1- Aibítir an Bhéarla

1. A a — Fuaimnítear: ay — /eɪ/ — Tugtar “ay” ar an litir A, thart ar fhuaim “é”, mar atá ag tús an fhocail “ate”.

2. B b — Fuaimnítear: bee — /b/ — Tugtar “bee” ar an litir B, agus is é /b/ a fuaim, mar atá in “book”.

3. C c — Fuaimnítear: cee — /k/, /s/ — Tugtar “cee” ar an litir C. Is féidir a fuaim a bheith /k/, mar atá in “cat”, nó /s/, mar atá in “city”.

4. D d — Fuaimnítear: dee — /d/ — Tugtar “dee” ar an litir D, agus is é /d/ a fuaim, mar atá in “dog”.

5. E e — Fuaimnítear: ee — /iː/ — Tugtar “ee” ar an litir E, mar atá san fhuaim in “see”.

6. F f — Fuaimnítear: ef — /f/ — Tugtar “ef” ar an litir F, agus is é /f/ a fuaim, mar atá in “fish”.

7. G g — Fuaimnítear: gee — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — Tugtar “gee” ar an litir G. Is féidir a fuaim a bheith /ɡ/, mar atá in “go”, nó /dʒ/, mar atá in “giant”.

8. H h — Fuaimnítear: aitch — /h/ — Tugtar “aitch” ar an litir H, agus is é /h/ a fuaim, mar atá in “house”.

9. I i — Fuaimnítear: eye — /aɪ/ — Tugtar “eye” ar an litir I, mar atá san fhocal “eye”.

10. J j — Fuaimnítear: jay — /dʒ/ — Tugtar “jay” ar an litir J, agus is é /dʒ/ a fuaim, mar atá in “job”.

11. K k — Fuaimnítear: kay — /k/ — Tugtar “kay” ar an litir K, agus is é /k/ a fuaim, mar atá in “key”.

12. L l — Fuaimnítear: el — /l/ — Tugtar “el” ar an litir L, agus is é /l/ a fuaim, mar atá in “love”.

13. M m — Fuaimnítear: em — /m/ — Tugtar “em” ar an litir M, agus is é /m/ a fuaim, mar atá in “man”.

14. N n — Fuaimnítear: en — /n/ — Tugtar “en” ar an litir N, agus is é /n/ a fuaim, mar atá in “name”.

15. O o — Fuaimnítear: oh — /oʊ/ — Tugtar “oh” ar an litir O, agus is é /oʊ/ a fuaim, mar atá in “go”.

16. P p — Fuaimnítear: pee — /p/ — Tugtar “pee” ar an litir P, agus is é /p/ a fuaim, mar atá in “pen”.

17. Q q — Fuaimnítear: cue — /k/ — Tugtar “cue” ar an litir Q. Is gnách go dtagann an litir U ina diaidh, mar atá in “queen”.

18. R r — Fuaimnítear: ar — /r/ — Tugtar “ar” ar an litir R, agus is é /r/ a fuaim, mar atá in “red”.

19. S s — Fuaimnítear: ess — /s/, /z/ — Tugtar “ess” ar an litir S. Is féidir a fuaim a bheith /s/, mar atá in “sun”, nó /z/, mar atá in “rose”.

20. T t — Fuaimnítear: tee — /t/ — Tugtar “tee” ar an litir T, agus is é /t/ a fuaim, mar atá in “ten”.

21. U u — Fuaimnítear: u — /juː/, /ʌ/ — Tugtar “you” ar an litir U, le fuaim /juː/, agus is féidir fuaim /ʌ/ a bheith aici freisin, mar atá in “cup”.

22. V v — Fuaimnítear: vee — /v/ — Tugtar “vee” ar an litir V, agus is é /v/ a fuaim, mar atá in “very”.

23. W w — Fuaimnítear: double-u — /w/ — Tugtar “double-u” ar an litir W, agus is é /w/ a fuaim, mar atá in “water”.

24. X x — Fuaimnítear: ex — /ks/ — Tugtar “ex” ar an litir X, agus is minic a bhíonn an fhuaim /ks/ aici, mar atá in “box”.

