will have been invited. joe wil haf bin invajtid stkwn kd doeajt.

he He will have been invited. hie wil haf bin invajtid sjkwn kd doeaj.

she She will have been invited. shie wil haf bin invajtid stkwn kd doeajt.

it It will have been invited. it wil haf bin invajtid sjkwn kd doeaj.

we We will have been invited. wj wil haf bin invajtid snkwn kd doeajna.

you You will have been invited. joe wil haf bin invajtid stkwnwn kd doeajtm.

they They will have been invited. dhei wil haf bin invajtid sjkwnwn kd doeawa.

10. present perfect continuous passive

Formation: subject + have/has been being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + haf/haz bin bjngh + wie thrj

dis form strange inna modern English, an it hardly ever use.

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have been being watched. ai haf bin bjngh watsjt knt aoerakab bastmrar hta alaan.

you You have been being watched. joe haf bin bjngh watsjt knt toerakab bastmrar hta alaan.

he He has been being watched. hie haz bin bjngh watsjt kan joerakab bastmrar hta alaan.

she She has been being watched. shie haz bin bjngh watsjt kent toerakab bastmrar hta alaan.

it It has been being watched. it haz bin bjngh watsjt kan toerakab bastmrar hta alaan.

we We have been being watched. wj haf bin bjngh watsjt kna noerakab bastmrar hta alaan.

you You have been being watched. joe haf bin bjngh watsjt kntm toerakabwn bastmrar hta alaan.

they They have been being watched. dhei haf bin bjngh watsjt kanwa joerakabwn bastmrar hta alaan.

11. past perfect continuous passive

Formation: subject + had been being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + had bin bjngh + wie thrj

dis form really uncommon.

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had been being watched. ai had bin bjngh watsjt knt kd aoerakab bastmrar.

you You had been being watched. joe had bin bjngh watsjt knt kd toerakab bastmrar.

he He had been being watched. hie had bin bjngh watsjt kan kd joerakab bastmrar.

she She had been being watched. shie had bin bjngh watsjt kent kd toerakab bastmrar.

it It had been being watched. it had bin bjngh watsjt kan kd joerakab bastmrar.

we We had been being watched. wj had bin bjngh watsjt kna kd noerakab bastmrar.

you You had been being watched. joe had bin bjngh watsjt kntm kd toerakabwn bastmrar.

they They had been being watched. dhei had bin bjngh watsjt kanwa kd joerakabwn bastmrar.

⚠️ dis form really uncommon.

12. future perfect continuous passive

Formation: subject + will have been being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil haf bin bjngh + wie thrj

dis form hardly ever use.

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will have been being watched. ai wil haf bin bjngh watsjt sakwn kd chdat llmrakba bastmrar.

you You will have been being watched. joe wil haf bin bjngh watsjt stkwn kd chdat llmrakba bastmrar.

he He will have been being watched. hie wil haf bin bjngh watsjt sjkwn kd chda llmrakba bastmrar.

she She will have been being watched. shie wil haf bin bjngh watsjt stkwn kd chdat llmrakba bastmrar.

it It will have been being watched. it wil haf bin bjngh watsjt sjkwn kd chda llmrakba bastmrar.

we We will have been being watched. wj wil haf bin bjngh watsjt snkwn kd chdana llmrakba bastmrar.

you You will have been being watched. joe wil haf bin bjngh watsjt stkwnwn kd chdatm llmrakba bastmrar.

they They will have been being watched. dhei wil haf bin bjngh watsjt sjkwnwn kd chdawa llmrakba bastmrar.

7- negation

. simple present — negation

Formation: subject + do/does + not + V1

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I do not work. ai dw noet wirk ana la aaml.

You You do not work. joe dw noet wirk ant la taml.

He He does not work. hie daz noet wirk hw la jaml.

She She does not work. shie daz noet wirk hie la taml.

It It does not work. it daz noet wirk hw/hie la jaml llasjjaa.

short forms:

do not → don't — dwnt

does not → doesn't — dazant

⚠️ doesn't use V1:

He doesn't work. ✅

He doesn't works. ❌

2. simple past — negation

Formation: subject + did + not + V1

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I did not work. ai did noet wirk ana lm aaml.

You You did not work. joe did noet wirk ant lm taml.

He He did not work. hie did noet wirk hw lm jaml.

She She did not work. shie did noet wirk hie lm taml.

It It did not work. it did noet wirk lm jaml.

We We did not work. wj did noet wirk nhn lm naml.

They They did not work. dhei did noet wirk hm lm jamlwa.

did not → didn't — didant

⚠️ didn't use V1:

I didn't work. ✅

I didn't worked. ❌

3. simple future — negation

Formation: subject + will + not + V1

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will not work. ai wil noet wirk ln aaml.

You You will not work. joe wil noet wirk ln taml.

He He will not work. hie wil noet wirk ln jaml.

She She will not work. shie wil noet wirk ln taml.

It It will not work. it wil noet wirk ln jaml.

We We will not work. wj wil noet wirk ln naml.

They They will not work. dhei wil noet wirk ln jamlwa.

will not → won't — woont

continuous tenses

4. present continuous — negation

Formation: subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I am not working. ai am noet wirkingh ana la aaml alaan.

You You are not working. joe ar noet wirkingh ant la taml alaan.

He He is not working. hie iz noet wirkingh hw la jaml alaan.

She She is not working. shie iz noet wirkingh hie la taml alaan.

It It is not working. it iz noet wirkingh inh la jaml alaan.

We We are not working. wj ar noet wirkingh nhn la naml alaan.

They They are not working. dhei ar noet wirkingh hm jamlwn alaan.

short forms:

is not → isn't — izant

are not → aren't — aarant

am not → I'm not — aajm noet

5. past continuous — negation

Formation: subject + was/were + not + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I was not working. ai waz noet wirkingh lm akn aaml.

You You were not working. joe wur noet wirkingh lm tkn taml.

He He was not working. hie waz noet wirkingh lm jkn jaml.

She She was not working. shie waz noet wirkingh lm tkn taml.

It It was not working. it waz noet wirkingh lm jkn jaml.

We We were not working. wj wur noet wirkingh lm nkn naml.

They They were not working. dhei wur noet wirkingh lm jkwnwa jamlwn.

short forms:

was not → wasn't — wazant

were not → weren't — wirant

6. future continuous — negation

Formation: subject + will + not + be + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will not be working. ai wil noet bie wirkingh ln akwn aaml.

You You will not be working. joe wil noet bie wirkingh ln tkwn taml.

He He will not be working. hie wil noet bie wirkingh ln jkwn jaml.

She She will not be working. shie wil noet bie wirkingh ln tkwn taml.

It It will not be working. it wil noet bie wirkingh ln jkwn jaml.

We We will not be working. wj wil noet bie wirkingh ln nkwn naml.

They They will not be working. dhei wil noet bie wirkingh ln jkwnwa jamlwn.

perfect tenses

7. present perfect — negation

Formation: subject + have/has + not + V3

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have not worked. ai haf noet wirkt lm aaml / lm akn kd amlt.

You You have not worked. joe haf noet wirkt lm taml.

He He has not worked. hie haz noet wirkt lm jaml.

She She has not worked. shie haz noet wirkt lm taml.

It It has not worked. it haz noet wirkt lm jaml.

We We have not worked. wj haf noet wirkt lm naml.

They They have not worked. dhei haf noet wirkt lm jamlwa.

short forms:

have not → haven't — hafant

has not → hasn't — hazant

8. past perfect — negation

Formation: subject + had + not + V3

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had not worked. ai had noet wirkt lm akn kd amlt.

You You had not worked. joe had noet wirkt lm tkn kd amlt.

He He had not worked. hie had noet wirkt lm jkn kd aml.

She She had not worked. shie had noet wirkt lm tkn kd amlt.

It It had not worked. it had noet wirkt lm jkn kd aml.

We We had not worked. wj had noet wirkt lm nkn kd amlna.

They They had not worked. dhei had noet wirkt lm jkwnwa kd amlwa.

had not → hadn't — hadant

9. future perfect — negation

Formation: subject + will + not + have + V3

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will not have worked. ai wil noet haf wirkt ln akwn kd amlt.

You You will not have worked. joe wil noet haf wirkt ln tkwn kd amlt.

He He will not have worked. hie wil noet haf wirkt ln jkwn kd aml.

She She will not have worked. shie wil noet haf wirkt ln tkwn kd amlt.

It It will not have worked. it wil noet haf wirkt ln jkwn kd aml.

We We will not have worked. wj wil noet haf wirkt ln nkwn kd amlna.

They They will not have worked. dhei wil noet haf wirkt ln jkwnwa kd amlwa.

perfect continuous tenses

10. present perfect continuous — negation

Formation: subject + have/has + not + been + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have not been working. ai haf noet bin wirkingh lm akn aaml / lm aaml lftra.

You You have not been working. joe haf noet bin wirkingh lm tkn taml lftra.

He He has not been working. hie haz noet bin wirkingh lm jkn jaml lftra.

She She has not been working. shie haz noet bin wirkingh lm tkn taml lftra.

It It has not been working. it haz noet bin wirkingh lm jkn jaml lftra.

We We have not been working. wj haf noet bin wirkingh lm nkn naml lftra.

They They have not been working. dhei haf noet bin wirkingh lm jkwnwa jamlwn lftra.

11. past perfect continuous — negation

Formation: subject + had + not + been + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had not been working. ai had noet bin wirkingh lm akn aaml lftra.

You You had not been working. joe had noet bin wirkingh lm tkn taml lftra.

He He had not been working. hie had noet bin wirkingh lm jkn jaml lftra.

She She had not been working. shie had noet bin wirkingh lm tkn taml lftra.

It It had not been working. it had noet bin wirkingh lm jkn jaml lftra.

We We had not been working. wj had noet bin wirkingh lm nkn naml lftra.

They They had not been working. dhei had noet bin wirkingh lm jkwnwa jamlwn lftra.

12. future perfect continuous — negation

Formation: subject + will + not + have + been + V-ing

pronoun sentence Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will not have been working. ai wil noet haf bin wirkingh ln akwn kd amlt lmda.

You You will not have been working. joe wil noet haf bin wirkingh ln tkwn kd amlt lmda.

He He will not have been working. hie wil noet haf bin wirkingh ln jkwn kd aml lmda.

She She will not have been working. shie wil noet haf bin wirkingh ln tkwn kd amlt lmda.

It It will not have been working. it wil noet haf bin wirkingh ln jkwn kd aml lmda.

We We will not have been working. wj wil noet haf bin wirkingh ln nkwn kd amlna lmda.

They They will not have been working. dhei wil noet haf bin wirkingh ln jkwnwa kd amlwa lmda.

. simple present passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + am/is/are + not + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + am/iz/ar + noet + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I am not invited. ai am noet invajtid ana la ttm dawtj.

You You are not invited. joe ar noet invajtid ant la ttm dawtk.

He He is not invited. hie iz noet invajtid hw la ttm dawth.

She She is not invited. shie iz noet invajtid hie la ttm dawtha.

It It is not used. it iz noet jwzd la jtm astchdamh.

We We are not invited. wj ar noet invajtid nhn la ttm dawtna.

They They are not invited. dhei ar noet invajtid hm la ttm dawthm.

is not → isn't — izant

are not → aren't — aarant

2. simple past passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + was/were + not + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + waz/wur + noet + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I was not invited. ai waz noet invajtid lm ttm dawtj.

You You were not invited. joe wur noet invajtid lm ttm dawtk.

He He was not invited. hie waz noet invajtid lm ttm dawth.

She She was not invited. shie waz noet invajtid lm ttm dawtha.

It It was not used. it waz noet jwzd lm jtm astchdamh.

We We were not invited. wj wur noet invajtid lm ttm dawtna.

They They were not invited. dhei wur noet invajtid lm ttm dawthm.

was not → wasn't — wazant

were not → weren't — wirant

3. simple future passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + will + not + be + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil + noet + bie + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will not be invited. ai wil noet bie invajtid ln ttm dawtj.

You You will not be invited. joe wil noet bie invajtid ln ttm dawtk.

He He will not be invited. hie wil noet bie invajtid ln ttm dawth.

She She will not be invited. shie wil noet bie invajtid ln ttm dawtha.

It It will not be used. it wil noet bie jwzd ln jtm astchdamh.

We We will not be invited. wj wil noet bie invajtid ln ttm dawtna.

They They will not be invited. dhei wil noet bie invajtid ln ttm dawthm.

will not → won't — woont

4. present continuous passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + am/is/are + not + being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + am/iz/ar + noet + bjngh + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I am not being invited. ai am noet bjngh invajtid la ttm dawtj alaan.

You You are not being invited. joe ar noet bjngh invajtid la ttm dawtk alaan.

He He is not being invited. hie iz noet bjngh invajtid la ttm dawth alaan.

She She is not being invited. shie iz noet bjngh invajtid la ttm dawtha alaan.

It It is not being used. it iz noet bjngh jwzd la jtm astchdamh alaan.

We We are not being invited. wj ar noet bjngh invajtid la ttm dawtna alaan.

They They are not being invited. dhei ar noet bjngh invajtid la ttm dawthm alaan.

5. past continuous passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + was/were + not + being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + waz/wur + noet + bjngh + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I was not being invited. ai waz noet bjngh invajtid lm ttm dawtj dhlk alwkt.

You You were not being invited. joe wur noet bjngh invajtid lm ttm dawtk dhlk alwkt.

He He was not being invited. hie waz noet bjngh invajtid lm ttm dawth dhlk alwkt.

She She was not being invited. shie waz noet bjngh invajtid lm ttm dawtha dhlk alwkt.

It It was not being used. it waz noet bjngh jwzd lm jkn jtm astchdamh.

We We were not being invited. wj wur noet bjngh invajtid lm ttm dawtna dhlk alwkt.

They They were not being invited. dhei wur noet bjngh invajtid lm ttm dawthm dhlk alwkt.

6. future continuous passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + will + not + be + being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil + noet + bie + bjngh + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will not be being invited. ai wil noet bie bjngh invajtid ln akwn hala ttm fjha dawtj.

You You will not be being invited. joe wil noet bie bjngh invajtid ln tkwn hala ttm fjha dawtk.

He He will not be being invited. hie wil noet bie bjngh invajtid ln jkwn hala ttm fjha dawth.

She She will not be being invited. shie wil noet bie bjngh invajtid ln tkwn hala ttm fjha dawtha.

We We will not be being invited. wj wil noet bie bjngh invajtid ln nkwn hala ttm fjha dawtna.

They They will not be being invited. dhei wil noet bie bjngh invajtid ln jkwnwa hala ttm fjha dawthm.

⚠️ dis sentence structure rare in modern English an hardly ever use today. Usually, people phrase it inna a simpler way.

7. present perfect passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + have/has + not + been + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + haf/haz + noet + bin + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have not been invited. ai haf noet bin invajtid lm ttm dawtj.

You You have not been invited. joe haf noet bin invajtid lm ttm dawtk.

He He has not been invited. hie haz noet bin invajtid lm ttm dawth.

She She has not been invited. shie haz noet bin invajtid lm ttm dawtha.

It It has not been used. it haz noet bin jwzd lm jtm astchdamh.

We We have not been invited. wj haf noet bin invajtid lm ttm dawtna.

They They have not been invited. dhei haf noet bin invajtid lm ttm dawthm.

have not → haven't — hafant

has not → hasn't — hazant

8. past perfect passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + had + not + been + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + had + noet + bin + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had not been invited. ai had noet bin invajtid lm tkn kd tmt dawtj.

You You had not been invited. joe had noet bin invajtid lm tkn kd tmt dawtk.

He He had not been invited. hie had noet bin invajtid lm tkn kd tmt dawth.

She She had not been invited. shie had noet bin invajtid lm tkn kd tmt dawtha.

We We had not been invited. wj had noet bin invajtid lm tkn kd tmt dawtna.

They They had not been invited. dhei had noet bin invajtid lm tkn kd tmt dawthm.

had not → hadn't — hadant

9. future perfect passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + will + not + have + been + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil + noet + haf + bin + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will not have been invited. ai wil noet haf bin invajtid ln tkwn kd tmt dawtj.

You You will not have been invited. joe wil noet haf bin invajtid ln tkwn kd tmt dawtk.

He He will not have been invited. hie wil noet haf bin invajtid ln tkwn kd tmt dawth.

She She will not have been invited. shie wil noet haf bin invajtid ln tkwn kd tmt dawtha.

We We will not have been invited. wj wil noet haf bin invajtid ln tkwn kd tmt dawtna.

They They will not have been invited. dhei wil noet haf bin invajtid ln tkwn kd tmt dawthm.

10. present perfect continuous passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + have/has + not + been + being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + haf/haz + noet + bin + bjngh + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I have not been being invited. ai haf noet bin bjngh invajtid lm akn hala ttm fjha dawtj bastmrar.

You You have not been being invited. joe haf noet bin bjngh invajtid lm tkn hala ttm fjha dawtk bastmrar.

He He has not been being invited. hie haz noet bin bjngh invajtid lm jkn hala ttm fjha dawth bastmrar.

She She has not been being invited. shie haz noet bin bjngh invajtid lm tkn hala ttm fjha dawtha bastmrar.

We We have not been being invited. wj haf noet bin bjngh invajtid lm nkn hala ttm fjha dawtna bastmrar.

They They have not been being invited. dhei haf noet bin bjngh invajtid lm jkwnwa hala ttm fjha dawthm bastmrar.

⚠️ dis structure hardly ever use in modern English an people usually phrase it different.

11. past perfect continuous passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + had + not + been + being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + had + noet + bin + bjngh + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I had not been being invited. ai had noet bin bjngh invajtid lm akn hala ttm fjha dawtj bastmrar.

You You had not been being invited. joe had noet bin bjngh invajtid lm tkn hala ttm fjha dawtk bastmrar.

He He had not been being invited. hie had noet bin bjngh invajtid lm jkn hala ttm fjha dawth bastmrar.

She She had not been being invited. shie had noet bin bjngh invajtid lm tkn hala ttm fjha dawtha bastmrar.

We We had not been being invited. wj had noet bin bjngh invajtid lm nkn hala ttm fjha dawtna bastmrar.

They They had not been being invited. dhei had noet bin bjngh invajtid lm jkwnwa hala ttm fjha dawthm bastmrar.

⚠️ dis structure really uncommon.

12. future perfect continuous passive — negation

in Arabic: subject + will + not + have + been + being + V3

Pronunciation of di form: subdzjekt + wil + noet + haf + bin + bjngh + wie thrj

pronoun example Arabic pronunciation meaning

I I will not have been being invited. ai wil noet haf bin bjngh invajtid ln akwn kd knt hala ttm fjha dawtj bastmrar.

You You will not have been being invited. joe wil noet haf bin bjngh invajtid ln tkwn kd knt hala ttm fjha dawtk bastmrar.

He He will not have been being invited. hie wil noet haf bin bjngh invajtid ln jkwn kd kan hala ttm fjha dawth bastmrar.

She She will not have been being invited. shie wil noet haf bin bjngh invajtid ln tkwn kd kent hala ttm fjha dawtha bastmrar.

We We will not have been being invited. wj wil noet haf bin bjngh invajtid ln nkwn kd kna hala ttm fjha dawtna bastmrar.

They They will not have been being invited. dhei wil noet haf bin bjngh invajtid ln jkwnwa kd kanwa hala ttm fjha dawthm bastmrar.