25. Y y — Fuaimnítear: why — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — Tugtar “why” ar an litir Y. Is féidir a fuaim a bheith /j/, mar atá in “yes”; /ɪ/, mar atá in “happy”; nó /aɪ/, mar atá in “my”.

26. Z z — Fuaimnítear: zee* — /z/ — Tugtar “zee” ar an litir Z i mBéarla Mheiriceá. I mBéarla na Breataine, tugtar “zed” uirthi de ghnáth. Is é /z/ a fuaim, mar atá in “zoo”.

2- Ord na bhFocal (WORD ORDER)

1. Abairt bhunúsach — Ábhar + Briathar — sabjekt + verb — I sleep. — ai slíip — Codlaím.

2. Réad díreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt — I read a book. — ai ríid a buk — Léim leabhar.

3. Réad indíreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad indíreach + Réad díreach — sabjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dairekt objekt — I give him a book. — ai giv him a buk — Tugaim leabhar dó.

4. Tairbhí — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + for + duine — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + for + pörsn — I buy a book for him. — ai bai a buk for him — Ceannaím leabhar dó.

5. Forainm réada indírigh — Ábhar + Briathar + Forainm réada indírigh + Réad díreach — sabjekt + verb + indirekt objekt pronáun + dairekt objekt — I give her a book. — ai giv her a buk — Tugaim leabhar di.

6. Aidiacht — Ábhar + be + Aidiacht — sabjekt + bí + adjektiv — The book is big. — dhe buk iz big — Tá an leabhar mór.

7. Dobhriathar — Ábhar + Briathar + Dobhriathar — sabjekt + verb + adverb — He reads quickly. — hí ríidz kuikli — Léann sé go tapa.

8. Réad díreach + Dobhriathar — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + Dobhriathar — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + adverb — I read a book quickly. — ai ríid a buk kuikli — Léim leabhar go tapa.

9. Dobhriathar ama — Ábhar + Briathar + Dobhriathar ama — sabjekt + verb + taim adverb — I work today. — ai werk tudéi — Oibrím inniu.

10. Dobhriathar áite — Ábhar + Briathar + Dobhriathar áite — sabjekt + verb + pléis adverb — She lives there. — shí livz dheir — Cónaíonn sí ansin.

11. Frása réamhfhoclach — Ábhar + be + Frása réamhfhoclach — sabjekt + bí + pripazishonal fréiz — The book is on the table. — dhe buk iz on dhe téibl — Tá an leabhar ar an mbord.

12. Réad díreach + Áit — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + Áit — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + pléis — I put a book on the table. — ai put a buk on dhe téibl — Chuir mé leabhar ar an mbord.

13. Cinneadh + Ainmfhocal — Cinneadh + Ainmfhocal — ditörminer + náun — This book is new. — dhis buk iz nú — Tá an leabhar seo nua.

14. Cinneadh + Aidiacht + Ainmfhocal — Cinneadh + Aidiacht + Ainmfhocal — ditörminer + adjektiv + náun — This big book is new. — dhis big buk iz nú — Tá an leabhar mór seo nua.

15. Uimhreoir + Ainmfhocal — Uimhreoir + Ainmfhocal — númeral + náun — Two books are new. — tú buks ar nú — Tá dhá leabhar nua ann.

16. Comhordú — Ábhar + Briathar + and + Ábhar + Briathar — sabjekt + verb + and + sabjekt + verb — I read and he writes. — ai ríid and hí raits — Léim agus scríobhann sé.

17. Comhordú le réad — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + and + Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + and + sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt — I read a book and he writes a letter. — ai ríid a buk and hí raits a leter — Léim leabhar agus scríobhann sé litir.

18. An fhoirm éighníomhach — Ábhar + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar — sabjekt + bí + ví thrí — The book is read. — dhe buk iz red — Léitear an leabhar.

19. An fhoirm éighníomhach + an gníomhaí — Ábhar + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + by + an gníomhaí — sabjekt + bí + ví thrí + bai + éijent — The book is read by the teacher. — dhe buk iz red bai dhe tícher — Léann an múinteoir an leabhar.