⚠️ dis hardly ever need fi be used, an it better fi rewrite di sentence.

no + noun

term inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic pronunciation pronunciation meaning

singular countable noun no + singular countable noun noe + nawn no book noe bwk la jwdjd boek

plural noun no + plural noun noe + blwral nawn no books noe bwks la twdjd ktb

uncountable noun no + uncountable noun noe + ankawntaboel nawn no water noe wwtr la jwdjd maa

existence singular there is + no + singular/uncountable noun dhjr iz + noe + nawn There is no book. dhjr iz noe bwk la jwdjd boek

existence plural there are + no + plural noun dhjr ar + noe + blwral nawn There are no books. dhjr ar noe bwks la twdjd ktb

possession have/has + no + noun haf/haz + noe + nawn I have no books. ai haf noe bwks ljs ldj ktb

8- alaasjilaaoe

1 almdara albsjt Do/Does + onderwerp + V1 ...? — dw/daz + subdzjekt + wie wan — Do you work? — dw joe wirk — hl taml

2 almadj albsjt Did + onderwerp + V1 ...? — did + subdzjekt + wie wan — Did you work? — did joe wirk — hl amlt

3 almstkbl albsjt Will + onderwerp + V1 ...? — wil + subdzjekt + wie wan — Will you work? — wil joe wirk — hl staml

4 almdara almstmr Am/Is/Are + onderwerp + V-ing ...? — am/iz/ar + subdzjekt + wie iingh — Are you working? — ar joe wirkingh — hl taml alaan

5 almadj almstmr Was/Were + onderwerp + V-ing ...? — waz/wur + subdzjekt + wie iingh — Were you working? — wur joe wirkingh — hl knt taml

6 almstkbl almstmr Will + onderwerp + be + V-ing ...? — wil + subdzjekt + bie + wie iingh — Will you be working? — wil joe bie wirkingh — hl stkwn taml

7 almdara altam Have/Has + onderwerp + V3 ...? — haf/haz + subdzjekt + wie thrj — Have you worked? — haf joe wirkt — hl amlt

8 almadj altam Had + onderwerp + V3 ...? — had + subdzjekt + wie thrj — Had you worked? — had joe wirkt — hl knt kd amlt

9 almstkbl altam Will + onderwerp + have + V3 ...? — wil + subdzjekt + haf + wie thrj — Will you have worked? — wil joe haf wirkt — hl stkwn kd amlt

10 almdara altam almstmr Have/Has + onderwerp + been + V-ing ...? — haf/haz + subdzjekt + bin + wie iingh — Have you been working? — haf joe bin wirkingh — hl knt taml / hl taml mndh ftra

11 almadj altam almstmr Had + onderwerp + been + V-ing ...? — had + subdzjekt + bin + wie iingh — Had you been working? — had joe bin wirkingh — hl knt taml lftra

12 almstkbl altam almstmr Will + onderwerp + have + been + V-ing ...? — wil + subdzjekt + haf + bin + wie iingh — Will you have been working? — wil joe haf bin wirkingh — hl stkwn kd amlt lmda

begrip in het Arabisch grammaticavorming in het Arabisch uitspraak bEngels bhrwf arbja

swal sjja What + msaad + onderwerp + fal wat + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + virb

swal sjchs konderwerp Who + fal hww + virb

swal sjchs kmfawl Who/Whom + msaad + onderwerp + fal hww/hwm + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + virb

swal mkan Where + msaad + onderwerp + fal wijr + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + virb

swal zman When + msaad + onderwerp + fal win + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + virb

swal sbb Why + msaad + onderwerp + fal waj + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + virb

swal achtjar Which + zelfstandig naamwoord + msaad + onderwerp + fal witsj + nawn + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + virb

swal bezit Whose + zelfstandig naamwoord + ... hwz + nawn + ...

swal altrjka How + msaad + onderwerp + fal haw + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + virb

swal telwoord How many + zelfstandig naamwoord djma + ... haw minj + blwral nawn + ...

swal alkmja How much + zelfstandig naamwoord madwd + ... haw matsj + ankawntaboel nawn + ...

swal almda How long + ... haw lwngh + ...

swal altkrar How often + ... haw awfin + ...

swal almsafa How far + ... haw far + ...

alasasja

mazm WH ttba:

WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?

dbljw itsj wird + auksiljeri + subdzjekt + mjn virb

:

Where + do + you + live?

wijr + dw + joe + liv

= ajn tajsj

lkn idha kent WH-word nfsha hie onderwerp fplaatsen we niet aadaan do/does/did:

Who + works here?

hww wirks hjr

= man jaml hna

whdha hw alfrk alasasj :

Who did you see? → hww did joe sj → man rajt

Who saw you? → hww sw jw → man raak

8- alzoeroewfoe

. zrwf altkrar

type in het Arabisch grammaticavorming in het Arabisch Arabische uitspraak van de Engelse vorm bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

altkrar aldajm zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans always awlwjz dajmana

altkrar sjbh aldajm zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans usually joewdjoewalj aadaan

altkrar ghalbana zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans normally nwrmalj aadaan / bsjkl tbjaj

altkrar ghalbana zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans generally djinaralj amwmana

altkrar ghalbana zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans frequently frjkwintlj bsjkl mtkrr

altkrar ahjanana zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans often awfin ghalbana / kthjrana

altkrar ahjanana zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans sometimes samtajmz ahjanana

altkrar nadrana zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans occasionally aakjdjanalj hjn laachr

altkrar nadrana zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans rarely rjrlj nadrana

altkrar alnadr djdana zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans seldom sildam nadrana

adm altkrar zrf tkrar + djmla adfirb aoef frjkwinsj + sintans never nivar abdana

:

I always study English.

ai awlwjz stadj inghlisj.

ana adrs Engels dajmana.

2. zrwf

type in het Arabisch grammaticavorming in het Arabisch Arabische uitspraak van de Engelse vorm bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

alhalj zrf zmn tajm adfirb now naw alaan

alhalj zrf zmn tajm adfirb currently karantlj haljana

alhalj zrf zmn tajm adfirb presently brizintlj haljana

almadj alkrjb zrf zmn tajm adfirb recently rjsantlj mwchrana

almadj zrf zmn tajm adfirb yesterday jistardaj ams

almadj zrf zmn tajm adfirb before bifo:r

almadj zrf zmn tajm adfirb previously brjvjaslj sabkana

almadj zrf zmn tajm adfirb formerly fwrmarlj sabkana

almstmr zrf zmn tajm adfirb still stil la jzal / ma zal

almstkbl zrf zmn tajm adfirb soon swn krjbana

almstkbl zrf zmn tajm adfirb later ljtar lahkana

almstkbl zrf zmn tajm adfirb eventually ivintsjoewalj alnhaja / nhaja almtaf

almbkr zrf zmn tajm adfirb early irlj mbkrana

almtachr zrf zmn tajm adfirb late ljt mtachrana

albdaja zrf zmn tajm adfirb first first awlana

alnhaja zrf zmn tajm adfirb finally fajnalj achjrana

alastmrar zrf zmn tajm adfirb meanwhile mjnwajl hdhh alathnaa

alttaba zrf zmn tajm adfirb then dhin thm / andjdh

alttaba zrf zmn tajm adfirb afterward aaftrwrd dhlk

alttaba zrf zmn tajm adfirb afterwards aaftrwrdz dhlk

alttaba zrf zmn tajm adfirb subsequently sabsikwintlj lahkana / dhlk

3. zrwf almrtbta balmda walastmrar

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

already awlrjdj bwerkwoord / msbkana

yet jit / hta alaan

still stil ma zal

just djast lltw/alleen (staat vóór het werkwoord)

ever ivar aj wkt /

never nivar abdana

once wans mra wahda / dhet mra

twice twajs mrtjn

again aaghjn mra achra

again and again aaghjn aand aaghjn mrarana wtkrarana

forever foerivar alabd

temporarily timbararilj mwktana

permanently birmanantlj bsjkl dajm

:

She has already finished.

shie haz awlrjdj finisjt.

lkd antht bwerkwoord.

4. zrwf almkan

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

here hjr hna

there dhjr hnak

everywhere ivrjwijr kl mkan

somewhere samwijr mkan ma

anywhere inj wijr aj mkan

nowhere nwwijr la mkan

abroad abrwd alchardj

overseas awvarsjz alchardj / wraa albhar

nearby njrbaj balkrb

close klws balkrb

far far bajdana

away awaj bajdana

back bak alchlf / aajdana

forward fwrward alamam

backward bakward alchlf

indoors indwrz aldachl

outdoors aawtdwrz alchardj

upstairs aabstjrz altabk alalwj

downstairs dawnstjrz altabk alsflj

inside insajd aldachl

outside aawtsajd alchardj

5. zrwf aldrdja

hdhh mhma djdana lanha thdd mda kwa bijvoeglijk naamwoord aw werkwoord aw bijwoord.

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

very virj djdana

really rjalj hkana / djdana

extremely ikstrjmlj llghaja

highly hajlj bdrdja aalja

absolutely absalwtlj tmamana / bsjkl mtlk

completely kambljtlj tmamana

totally twtalj tmamana

entirely intajrlj balkaml

fully foelj balkaml

quite kwajt hd ma / djdana bhsb alsjak

rather radhar hd ma / nwaana ma

fairly fjrlj hd ma

pretty brjtj hd kbjr

somewhat samwat hd ma

slightly slajtlj kljlana

a little uh litil kljlana

too tw akthr allazm

enough inaf bma jkfj

almost awlmwst tkrjbana

nearly njrlj tkrjbana

barely bjrlj balkad

hardly hardlj balkad

scarcely skjrslj balkad

deeply djblj bamk / bsjda

greatly ghrjtlj bdrdja kbjra

so sw djdana / hdha alhd

such satsj zoals hdha / hdha alhd

a lot uh lot nuff

a bit uh bit li'l bit

a little uh litil bit li'l bit

:

The movie is extremely interesting.

dha mwvj ikstrjmlj intristingh.

alfjlm mmta llghaja.

6. zrwf alahtmal waljkjn

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

certainly sirtanlj baltakjd

definitely difinitlj baltakjd

surely sjwrlj baltakjd

probably brabablj alardjh

possibly basablj almhtml

perhaps brhabs rbma

maybe mjbj rbma

apparently aabarantlj ma jbdw

evidently ividantlj alwadh / ma jbdw

clearly kljrlj bwdwh

obviously aabvjaslj alwadh

presumably brizwmablj alardjh / almftrd

supposedly sabwzidlj almftrd / hsb ma joekal

undoubtedly aandawtidlj bla sjk

arguably aarghjoewablj jmkn alkwl in

likely lajklj alardjh

unlikely aanlajklj almrdjh

7. zrwf almwkf aw wdjha nzr almthdth

hdhh tsma ahjanana sentence adverbs / stance adverbs lanha tabr mwkf almthdth tdjah zin klha.

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

fortunately fwrtsjanatlj lhsn alhz

unfortunately aanfwrtsjanatlj lswa alhz

luckily lakilj lhsn alhz

sadly sadlj llasf / bhzn

honestly aanistlj bsraha

frankly franklj bsraha

personally birsanalj sjchsjana

seriously sjrijaslj bdjdja

technically tikniklj alnahja altknja

basically bjsiklj bsjkl asasj

generally djinaralj amwmana

normally nwrmalj aadaan

naturally natsjaralj btbjaa alhal

ideally aajdjjalj alnahja voorbeeldja

theoretically thjaritiklj nzrjana

practically braktiklj amljana

politically baljtiklj sjasjana

economically ijkanwmiklj aktsadjana

personally birsanalj sjchsjana

surprisingly sarbrajzinghlj bsjkl mfadjj

strangely strjndjlj bsjkl ghrjb

interestingly intristinghlj wmn almthjr llahtmam

importantly imbwrtantlj walahm dhlk

especially isbisjalj chswsana

particularly birtikjwlarlj bsjkl chas

8. zrwf altrkjz

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

only awnlj fkt

just djast fkt / lltw

even ijvin hta

also awlsw ajdana

too tw ajdana

as well az wil ajdana

mainly mjnlj bsjkl rjjsj

mostly mwstlj alghalb

merely mjrlj mdjrd

simply simblj bbsata / fkt

particularly birtikjwlarlj chswsana

especially isbisjalj chswsana

exactly ikzaktlj baldbt

precisely brisajslj bdka / baldbt

specifically sbisifiklj thdjdana

solely swllj fkt / hsrjana

largely lardjlj hd kbjr

even ijvin hta

indeed indjd bwerkwoord / hkana

:

Only John knows the answer.

awnlj djwn nwz dhj aansar.

djwn whdh jarf alidjaba.

9. zrwf ontkenning

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

not noet ljs / la

never nivar abdana

nowhere nwwijr la mkan

hardly hardlj balkad

scarcely skjrslj balkad

barely bjrlj balkad

rarely rjrlj nadrana

seldom sildam nadrana

mlahza mhma:

not hw adaa ontkenning alasasja:

I do not work.

ai dw noet wirk.

ana la aaml.

10. zrwf alntjdja aw alastntadj

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

therefore dhjrfwr ldhlk / wbaltalj

thus dhas whkdha / wbaltalj

consequently kwnsikwintlj wbaltalj

accordingly aakwrdinghlj wfkana ldhlk

hence hins wmn thm

otherwise aadharwaajz wila / bchlaf dhlk

:

He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.

hie waz sik dhjrfwr hie stajd hwm.

kan mrjdana wldhlk bkj huis.

11. zrwf genitief

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

also awlsw ajdana

too tw ajdana

additionally aadisjanalj bgenitief dhlk

moreover mwrawvar alawa dhlk

furthermore firdharmwr bgenitief dhlk

besides bisaids bgenitief dhlk

likewise lajkwajz wbalzoals

similarly similarlj balzoals

12. zrwf almkarna waltsjabh

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

similarly similarlj balzoals

likewise lajkwajz balzoals

equally ijkwalj baltsawj

similarly similarlj bsjkl msjabh

comparatively kambarativlj balmkarna

relatively rjlativlj nsbjana

correspondingly kwrisbwndinghlj bswra mtnasba

13. zrwf alrbt waltnzjm

toestchdm lrbt alafkar wtnzjm .

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

however hawivar lkn / wma dhlk

therefore dhjrfwr ldhlk

moreover mwrawvar alawa dhlk

furthermore firdharmwr bgenitief dhlk

nevertheless nivadhardhalis dhlk

nonetheless nandhalis dhlk

meanwhile mjnwajl hdhh alathnaa

instead instid bdlana dhlk

otherwise aadharwaajz wila / bchlaf dhlk

consequently kwnsikwintlj wbaltalj

subsequently sabsikwintlj dhlk

alternatively awltirnativlj bdjlana dhlk

finally fajnalj achjrana

firstly firstlj awlana

secondly sikndlj thanjana

thirdly thirdlj thalthana

next nikst dhlk

then dhin thm

afterward aaftrwrd dhlk

14. zrwf

hdhh toestchdm ltkwjn WH aw altrjka waldrdja walmda waltkrar.

woord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

how haw kjf

when win mta

where wijr ajn

why waj lmadha

how much haw matsj km / ma mkdar

how many haw minj km add

how often haw awfin km mra

how long haw lwngh km alwkt

how far haw far km almsafa

how soon haw swn km krjbana / mta krjbana

how well haw wil aj mda bsjkl djjd

how quickly haw kwiklie km bsraa

:

How often do you exercise?

haw awfin dw joe iksrsajz

km mra ttmrn

15. zrwf altrjka

tsf kjf jhdth werkwoord.

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

quickly kwiklie bsraa

slowly slwlj bbta

carefully kjrfoelj bhdhr

easily ijzjlj bshwla

badly badlj bsjkl sjj

well wil djjdana

clearly kljrlj bwdwh

quietly kwajatlj bhdwa

loudly lawdlj bswt aalin

secretly sjkritlj srana

openly awbinlj alnana

together taghidhar maana

apart aabart mnfsljn

directly diriktlj mbasjra

indirectly indiriktlj bsjkl mbasjr

deliberately diljbaratlj amdana

accidentally aksidintalj balsdfa

carefully kjrfoelj banaja

successfully saksisfoelj bndjah

differently difrantlj bsjkl mchtlf

16. zrwf altwka

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

hopefully hwbfoelj naml an / aml

presumably brizwmablj aftrad

supposedly sabwzidlj hsb ma joeftrd

predictably bridiktablj bswra mtwkaa

unexpectedly aanksbjktidlj bsjkl mtwka

inevitably iinivitablj htmana / la mhala

eventually ivintsjoewalj nhaja almtaf

17. zrwf altrtjb

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

first first awlana

firstly firstlj awlana

second siknd thanjana

secondly sikndlj thanjana

third third thalthana

thirdly thirdlj thalthana

next nikst dhlk

then dhin thm

finally fajnalj achjrana

lastly lastlj achjrana

18. zrwf altwkjd

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

certainly sirtanlj baltakjd

definitely difinitlj baltakjd

indeed indjd bwerkwoord

really rjalj hkana

truly trwlj hkana

absolutely absalwtlj tmamana

actually aaktsjoewalj alwaka

literally litaralj hrfjana

genuinely djinjoewinlj bsdk / hkana

clearly kljrlj bwdwh

obviously aabvjaslj alwadh

surely sjwrlj baltakjd

right (comes before di adverb) rait precies

19. zrwf altshjh waltwdjh

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

actually aaktsjoewalj alwaka

really rjalj alhkjka

rather radhar balahra

instead instid bdlana dhlk

specifically sbisifiklj thdjdana

precisely brisajslj bdka

exactly ikzaktlj baldbt

namely njmlj aj / thdjdana

simply simblj bbsata

basically bjsiklj bsjkl asasj

20. zrwf altkrjb

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

almost awlmwst tkrjbana

nearly njrlj tkrjbana

approximately abroeksimatlj tkrjbana

roughly raflj tkrjbana

about abawt hwalj

around arawnd hwalj

virtually virtsjoewalj tkrjbana / amljana

practically braktiklj tkrjbana / amljana

roughly raflj bsjkl tkrjbj

21. zrwf alastthnaa

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

only awnlj fkt

merely mjrlj mdjrd

solely swllj fkt / hsrjana

exclusively iksklwsivlj hsrjana

otherwise aadharwaajz wila

apart aabart bastthnaa / mnfslana

22. zrwf alsjmwl

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

altogether awltaghidhar kljana / idjmalana

entirely intajrlj balkaml

completely kambljtlj tmamana

fully foelj balkaml

wholly hwlj kljana

universally joewnivirsalj bsjkl sjaml / aalmjana

23. zrwf alalaka zin walmalwma

hdhh ahm sentence adverbs:

bijwoord Arabische uitspraak betekenis

actually aaktsjoewalj alwaka

apparently aabarantlj ma jbdw

certainly sirtanlj baltakjd

clearly kljrlj bwdwh

definitely difinitlj baltakjd

evidently ividantlj alwadh

fortunately fwrtsjanatlj lhsn alhz

frankly franklj bsraha

generally djinaralj amwmana

honestly aanistlj bsraha

ideally aajdjjalj alnahja voorbeeldja

indeed indjd bwerkwoord

naturally natsjaralj btbjaa alhal

obviously aabvjaslj alwadh

personally birsanalj sjchsjana

perhaps brhabs rbma

probably brabablj alardjh

seriously sjrijaslj bdjdja

surely sjwrlj baltakjd

surprisingly sarbrajzinghlj bsjkl mfadjj

theoretically thjaritiklj nzrjana

unfortunately aanfwrtsjanatlj lswa alhz

type in het Arabisch grammaticavorming in het Arabisch Arabische uitspraak van de Engelse vorm voorbeeld Arabische uitspraak betekenis

bijwoord bijvoeglijk naamwoord – altrjka alasasja bijvoeglijk naamwoord + -ly edzjektief + lj quick → quickly kwik → kwiklie srja → bsraa

bijvoeglijk naamwoord almnthja b y hdhf y + -ily edzjektief − waj + ijlj happy → happily habj → habilj sajd → bsaada

bijvoeglijk naamwoord almnthja b -le hdhf e + -y edzjektief − ij + waj gentle → gently djintal → djintlj ltjf → bltf

bijvoeglijk naamwoord almnthja b -ic bijvoeglijk naamwoord + -ally edzjektief + aallj basic → basically bjsik → bjsiklj asasj → bsjkl asasj

sommige bijvoeglijke naamwoorden almnthja b -ic bijvoeglijk naamwoord + -ally edzjektief + aallj dramatic → dramatically dramatik → dramatiklj dramj → bsjkl dramj

sommige bijvoeglijke naamwoorden almnthja b -ue bijvoeglijk naamwoord + -ly edzjektief + lj true → truly trw → trwlj hkjkj → hkana

bijvoeglijk naamwoord almnthja b -ll bijvoeglijk naamwoord + -y edzjektief + waj full → fully foel → foelj kaml → balkaml

sfa la ttghjr nfs woord sjm wird fast → fast fast → fast srja → bsraa

sfa la ttghjr nfs woord sjm wird hard → hard hard → hard sab/bdjd → bdjd

sfa la ttghjr nfs woord sjm wird late → late ljt → ljt mtachr → mtachrana

sfa la ttghjr nfs woord sjm wird early → early irlj → irlj mbkr → mbkrana

zrf mntzm sjkl chas ijrighjwlar fwrm good → well ghoed → wil djjd → djjdana

zrf msjtk zelfstandig naamwoord zelfstandig naamwoord + -ward/-wards nawn + wwrd/wwrdz home → homeward hwm → hwmward huis → nhw huis

zrf msjtk zelfstandig naamwoord zelfstandig naamwoord + -wise nawn + wajz clock → clockwise klwk → klwkwajz alsaaa → batdjah akarb alsaaa

zrf mrkb klma + klma wird + wird somehow samaw btrjka ma

zrf mrkb klma + klma wird + wird everywhere ivrjwijr kl mkan

abara zrfja klma/abara + zelfstandig naamwoord aw hrf djr adfirbjal frjz in the morning in dha mwrnjngh alsbah