20. An fhoirm éighníomhach + réad indíreach — Ábhar + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + to + réad indíreach — sabjekt + bí + ví thrí + tu + indirekt objekt — The book is given to him. — dhe buk iz given tu him — Tugtar an leabhar dó.

21. An fhoirm éighníomhach + réad indíreach + an gníomhaí — Ábhar + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + to + réad indíreach + by + an gníomhaí — sabjekt + bí + ví thrí + tu + indirekt objekt + bai + éijent — The book is given to him by the teacher. — dhe buk iz given tu him bai dhe tícher — Tugann an múinteoir an leabhar dó.

22. An fhoirm éighníomhach + dobhriathar — Ábhar + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + Dobhriathar — sabjekt + bí + ví thrí + adverb — The book is read now. — dhe buk iz red nau — Tá an leabhar á léamh anois.

23. An fhoirm éighníomhach + áit — Ábhar + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + Áit — sabjekt + bí + ví thrí + lokéishon — The book is put on the table. — dhe buk iz put on dhe téibl — Cuirtear an leabhar ar an mbord.

24. An fhoirm éighníomhach + an gníomhaí + dobhriathar ama — Ábhar + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + by + an gníomhaí + Dobhriathar ama — sabjekt + bí + ví thrí + bai + éijent + taim adverb — The book is read by the teacher today. — dhe buk iz red bai dhe tícher tudéi — Léann an múinteoir an leabhar inniu.

25. An fhoirm éighníomhach + réad indíreach + an gníomhaí + dobhriathar ama — Ábhar + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + to + réad indíreach + by + an gníomhaí + Dobhriathar ama — sabjekt + bí + ví thrí + tu + indirekt objekt + bai + éijent + taim adverb — The book is given to the student by the teacher today. — dhe buk iz given tu dhe stúdent bai dhe tícher tudéi — Tugann an múinteoir an leabhar don dalta inniu.

26. An fhoirm éighníomhach fhoirfe láithreach — Ábhar + has/have been + an tríú foirm den bhriathar — sabjekt + haz/hav bin + ví thrí — The book has been read. — dhe buk haz bin red — Tá an leabhar léite.

27. An fhoirm éighníomhach fhoirfe + an gníomhaí — Ábhar + has/have been + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + by + an gníomhaí — sabjekt + haz/hav bin + ví thrí + bai + éijent — The book has been read by the teacher. — dhe buk haz bin red bai dhe tícher — Tá an múinteoir tar éis an leabhar a léamh.

28. An fhoirm éighníomhach san aimsir fháistineach — Ábhar + will be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + am — sabjekt + wil bí + ví thrí + taim — The book will be read tomorrow. — dhe buk wil bí red tumárou — Léifear an leabhar amárach.

29. An fhoirm éighníomhach san aimsir fháistineach + an gníomhaí — Ábhar + will be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + by + an gníomhaí + am — sabjekt + wil bí + ví thrí + bai + éijent + taim — The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. — dhe buk wil bí red bai dhe tícher tumárou — Léifidh an múinteoir an leabhar amárach.

30. An fhoirm éighníomhach le briathar módúil — Ábhar + Briathar módúil + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar — sabjekt + módal verb + bí + ví thrí — The book must be read. — dhe buk mast bí red — Ní mór an leabhar a léamh.

31. An fhoirm dhiúltach — Ábhar + Briathar cúnta + not + Briathar — sabjekt + ogziliary verb + not + verb — I do not read a book. — ai dú not ríid a buk — Ní léim leabhar.

32. An fhoirm éighníomhach dhiúltach — Ábhar + be + not + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + by + an gníomhaí — sabjekt + bí + not + ví thrí + bai + éijent — The book is not read by the teacher. — dhe buk iz not red bai dhe tícher — Ní léann an múinteoir an leabhar.

33. Ceist tá/níl — Briathar cúnta + Ábhar + Briathar? — ogziliary verb + sabjekt + verb? — Do you read a book? — dú yu ríid a buk? — An léann tú leabhar?

34. Ceist san fhoirm éighníomhach — be + Ábhar + an fhoirm leanúnach den bhriathar? — bí + sabjekt + ví thrí? — Is the book being read? — iz dhe buk bíing red? — An bhfuil an leabhar á léamh?

35. Ceist faoin ábhar — who + Briathar + Réad díreach? — hú + verb + dairekt objekt? — Who reads the book? — hú ríidz dhe buk? — Cé a léann an leabhar?

36. Ceist faoin réad indíreach — who/whom + Briathar cúnta + Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + to? — hú/húm + ogziliary verb + sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + tu? — Who do you give the book to? — hú dú yu giv dhe buk tu? — Cé dó a dtugann tú an leabhar?

37. Ordú — Briathar + ...! — verb + ...! — Read! — ríid! — Léigh!

38. Ordú + réad indíreach — Briathar + Réad díreach + to + Réad indíreach! — verb + dairekt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt! — Give the book to him! — giv dhe buk tu him! — Tabhair an leabhar dó!

39. Ordú san fhoirm éighníomhach — let + Réad díreach + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar! — let + dairekt objekt + bí + ví thrí! — Let the book be read! — let dhe buk bí red! — Lig don leabhar a bheith léite!

40. Infinitive — to + Briathar — tu + verb — to read — tu ríid — léamh.

41. Infinitive + réad díreach — to + Briathar + Réad díreach — tu + verb + dairekt objekt — to read a book — tu ríid a buk — leabhar a léamh.

42. Infinitive + réad díreach cinnte — to + Briathar + Cinneadh réada shonraigh — tu + verb + spesifik dairekt objekt — to read the book — tu ríid dhe buk — an leabhar a léamh.

43. Cuspóir — Ábhar + Briathar + to + Briathar — sabjekt + verb + tu + verb — I eat to play. — ai ít tu pléi — Ithim chun imirt.

44. Clásal coibhneasta — Ainmfhocal + focal coibhneasta + clásal — náun + relétiv werd + klóz — The book that I read is interesting. — dhe buk dhat ai ríid iz intresting — Tá an leabhar a léim suimiúil.

45. Clásal coibhneasta san fhoirm éighníomhach — Ainmfhocal + focal coibhneasta + foirm éighníomhach — náun + relétiv werd + vois — The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. — dhe buk dhat iz bíing red bai dhe tícher iz intresting — Tá an leabhar atá á léamh ag an múinteoir suimiúil.

46. Coinníoll — if + clásal, Ábhar + Briathar — if + klóz, sabjekt + verb — If I have time, I read. — if ai hav taim, ai ríid — Má bhíonn am agam, léim.

47. Coinníoll + foirm éighníomhach — if + Ábhar + be + foirm éighníomhach, Ábhar + Briathar — if + sabjekt + bí + ví thrí, sabjekt + verb — If the book is read, he learns. — if dhe buk iz red, hí lernz — Má léitear an leabhar, foghlaimíonn sé.

48. Urlabhra indíreach — Ábhar + Briathar + that + Ábhar + Briathar — sabjekt + verb + dhat + sabjekt + verb — He said that he was reading. — hí sed dhat hí woz ríiding — Dúirt sé go raibh sé ag léamh.

49. Ceist indíreach — Ábhar + Briathar + if/whether + Ábhar + Briathar — sabjekt + verb + if/wedher + sabjekt + verb — He asked if I was reading. — hí askt if ai woz ríiding — D’fhiafraigh sé an raibh mé ag léamh.

50. Ordú nó iarratas indíreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad + to + Briathar — sabjekt + verb + objekt + tu + verb — He asked me to read. — hí askt mí tu ríid — D’iarr sé orm léamh.

Dobhriathra:

1. Modh (Manner): Tagann an dobhriathar modha i ndiaidh an bhriathair nó an réada. Ábhar + Briathar + Réad + Dobhriathar — sabjekt + verb + objekt + adverb. I read the book quickly. — ai ríid dhe buk kuikli — Léim an leabhar go tapa.

2. Áit (Place): Tagann an dobhriathar áite i ndiaidh an bhriathair nó an réada. Ábhar + Briathar + Réad + Áit — sabjekt + verb + objekt + pléis. I read the book at home. — ai ríid dhe buk at hóum — Léim an leabhar sa bhaile.