9- aadawaatoe alrabti

. adwat nevenschikking almtsawja — Coordinating Conjunctions

hdhh trbt anasr mtsawja nhwjana.

adaa alrbt Arabische uitspraak betekenis

and aand w

but bat lkn

or awr aw

nor nwr wla

for foor lan / idh

yet jit lkn / wma dhlk

so sw ldhlk / ldha

FANBOYS

For — foor

And — aand

Nor — nwr

But — bat

Or — awr

Yet — jit

So — sw

I was tired, but I worked.

ai waz tajrd bat ai wirkt.

knt mtabana lknnj amlt.

2. adwat alrbt altabaa — Subordinating Conjunctions

hdhh trbt djmla tabaa bdjmla rjjsja.

alsbb

adaa alrbt Arabische uitspraak betekenis

because/cause bikwz/kwz lan

since sins lan / bma an

as az lan / bma an

seeing that sjjngh dhet nzrana lan

seeing as sjjngh az bma an

now that naw dhet bma an / alaan an

given that ghivin dhet nzrana lan

considering that kansidaringh dhet balnzr an

inasmuch as in az matsj az bkdr ma / nzrana lan

insofar as insw far az bkdr ma / hjth in

insomuch as insamatsj az hd an

in that in dhet hjth in

I stayed home because I was tired.

ai stajd hwm bikwz ai waz tajrd.

bkjt huis lannj knt mtabana.

3. adwat voorwaarde

adaa alrbt Arabische uitspraak betekenis

if iif idha

unless aanlis ma lm / ila idha

provided bravajdid bsjrt an

provided that bravajdid dhet bsjrt an

providing bravajdingh bsjrt an

providing that bravajdingh dhet bsjrt an

as long as az lwngh az talma / bsjrt an

so long as sw lwngh az talma

on condition that awn kandisjan dhet bsjrt an

in case in kjs hala an / thsbana l

in the event that in dhj ivint dhet hal an

assuming that aaswmingh dhet baftrad an

supposing that sabwzingh dhet aftrad an

suppose that sabwz dhet aftrd an

given that ghivin dhet balnzr an

granted that ghrantid dhet hta altsljm ban

granting that ghrantingh dhet hta altsljm ban

If you study, you will learn.

if joe stadj joe wil lirn.

idha drst fswf ttalm.

4. adwat altbajn waltnazl

adaa alrbt Arabische uitspraak betekenis

although awldhw rghm an / an

though dhw rghm an / an

even though ijvin dhw rghm an

even if ijvin iif hta loo

whereas wijraz bjnma / hjn an

while wajl bjnma / hjn an

whilst wajlst bjnma

albeit awlbjit rghm an / win kan

much as matsj az rghm an

however much hawivar matsj mhma kan mkdar

no matter how noe matar haw mhma kent altrjka/aldrdja

no matter what noe matar wat mhma kan

no matter who noe matar hww mhma kan persoon

no matter where noe matar wijr ajnma

no matter when noe matar win mta ma

no matter which noe matar witsj ajana kan

Even though he was tired, he continued.

ijvin dhw hie waz tajrd hie kantinjwd.

rghm anh kan mtabana astmr.

5. adwat

adaa alrbt Arabische uitspraak betekenis

when win andma

whenever winivar klma / mta ma

while wajl bjnma

whilst wajlst bjnma

before bifo:r an

after aaftr an

until / till / 'til / 'till ən-TIL / TIL / TIL / TIL totdat / tot

since sins mndh an

once wans bmdjrd an

as soon as az swn az bmdjrd an

as long as az lwngh az talma

so long as sw lwngh az talma

by the time bai dha tajm bhlwl alwkt aldhj

every time evrie tajm kl mra

each time ijtsj tajm kl mra

the moment dha mwmant allhza altj

the minute dha minit bmdjrd an

the instant dhj instant bmdjrd an

directly diriktlj bmdjrd an

immediately imjdjatlj bmdjrd an

hardly ... when hardlj ... win ma in ... hta

scarcely ... when skjrslj ... win ma in ... hta

no sooner ... than noe swnar ... dhan ma in ... hta

Call me when you arrive.

kwl mie win joe aarajv.

atsl bie andma tsl.

6. adwat doel

adaa alrbt Arabische uitspraak betekenis

so that sw dhet lkj / hta

in order that in awrdar dhet lkj

lest list ljla / chsjja an

for fear that foor fjr dhet chwfana an

in case in kjs thsbana lan

I studied hard so that I could pass.

ai stadijd hard sw dhet ai koed bas.

drst bdjd lkj atmkn alndjah.

7. adwat alntjdja

adaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

so ... that sw ... dhet ldrdja an

such ... that satsj ... dhet ldrdja an

so that sw dhet bhjth / bhjth in

such that satsj dhet bhjth in

He was so tired that he slept immediately.

hie waz sw tajrd dhet hie slibt imjdjatlj.

kan mtabana djdana ldrdja anh nam fwrana.

8. adwat almkarna

adaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

than dhan

as ... as az ... az zoals / bkdr

not as ... as noet az ... az ljs bkdr

as if az iif kma loo an

as though az dhw kma loo an

just as djast az tmamana kma

the more ... the more dha mwr ... dha mwr klma ... klma

the more ... the less dha mwr ... dha lis klma zad ... kl

the less ... the more dha lis ... dha mwr klma kl ... zad

the less ... the less dha lis ... dha lis klma kl ... kl

She is taller than I am.

shie iz toeler dhan ai am.

hie atwl mnj.

9. adwat altrjka aw altsjbjh

adaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

as az kma

as if az iif kma loo an

as though az dhw kma loo an

just as djast az tmamana kma

the way dha waj baltrjka altj

in the way that in dha waj dhet baltrjka altj

however hawivar mhma / baj trjka

however you hawivar joe mhma / kjfma

He talks as if he knows everything.

hie twks az iif hie nwz ivrjthingh.

jthdth kma loo anh jarf kl sjja.

10. adwat alachtjar

adaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

or awr aw

either ... or ijdhar ... awr ima ... aw

whether ... or widhar ... awr swaa ... am

whether ... or not widhar ... awr noet swaa ... am la

Either you come or I leave.

ijdhar joe kam awr ai lief.

ima an tatj aw aghadr.

11. adwat alrbt almzdwdja

Correlative Conjunctions

Arabische uitspraak betekenis

both ... and bwth ... aand klahma ... w

either ... or ijdhar ... awr ima ... aw

neither ... nor njdhar ... nwr la ... wla

not only ... but also noet awnlj ... bat awlsw ljs fkt ... bl ajdana

whether ... or widhar ... awr swaa ... am

whether ... or not widhar ... awr noet swaa ... am la

rather ... than radhar ... dhan bdlana

no sooner ... than noe swnar ... dhan ma in ... hta

hardly ... when hardlj ... win ma in ... hta

scarcely ... when skjrslj ... win ma in ... hta

barely ... when bjrlj ... win ma in ... hta

the more ... the more dha mwr ... dha mwr klma ... klma

the more ... the less dha mwr ... dha lis klma zad ... kl

the less ... the more dha lis ... dha mwr klma kl ... zad

the less ... the less dha lis ... dha lis klma kl ... kl

12. adwat alrbt alchasa bgenitief

adaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

and aand w

as well as az wil az bgenitief

not to mention noet tw minsjan nahjk

besides bisaids bgenitief

let alone lit alwn nahjk

much less matsj lis nahjk

to say nothing of tw saj nathingh aoev nahjk

apart from aabart fram bgenitief / bastthnaa

aside from aasajd fram bgenitief / bastthnaa

sommige hdhh altrakjb jmkn an tkwn prepositional phrases aw trakjb rbt hsb astchdamha ldhlk la toesnaf djmjaha conjunctions bbetekenis aldjk.

13. adwat alastthnaa

adaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

except that iksibt dhet bastthnaa an

except when iksibt win bastthnaa andma

except if iksibt iif ila idha

save that siev dhet bastthnaa an

but that bat dhet ila an

unless aanlis ila idha / ma lm

14. adwat alaftrad

adaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

assuming that aaswmingh dhet baftrad an

supposing that sabwzingh dhet aftrad an

suppose that sabwz dhet aftrd an

presuming that brizwmingh dhet baftrad an

provided that bravajdid dhet bsjrt an

providing that bravajdingh dhet bsjrt an

given that ghivin dhet balnzr an

granting that ghrantingh dhet hta altsljm ban

granted that ghrantid dhet hta altsljm ban

15. adwat alachtjar alhr

adaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

whoever hwwivar aj sjchs / kan

whomever hwmivar aj sjchs jka aljh werkwoord

whatever wativar aj sjja / mhma kan

whichever witsjivar ajana kan

wherever wijrivar ajnma

whenever winivar mta ma / klma

however hawivar kjfma / mhma

Whoever comes can enter.

hwwivar kamz kan intar.

aj sjchs jatj jmknh aldchwl.

Whatever you choose is fine.

wativar joe tsjwz iz fajn.

ajana kan ma tchtarh fhw mnasb.

16. trakjb alrbt alkdjma aw alrsmja djdana

hdhh mwdjwda Engels lknha ljst sjajaa vandaagj:

aladaa Arabische uitspraak betekenis

albeit awlbjit rghm an

albeit that awlbjit dhet rghm an

albeit when awlbjit win rghm anh andma

albeit with awlbjit widh rghm anh

insofar as insw far az bkdr ma

inasmuch as in az matsj az nzrana lan

insomuch as insamatsj az hd an

notwithstanding that nwtwidhstandingh dhet rghm an

whereas wijraz hjn an

whilst wajlst bjnma

lest list ljla

save that siev dhet bastthnaa an

provided that bravajdid dhet bsjrt an

supposing that sabwzingh dhet aftrad an

17. klmat tbdw k Conjunctions lknha alhkjka ghalbana ljst kdhlk

hdhh mhma djdana hta la nchlt bjnha wbjn adwat alrbt alhkjkja:

woord aluitspraak altsnjf alsjaja betekenis

however hawivar conjunctive adverb wma dhlk

therefore dhjrfwr conjunctive adverb ldhlk

moreover mwrawvar conjunctive adverb alawa dhlk

furthermore firdharmwr conjunctive adverb bgenitief dhlk

nevertheless nivadhardhalis conjunctive adverb dhlk

nonetheless nandhalis conjunctive adverb dhlk

consequently kwnsikwintlj conjunctive adverb wbaltalj

otherwise aadharwaajz conjunctive adverb wila

instead instid conjunctive adverb bdlana dhlk

meanwhile mjnwajl conjunctive adverb hdhh alathnaa

thus dhas conjunctive adverb wbaltalj / whkdha

hence hins conjunctive adverb wmn thm

zo als:

I was tired; however, I worked.

ai waz tajrd hawivar ai wirkt.

knt mtabana wma dhlk amlt.

hna however ljst zoals but alnahja alnhwja.

la nkwl hdha alastchdam:

❌ I was tired, however I worked.

walsjgha altbjaja almajarja:

✅ I was tired, but I worked.

aw:

✅ I was tired; however, I worked.

if awnljIf only -> atmna

injwaj/injwajsAnyway/Anyways -> kl ahwal

10- (PREPOSITIONS)

alasasja

hrf Arabic pronunciation meaning balarbja full example Arabic pronunciation translation

about abawt / We talked about the problem. wj twkt abawt dha brablim thdthna almsjkla.

above aabav / aala The lamp is above the table. dha lamb iz aabav dha tjboel almsbah de tafel.

across aakrws abr / aldjanb alaachr We walked across the street. wj wwkt aakrws dha strjt msjjna abr alsjara.

after aaftr We met after lunch. wj met aaftr lentsj altkjna alghdaa.

against egenst dd / mlaskana l The ladder is against the wall. dha ladar iz egenst dha wo:l alslm mlask lldjdar.

along aloong twl We walked along the river. wj wwkt aloong dha rivar msjjna twl alnhr.

amid emid wst / He stood amid the crowd. hie stwd emid dha krawd wkf wst alhsjd.

among emeng / wst mdjmwaa She was among friends. shie waz emeng frindz kent alasdkaa.

around eraunt We sat around the table. wj sat eraunt dha tjboel djlsna de tafel.

at et / and I am at school. ai am et skoel ana almdrsa.

before bifo:r Come before noon. kam bifo:r nwn taal alzhr.

behind bihaind chlf The car is behind the house. dha kaar iz bihaind dha haus de auto chlf house.

below biloo / asfl The temperature is below zero. dha timbratsjar iz biloo zjrw drdja alhrara alsfr.

beneath binies The keys are beneath the book. dha kiez ar binies dha bwk almfatjh het boek.

beside bisaid bdjanb Sit beside me. sit bisaid mie adjls bdjanbj.

besides bisaids genitive Besides English, she speaks Arabic. bisaids inghlisj shie sbjks aarabik genitive Engels tthdth .

between bitwjn athnjn / The shop is between two buildings. dha sjwb iz bitwjn tw bjldinghz almtdjr mbnjjn.

beyond bijwnd wraa / abad The village is beyond the mountain. dha vilidj iz bijwnd dha mawntin alkrja wraa aldjbl.

by bai bwasta / bdjanb / bhlwl The book was written by her. dha bwk waz ritin bai hur koetb het boek bwasttha.

concerning kan sjrningh bsjan / bchsws We talked concerning the project. wj twkt kan sjrningh dha brwdjikt thdthna bsjan almsjrwa.

despite disbajt rghm Despite the rain, we went out. disbajt dha rjn wj wint aawt rghm almtr chrdjna.

down dawn asfl He walked down the hill. hie wwkt dawn dha hil msja asfl altl.

during djwringh athnaa / chlal I slept during the flight. ai slibt djwringh dha flajt nmt athnaa alrhla.

except iksbt bastthnaa Everyone came except John. evrie wan kjm iksbt djwn djaa aldjmja bastthnaa djwn.

for foor l / adjl / lmda This gift is for you. dhis gift iz foor joe hdhh alcadeau lk.

from fram I came from Kuwait. ai kjm fram koewijt djjt alkwjt.

in in / dachl She is in the room. shie iz in dha rwm hie alghrfa.

inside insajd dachl The keys are inside the bag. dha kiez ar insajd dha bagh almfatjh dachl alhkjba.

into intw dachl He went into the room. hie wint intw dha rwm dchl alghrfa.

like lajk like/as He runs like a professional. hie ranz lajk uh brwfisjanal jrkd like/as mhtrf.

near njr balkrb I live near the school. ai lief njr dha skoel aajsj balkrb almdrsa.

of aav l / / chas b The door of the house is open. dha dwr aav dha haus iz awbin de deur van het huis mftwh.

off awf bajdana / Take your shoes off the table. tjk jwr sjwz awf dha tjboel abad hdhaak de tafel.

on awn The book is on the table. dha bwk iz awn dha tjboel Het boek ligt op de tafel.

onto awntw / The cat jumped onto the table. dha kat djambt awntw dha tjboel kfzt alkta de tafel.

opposite awbazit mkabl The bank is opposite the hotel. dha bank iz awbazit dha hwtil albnk mkabl alfndk.

out aawt chardj / chardj He went out the door. hie wint aawt dha dwr chrdj albab.

outside aawtsajd chardj They are outside the house. dhei ar aawtsajd dha haus hm chardj house.

over awvar / abr The plane flew over the city. dha bljn flw awvar dha sitj tart altajra almdjna.

past bast / mtdjawzana We walked past the school. wj wwkt bast dha skoel msjjna mtdjawzjn almdrsa.

regarding rigardingh bchsws / fjma jtalk b I have a question regarding the plan. ai haf uh kwistsjan rigardingh dha blan ldj swal bchsws alchta.

round rawnd We walked round the park. wj wwkt rawnd dha bark msjjna alhdjka.

since sins mndh I have lived here since 2020. ai haf livd hjr sins tw thawzand toewintj aajsj hna mndh 2020.

through thrw abr / chlal We walked through the tunnel. wj wwkt thrw dha tanal msjjna abr alnfk.

throughout thrwaawt twal / djmja anhaa It rained throughout the day. it rjnd thrwaawt dha daj htl almtr twal todayj.

till til hta Wait till tomorrow. wjt til toemwrw antzr hta alghd.

to tw I went to school. ai wint tw skoel dhhbt almdrsa.

toward taward nhw He walked toward me. hie wwkt taward mie msja nhwj.

towards tawardz nhw She ran towards the door. shie ran tawardz dha dwr rkdt nhw albab.

under aandar The cat is under the table. dha kat iz aandar dha tjboel alkta de tafel.

underneath aandarnjth The bag is underneath the chair. dha bagh iz aandarnjth dha tsjjr alhkjba alkrsj.

unlike aanlajk bchlaf / aks Unlike him, I am quiet. aanlajk him ai am kwajit bchlafh ana hadj.

until aantil hta Stay here until Friday. stei hjr aantil frajdj abk hna hta meervouda.

up aab aala He walked up the stairs. hie wwkt aab dha stjrz sad aldrdj.

upon aabwn / and / foor Upon arrival, call me. aabwn arajval kwl mie and alwswl atsl bie.

via vaja / vja abr / trjk We traveled via Dubai. wj travald vaja doebaj safrna abr dbj.

with widh / bwasta I went with my brother. ai wint widh maj bradhar dhhbt achj.

within widhin dachl / ghdwn Finish it within an hour. finisj it widhin aan aawr anhih chlal saaa.

without widhawt bdwn He left without his phone. hie lift widhawt hiz fwn ghadr bdwn hatfh.