3. Am (Time): Tagann an dobhriathar ama ag deireadh nó ag tús na habairte de ghnáth. Ábhar + Briathar + Réad + Am — sabjekt + verb + objekt + taim. I read the book yesterday. — ai ríid dhe buk yesterdei — Léigh mé an leabhar inné.

4. Minicíocht (Frequency): Tagann an dobhriathar minicíochta roimh an bpríomhbhriathar de ghnáth. Ábhar + Dobhriathar minicíochta + Briathar — sabjekt + frékuensi adverb + verb. I often read books. — ai ofen ríid buks — Léim leabhair go minic.

5. Minicíocht + be: Tagann an dobhriathar minicíochta i ndiaidh an bhriathair be. Ábhar + be + Dobhriathar minicíochta — sabjekt + bí + frékuensi adverb. He is always happy. — hí iz olwéiz hápi — Bíonn sé sásta i gcónaí.

6. Minicíocht + briathar cúnta: Tagann an dobhriathar minicíochta i ndiaidh an chéad bhriathair chúnta. Ábhar + Briathar cúnta + Dobhriathar minicíochta + Briathar — sabjekt + ogziliary verb + frékuensi adverb + verb. I have never seen it. — ai hav never sín it — Ní fhaca mé riamh é.

7. Céim (Degree): Tagann an dobhriathar céime roimh an aidiacht nó an dobhriathar a ndéanann sé cur síos air. Ábhar + Dobhriathar céime + Aidiacht/Dobhriathar — sabjekt + digrí adverb + adjektiv/adverb. It is very good. — it iz veri gud — Tá sé an-mhaith.

8. Céim + Briathar: Ag brath ar an dobhriathar, is féidir leis teacht roimh an mbriathar nó ina dhiaidh. Ábhar + Briathar + Dobhriathar — sabjekt + verb + adverb. I really like it. — ai ríli laik it — Is maith liom go mór é.

9. Dobhriathar abairte: Is féidir leis teacht ag tús, i lár nó ag deireadh na habairte agus léiríonn sé dearcadh an chainteora i leith na habairte ar fad. Dobhriathar + Abairt — adverb + sentens. Fortunately, I won. — fortshunetli, ai won — Ar an dea-uair, bhuaigh mé.

10. Dobhriathar tráchta: Tagann sé ag tús na habairte de ghnáth agus cuireann sé tuairim nó trácht an chainteora in iúl. Dobhriathar + Abairt — adverb + sentens. Honestly, I don't know. — onestli, ai dóunt nóu — Go hionraic, níl a fhios agam.

11. Dobhriathar ceangail: Tagann sé ag tús nó i lár na habairte de ghnáth agus nascann sé dhá smaoineamh nó abairt. Abairt + Dobhriathar ceangail + Abairt — sentens + linking adverb + sentens. I was tired; however, I worked. — ai woz taiर्ड; hau-ever, ai werkt — Bhí mé tuirseach; mar sin féin, d'oibrigh mé.

12. Treo (Direction): Tagann an dobhriathar treo i ndiaidh an bhriathair nó an réada. Ábhar + Briathar + Réad + Dobhriathar treo — sabjekt + verb + objekt + dairekshon adverb. She went outside. — shí went autsaid — Chuaigh sí amach.

13. Minicíocht chinnte (Definite frequency): Is féidir leis an bhfrása minicíochta cinnte teacht ag tús nó ag deireadh na habairte. Frása minicíochta + Abairt — frékuensi fréiz + sentens. I go there every day. — ai góu dheir evri déi — Téim ann gach lá.

14. Fad (Duration): Tagann an frása faid ag deireadh na habairte de ghnáth. Ábhar + Briathar + Réad + Fad — sabjekt + verb + objekt + dyuréishon. I studied for two hours. — ai stadid for tú auerz — Rinne mé staidéar ar feadh dhá uair an chloig.

15. Cuspóir (Purpose): Tagann an frása cuspóra ag deireadh na habairte de ghnáth agus míníonn sé cén fáth a ndearnadh an gníomh. Abairt + Cuspóir — sentens + perpes. I went there to study. — ai went dheir tu stadi — Chuaigh mé ann chun staidéar a dhéanamh.