2. almrkba

hdhh abara akthr klma lknha taml kwhda wahda.

altabjr Arabic pronunciation meaning Arabic pronunciation translation

according to aakwrdingh tw wfkana l According to the report, sales increased. aakwrdingh tw dha rjbwrt sjlz inkrjst wfkana lltkrjr zadt almbjaat.

ahead of aahid aav amam / She arrived ahead of us. shie arajvd aahid aav aas wslt kblna.

along with aloong widh / genitive He came along with his brother. hie kjm aloong widh hiz bradhar djaa achjh.

apart from aabart fram bastthnaa / genitive Apart from John, everyone agreed. aabart fram djwn evrie wan aaghrjd bastthnaa djwn wafk aldjmja.

as for aaz foor ama balnsba As for me, I agree. aaz foor mj ai aaghrj ama balnsba lj fana awafk.

as of aaz aav aatbarana As of Monday, the rule applies. aaz aav mandaj dha rwl aaplajz aatbarana alathnjn tntbk .

as to aaz tw bsjan / fjma jtalk b There is uncertainty as to the cause. dhjr iz aansirtantj aaz tw dha kwz hnak adm jkjn bsjan alsbb.

because of bikwz aav bsbb We stayed home because of the rain. wj stjd hwm bikwz aav dha rjn bkjna house bsbb almtr.

by means of bai mjnz aav bwasta / trjk We solved it by means of a computer. wj swlvd it bai mjnz aav uh kambjwtr hllnah bwasta haswb.

by way of bai waj aav trjk / mrwrana b We went by way of London. wj wint bai waj aav landan dhhbna trjk lndn.

close to klws tw krjb The school is close to my house. dha skoel iz klws tw maj haus almdrsa krjba mnzlj.

due to djw tw bsbb The flight was delayed due to fog. dha flajt waz diljd djw tw fwgh tachrt alrhla bsbb aldbab.

except for iksbt foor bastthnaa Everyone came except for Mary. evrie wan kjm iksbt foor mjrj djaa aldjmja bastthnaa marj.

far from far fram bajd / ljs alitlak The answer is far from simple. dhj aansar iz far fram simboel alidjaba ljst bsjta alitlak.

in addition to in aadisjan tw genitive In addition to English, he studies Arabic. in aadisjan tw inghlisj hie stadijz aarabik genitive Engels jdrs .

in case of in kjs aav hala Call me in case of emergency. kwl mie in kjs aav iimjrdjinsj atsl bie hala altwarj.

in front of in frant aav amam The car is in front of the house. dha kaar iz in frant aav dha haus de auto amam house.

in place of in bljs aav bdlana Use this in place of sugar. jwz dhis in bljs aav sjwghar astchdm hdha bdlana alskr.

in spite of in sbajt aav rghm In spite of the rain, we left. in sbajt aav dha rjn wj lift rghm almtr ghadrna.

in terms of in tirmz aav hjth / fjma jtalk b In terms of price, it is cheap. in tirmz aav brajs it iz tsjjb hjth alsar inh rchjs.

instead of instid aav bdlana I drank tea instead of coffee. ai drank tj instid aav kwfj sjrbt alsjaj bdlana alkhwa.

next to nikst tw bdjanb Sit next to me. sit nikst tw mie adjls bdjanbj.

on account of awn aakawnt aav bsbb The match was canceled on account of rain. dha matsj waz kansald awn aakawnt aav rjn aoelghjt almbaraa bsbb almtr.

on behalf of awn bihaf aav njabaan I spoke on behalf of the team. ai sbwk awn bihaf aav dha tjm thdtht njabaan alfrjk.

on top of awn twb aav / genitive The keys are on top of the box. dha kiez ar awn twb aav dha bwks almfatjh alsndwk.

out of aawt aav chardj / He walked out of the room. hie wwkt aawt aav dha rwm chrdj alghrfa.

owing to awwingh tw bsbb The event was canceled owing to rain. dhj ivint waz kansald awwingh tw rjn aoelghj alhdth bsbb almtr.

prior to brajwr tw Prior to the meeting, we prepared. brajwr tw dha mjtingh wj brjbjrd aladjtmaa astaddna.

regardless of rigardlis aav bghd alnzr We will continue regardless of the cost. wj wil kantinjw rigardlis aav dha kwst snstmr bghd alnzr altklfa.

thanks to thanks tw bfdl Thanks to you, we succeeded. thanks tw jw wj saksjdid bfdlk ndjhna.

together with tagidhar widh / djanb She came together with her friends. shie kjm tagidhar widh hur frindz djaat asdkajha.

up to aab tw hta / Up to ten people can enter. aab tw tin bjboel kan intar jmkn lma jsl asjra asjchas aldchwl.

with regard to widh rigard tw fjma jtalk b With regard to your question, I agree. widh rigard tw jwr kwistsjan ai aaghrj fjma jtalk bswalk awafk.

with respect to widh risbikt tw fjma jtalk b With respect to this issue, we disagree. widh risbikt tw dhis isjw wj disaghrj fjma jtalk bhdhh almsala nchtlf.

3. tabjrat idafja taml khrwf djr

altabjr Arabic pronunciation meaning

by virtue of bai virtsjw aav bfdl / bhkm

by dint of bai dint aav bfdl / ntjdjaan l

by reason of bai rjzan aav bsbb

by courtesy of bai kirtasj aav bfdl / trjk

by order of bai awrdar aav bamr

by reference to bai rifarans tw balrdjwa

by means of bai mjnz aav bwasta

by way of bai waj aav trjk

in accordance with in aakwrdans widh wfkana l

in comparison with in kambarisan widh balmkarna

in connection with in kaniksjan widh fjma jtalk b

in contrast to in kwntrast tw alnkjd

in exchange for in ikstsjjndj foor mkabl

in favor of in fjvar aav lsalh

in lieu of in ljw aav bdlana

in relation to in riljsjn tw balnsba

in response to in risbwns tw rdana

in search of in sirtsj aav bhthana

in view of in vjw aav nzrana

on the basis of awn dha bjsis aav asas

on the grounds of awn dha ghrawndz aav asas / bsbb

with a view to widh uh vjw tw bhdf

with the exception of widh dhj iksbsjan aav bastthnaa

with the help of widh dha hilb aav bmsaada

with reference to widh rifarans tw balisjara / fjma jtalk b

4. alkdjma aw alnadra aw alrsmja

some words altalja tzhr akthr Engels alkdjma alkanwnja aladbja aw alrsmja:

word Arabic pronunciation meaning

abaft aabaft chlf / mwchra

alongside aloewnghsajd bdjanb

amidst aamidst wst

amongst aamangst

astride astrajd / mmttjana

athwart aathwwrt abr / bsjkl ardj

atop aatwb

barring baringh bastthnaa / ma lm

circa sirkaa hwalj

cum kam / bwsfh

ere ijr

notwithstanding nwtwidhstandingh rghm / balrghm

per bir lkl / bwasta

save siev bastthnaa

vis-à-vis wie-a-wie mkabl / fjma jtalk b

worth wirth bkjma / jsthk

:

Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.

nwtwidhstandingh dha difikaltjz wj kantinjwd.

rghm alsawbat waslna.

5. altj tabr almkan

jmkn tnzjm ahmha bhdhh altrjka:

alalaka

dachl in, inside, within

aldachl into

chardj out, outside

sth on

sth onto

above, over, atop, on top of

under, below, beneath, underneath

amam in front of, before

chlf behind

bdjanb beside, by, next to, alongside

athnjn between

mdjmwaa among, amongst

krjb near, close to

mkabl opposite, across from

around, round

abr across, through

twl along

batdjah toward, towards

bajdana away from, off

tdjawz past, beyond

6. llwkt

alalaka alzmnja

nkta zmnja mhdda at at 5 o'clock

jwm/tarjch on on Monday

sjhr/sna/ftra in in 2026

before, prior to, ahead of before lunch

after, following after work

athnaa during during the meeting

mndh since since Monday

lmda for for two hours

hta until, till until Friday

wkt wkt from … to from Monday to Friday

twal throughout throughout the year

bhlwl by by Friday

mwad mhdd by by 6 p.m.

ghdwn within within two hours

hwalj around, about around noon

wkt krjb near near midnight

7. llsbb walhdf

hrf /altabjr pronunciation meaning

because of bikwz aav bsbb

due to djw tw bsbb

owing to awwingh tw bsbb

on account of awn aakawnt aav bsbb

as a result of aaz uh rizalt aav ntjdjaan l

thanks to thanks tw bfdl

for foor adjl

for the sake of foor dha sjk aav adjl / sbjl

with a view to widh uh vjw tw bhdf

in order to in awrdar tw adjl an*

* in order to aadaan jtbaha fal wldhlk hie akrb tabjr ghrd kwnha hrf djr tkljdjana.

8. nkta mhma djdana: hrf + madha

alasasja:

Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing

brjpazisjan + nawn / brwnawn / wie-iingh

aj:

hrf djr + noun / / fal mnthj b -ing

noun

I am in the house.

ai am in dha haus.

ana house.

pronoun

This gift is for him.

dhis gift iz foor him.

hdhh alcadeau lh.

lahz:

for him ✅

for he ❌

lan pronoun hrf jkwn hala .

V-ing

She is good at cooking.

shie iz gwd et kwkingh.

hie djjda altbch.

He left without saying goodbye.

hie lift widhawt sajingh gwdbaj.

ghadr dwn an jkwl wdaaana.

9. alfrk ahm azwadj

di letter meaning alasasj

in dachl in the room

into hrka aldachl go into the room

on sth on the table

onto hrka alsth jump onto the table

at nkta/mkan mhdd at the station

to atdjah go to school

by bdjanb / bwasta / mwad by the door / by car / by Friday

with / bastchdam with him / with a knife

from from London

of alaka/mlkja the door of the house

for adjl / lsalh / mda for you / for two hours

since mndh nkta bdaja since Monday

during athnaa ftra during the meeting

until hta nhaja zmn until Friday

between athnjn between John and Mary

among mdjmwaa among friends

above aala above the table

over /abr over the bridge

below asfl below the line

under under the table

beside bdjanb beside me

besides genitive besides English

because of/cause of bsbb because of rain

despite rghm despite the rain

in spite of rghm in spite of the rain

aabwrd -> mtnaboard

11- determiners (DETERMINERS)

determiners alasasja

determiner Arabic pronunciation meaning balarbja full example Arabic pronunciation translation

a uh wahd / oen / mhdd I saw a dog. ai sw uh dwgh rajt klbana.

an aan wahd / oen / mhdd She ate an apple. shie ijt aan aaboel aklt tfaha.

the dha / dhj al / alsjja almarwf I saw the dog. ai sw dha dwgh rajt alklb.

this dhis hdha / hdhh This book is useful. dhis bwk iz joewsfoel dit boek mfjd.

that dhet dhlk / tlk That car is expensive. dhet kaar iz iksbinsiv tlk de auto ghalja.

these dhjz hwlaa / hdhh alasjjaa These books are new. dhjz bwks ar njw hdhh alktb djdjda.

those dhwz awljk / tlk alasjjaa Those houses are old. dhwz hawsiz ar awld tlk almnazl kdjma.

2. possessive determiners

tatj noun ltbjn sahb alsjja.

determiner Arabic pronunciation meaning

my maj j / chastj My book is here.

your jwr k / km Your car is outside.

his hiz h His house is big.

her hur ha Her bag is black.

its its h/ha lghjr alaakl The dog moved its tail.

our aawr na Our teacher is kind.

their dhjr hm Their house is beautiful.

mhm

my book = boekj

your car = sjartk

his phone = hatfh

her bag = hkjbtha

our house = mnzlna

their children = atfalhm

lkn:

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs ljst determiners andma tatj whdha bl hie dmajr mlkja mstkla:

This book is mine.

dhis bwk iz majn.

dit boek lj.

3. demonstrative determiners

determiner pronunciation telwoord almsafa

this dhis mfrd krjb this book

that dhet mfrd bajd that book

these dhjz djma krjb these books

those dhwz djma bajd those books

kaada

this + singular noun

this book

dhis bwk

dit boek

these + plural noun

these books

dhjz bwks

hdhh alktb

that + singular noun

that car

dhet kaar

tlk de auto

those + plural noun

those cars

dhwz karz

tlk alsjarat

4. quantifying determiners

hdhh thdd kmja noun.

determiner Arabic pronunciation meaning

some sam some I bought some books.

any iinj aj / some Do you have any questions?

no noe la / la jwdjd I have no money.

much matsj kthjr I don't have much time.

many minj kthjr She has many books.

little litoel kljl I have little time.

a little uh litoel kljl I have a little time.

few fjw kljl Few people came.

a few uh fjw bdaa / some I have a few questions.

enough inaf ma jkfj We have enough food.

more mwr almzjd I need more water.

less lis kmja akl I need less sugar.

fewer fjwar add akl We need fewer chairs.

all awl kl / djmja All students passed.

both bwth kla / alathnan Both students passed.

half haf nsf Half the class left.

most mwst mazm Most people agreed.

enough inaf kafin We have enough money.

5. mhddat alaadad

alaadad jmkn an taml kmhddat andma tatj mbasjra noun.

alaadad alaslja

telwoord Arabic pronunciation

one wan one book

two tw two books

three thrj three books

four foor four books

five fajf five books

six siks six books

seven sivin seven books

eight ijt eight books

nine najn nine books

ten tin ten books

hundred handrad a hundred books

thousand thawzand a thousand books

million miljan a million people

billion biljan a billion dollars

whkdha jmkn an tmtd alaadad aadad mhdwda.

6. quantifying determiners

twza alasjjaa afrad almdjmwaa.

determiner pronunciation meaning

each ijtsj kl wahd Each student has a book.

every evrie kl Every student passed.

either ijdhar / aajdhar aj wahd alathnjn Either answer is acceptable.

neither njdhar / najdhar la wahd alathnjn Neither answer is correct.

alfrk

each

Each student received a book.

ijtsj stjwdant risjvd uh bwk.

tlka kl talb boekana.

jrkz alafrad wahdana wahdana.

every

Every student received a book.

evrie stjwdant risjvd uh bwk.

tlka kl talb boekana.

jrkz almdjmwaa kkl.

7. interrogative determiners

tstchdm llswal noun.

determiner pronunciation meaning

what wat aj / ma What book do you want?

which witsj aj Which book do you want?

whose hwz liman / mlk man Whose book is this?

what kind of wat kajnd aav aj nwa What kind of car do you want?

which kind of witsj kajnd aav aj nwa Which kind of food do you prefer?

Which book do you want?

witsj bwk dw joe want

aj boek trjd

Whose car is this?

hwz kaar iz dhis

auto hdhh

8. indefinite determiners

hdhh tabr sjchs aw sjja mhdd.

determiner pronunciation meaning

a uh wahd / sjja mhdd

an aan wahd / sjja mhdd

some sam some

any iinj aj / some

no noe la / la jwdjd

another aanadhar aachr / wahd aachr

other aadhar aachr / achra

such satsj like/as hdha / like/as dhlk

9. another w other

hdhh mhma djdana.

another

another + singular countable noun

I need another book.

ai njd aanadhar bwk.

ahtadj book aachr.

other

other + plural noun

I need other books.

ai njd aadhar bwks.

ahtadj ktb achra.

the other

The other book is mine.

dhj aadhar bwk iz majn.

di book alaachr lj.

the other + plural

The other books are mine.

dhj aadhar bwks ar majn.

alktb alachra lj.

10. mhddat altakjd waltsjabh

such

such + a/an + adjective + singular noun

She is such a nice person.

shie iz satsj uh najs birsan.

inha sjchs ltjf djdana / inha sjchs ltjf hdha alhd.

plural:

such people

satsj bjboel

like/as hwlaa alnas.

wma nouns almadwda:

such good advice

satsj gwd aadfajs

like/as hdhh alnsjha aldjjda.

11. mhddat alkmja alkbjra aw alsjamla

determiner pronunciation meaning

all awl kl / djmja all students

both bwth kla both books

each ijtsj kl wahd each student

every evrie kl every student

either ijdhar aj wahd athnjn either book

neither njdhar la wahd athnjn neither book

enough inaf ma jkfj enough food

much matsj kmja kbjra much water

many minj add kbjr many books

most mwst mazm most people

more mwr almzjd more time

less lis kmja akl less water

fewer fjwar add akl fewer people

half haf nsf half the money

plenty of blintj aav alkthjr plenty of food

a lot of uh lwt aav alkthjr a lot of people

lots of lwts aav alkthjr lots of books

12. tabjrat kmja taml kmhddat

hnak tabjrat kthjra djdana jmknha thdjd noun:

altabjr Arabic pronunciation meaning

a lot of uh lwt aav alkthjr

lots of lwts aav alkthjr

plenty of blintj aav alkthjr / wfra

a number of uh nambar aav add

a great number of uh ghrjt nambar aav add kbjr

a large number of uh lardj nambar aav add kbjr

a small number of uh smwl nambar aav add kljl

a great deal of uh ghrjt djl aav kdr kbjr

a large amount of uh lardj aamawnt aav kmja kbjra

a small amount of uh smwl aamawnt aav kmja sghjra

a majority of uh madjwritj aav aghlbja

a minority of uh majnwritj aav aklja

a pair of uh bjr aav zwdj

a couple of uh kaboel aav athnan / bdaa

a range of uh rjndj aav mdjmwaa / ntak

a variety of uh varajatj aav mdjmwaa mtnwaa

a series of uh sjrjz aav slsla

a set of uh sit aav mdjmwaa

a group of uh ghrwb aav mdjmwaa

a number of uh nambar aav add

:

A lot of students study English.

uh lwt aav stjwdants stadj inghlisj.

kthjr studenten jdrswn Engels.

13. mhddat aladjzaa walkswr

determiner pronunciation meaning

half haf nsf

a half uh haf nsf

quarter kwwrtar rba

a quarter uh kwwrtar rba

third third thlth

a third uh third thlth

two-thirds tw thirdz althlthan

three-quarters thrj kwwrtarz thlatha arbaa

part of bart aav djza

most of mwst aav mazm

some of sam aav some

all of awl aav kl / djmja

none of nan aav la sjja / la ahd

azoalsa:

Half the students left.

haf dha stjwdants lift.

ghadr nsf studenten.

Most of the students passed.

mwst aav dha stjwdants bast.

ndjh mazm studenten.

14. none w neither

none

tstchdm mdjmwaa akbr athnjn:

None of the students came.

nan aav dha stjwdants kjm.

lm jati ajoen studenten.

neither

tstchdm athnjn:

Neither student came.

njdhar stjwdant kjm.

lm jati ajoen studentjn.

either

aj wahd athnjn:

Either student can help you.

ijdhar stjwdant kan hilb joe.

jmkn lajin studentjn msaadtk.

15. mhddat negation

determiner pronunciation meaning

no noe la / la jwdjd no money

neither njdhar la wahd alathnjn neither student

no other noe aadhar la sjja/sjchs aachr no other option

not a noet uh ljs aj not a single person

not any noet iinj ljs aj not any books

:

No student was absent.

noe stjwdant waz absint.

lm jkn aj talb ghajbana.

16. useful determiners that are not always definite determiners

some words jmkn an taml kmhddat bhsb mwkaha wastamalha.

word pronunciation andma tkwn mhddana

certain sirtan certain people = asjchas majnwn

certain sirtan a certain person = sjchs majn

particular bartikjwlar a particular reason = sbb majn

specific sbisifik a specific case = hala mhdda

given givin given circumstances = alzrwf almataa

same sjm the same person = nfs person

next nikst next week = alasbwa alkadm

last last last year = alsna almadja

previous brjvjas previous examples = alazoalsa alsabka

following fwlwwingh the following day = today altalj

certain sirtan certain circumstances = zrwf majna

various vjrijas various reasons = asbab mchtlfa

numerous njwmaras numerous examples = azoalsa adjda

countless kaawntlis countless possibilities = ahtmalat la hsr lha

different difrant different ideas = afkar mchtlfa

same sjm the same answer = nfs alidjaba

17. words like next w last

hdhh mhma lan manaha jtghjr hsb wdjwd the.

next week

I will travel next week.

ai wil travoel nikst wjk.

sasafr alasbwa alkadm.

the next week

tanj alasbwa altalj balnsba wkt aw hdth mhdd.

The next week was very busy.

dha nikst wjk waz virj bizj.

kan alasbwa altalj msjghwlana djdana.

nfs alfkra :

last year = alaam almadj

the last year = alsna alachjra / aachr sna

18. compound determiners dhet meaning altwzjaj

determiner pronunciation meaning

each and every ijtsj aand evrie kl wahd wkl

every single evrie singhoel kl wahd hda

each individual ijtsj individjoewal kl frd

any given iinj givin aj majn / mftrd

a certain uh sirtan sjchs/sjja majn

one particular wan bartikjwlar wahd majn

the whole dha hwl kaml / bakmlh

the entire dhj intajr kaml

the total dha twtal alidjmalj / alkaml

examples:

Every single student passed.

evrie singhoel stjwdant bast.

ndjh kl talb dwn astthnaa.

The entire class left.

dhj intajr klas lift.

ghadr alsf bakmlh.

19. whole w entire

klahma janj tkrjbana kaml / bakmlh.

the whole + noun

I read the whole book.

ai rid dha hwl bwk.

krat di book kamlana.

the entire + noun

I read the entire book.

ai rid dhj intajr bwk.

krat di book bakmlh.

20. determiners chasa bpossession walthdjd

hnak ajdana trakjb like/as:

determiner pronunciation meaning

John's djwnz alchas bdjwn

Mary's mjrjz alchas bmarj

the man's dha manz alchas balrdjl

the students' dha stjwdants alchas bstudents

:

John's car is new.

djwnz kaar iz njw.

Johns auto djdjda.

hna John's jaml kmhdd mlkja.

21. order determiners

la jmkn aadaan wda kl determiners asjwajjana.

like this:

the three old books

dha thrj awld bwks

alktb althlatha alkdjma.

wljs:

❌ three the books

trtjb sjaja

determiner alasasj + telwoord/alkmja + adjective + noun

:

the two beautiful houses

dha tw bjwtifoel hawsiz

housean aldjmjlan.

22. hl jmkn astchdam mhddjn maana

ahjanana nam lkn ljs kl mhddjn.

❌ a the book

la nkwl:

❌ a the book

❌ this my book

English alkjasja la nkwl aada:

❌ this my book

bl:

this book of mine

dhis bwk aav majn

dit boek lj.

lkn twdjd trakjb like/as:

all my books

awl maj bwks

kl ktbj.

hna:

all + my + books

w:

both my parents

bwth maj bjrants

kla waldj.

w:

half the money

haf dha manj

nsf almal.

23. determiners nouns countable wghjr countable

noun countable singular

jmkn astchdam:

a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another

like this:

a book

uh bwk

book

this book

dhis bwk

dit book

every book

evrie bwk

kl book

noun countable plural

jmkn astchdam:

the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer

:

many books

minj bwks

veel boeken.

noun uncountable

jmkn astchdam:

the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most

:

much water

matsj wwtr

kmja kbjra almaa.

24. several

several determiners almhma.

Several students came.

sivral stjwdants kjm.

djaa ada tlab.

meaning tkrjbana:

ada / akthr athnjn wlkn ljs addana kbjrana djdana.

25. certain / various / numerous

word pronunciation meaning

certain sirtan some / majn certain people

various vjrijas mchtlf / mtnwa various reasons

numerous njwmaras kthjr / adjd numerous examples

countless kaawntlis la hsr lh countless opportunities

several sivral ada several books

different difrant mchtlf different ideas

12- djml voorwaarde (IF CONDITIONAL)

type inna Arabic grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di English form /meaning

condition alsfrj If + almdara albsjt almdara albsjt if + brizint brizint hkjka aama / aada

condition alawl If + almdara albsjt will + main verb V1 if + brizint wil + wie wan ahtmal mstkblj

condition althanj If + almadj albsjt would + main verb V1 if + bast woed + wie wan aftrad alhadr/almstkbl

condition althalth If + almadj altam would have + altsrjf althalth V3 if + bast birfikt woed haf + wie thrj madin aftradj / sjja lm jhdth

condition almchtlt alawl If + almadj altam would + main verb V1 if + bast birfikt woed + wie wan almadj → alhadr

condition almchtlt althanj If + almadj albsjt would have + altsrjf althalth V3 if + bast woed haf + wie thrj alhadr → almadj

type pronunciation grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di example meaning balarbja

Would Simple would + V1 woed + wie wan I would eat. ai woed ijt kntoe sakl / sakl loo...

Would Continuous would be + V-ing woed bie + wie-iingh I would be eating. ai woed bie ijtingh kntoe sakwn aaklana / sakwn aaklana loo...

Would Perfect would have + V3 woed haf + wie thrj I would have eaten. ai woed haf ijtin lkntoe kd aklt / kntoe sakwn kd aklt

Would Perfect Continuous would have been + V-ing woed haf bijn + wie-iingh I would have been eating. ai woed haf bijn ijtingh lkntoe akwn kd zlltoe aakl / kntoe sakwn kd knt aakl

djmja pronouns

pronoun Would + V1 Would be + V-ing Would have + V3 Would have been + V-ing

I I would eat. I would be eating. I would have eaten. I would have been eating.

You You would eat. You would be eating. You would have eaten. You would have been eating.

He He would eat. He would be eating. He would have eaten. He would have been eating.

She She would eat. She would be eating. She would have eaten. She would have been eating.

It It would eat. It would be eating. It would have eaten. It would have been eating.

We We would eat. We would be eating. We would have eaten. We would have been eating.

They They would eat. They would be eating. They would have eaten. They would have been eating.

djmja sjgh Would Negative – Active

type grammatical formation inna Arabic pronunciation grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di example meaning balarbja

almdara/albsjt alaftradj would not + main verb V1 woed nat + wie wan I would not eat. ai woed nat ijt ln aakl / ma kntoe sakl

almstmr alaftradj would not be + main verb -ing V-ing woed nat bie + wie-iingh I would not be eating. ai woed nat bie ijtingh ln akwn aaklana

altam alaftradj would not have + altsrjf althalth V3 woed nat haf + wie thrj I would not have eaten. ai woed nat haf ijtin lm akn lakwn kd aklt

altam almstmr alaftradj would not have been + main verb -ing V-ing woed nat haf bijn + wie-iingh I would not have been eating. ai woed nat haf bijn ijtingh lm akn lakwn kd zllt aakl

djmja pronouns

pronoun Would not + V1 Would not be + V-ing Would not have + V3 Would not have been + V-ing

I I would not eat. I would not be eating. I would not have eaten. I would not have been eating.

You You would not eat. You would not be eating. You would not have eaten. You would not have been eating.

He He would not eat. He would not be eating. He would not have eaten. He would not have been eating.

She She would not eat. She would not be eating. She would not have eaten. She would not have been eating.

It It would not eat. It would not be eating. It would not have eaten. It would not have been eating.

We We would not eat. We would not be eating. We would not have eaten. We would not have been eating.

They They would not eat. They would not be eating. They would not have eaten. They would not have been eating.

alachtsar

alkaml almchtsr Arabic pronunciation

would not + V1 wouldn't + V1 woedant + wie wan

would not be + V-ing wouldn't be + V-ing woedant bie + wie-iingh

would not have + V3 wouldn't have + V3 woedant haf + wie thrj

would not have been + V-ing wouldn't have been + V-ing woedant haf bijn + wie-iingh

djmja sjgh Would Passive

type grammatical formation inna Arabic pronunciation grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di example meaning balarbja

albsjt would be + altsrjf althalth V3 woed bie + wie thrj The book would be read. dha boek woed bie ried kan almmkn an joekra het book / sjoekra het book aftradjana

almstmr would be being + altsrjf althalth V3 woed bie bjjngh + wie thrj The book would be being read. dha boek woed bie bjjngh ried kan almmkn an jkwn het book kjd alkraaa

altam would have been + altsrjf althalth V3 woed haf bijn + wie thrj The book would have been read. dha boek woed haf bijn ried lkan het book kd koerj

altam almstmr would have been being + altsrjf althalth V3 woed haf bijn bjjngh + wie thrj The book would have been being read. dha boek woed haf bijn bjjngh ried lkan het book kd zl kjd alkraaa

djmja pronouns

pronoun Would Passive Simple Would Passive Continuous Would Passive Perfect Would Passive Perfect Continuous

I I would be seen. I would be being seen. I would have been seen. I would have been being seen.

You You would be seen. You would be being seen. You would have been seen. You would have been being seen.

He He would be seen. He would be being seen. He would have been seen. He would have been being seen.

She She would be seen. She would be being seen. She would have been seen. She would have been being seen.

It It would be seen. It would be being seen. It would have been seen. It would have been being seen.

We We would be seen. We would be being seen. We would have been seen. We would have been being seen.

They They would be seen. They would be being seen. They would have been seen. They would have been being seen.

negation — Would Passive Negative

type grammatical formation inna Arabic Arabic pronunciation of di example meaning balarbja

albsjt would not be + V3 The book would not be read. dha boek woed nat bie ried ln joekra het book / ma kan ljoekra

almstmr would not be being + V3 The book would not be being read. dha boek woed nat bie bjjngh ried ln jkwn het book kjd alkraaa

altam would not have been + V3 The book would not have been read. dha boek woed nat haf bijn ried lma kan het book kd koerj

altam almstmr would not have been being + V3 The book would not have been being read. dha boek woed nat haf bijn bjjngh ried lma kan het book kd zl kjd alkraaa

. words alasasja llsjrt

word / altabjr English pronunciation balarbja meaning balarbja alastchdam

if if idha / in adaa condition alasasja

if not if nat idha lm / in lm nfj condition

unless aanlis ma lm / ila idha tanj tkrjbana if ... not

when win andma / idha llsjrt almtwka aw almtkrr

whenever winivar klma / mta ma sjrt mtkrr

even if ijvin if hta loo condition la jghjr alntjdja

only if awnlj if fkt idha sjrt drwrj

if and only if if and awnlj if idha wfkt idha sjrt lazm wkafin

as long as aaz lwngh aaz talma / bsjrt an sjrt

so long as sw lwngh aaz talma / bsjrt an like as long as

provided that bravajdid dhet bsjrt an sjrt rsmj

providing that bravajdingh dhet bsjrt an sjrt

on condition that awn kandisjan dhet bsjrt an sjrt rsmj

in case in kjs hal / thsbana lan ahtjat wljs dajmana msawjana l if

in the event that in dhj ivint dhet hal an rsmj

assuming that aaswmingh dhet baftrad an aftrad

supposing that sabwwzingh dhet baftrad an aftrad

suppose sabwwz aftrd an / madha loo tkdjm aftradj

what if wat if madha loo swal ahtmal

if only if awnlj ljt / loo fkt tmnin aw ndm

even though ijvin dhw rghm an ljst adaa sjrt lltbajn

whether widhar swaa ahtmalan / chjaran

when wn lama

only when awnlj wn fkt loo

13- almkarna waltfdjl (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)

mkarna ksjra adjective + -er + than edzjektief + iir + dhan taller than toeler dhan

tfdjl ksjr the + adjective + -est dha + edzjektief + iist the tallest dha twlist

mkarna twjla more + adjective + than mwr + edzjektief + dhan more beautiful than mwr bjwtifoel dhan

tfdjl twjl the most + adjective dha mwst + edzjektief the most beautiful dha mwst bjwtifoel

mkarna balnks less + adjective + than lis + edzjektief + dhan less expensive than lis iksbinsiv dhan

tfdjl balnks the least + adjective dha ljst + edzjektief the least expensive dha ljst iksbinsiv

msawaa as + adjective + as aaz + edzjektief + aaz as tall as aaz twl aaz

adm msawaa not as + adjective + as nat aaz + edzjektief + aaz not as tall as nat aaz twl aaz

msawaa adjective + as aaz + edzjektief tall as aaz twl

adm msawaa not + adjective + as nat + edzjektief + aaz not tall as nat twl aaz

mkarna kwja much/far/a lot + almkarna matsj/far/uh lwt + kambarativ much better matsj bitar

mkarna bsjta a little/slightly + almkarna uh litoel/slajtlj + kambarativ slightly better slajtlj bitar

tzajd tdrjdjj almkarna + and + almkarna kambarativ + and + kambarativ bigger and bigger bighar and bighar

mkarna mzdwdja the + almkarna the + almkarna dha + kambarativ dha + kambarativ the more, the better dha mwr dha bitar

alafdl dmn mdjmwaa the + altfdjl + in/of dha + swbarlativ + in/aav the best in the class dha bist in dha klas

wahd alafdl one of the + altfdjl + noun djma wan aav dha + swbarlativ + blwral nawn one of the best students wan aav dha bist stwdants

tfdjl kwj by far + the + altfdjl bai far + dha swbarlativ by far the best bai far dha bist

mkarna alafaal main verb + more/less wurb + mwr/lis work more wirk mwr

mkarna nouns almadwda more/fewer + noun djma mwr/fjwar + blwral nawn more books / fewer books mwr boeks / fjwar boeks

mkarna nouns almadwda more/less + noun madwd mwr/lis + aankawntaboel nawn more water / less water mwr wwtr / lis wwtr

mkarna alkmja more/less + noun mwr/lis + nawn more money mwr manj

mkarna telwoord more/fewer + noun djma mwr/fjwar + blwral nawn more people mwr bjboel

daf alkmja twice as much as twajs aaz matsj aaz twice as much money twajs aaz matsj manj

daf telwoord twice as many as twajs aaz minj aaz twice as many books twajs aaz minj boeks

I am as tall as him aj am as tal as him ana twjl khw

mta nstchdm -er wmta nstchdm more

hdhh nkta mhma djdana.

naamval nstchdm alpronunciation meaning

sfa ksjra ghalbana mkta swtj wahd -er taller toeler atwl

sfa ksjra ghalbana mkta wahd -er smaller smwlar asghr

sfa mnthja b -y -er tghjjr y → i happier habjar asad

sfa mnthja b -e -r larger lardjar akbr

sfa twjla ghalbana mktajn aw akthr more more beautiful mwr bjwtifoel akthr djmalana

sfa twjla more more expensive mwr iksbinsiv aghla

sfa twjla more more interesting mwr intaristingh akthr ithara llahtmam

15- djml alwsl (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

type inna Arabic adwat/tkwjn sjaja balarbja pronunciation alsjaja balarbja example Arabic pronunciation of di example Patois translation

djmla sla mhdda who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why hw / hwm / hwz / witsj / dhet / wijr / win / waj The man who lives here is my teacher. dha man hw livz hjr iz maj tjtsjar alrdjl aldhj jajsj hna hw malmj.

djmla sla mhdda who / whom / whose / which / where / when hw / hwm / hwz / witsj / wijr / win My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. maj bradhar hw livz in landan iz uh doektar achj aldhj jajsj lndn tbjb.

djmla sla llsubject who/which/that + verb hw / witsj / dhet + dha firb The woman who works here is friendly. dha woeman hw wirks hjr iz frindlj almraa altj taml hna wdwda.

djmla sla llmfawl who/whom/which/that + subject + verb hw / hwm / witsj / dhet + dha subdzjekt + dha firb The man whom I met was kind. dha man hwm ai met waz kajnd alrdjl aldhj kablth kan ltjfana.

djmla sla mhdhwfa aladaa noun + subject + verb dha nawn + dha subdzjekt + dha firb The book I bought is interesting. dha boek ai bwt iz intaristingh het book aldhj asjtrjth mmta.

djmla sla llmlkja whose + noun hwz + dha nawn The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. dha ghirl hwz fadhar iz uh doektar iz maj frind alftaa altj waldha tbjb hie sdjktj.

djmla sla llmkan where + sentence wijr + dha klwz This is the house where I grew up. dhis iz dha haus wijr ai ghrw aab hdha hw house aldhj nsjat fjh.

djmla sla llzman when + sentence win + dha klwz I remember the day when we met. ai rimimbr dha daj win wj met atdhkr today aldhj altkjna fjh.

djmla sla llsbb why + sentence waj + dha klwz I know the reason why he left. ai noe dha rjzan waj hie lift aarf alsbb aldhj djalh jghadr.

djmla sla hrf djr hrf + whom/which dha bribazisjan + hwm / witsj The person to whom I spoke was helpful. dha birsan tw hwm ai sbwk waz hilbfoel persoon aldhj thdtht iljh kan mtaawnana.

djmla sla mchtsra V-ing noun + V-ing dha nawn + wie iingh The man standing there is my brother. dha man standingh dhjr iz maj bradhar alrdjl alwakf hnak hw achj.

djmla sla mchtsra V3 noun + V3 dha nawn + wie thrj The documents signed yesterday are important. dha dwkjwmints sajnd jistrdaj ar imbwrtant alwthajk almwkaa ams mhma.

djmla sla binfinitief noun + to + V1 dha nawn + tw + wie wan She was the first person to arrive. shie waz dha first birsan tw aarajv kent awl sjchs jsl.

djmla sla mrkba whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however hwivar / woetivar / witsjivar / wijrivar / winivar / hawivar Take whatever you want. tjk woetivar joe want chdh aj sjja trjdh.

djmla sla tsjjr djmla kamla , which + sentence witsj + dha klwz He missed the bus, which made him late. hie mist dha bas witsj mjd him ljt lkd fath albas whdha djalh mtachrana.

djmla sla nounja what / whatever / whoever / whichever woet / woetivar / hwivar / witsjivar I know what you mean. ai noe woet joe mjn aarf ma tanjh.

djmla sla mtdachla djmla sla dachl djmla sla rilativ klwz iinsajd rilativ klwz The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. dha man hw livz in dha haus dhet ai bwt iz maj njbr alrdjl aldhj jajsj house aldhj asjtrjth hw djarj.