RÉAD INDÍREACH (INDIRECT OBJECT)

# — Cineál — Foirmiú — Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe — Sampla — Fuaimniú an tsampla — Aistriúchán

1. Réad indíreach roimh an réad díreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad indíreach + Réad díreach — sabjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dairekt objekt — I gave him a book. — ai géiv him a buk — Thug mé leabhar dó.

2. Réad díreach + to + réad indíreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + to + Réad indíreach — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt — I gave a book to him. — ai géiv a buk tu him — Thug mé leabhar dó.

3. Réad indíreach roimh an réad díreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad indíreach + Réad díreach — sabjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dairekt objekt — She sent me a letter. — shí sent mí a leter — Sheol sí litir chugam.

4. Réad díreach + to + réad indíreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + to + Réad indíreach — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt — She sent a letter to me. — shí sent a leter tu mí — Sheol sí litir chugam.

5. Réad indíreach roimh an réad díreach le for — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad indíreach + Réad díreach — sabjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dairekt objekt — I bought her a gift. — ai bot her a gift — Cheannaigh mé bronntanas di.

6. Réad díreach + for + réad indíreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + for + Réad indíreach — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + for + indirekt objekt — I bought a gift for her. — ai bot a gift for her — Cheannaigh mé bronntanas di.

7. Réad indíreach san fhoirm éighníomhach — Réad indíreach + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + Réad díreach — indirekt objekt + bí + ví thrí + dairekt objekt — He was given a book. — hí woz given a buk — Tugadh leabhar dó.

8. Réad díreach san fhoirm éighníomhach + to + réad indíreach — Réad díreach + be + an tríú foirm den bhriathar + to + Réad indíreach — dairekt objekt + bí + ví thrí + tu + indirekt objekt — A book was given to him. — a buk woz given tu him — Tugadh leabhar dó.

9. Ceist faoin réad indíreach — Focal ceiste + Briathar cúnta + Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + to? — hú + dú/daz/did + sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + tu? — Who did you give it to? — hú did yu giv it tu? — Cé dó ar thug tú é?

10. Ceist fhoirmiúil faoin réad indíreach — To whom + Briathar cúnta + Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach? — tu húm + ogziliary + sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt? — To whom did you give it? — tu húm did yu giv it? — Cé dó ar thug tú é?

AN TUISLÍN GINIDEACH: Seilbh / Gaol

# — Cineál — Foirmiú — Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe — Sampla — Fuaimniú an tsampla — Aistriúchán

1. Seilbh uatha — Ainmfhocal + 's + Ainmfhocal — náun + iz + náun — John's car — jonz kar — Carr John.

2. Seilbh le of — Ainmfhocal + of + Ainmfhocal — náun + ov + náun — the car of John — dhe kar ov jon — Carr John.

3. Seilbh san iolra rialta — Ainmfhocal iolra + ' + Ainmfhocal — plural náun + apostrofi + náun — students' books — stiúdents buks — Leabhair na mac léinn.

4. Seilbh san iolra neamhrialta — Ainmfhocal + 's + Ainmfhocal — náun + iz + náun — children's toys — tchildrens toiz — Bréagáin na bpáistí.

5. Seilbh le of — Ainmfhocal + of + Ainmfhocal — náun + ov + náun — the roof of the house — dhe rúf ov dhe haus — Díon an tí.

6. Cinneadh sealbhach — Cinneadh sealbhach + Ainmfhocal — pazesiv ditörminer + náun — my car — mai kar — Mo charr.

7. Seilbh neamhspleách — Forainm sealbhach neamhspleách — pazesiv pronáun — The car is mine. — dhe kar iz main — Is liomsa an carr.

8. Seilbh le of + forainm sealbhach neamhspleách — Ainmfhocal + of + Forainm sealbhach neamhspleách — náun + ov + pazesiv pronáun — a friend of mine — a frend ov main — Cara liom.

9. Seilbh ama — Ainmfhocal ama + 's + Ainmfhocal — taim náun + iz + náun — today's news — tudéis núz — Nuacht an lae inniu.