16- indirecte rede walklam (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)

type inna Arabic alsjaja pronunciation grammatical formation inna Arabic example indirecte rede translation

djmla chbrja mthbta said (that) + sentence sid (dhet) + dha klwz He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. kal inh kan mtabana.

djmla chbrja mnfja said (that) + subject + not + verb sid (dhet) + dha subdzjekt + nat + dha firb He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. kal inh lm jkn mtabana.

ja/nee-vraag asked if/whether + sentence aaskt iif/widhar + dha klwz He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. salnj in knt mstadana.

swal badaa astfham asked + adaa alastfham + sentence aaskt + kwistsjan wird + dha klwz He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. salnj ajn aajsj.

amr mthbt told + + to + V1 twld + dha aoebdjikt + tw + wie wan He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. tlb mnj an afth albab.

amr mnfj told + + not to + V1 twld + dha aoebdjikt + nat tw + wie wan He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. tlb mnj ala afth albab.

tlb asked + + to + V1 aaskt + dha aoebdjikt + tw + wie wan She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. tlbt mnj an asaadha.

tlb mnfj asked + + not to + V1 aaskt + dha aoebdjikt + nat tw + wie wan She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. tlbt mnj ala aghadr.

nsjha advised + + to + V1 aadvajzd + dha aoebdjikt + tw + wie wan He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. nshnj an adrs bdjdja akbr.

nsjha mnfja advised + + not to + V1 aadvajzd + dha aoebdjikt + nat tw + wie wan He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. nshnj ala akwd bsraa.

aktrah suggested + V-ing sadjistid + wie iingh He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. aktrh aldhhab.

aktrah b that suggested that + subject + should + V1 sadjistid dhet + dha subdzjekt + sjoed + wie wan He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. aktrh an ndhhb.

wad promised + to + V1 bramist + tw + wie wan He said, “I will help you.” He promised to help me. wad an jsaadnj.

rfd refused + to + V1 rifjwzd + tw + wie wan He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. rfd an jdhhb.

ard offered + to + V1 awfard + tw + wie wan He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. ard an jsaadnj.

thdhjr warned + + to + V1 wwrnd + dha aoebdjikt + tw + wie wan He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. hdhrnj an akwn hdhrana.

thdhjr mnfj warned + + not to + V1 wwrnd + dha aoebdjikt + nat tw + wie wan He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. hdhrnj lmsh.

aatdhar apologized for + V-ing aabaladjajzd foor + wie iingh He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. aatdhr alkdhb.

ikrar/aatraf admitted + V-ing aadmitid + wie iingh He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. aatrf banh ksrh.

inkar denied + V-ing dinajd + wie iingh He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. ankr anh ksrh.

atham accused + + of + V-ing aakjwzd + dha aoebdjikt + aav + wie iingh He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. athmnj bsrkth.

lwm blamed + + for + V-ing bljmd + dha aoebdjikt + foor + wie iingh He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. lamnj altsbb almsjkla.

thnja congratulated + + on + V-ing/noun kangratsjoeljtid + dha aoebdjikt + awn + wie iingh/nawn He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. hnanj alfwz.

thwjl alazmna Reported Speech

andma jkwn fal alnkl almadj ghalbana jhdth Backshift aj rdjwa chtwa almadj:

indirecte rede pronunciation aldjza

Present Simple Past Simple bast simboel

Present Continuous Past Continuous bast kantinjoewas

Present Perfect Past Perfect bast birfikt

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous bast birfikt kantinjoewas

Past Simple Past Perfect bast birfikt

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous bast birfikt kantinjoewas

Past Perfect Past Perfect bast birfikt

will + V1 would + V1 woed + wie wan

will be + V-ing would be + V-ing woed bie + wie iingh

will have + V3 would have + V3 woed haf + wie thrj

can + V1 could + V1 koed + wie wan

may + V1 might + V1 majt + wie wan

must + V1 had to + V1 had tw + wie wan

3. azoalsa Backshift

translation

He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. kal inh jaml hnak.

He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. kal inh kan jaml.

He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. kal inh kan kd antha.

He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. kal inh kan kd antha.

He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. kal inh kan najmana.

He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. kal inh sjatj.

He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. kal inh jsttja alsbaha.

He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. kal inh kd jatj.

4. thwjl pronouns

indirecte rede

I he / she

me him / her

my his / her

mine his / hers

we they

us them

our their

ours theirs

you I / we / he / she / they hsb alsjak

your my / our / his / her / their hsb alsjak

:

Direct: She said, “I love my house.”

Reported: She said that she loved her house.

pronunciation: shie sid dhet shie lavd hur haus.

translation: kalt inha thb mnzlha.

5. thwjl klmat alzman walmkan

indirecte rede

now then

today that day

tonight that night

yesterday the day before / the previous day

tomorrow the next day / the following day

last week the previous week

next week the following week

ago before

here there

this that

these those

17- almmsadr wnoun verbja (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)

type inna Arabic almstlh alindjljzj English pronunciation balarbja pronunciation meaning/alastchdam

infinitive to to-infinitive tw iinfinitiv to + V1 tw + wie wan an jfal

infinitive bdwn to bare infinitive bijr iinfinitiv V1 wie wan main verb bdwn to

-ing knoun gerund djirand V-ing wie iingh alkjam bverb / fal alsjja

infinitive altam perfect infinitive birfikt iinfinitiv to have + V3 tw haf + wie thrj an jkwn kd fal

infinitive almstmr continuous infinitive kantinjoewas iinfinitiv to be + V-ing tw bie + wie iingh an jkwn jfal

infinitive altam almstmr perfect continuous infinitive birfikt kantinjoewas iinfinitiv to have been + V-ing tw haf bijn + wie iingh an jkwn kd zl jfal

infinitive almbnj llmdjhwl passive infinitive basiv iinfinitiv to be + V3 tw bie + wie thrj an jtm falh

infinitive altam almbnj llmdjhwl perfect passive infinitive birfikt basiv iinfinitiv to have been + V3 tw haf bijn + wie thrj an jkwn kd tm falh

# type grammatical formation inna Arabic pronunciation grammatical formation inna Arabic example Arabic pronunciation of di example Patois translation

1 Adjective + V-ing subject + be + adjective + fal + ing + bh dha subdzjekt + bie + edzjektief + fal + ingh + ubdzjekt I am happy seeing you. ai am habj sjjngh joe ana sajd brwjtk

2 Adjective + to-infinitive subject + be + adjective + to + V1 + bh dha subdzjekt + bie + edzjektief + tw + wie wan + ubdzjekt I am happy to see you. ai am habj tw sj joe ana sajd lrwjtk

3 Verb + to-infinitive subject + plan + to + V1 dha subdzjekt + blan + tw + wie wan I plan to eat. ai blan tw ijt achtt llakl

4 Verb + V-ing subject + plan + fal + ing dha subdzjekt + blan + fal + ingh I plan eating. ai blan ijtingh achtt llakl lkn hdhh alsjgha tbjaja aadaan

5 Perception verb + object + V1 subject + see + bh + V1 dha subdzjekt + sj + ubdzjekt + wie wan I see him run. ai sj him ran arah jrkd

6 Perception verb + object + V-ing subject + see + bh + fal + ing dha subdzjekt + sj + ubdzjekt + fal + ingh I see him running. ai sj him raningh arah whw jrkd

7 Purpose + to-infinitive subject + verb + to + V1 dha subdzjekt + dha vjrb + tw + wie wan I eat to play. ai ijt tw blaj aakl lkj alab

8 Purpose + in order to subject + verb + in order to + V1 dha subdzjekt + dha vjrb + in awrdr tw + wie wan I eat in order to play. ai ijt in awrdr tw blaj aakl lkj alab / aakl adjl an alab

18- condition waltlb (SUBJUNCTIVE)

type grammatical formation inna Arabic pronunciation grammatical formation inna Arabic example Arabic pronunciation of di example translation

1 Present Subjunctive subject + that + main verb V1 dha subdzjekt + dhet + main verb wie wan I suggest that he go. ai sadjist dhet hie ghw aktrh an jdhhb

2 Negative Present Subjunctive subject + that + not + main verb V1 dha subdzjekt + dhet + noet + main verb wie wan I suggest that he not go. ai sadjist dhet hie noet ghw aktrh ala jdhhb

3 Be Subjunctive subject + that + be + adjective/noun dha subdzjekt + dhet + bie + aaddjikt/nawn It is important that he be ready. it iz imbwrtant dhet hie bie redie almhm an jkwn mstadana

4 After demand/recommendation subject + that + subject + V1 dha subdzjekt + dhet + dha subdzjekt + wie wan They demanded that she leave. dhei demandid dhet shie lief talbwa ban tghadr

5 After insist subject + that + subject + V1 dha subdzjekt + dhet + dha subdzjekt + wie wan I insist that he stay. ai insist dhet hie stei asr an jbka

6 After require subject + that + subject + V1 dha subdzjekt + dhet + dha subdzjekt + wie wan The law requires that everyone be present. dha loo rikwaairs dhet evrie wan bie prezent jttlb alkanwn an jkwn aldjmja hadrjn

7 Were Subjunctive If + subject + were + ... if + dha subdzjekt + wur + ... If I were you, I would wait. if ai wur jw ai woed wiet loo knt mkank lantzrt

8 Wish + were subject + wish + subject + were + ... dha subdzjekt + wiesh + dha subdzjekt + wur + ... I wish I were taller. ai wiesh ai wur toeler atmna loo knt atwl

9 Formal hypothetical inversion Were + subject + ... wur + dha subdzjekt + ... Were I you, I would wait. wur ai jw ai woed wiet loo knt mkank lantzrt

10 Fixed/formal expression God/Heaven + V1 gad/heven + wie wan God save the King. gad siev dha king hfz allh almlk

19- (TAG QUESTIONS)

type Arabic pronunciation of di English form full example Arabic pronunciation of di example Patois translation

Tag Question — mthbt djmla mthbta + auxiliary negative + subject? djmla mthbta + auksiljeri niegetief + dha subdzjekt You are ready, aren't you? joe ar ridj aarnt joew ant mstad aljs kdhlk

Tag Question — mnfj djmla mnfja + auxiliary positive + subject? djmla mnfja + auksiljeri poozitief + dha subdzjekt You aren't ready, are you? joe aarnt ridj ar joew ant lst mstadana aljs kdhlk

Present Simple djmla + don't/doesn't + subject? djmla + dwnt/dazint + dha subdzjekt She works here, doesn't she? shie wirks hjr dazint sjj hie taml hna aljs kdhlk

Past Simple djmla + didn't/did + subject? djmla + didint/did + dha subdzjekt You saw him, didn't you? joe sw him didint joew rajth aljs kdhlk

Be djmla + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + subject? djmla + izint/aarnt/wazint/wirnt + dha subdzjekt He is here, isn't he? hie iz hjr izint hj hw hna aljs kdhlk

Present Continuous djmla + isn't/aren't + subject? djmla + izint/aarnt + dha subdzjekt She is working, isn't she? shie iz wirkingh izint sjj hie taml aljs kdhlk

Present Perfect djmla + hasn't/haven't + subject? djmla + hazint/havint + dha subdzjekt They have finished, haven't they? dhei hav finisjt havint dhaj lkd anthwa aljs kdhlk

Past Perfect djmla + hadn't + subject? djmla + hadint + dha subdzjekt He had left, hadn't he? hie had lift hadint hj kan kd ghadr aljs kdhlk

Future — will djmla + won't + subject? djmla + woont + dha subdzjekt You will come, won't you? joe wil kam woont joew statj aljs kdhlk

Modal djmla + modal negative + subject? djmla + moodal niegetief + dha subdzjekt He can swim, can't he? hie kan swim kent hj jsttja alsbaha aljs kdhlk

Let's Let's + V1, shall we? lits + wie wan sjal wj Let's go, shall we? lits ghw sjal wj lndhhb aljs kdhlk

Imperative V1 + will you? wie wan + wil joew Open the door, will you? awbin dha dwr wil joew afth albab hsnana

Negative Question — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + subject + V1? dwnt/dazint + dha subdzjekt + wie wan Don't you like coffee? dwnt joe lajk kwfj ala thb alkhwa

Negative Question — Past Simple Didn't + subject + V1? didint + dha subdzjekt + wie wan Didn't you see him? didint joe sj him alm trh

Negative Question — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + subject...? izint/aarnt/wazint/wirnt + dha subdzjekt Isn't he ready? izint hie ridj aljs mstadana

Negative Question — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + subject + fal + ing? izint/aarnt + dha subdzjekt + fal + ingh Isn't she working? izint shie wirkingh ala taml

Negative Question — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + subject + V3? havint/hazint + dha subdzjekt + wie thrj Haven't you finished? havint joe finisjt alm tnthi

Negative Question — Future Won't + subject + V1? woont + dha subdzjekt + wie wan Won't you come with us? woont joe kam widh aas ala tatj mana

Negative Question — Modal Modal negative + subject + V1? moodal niegetief + dha subdzjekt + wie wan Can't you help me? kent joe hilb mj ala tsttja msaadtj

Full Negative Question Auxiliary + subject + not + V1...? auksiljeri + dha subdzjekt + noet + wie wan Do you not know? dw joe noet nw ala tarf

I am — Tag I am + ..., aren't I? ai am + ... aarnt aaj I am right, aren't I? ai am rajt aarnt aaj ana hk aljs kdhlk

alasasja

djmla mthbta → Tag mnfj You like it, don't you?

djmla mnfja → Tag mthbt You don't like it, do you?

Negative Question = swal mnfj Don't you like it?

Tag Question = djmla + swal ksjr alnhaja You like it, don't you?

idha woedjd auxiliary zin nstchdmh al Tag She is working, isn't she?

idha lm jwdjd auxiliary Present/Past Simple nstchdm do/does/did He works, doesn't he?

Negative Question jbka main verb alrjjsj V1 do/does/did Didn't you go? wljs ❌ Didn't you went?

alidjaba b Yes/No ttba hkjka alidjaba Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

20- alafaal alnaksa waltrakjb alnaksa (MODAL WORDS)

Modal Arabic pronunciation meaning alasasj balarbja Arabic pronunciation of di example translation

can kan jsttja / jmkn I can swim. ai kan swim. asttja alsbaha.

could koed asttaa / kan jsttja / jmkn an I could swim when I was five. ai koed swim win ai waz fajf. knt asttja alsbaha andma kan amrj chms snwat.

may maj kd / jdjwz / jmkn It may rain. it maj rjn. kd tmtr.

might majt kd / rbma It might rain. it majt rjn. rbma tmtr.

must mast jdjb / la bd an You must leave. joe mast ljf. jdjb an tghadr.

shall sjal swf / jnbghj / hl trjd an... Shall we go? sjal wj ghw hl ndhhb

should sjoed jnbghj / jdjb an You should rest. joe sjoed rist. jnbghj an trtah.

will wil swf / sj I will help you. ai wil hilb joe. sasaadk.

would woed swf mnzwr almadj / swf condition / tlb mhdhb I would help you. ai woed hilb joe. knt sasaadk / sasaadk loo...

ought to awt toe jnbghj / almftrd an You ought to study. joe awt toe stadj. jnbghj an tdrs.

al central modal aadaan jatj badh V1:

modal + V1

:

She can speak English.

shie kan sbjk inghlisj.

hie tsttja althdth bEngels.

wljs:

❌ She can speaks.

2. mana kl Modal hsb alwzjfa

alwzjfa Modal words / expressions meaning

Ability — alkdra can, could, be able to jsttja

Possibility — alahtmal can, could, may, might, might possibly jmkn / kd / rbma

Permission — alidhn can, could, may, might jmkn / hl jmknnj

Request — can, could, will, would, may hl jmknk / hl tmana

Advice — alnsjha should, ought to, had better jnbghj / alafdl

Obligation — alilzam must, have to, have got to, need to jdjb

Necessity — aldrwra must, have to, need to jdjb / aldrwrj

Prohibition — almna must not, cannot/can't, may not mmnwa / la jdjwz

Expectation — altwka should, ought to, be supposed to almftrd

Prediction — altnbw will, shall, should, ought to swf / almtwka

Willingness — alastadad will, would swf / mstad l

Refusal — alrfd will not, won't, would not, wouldn't jrfd / ln

Habit — alaada would, will kan jfal / jfal aadaan

Hypothetical — alaftrad would, could, might kan jmkn / swf loo

Deduction — alastntadj must, can't, couldn't, may, might la bd / la jmkn / rbma

Regret — alndm should have, ought to have, could have, would have kan jnbghj / kan jmkn

Past possibility may have, might have, could have rbma hdth

Past deduction must have, can't have, couldn't have la bd anh / la jmkn anh

3. Semi-Modals — asjbah alafaal alnaksa

hdhh ljst central modal verbs lknha twdj wzajf modal msjabha.

Modal expression Arabic pronunciation meaning pronunciation example translation

have to hav toe jdjb I have to go. ai hav toe ghw. jdjb an adhhb.

has to haz toe jdjb She has to work. shie haz toe wirk. jdjb aljha an taml.

had to had toe kan jdjb I had to leave. ai had toe ljf. kan jdjb an aghadr.

have got to hav ghat toe jdjb I have got to go. ai hav ghat toe ghw. jdjb an adhhb.

has got to haz ghat toe jdjb He has got to leave. hie haz ghat toe ljf. jdjb an jghadr.

had better had bitar alafdl an You had better go. joe had bitar ghw. alafdl an tdhhb.

be able to bie ijboel toe jkwn kadrana She is able to swim. shie iz ijboel toe swim. tsttja alsbaha.

be unable to bie aanijboel toe kadr He is unable to walk. hie iz aanijboel toe wwk. hw kadr almsjj.

be allowed to bie alawd toe joesmh lh an We are allowed to leave. wj ar alawd toe ljf. joesmh lna balmghadra.

be permitted to bie barmitid toe joesmh lh an You are permitted to enter. joe ar barmitid toe intar. joesmh lk baldchwl.

be supposed to bie sabwzd toe almftrd an You are supposed to wait. joe ar sabwzd toe wjt. almftrd an tntzr.

be required to bie rikwajrd toe mtlwb mnh an You are required to sign. joe ar rikwajrd toe sajn. mtlwb mnk an twka.

be expected to bie iksbiktid toe mtwka mnh an They are expected to arrive. dhei ar iksbiktid toe arajv. almtwka an jslwa.

be willing to bie wilingh toe mstad l I am willing to help. ai am wilingh toe hilb. ana mstad llmsaada.

be unwilling to bie aanwilingh toe mstad l He is unwilling to cooperate. hie iz aanwilingh toe kwawbarjt. hw mstad lltaawn.

be likely to bie lajklj toe almhtml an She is likely to win. shie iz lajklj toe win. almhtml an tfwz.

be unlikely to bie aanlajklj toe almhtml an He is unlikely to come. hie iz aanlajklj toe kam. almhtml an jatj.

4. Need — Modal-like

need lha astamalan mhman.

Modal need

Need I go?

njd ai ghw

hl ahtadj aldhhab

You needn't worry.

joe njdint woerj.

la daaj lan tklk.

Main verb need

I need to go.

ai njd toe ghw.

ahtadj aldhhab.

alsjkl aluitspraak meaning

need njd jhtadj / jnbghj aljh

needn't njdint la jhtadj / la daaj

need to njd toe jhtadj an

don't need to dwnt njd toe la jhtadj an

didn't need to didint njd toe lm jhtdj an

5. Dare — Modal-like

dare jmkn an taml kfal aadj aw k modal-like verb.

Dare I ask?

djr ai aask

hl adjrw alswal

How dare you!

haw djr joe!

kjf tdjrw!

alsjkl aluitspraak meaning

dare djr jdjrw

daren't djrint la jdjrw

dare not djr noet la jdjrw

don't dare dwnt djr la tdjrw

6. Used to — aada almadj

used to ljst central modal lknha modal-like construction mhma.