10. Seilbh ar thréimhse — Uimhir + Aonad tomhais + ' + Ainmfhocal — númeral + yúnit + apostrofi + náun — two weeks' vacation — tú wíiks vekéishon — Saoire dhá sheachtain.

11. Ceist faoin seilbh — whose + Ainmfhocal? — húz + náun? — Whose book? — húz buk? — Cé leis an leabhar?

12. Seilbh i gclásal coibhneasta — whose + Ainmfhocal + Clásal — húz + náun + klóz — the man whose car... — dhe man húz kar... — An fear a bhfuil a charr...

13. Seilbh chomhroinnte — An chéad ainmfhocal + and + an dara hainmfhocal + 's + Ainmfhocal — náun + and + náun + iz + náun — John and Mary's house — jon and méiriz haus — Teach John agus Mary atá i bpáirt acu.

14. Seilbh ar leithligh — An chéad ainmfhocal + 's + and + an dara hainmfhocal + 's + Ainmfhocal — náun + iz + and + náun + iz + náun — John's and Mary's houses — jonz and méiriz hauziz — Tithe John agus Mary ar leithligh.

FORAINMNEACHA SEALBHACHA NEAMHSPLEÁCHA (INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVES)

Duine — Cinneadh sealbhach — Fuaimniú — Forainm sealbhach neamhspleách — Fuaimniú — Sampla iomlán — Fuaimniú an tsampla — Aistriúchán

I = mé — my — mai — mine — main — This book is mine. — dhis buk iz main — Is liomsa an leabhar seo.

you = tú — your — yor — yours — yorz — This book is yours. — dhis buk iz yorz — Is leatsa an leabhar seo.

he = sé — his — hiz — his — hiz — This book is his. — dhis buk iz hiz — Is leis an leabhar seo.

she = sí — her — her — hers — herz — This book is hers. — dhis buk iz herz — Is léi an leabhar seo.

it = sé/sí, do rud nó d'ainmhí — its — its — Ní bhíonn forainm sealbhach neamhspleách coitianta aige — — The dog hurt its leg. — dhe dog hert its leg — Ghortaigh an madra a chos.

we = muid — our — aur — ours — aurz — This book is ours. — dhis buk iz aurz — Is linne an leabhar seo.

they = siad — their — dheir — theirs — dheirz — This book is theirs. — dhis buk iz dheirz — Is leo an leabhar seo.

The book is the boy's. = Is leis an mbuachaill an leabhar.

The book is for the boy. = Tá an leabhar don bhuachaill.

WAS GOING TO: Bhí mé chun / bhí sé i gceist agam

Forainm — Foirmiú — Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe — Sampla — Fuaimniú an tsampla — Brí

I = mé — I + was going to + Briathar — ai + woz góuing tu + verb — I was going to eat. — ai woz góuing tu ít — Bhí mé chun ithe.

you = tú — you + were going to + Briathar — yu + wer góuing tu + verb — You were going to eat. — yu wer góuing tu ít — Bhí tú chun ithe.

he = sé — he + was going to + Briathar — hí + woz góuing tu + verb — He was going to eat. — hí woz góuing tu ít — Bhí sé chun ithe.

she = sí — she + was going to + Briathar — shí + woz góuing tu + verb — She was going to eat. — shí woz góuing tu ít — Bhí sí chun ithe.

it = sé/sí do rud nó d'ainmhí — it + was going to + Briathar — it + woz góuing tu + verb — It was going to rain. — it woz góuing tu réin — Bhí sé ar tí báisteach a dhéanamh.

we = muid — we + were going to + Briathar — wí + wer góuing tu + verb — We were going to eat. — wí wer góuing tu ít — Bhíomar chun ithe.

they = siad — they + were going to + Briathar — dhei + wer góuing tu + verb — They were going to eat. — dhei wer góuing tu ít — Bhí siad chun ithe.

Úsáidtear “was about to / were about to” freisin.

Was about to = bhí rud éigin ar tí tarlú.

Was supposed to = bhí sé i gceist rud éigin a dhéanamh, ach chuir rud éigin cosc air nó tharla rud eile.