I used to live there.

ai joewst toe lief dhjr.

knt aajsj hnak.

meaning:

used to + V1

= aada aw hala kent mwdjwda almadj wlm tad kdhlk aadaan.

7. Be going to

toestchdm lltabjr chta aw nja mstkblja aw twka mbnj dljl.

I am going to study.

ai am ghwjngh toe stadj.

sadrs / anwj an adrs.

It is going to rain.

it iz ghwjngh toe rjn.

stmtr alardjh.

8. Modal expressions llahtmal

hdhh ljst klha modal verbs lknha modal expressions mhma djdana.

expression Arabic pronunciation meaning

perhaps birhabs rbma

maybe mjbj rbma

possibly bwsiblj rbma / almmkn

probably brabablj alardjh

likely lajklj mhtml

unlikely aanlajklj mhtml

certainly sirtanlj baltakjd

definitely difinitlj baltakjd

surely sjwrlj baltakjd / la bd

apparently abarantlj ma jbdw

presumably brizwmablj alardjh / joeftrd

conceivably kansjvablj almmkn nzrjana

arguably aarghjwablj jmkn alkwl in

necessarily nisisjrilj baldrwra

not necessarily noet nisisjrilj ljs baldrwra

:

She will probably come.

shie wil brabablj kam.

almhtml an tatj.

9. Expressions of necessity — tabjrat aldrwra

expression pronunciation meaning

must mast jdjb

have to hav toe jdjb

have got to hav ghat toe jdjb

need to njd toe jhtadj / jdjb

be required to bie rikwajrd toe mtlwb mnh

be obliged to bie aoeblajdjd toe moelzm b

be compelled to bie kambild toe moedjbr

be forced to bie fwrst toe moedjbr

be necessary to bie nisisirj toe aldrwrj an

be essential to bie iisinsjal toe aldrwrj djdana an

10. Expressions of advice — tabjrat alnsjha

expression pronunciation meaning

should sjoed jnbghj

ought to awt toe jnbghj

had better had bitar alafdl

might want to majt woont toe kd trghb / alafdl

could koed jmknk / rbma alafdl

be advised to bie adfajzd toe joensh ban

it would be wise to it woed bie wajz toe alhkma an

it would be better to it woed bie bitar toe sjkwn alafdl an

:

You might want to check again.

joe majt woont toe tsjik agjn.

kd jkwn alafdl an tthkk mra achra.

11. Expressions of permission — alidhn

expression pronunciation meaning

can kan jmkn

could koed hl jmkn

may maj jdjwz / jmkn

might majt hl jmknnj bsjgha sjdjda alrsmja/althfz

be allowed to bie alawd toe joesmh lh

be permitted to bie barmitid toe joesmh lh

be authorized to bie awtharajzd toe mchwl lh

be entitled to bie intajtald toe lh alhk

12. Expressions of ability — alkdra

expression pronunciation meaning

can kan jsttja

could koed kan jsttja

be able to bie ijboel toe jkwn kadrana

be capable of bie kajbaboel aoev jkwn kadrana

manage to manidj toe jtmkn

succeed in saksjd in jndjh

:

She was able to solve the problem.

shie waz ijboel toe swlv dha brablim.

tmknt hl almsjkla.

13. Expressions of expectation

expression pronunciation meaning

should sjoed almtwka an

ought to awt toe almftrd an

be supposed to bie sabwzd toe almftrd an

be expected to bie iksbiktid toe almtwka an

be due to bie djw toe almkrr an

be scheduled to bie skadjoewld toe almkrr an

:

The train is due to arrive at six.

dha trjn iz djw toe arajv et siks.

almkrr an jsl alktar alsadsa.

14. Expressions of willingness

expression pronunciation meaning

will wil swf / mstad

would woed kan mstadana / hl twd

be willing to bie wilingh toe jkwn mstadana

be happy to bie habj toe jkwn sajdana/mstadana

be prepared to bie bripjrd toe jkwn mstadana

be ready to bie redie toe jkwn djahzana

15. Expressions of refusal

expression pronunciation meaning

will not / won't wil noet / woont ln / jrfd

would not / wouldn't woed noet / woedint lm jkn mstadana / rfd

refuse to rifjwz toe jrfd an

decline to diklajn toe jrfd / jmtna

be unwilling to bie aan wilingh toe mstad an

16. Past Modal Constructions

hdhh mhma djdana lan al modal jmkn an jthdth almadj.

altrkjb pronunciation meaning

could have + V3 koed hav + wie thrj kan jmkn an

may have + V3 maj hav + wie thrj rbma kd

might have + V3 majt hav + wie thrj rbma kan kd

must have + V3 mast hav + wie thrj la bd anh kd

can't have + V3 kent hav + wie thrj la jmkn anh kd

couldn't have + V3 koedint hav + wie thrj la jmkn anh kd

should have + V3 sjoed hav + wie thrj kan jnbghj an

ought to have + V3 awt toe hav + wie thrj kan jnbghj an

would have + V3 woed hav + wie thrj kan sj

needn't have + V3 njdint hav + wie thrj lm jkn aldrwrj an

:

You should have called me.

joe sjoed hav kwld mie.

kan jnbghj an ttsl bie.

17. Modal + Progressive

jmkn ll modal an jatj be + fal + ing:

modal + be + fal + ing

altrkjb pronunciation meaning

can be + fal + ing He can be working. hie kan bie wirkingh. kd jkwn jaml / jmkn an jkwn jaml

could be + fal + ing He could be working. hie koed bie wirkingh. rbma jkwn jaml

may be + fal + ing He may be working. hie maj bie wirkingh. kd jkwn jaml

might be + fal + ing He might be working. hie majt bie wirkingh. rbma jkwn jaml

must be + fal + ing He must be working. hie mast bie wirkingh. la bd anh jaml

should be + fal + ing He should be working. hie sjoed bie wirkingh. almftrd an jkwn jaml

will be + fal + ing He will be working. hie wil bie wirkingh. sjkwn jaml

would be + fal + ing He would be working. hie woed bie wirkingh. kan sjkwn jaml

18. Modal + Perfect Progressive

modal + have been + fal + ing

:

She may have been working.

shie maj hav wirkingh.

rbma kent taml.

altrkjb meaning

could have been + fal + ing rbma kan jmkn an jkwn jfal

may have been + fal + ing rbma kan jfal

might have been + fal + ing rbma kan jfal

must have been + fal + ing la bd anh kan jfal

should have been + fal + ing kan jnbghj an jkwn jfal

would have been + fal + ing kan sjzl/sjkwn jfal

19. Modal + Passive

modal + be + V3

:

The work must be finished.

dha wirk mast bie finisjt.

jdjb an jtm indjaz alaml.

altrkjb

can be + V3 It can be done.

could be + V3 It could be done.

may be + V3 It may be done.

might be + V3 It might be done.

must be + V3 It must be done.

should be + V3 It should be done.

will be + V3 It will be done.

would be + V3 It would be done.

20. Modal + Perfect Passive

modal + have been + V3

:

It should have been done.

it sjoed hav dan.

kan jnbghj an jtm dhlk.

altrkjb meaning

could have been + V3 kan jmkn an jkwn kd tm

may have been + V3 rbma kan kd tm

might have been + V3 rbma kan kd tm

must have been + V3 la bd anh kd tm

should have been + V3 kan jnbghj an jkwn kd tm

would have been + V3 kan sjoendjz / kan sjhdth

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

type Arabic pronunciation of di English form full example Arabic pronunciation of di example Dutch translation

mfrd — mthbt There is + noun mfrd dhjr iz + nawn There is a book on the table. dhjr iz a boek awn dha tjboel. jwdjd boek de tafel.

djma — mthbt There are + noun djma dhjr ar + nawn There are two books on the table. dhjr ar tw boeks awn dha tjboel. jwdjd boekan de tafel.

noun madwd There is + noun madwd dhjr iz + aankawntaboel nawn There is some water in the bottle. dhjr iz sam wwtr in dha bwtoel. jwdjd sommige almaa alzdjadja.

mfrd — mnfj There isn't + noun mfrd dhjr izint + nawn There isn't a book here. dhjr izint a boek hjr. la jwdjd boek hna.

djma — mnfj There aren't + noun djma dhjr aarnt + nawn There aren't any books here. dhjr aarnt inj boeks hjr. la twdjd aj ktb hna.

swal — mfrd Is there + noun mfrd...? iz dhjr + nawn Is there a problem? iz dhjr a brablim hl twdjd msjkla

swal — djma Are there + noun djma...? ar dhjr + nawn Are there any problems? ar dhjr inj brablimz hl twdjd aj msjakl

swal mnfj — mfrd Isn't there + noun mfrd...? izint dhjr + nawn Isn't there a problem? izint dhjr a brablim ala twdjd msjkla

swal mnfj — djma Aren't there + noun djma...? aarnt dhjr + nawn Aren't there any problems? aarnt dhjr inj brablimz ala twdjd aj msjakl

madj mfrd There was + noun mfrd dhjr waz + nawn There was a problem. dhjr waz a brablim. kent hnak msjkla.

madj djma There were + noun djma dhjr wur + nawn There were many people. dhjr wur minj bjboel. kan hnak kthjr alnas.

madj mfrd mnfj There wasn't + noun mfrd dhjr wazint + nawn There wasn't a problem. dhjr wazint a brablim. lm tkn hnak msjkla.

madj djma mnfj There weren't + noun djma dhjr wirnt + nawn There weren't many people. dhjr wirnt minj bjboel. lm jkn hnak kthjr alnas.

madj swal Was there + noun mfrd...? waz dhjr + nawn Was there a problem? waz dhjr a brablim hl kent hnak msjkla

madj djma swal Were there + noun djma...? wur dhjr + nawn Were there many people? wur dhjr minj bjboel hl kan hnak kthjr alnas

mstkbl There will be + noun dhjr wil bie + nawn There will be a meeting tomorrow. dhjr wil bie a mjtingh toemwrw. sjkwn hnak adjtmaa morgen.

mstkbl mnfj There won't be + noun dhjr woont bie + nawn There won't be a meeting tomorrow. dhjr woont bie a mjtingh toemwrw. ln jkwn hnak adjtmaa morgen.

mstkbl swal Will there be + noun...? wil dhjr bie + nawn Will there be a meeting tomorrow? wil dhjr bie a mjtingh toemwrw hl sjkwn hnak adjtmaa morgen

Present Perfect There has/have been + noun dhjr haz/hav + nawn There has been a mistake. dhjr haz a mistjk. hdth chta / kent hnak ghlta.

Past Perfect There had been + noun dhjr had + nawn There had been a problem. dhjr had a brablim. kent hnak msjkla.

Modal There can/may/might/must/should be + noun dhjr kan/maj/majt/mast/sjoed bie + nawn There may be a problem. dhjr maj bie a brablim. kd tkwn hnak msjkla.

1. Have = jmlk / ldjh

type Arabic pronunciation of di English form full example Arabic pronunciation of di example Dutch translation

I / you / we / they subject + have + noun dha subdzjekt + haf + dha nawn I have a car. ai haf uh kaar. ldj auto.

he / she / it subject + has + noun dha subdzjekt + haz + dha nawn She has a car. shie haz uh kaar. ldjha auto.

Have toestchdm : I, you, we, they

Has toestchdm : he, she, it

2. negation have

type Arabic pronunciation of di English form full example Arabic pronunciation of di example Dutch translation

nfj I/you/we/they subject + do not + have + noun dha subdzjekt + dw noet + haf + dha nawn I do not have a car. ai dw noet haf uh kaar. ljs ldj auto.

nfj he/she/it subject + does not + have + noun dha subdzjekt + daz noet + haf + dha nawn She does not have a car. shie daz noet haf uh kaar. ljs ldjha auto.

lahz an does nawd have wljs has:

She doesn't have a car. ✅

She doesn't has a car. ❌

3. have

type Arabic pronunciation of di English form full example Arabic pronunciation of di example Dutch translation

swal I/you/we/they Do + subject + have + noun dw + dha subdzjekt + haf + dha nawn Do you have a car? dw joe haf uh kar hl ldjk auto

swal he/she/it Does + subject + have + noun daz + dha subdzjekt + haf + dha nawn Does she have a car? daz shie haf uh kar hl ldjha auto

4. Have kfal msaad llazmna

hna have la tanj "jmlk" bl tsaad tkwjn Perfect tenses.

Arabic pronunciation of di English form translation

Present Perfect subject + have/has + V3 dha subdzjekt + haf/haz + wie thrj I have finished. lkd anthjt.

Present Perfect Continuous subject + have/has + been + fal + ing dha subdzjekt + haf/haz + + fal + ingh I have been working. lkd knt aaml.

Past Perfect subject + had + V3 dha subdzjekt + had + wie thrj I had finished. knt kd anthjt.

Past Perfect Continuous subject + had + been + fal + ing dha subdzjekt + had + + fal + ingh I had been working. knt kd amlt / knt aaml.

alfrk almhm

I have a car.

→ have = jmlk

I have finished.

→ have = fal msaad ltkwjn Present Perfect.

5. Have to = jdjb / jtajn aljh

have to tabr aldrwra aw alaltzam.

type Arabic pronunciation of di English form full example Dutch translation

I/you/we/they subject + have to + V1 dha subdzjekt + haf tw + wie wan I have to work. jdjb an aaml.

he/she/it subject + has to + V1 dha subdzjekt + haz tw + wie wan She has to work. jdjb aljha an taml.

almadj subject + had to + V1 dha subdzjekt + had tw + wie wan I had to work. kan jdjb alj an aaml.

almstkbl subject + will have to + V1 dha subdzjekt + wil haf tw + wie wan I will have to work. sjtajn alj an aaml.

6. Have got = ldjh / jmlk

English chswsana albrjtanja jmkn astchdam:

have got / has got

translation

subject + have got + noun I have got a car. ldj auto.

subject + has got + noun She has got a car. ldjha auto.

negation:

I haven't got a car.

= ljs ldj auto.

:

Have you got a car?

= hl ldjk auto

Imperatives — gebiedende wijs

type Arabic pronunciation of di English form Arabic pronunciation of di example meaning

alamr almthbt verb wie wan Come here. kam hjr. taal hna.

alamr mfawl verb + wie wan + ubdzjekt Read the book. ried dha boek. akra het boek.

alamr almnfj Don't + verb dwnt + wie wan Don't run. dwnt ran. la trkd.

negation alrsmj Do not + verb dw noet + wie wan Do not enter. dw noet intar. la tdchl.

Be Be + adjective bie + edzjektief Be careful. bie kjrfoel. kn hdhrana.

nfj Be Don't be + adjective dwnt bie + edzjektief Don't be late. dwnt bie ljt. la ttachr.

Let me Let + me + verb lit + mie + wie wan Let me help you. lit mie hilb joe. danj asaadk.

Let him/her/them Let + + verb lit + ubdzjekt + wie wan Let him go. lit him ghw. dah jdhhb.

Let's Let's + verb lits + wie wan Let's go. lits ghw. lndhhb.

Let's almnfj Let's not + verb lits noet + wie wan Let's not wait. lits noet wajt. dana la nntzr.

alamr almhdhb Please + verb bljz + wie wan Please sit down. bljz sit dawn. fdlk adjls.

alamr lltakjd Do + verb dw + wie wan Do sit down. dw sit dawn. tfdl baldjlws.

alnhj alkwj Never + verb nivar + wie wan Never give up. nivar giv aab. la tstslm abdana.

aada/nsjha Always + verb awlwjz + wie wan Always be careful. awlwjz bie kjrfoel. kn hdhrana dajmana.

passive gebiedende wijs Be + altsrjf althalth bie + wie thrj Be prepared. bie bribjrd. kn mstadana.

amr + ntjdja verb + and + sentence wie wan + and + klwz Study hard, and you will pass. stadj hard and joe wil bas. adrs bdjd wstndjh.

amr + thdhjr verb + or + sentence wie wan + awr + klwz Hurry up, or you'll be late. harj aab awr joel bie ljt. asra wila sttachr.

amr + swal dhajlj verb, will you? wie wan wil jw Wait here, will you? wajt hjr wil jw antzr hna hsnana

Let's + swal dhajlj Let's + verb, shall we? lits + wie wan sjal wj Let's go, shall we? lits ghw sjal wj lndhhb aljs kdhlk

22- alwahk (SUFFIXES)

Prefix Arabic pronunciation meaning balarbja meaning

a- uh / ijh bdwn / ljs atypical nmtj

ab- aab bajdana abduct jchttf

ad- aad nhw / adjoin jlthk

ambi- aambij kla / ambiguous ghamd

ante- antij antecedent sabk

anti- antij dd antiwar mnahd llhrb

arch- aartsj rjjsj / aala archbishop rjjs asakfa

auto- awtw dhatj automatic aalj

bi- bai athnan bilingual thnajj taal

circum- sirkam circumference mhjt

co- kw cooperate jtaawn

contra- kwntra dd contradict jnakd

counter- kawntar mdad / mkabl counterattack hdjwm mdad

de- dj izala / aks deactivate jatl

deca- djka asjra decade akd

deci- disj aoesjr decimeter djsjmtr

demi- dimij nsf demigod nsf ilh

dis- dis nfj / aks / anfsal disagree jchtlf

dys- dis swa / sawba dysfunction chll wzjfj

eco- ijkw bjjj ecosystem nzam bjjj

ecto- iiktw chardj ectoderm aladjm alzahr

endo- iindw dachl endoskeleton hjkl dachlj

epi- iibij / epidermis albsjra

eu- joe djjd euphemism tabjr mltf

ex- iiks sabk / chardj ex-president rjjs sabk

extra- ikstra chardj / idafj extraordinary astthnajj

fore- foor / amam forecast tnbw

geo- djjw ard geography djghrafja

hemi- himij nsf hemisphere nsf alkra

hetero- hitirw mchtlf heterogeneous mtdjans

homo- hwmw mtsjabh / nfs homogeneous mtdjans

hyper- hajbr / mfrt hyperactive mfrt alnsjat

hypo- hajbw / akl hypothermia anchfad alhrara

in- iin ljs / dachl inactive nsjt

im- iim ljs / dachl impossible msthjl

il- iil ljs illegal kanwnj

ir- iir ljs irregular mntzm

infra- infra infrared alahmr

inter- intar international dwlj

intra- intra dachl intranet sjbka dachlja

intro- intrw aldachl introduce jkdm

iso- aajsw mtsawin isotope nzjr

macro- makrw kbjr macroeconomics alaktsad alklj

mal- mal sjj / swa malfunction chll

mega- mjgha dchm megastore mtdjr dchm

meta- mita / wraa metadata bjanat wsfja

micro- majkrw sghjr microscope mdjhr

mid- mid wst midnight mntsf alljl

mini- minj sghjr minibus hafla sghjra

mono- mwnw wahd monolingual ahadj taal

multi- maltj mtadd multilingual mtadd allghat

neo- nijoew djdjd neologism klma msthdtha

non- nwn / ljs nonstandard majarj

omni- awmnj kl omniscient aljm bkl sjja

out- aawt chardj / akthr outperform jtfwk

over- awvar akthr allazm / overcook jtbch akthr allazm

paleo- balijoew kdjm paleolithic alasr alhdjrj alkdjm

pan- ban kl pan-European awrwbj sjaml

para- bara bdjanb / sjbh paranormal chark lltbjaa

peri- birj perimeter mhjt

poly- balj kthjr / mtadd polyglot mtadd allghat

post- bwst postwar ma alhrb

pre- brj prehistory ma altarjch

pro- brw alamam / mwjd pro-democracy mwjd lldjmkratja

proto- brwtw awlj / aslj prototype nmwdhdj awlj

pseudo- swdw zajf / sjbjh pseudonym noun mstaar

re- rj mra achra rewrite jajd het boeka

retro- rjtrw alchlf retroactive bathr rdjaj

semi- simij nsf / djzjj semicircle nsf dajra

sub- sab / fraj submarine ghwasa

super- swpar / sjdjd superhuman bsjrj

supra- swpra supranational kwmj

syn- sin / maana synchronize jzamn

tele- tili bajd telephone hatf

trans- tranz abr transport jnkl

tri- traj thlatha triangle zoalsth

ultra- aaltra abad / mfrt ultramodern hdjth djdana

un- aan ljs / aks unhappy sajd

under- andar / akl underpaid mnchfd aladjr

uni- joewnj wahd unilateral ahadj aldjanb

vice- vajs najb vice-president najb alrjjs

with- widh bajdana / dd withdraw jnshb

Suffixes — alwahk

Suffix Arabic pronunciation alwzjfa meaning

-er iar sjchs jkwm bverb teacher malm

-or aar sjchs jkwm bverb actor mzoals

-ar aar sjchs mrtbt bverb beggar mtswl

-ist iist sjchs mchts artist fnan

-ian jan sjchs mrtbt bmdjal musician mwsjkj

-ant aant sjchs/sjja jkwm bverb assistant msaad

-ent aant sjchs jkwm bverb student talb

-ee ij mtlkj verb employee mwzf

-ess iis mwnth actress mzoalsa

-ness nis hala/sfa happiness saada

-ity iitj hala/sfa activity nsjat

-ty tj hala/sfa safety slama

-ship sjip hala/alaka friendship sdaka

-hood hoed hala/mrhla childhood tfwla

-dom dam hala/mdjal kingdom mmlka

-th th hala/sfa warmth dfa

-ment mant ntjdja/amlja development ttwr

-tion sjan amlja/ntjdja education taljm

-sion djan / sjan amlja/ntjdja decision krar

-ion jan / sjan amlja/ntjdja action idjraa

-ation ijsjan amlja organization tnzjm

-al aal amlja/ntjdja arrival wswl

-ance aans hala/amlja appearance mzhr

-ence aans hala existence wdjwd

-ancy aansj hala expectancy twka

-ency aansj hala efficiency kfaaa

-age iidj ntjdja/amlja marriage zwadj

-ure jar ntjdja/hala failure fsjl

-ing ingh noun fal/nsjat swimming sbaha

-ism iizam mdhhb/fkra capitalism rasmalja

-cracy krasj nzam hkm democracy djmkratja

-crat krat sjchs nzam democrat djmkratj

-archy aarkj nzam hkm monarchy mlkja

-arch aark hakm/kajd monarch mlk

-logy ladjj alm/drasa biology alm alahjaa

-graphy ghrafj boeka/wsf geography djghrafja

-graph ghraf adaa/sjja jktb autograph twkja

-meter mjtr adaa kjas thermometer mkjas hrara

-metry mtrj amlja kjas geometry hndsa

-scope skwb adaa llrwja telescope tlskwb

-scopy skoebj fhs bsrj microscopy fhs balmdjhr

-nomy namj nzam/kanwn astronomy alm alflk

-phobia fwbja chwf arachnophobia rhab alanakb

-phile fajl mhb bibliophile mhb alktb

-philia filja hb/mjl audiophilia hb alswt

-phone fwn swt/djhaz swt telephone hatf

-phony fanj swt/nzam swt symphony sjmfwnja

-path bath sjchs jaanj/mchts psychopath mchtl nfsjana

-pathy bathj hala/mrd neuropathy aatlal asbj

-itis aajtis althab arthritis althab almfasl

-osis awsis hala/mrd diagnosis tsjchjs

-emia ijmja hala aldm anemia fkr aldm

-oma awma wrm/ktla carcinoma srtan

-ectomy iktamj astjsal djrahj appendectomy astjsal alzajda

-otomy awtamj sjk djrahj tracheotomy sjk alksba alhwajja

-plasty blastj islah djrahj rhinoplasty tdjmjl alanf

-let lit tsghjr booklet ktjb

-ling lingh sghjr/nsl duckling frch albt

-ette iit tsghjr kitchenette mtbch sghjr

-kin kin tsghjr manikin mdjsm sghjr

-oid aoewjd sjbjh b humanoid sjbjh balinsan

-esque iisk traz picturesque chlab/tswjrj

-like lajk sjbjh b childlike sjbjh baltfl

-ish iisj sjbjh / nwaana ma greenish majl alachdr

-ster star sjchs mrtbt bverb youngster sjab

-eer ijr sjchs mrtbt bnsjat auctioneer baja balmzad

-ard aard sjchs dhw sfa coward djban

-some sam jsbb/jmjl troublesome mzadj

-worthy wirdhj djdjr b trustworthy djdjr balthka

-proof prwf mkawm l waterproof mkawm llmaa

-free frj chalin sugar-free chalin alskr

-wide wajd mmtd abr worldwide aalmj

-ward ward batdjah backward alchlf

-wise wajz nahja/btrjka clockwise batdjah akarb alsaaa

-fold fwld bmkdar threefold thlatha adaaf

23- alafaal almrkba (PHRASAL VERBS)

Phrasal verb = verb almrkb whw aadaan fal + klma aw akthr zoals up, out, off, on, away, back, in, over.

:

give + up → give up = jstslm / jtwkf sjja

mlahza: ljst kl altrkjbat verb + preposition/adverb mtsjabha nhwjana sommigeoeha phrasal verbs wsommigeha prepositional verbs aw phrasal-prepositional verbs.

1. ahm Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verb Arabic pronunciation meaning balarbja full example Arabic pronunciation of di example

add up aad aab jdjma / jkwn muitspraakjana The numbers add up. dha nambarz aad aab.

ask for aask foor jtlb She asked for help. shie aaskt foor hilb.

back up bak aab jdam / jnsch ahtjatjana Please back up your files. bljz bak aab jwr fajlz.

break down brjk dawn jtatl / jnhar My car broke down. maj kaar brwk dawn.

break in brjk in jkthm / jtdchl Someone broke in last night. samwan brwk in last najt.

break out brjk aawt jndla / jhrb A fire broke out. uh fajr brwk aawt.

break up brjk aab jnfsl / jnhj alaka They broke up last year. dhei brwk aab last jjr.

bring back bringh bak jajd Please bring back my book. bljz bringh bak maj bwk.

bring in bringh in joedchl They brought in a new manager. dhei broewt in uh njw manidjar.

bring up bringh aab jdhkr / jrbj She brought up an important issue. shie broewt aab aan imbwrtant isjw.

call back kwl bak jtsl mdjddana I'll call you back later. aajl kwl joe bak ljtr.

call off kwl awf jlghj They called off the meeting. dhei kwld awf dha mjtingh.

carry on karj awn jstmr Please carry on working. bljz karj awn wirkingh.

carry out karj aawt jnfdh They carried out the plan. dhei karjd aawt dha blan.

catch up katsj aab jlhk b I need to catch up with you. ai njd tw katsj aab widh joe.

check in tsjik in jsdjl alwswl We checked in at the hotel. wj tsjikt in et dha hwtil.

check out tsjik aawt jghadr / jfhs We checked out at noon. wj tsjikt aawt et nwn.

clean up kljn aab jnzf Clean up your room. kljn aab jwr rwm.

come back kam bak jawd He came back yesterday. hie kjm bak jistardj.

come in kam in jdchl Come in, please. kam in bljz.

come out kam aawt jchrdj / jsdr The new book came out yesterday. dha njw bwk kjm aawt jistardj.

come over kam awvar jatj lzjara Come over tonight. kam awvar twnajt.

cut down kat dawn jkll / jkta I'm trying to cut down on sugar. aajm trajingh tw kat dawn awn sjwghar.

cut off kat awf jkta / jfsl They cut off the electricity. dhei kat awf dhj ilktrisitj.

deal with djl widh jtaaml We need to deal with this problem. wj njd tw djl widh dhis brablim.

do without dw widhawt jstghnj We can do without a car. wj kan dw widhawt uh kaar.

drop off drwb awf jwsl / jnzl I'll drop you off at school. aajl drwb joe awf et skoel.

end up ind aab jnthj bh alamr We ended up staying home. wj indid aab stajingh hwm.

fall apart fwl aabart jtfkk / jnhar The old chair fell apart. dhj awld tsjjr fwl aabart.

fall behind fwl bihaind jtachr He fell behind in class. hie fwl bihaind in klas.

figure out fighjar aawt jfhm / jktsjf alhl I can't figure it out. ai kent fighjar it aawt.

fill in fil in jmla / jhl mhl Please fill in this form. bljz fil in dhis fwrm.

fill out fil aawt jmla nmwdhdjana Fill out the application. fil aawt dhj abljkajsjan.

find out fajnd aawt jktsjf / jarf I found out the truth. ai fawnd aawt dha trwth.

get back ghit bak jawd I'll get back home soon. aajl ghit bak hwm swn.

get in ghit in jdchl Get in the car. ghit in dha kaar.

get off ghit awf jnzl / jghadr wsjla nkl Get off the bus. ghit awf dha bas.

get on ghit awn jsad / jrkb Get on the bus. ghit awn dha bas.

get out ghit aawt jchrdj Get out of the room. ghit aawt aav dha rwm.

get over ghit awvar jtdjawz She got over her fear. shie ghat awvar hur fjr.

get up ghit aab jstjkz / jnhd I get up at seven. ai ghit aab et sivin.

give back ghiv bak jajd Give me back my phone. ghiv mie bak maj fwn.

give in ghiv in jstslm He finally gave in. hie fajnalj ghjf in.

give up ghiv aab jstslm / jtwkf Don't give up. dwnt ghiv aab.

go ahead ghw aahid jtaba / jtkdm Go ahead and start. ghw aahid aand start.

go back ghw bak jawd We went back home. wj wint bak hwm.

go on ghw awn jstmr Please go on. bljz ghw awn.

go out ghw aawt jchrdj We went out last night. wj wint aawt last najt.

grow up ghrw aab jkbr I grew up in Kuwait. ai ghrw aab in alkwjt.

hand in hand in jslm Hand in your homework. hand in jwr hwmwirk.

hang on hangh awn antzr / tmsk Hang on a minute. hangh awn uh minit.

hang out hangh aawt jkdj wktana We hang out together. wj hangh aawt toeghidhar.

hold on hwld awn antzr / tmsk Hold on, please. hwld awn bljz.

keep on kjb awn jstmr Keep on trying. kjb awn trajingh.

keep up kjb aab jhafz almstwa / jwakb Keep up the good work. kjb aab dha ghwd wirk.

kick out kik aawt jtrd They kicked him out. dhei kikt him aawt.

look after lwk aaftr jatnj b She looks after her children. shie lwks aaftr hur tsjildrin.

look for lwk foor jbhth I'm looking for my keys. aajm lwkingh foor maj kiez.

look into lwk intw jhkk We'll look into the problem. wjl lwk intw dha brablim.

look out lwk aawt ahdhr Look out! lwk aawt!

look up lwk aab jbhth malwma Look up the word. lwk aab dha wird.

make up mjk aab jchtlk / jtsalh They made up after the argument. dhei mjd aab aaftr dhj aarghjwmant.

move on mwv awn jntkl altalj It's time to move on. its tajm tw mwv awn.

pick up bik aab jltkt / jachdh Pick up the phone. bik aab dha fwn.

point out bwjnt aawt jsjjr She pointed out a mistake. shie bwjntid aawt uh mistjk.

put away poet aawaj jda djanbana/ mkanh Put your clothes away. poet jwr klwdhz aawaj.

put down poet dawn jda / jkll sjan Put the book down. poet dha bwk dawn.

put off poet awf jwdjl Don't put it off. dwnt poet it awf.

put on poet awn jrtdj / jsjghl Put on your jacket. poet awn jwr djakit.

put out poet aawt jtfj / jchrdj Put out the fire. poet aawt dha fajr.

put up poet aab jrfa / jnsb Put up the picture. poet aab dha biktsjar.

run into ran intw jsadf / jstdm b I ran into an old friend. ai ran intw aan awld frind.

run out ran aawt jnfd We ran out of milk. wj ran aawt aav milk.

set up sit aab jnsjj / jdjhz They set up a new company. dhei sit aab uh njw kambanj.

show up sjw aab jzhr / jhdr He didn't show up. hie didint sjw aab.

shut down sjat dawn jghlk / jwkf The factory shut down. dha faktarj sjat dawn.

sit down sit dawn jdjls Please sit down. bljz sit dawn.

stand up stand aab jkf Please stand up. bljz stand aab.

take back tjk bak jajd / jtradja klam I take back what I said. ai tjk bak woet ai sid.

take off tjk awf jchla / tkla altajra The plane took off. dha bljn toek awf.

take on tjk awn jtwla / jwzf She took on a new job. shie toek awn uh njw djwb.

take out tjk aawt jchrdj / jachdh llchardj Take out the trash. tjk aawt dha trasj.

take over tjk awvar jtwla alsjtra She took over the company. shie toek awvar dha kambanj.

take up tjk aab jbda nsjatana He took up swimming. hie toek aab swimingh.

throw away thrw aawaj jrmj Don't throw it away. dwnt thrw it aawaj.

try on traj awn jdjrb mlabs Try on this shirt. traj awn dhis sjirt.

turn down tirn dawn jrfd / jchfd She turned down the offer. shie tirnd dawn dhj awfar.

turn off tirn awf jtfj Turn off the light. tirn awf dha lajt.

turn on tirn awn jsjghl Turn on the TV. tirn awn dha tj wie.

turn up tirn aab jrfa alswt / jzhr Turn up the volume. tirn aab dha vwljwm.

wake up wjk aab jstjkz I woke up early. ai wwk aab ijrlj.

work out wirk aawt jtmrn / jndjh alhl I work out every day. ai wirk aawt evrie daj.

write down rajt dawn jdwn Write down the answer. rajt dawn dhj aansar.

2. alanwaa alrjjsja

type Arabic pronunciation meaning

Phrasal verb mtadin kabl llfsl verb + adverb + wurb + edwurb + ubdzjekt Turn off the light. atfj aldwa.

verb + pronoun + adverb wurb + brwnawn + edwurb Turn it off. atfjh.

kabl llfsl verb + adverb/preposition + wurb + edwurb/preposition + ubdzjekt Look after the child. aatni baltfl.

lazm verb + adverb wurb + edwurb The plane took off. aklat altajra.

Phrasal-prepositional verb + adverb + preposition + wurb + edwurb + preposition + ubdzjekt I look forward to the trip. attla alrhla.

3. almhma: kabl llfsl am la

Turn off kabl llfsl:

Turn off the light.

Turn the light off.

Turn it off. ✅

Turn off it. ❌

lkn look after kabl llfsl:

Look after the child. ✅

Look the child after. ❌

Look after him. ✅

English Contractions

A contraction is a short form of two or more words. Contractions often get used inna English, especially inna spoken an informal language.

Example:

I am → I'm → mi ben

I have → I've → mi have / mi have ... done

I will → I'll → mi will

I would → I'd → mi would / mi had, depending pon di context

1- Contractions of BE

am → 'm

I am → I'm → mi ben

Example: I'm happy. → Mi happy.

are → 're

You are → You're → yuh deh / unu deh

Example: You're right. → Yuh right.

We are → We're → wi deh

Example: We're ready. → Wi ready.

They are → They're → dem deh

Example: They're here. → Dem deh ya.

is → 's

He is → He's → him deh

Example: He's tired. → Him tired.

She is → She's → har deh

Example: She's happy. → Har happy.

It is → It's → it deh

Example: It's cold. → It cold.

2- Contraction of HAVE

have → 've

I have → I've → mi have / mi have ... done

Example: I've finished. → Mi done.

You have → You've → yuh have / unu have ... done

Example: You've changed. → Yuh change.

We have → We've → wi have / wi have ... done

Example: We've arrived. → Wi reach.

They have → They've → dem have / dem have ... done

Example: They've left. → Dem lef.

He has → He's → him have / him have ... done

Example: He's finished. → Him done.

She has → She's → har have / har have ... done

Example: She's gone. → Har gone.

3- Contraction of WILL

will → 'll

I will → I'll → mi will

Example: I'll help you. → Mi ago help yuh.

You will → You'll → yuh will / unu will

Example: You'll understand. → Yuh ago understand.

He will → He'll → him will

Example: He'll come tomorrow. → Him ago come tomorrow.

She will → She'll → har will

Example: She'll call you. → Har ago call yuh.

We will → We'll → wi will

Example: We'll see. → Wi ago see.

They will → They'll → dem will

Example: They'll arrive soon. → Dem ago reach soon.

4- Contraction of WOULD

would → 'd

I would → I'd → mi would

Example: I'd help you. → Mi would help yuh.

You would → You'd → yuh would

Example: You'd like it. → Yuh would like it.

He would → He'd → him would

Example: He'd come. → Him would come.

She would → She'd → har would

Example: She'd help us. → Har would help wi.

We would → We'd → wi would

Example: We'd go. → Wi would go.

They would → They'd → dem would

Example: They'd agree. → Dem would agree.

5- Contraction of HAD

had → 'd

I had → I'd → mi had

Example: I'd finished before he arrived. → Mi done already before him reach.

You had → You'd → yuh had

Example: You'd already left. → Yuh lef already.

He had → He'd → him had

Example: He'd eaten. → Him did eat.

She had → She'd → har had

Example: She'd finished. → Har done.

6- Important: 'd have two meanings

I'd = I would or I had

I'd go. → Mi would go.

I'd gone. → Mi did go.

Usually yuh can recognize di meaning from di word weh come after it.

7- Contraction of NOT

not → n't

is not → isn't → nuh deh

Example: He isn't here. → Him nuh deh ya.

are not → aren't → nuh deh

Example: They aren't ready. → Dem nuh ready.

was not → wasn't → neva deh

Example: He wasn't there. → Him neva deh deh.

were not → weren't → neva deh

Example: We weren't late. → Wi neva late.

have not → haven't → nuh have / nuh have ... done

Example: I haven't finished. → Mi nuh done yet.

has not → hasn't → nuh have / nuh have ... done

Example: She hasn't arrived. → Har nuh reach yet.

had not → hadn't → neva have

Example: He hadn't eaten. → Him neva eat.

do not → don't → nuh / nuh do

Example: I don't know. → Mi nuh know.

does not → doesn't → nuh / nuh do

Example: He doesn't know. → Him nuh know.

did not → didn't → neva do / neva ...

Example: I didn't see him. → Mi neva see him.

8- Other common contractions

cannot → can't → cyaan

could not → couldn't → neva could

should not → shouldn't → shouldn't

would not → wouldn't → wouldn't

must not → mustn't → nuh fi / cyaan

will not → won't → nah / will not

Example: I won't go. → Mi nah go.

9- Important note

These forms normally nuh be "suffixes". Dem a contractions of grammatical words. Dem get join wid another word using an apostrophe.

Example:

I + will → I'll

You + have → You've

He + is → He's

They + are → They're

Do + not → Don't

Can + not → Can't

So wi call dem Contractions = short forms / contracted forms, an not Suffixes = endings weh get added at di back a words.