I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. = Bhí sé i gceist agam glanadh inniu, ach mar gheall ar an drochaimsir, ní dhéanfaidh mé é.

2- Ainmfhocail (NOUNS)

Coincheap — Foirmiú — Sampla — Fuaimniú — Aistriúchán

Iolra — Ainmfhocal + s — books — buks — leabhair

Iolra — Ainmfhocal + es [iz] — boxes — bok siz — boscaí

Uatha cinnte — the [dhe] + Ainmfhocal — the book — dhe buk — an leabhar

Iolra cinnte — the [dhe] + Ainmfhocal iolra — the books — dhe buks — na leabhair

Uatha éiginnte — a [a] + Ainmfhocal — a book — a buk — leabhar

Uatha éiginnte (roimh fhuaim ghuta) — an [an] + Ainmfhocal — an apple — an apl — úll

Réad indíreach — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad indíreach + Réad díreach — sabjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dairekt objekt — I give him the book. — ai giv him dhe buk — Tugaim an leabhar dó.

Réad indíreach le to — Ábhar + Briathar + Réad díreach + to + Réad indíreach — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt — I give the book to him. — ai giv dhe buk tu him — Tugaim an leabhar dó.

Seilbh — Ainmfhocal an úinéara + 's + an rud atá faoi úinéireacht — náun + iz + náun — John's car — jonz kar — Carr John.

Seilbh san iolra — Ainmfhocal iolra an úinéara + s' + an rud atá faoi úinéireacht — plural náun + apostrofi + náun — the boys' books — dhe boiz buks — Leabhair na mbuachaillí.

Seilbh le of — An rud atá faoi úinéireacht + of + ainmfhocal an úinéara — náun + ov + náun — the door of the house — dhe dor ov dhe haus — Doras an tí.

Deireadh an fhocail — Cad a chuirtear leis? — Sampla — Fuaimniú

Formhór na bhfocal — -s — book → books — buk → buks

s — -es — bus → buses — bas → basiz

ss — -es — class → classes — klas → klasiz

sh — -es — dish → dishes — dish → dishiz

ch — -es — watch → watches — woch → wochiz

x — -es — box → boxes — boks → bok siz

z — -es — quiz → quizzes — kwiz → kwiziz

Consanant + y — -ies — baby → babies — béibi → béibiz

Guta + y — -s — boy → boys — boi → boiz

Roinnt focal a chríochnaíonn le f/fe — -ves — knife → knives — naif → naivz

Roinnt focal a chríochnaíonn le f/fe — -s — roof → roofs — rúf → rúfs

Má bhíonn an t-ainmfhocal éiginnte agus ináirithe, úsáidtear “a” nó “an” san uimhir uatha; úsáidtear an t-iolra gan “a/an”.

RÉAD INDÍREACH (INDIRECT OBJECT)

Tá trí phríomhbhealach ann chun an réad indíreach a chur in abairt Bhéarla:

1- Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object — sabjekt + verb + indirekt objekt + dairekt objekt

I give a boy a book. = Tugaim leabhar do bhuachaill.

2- Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to + Indirect Object — sabjekt + verb + dairekt objekt + tu + indirekt objekt

I give a book to a boy. = Tugaim leabhar do bhuachaill.

3- Subject + Verb + to + Indirect Object + Direct Object — sabjekt + verb + tu + indirekt objekt + dairekt objekt

I give to a boy a book. = Tugaim leabhar do bhuachaill.

Meastar go bhfuil an struchtúr seo neamhghnách sa Bhéarla nua-aimseartha; úsáidtear an chéad agus an dara struchtúr níos minice.

AN TUISLÍN GINIDEACH (GENITIVE): Seilbh

Tá dhá phríomhbhealach ann chun seilbh a chur in iúl sa Bhéarla:

1- Owner's + Possession — óuners + pozeshon

The boy's book = Leabhar an bhuachalla.

2- Possession + of + Owner — pozeshon + ov + óuner

The book of the boy = Leabhar an bhuachalla.

3- Aidiachtaí (ADJECTIVES)

Cineál an aidiachta i nGaeilge Foirmiú i nGaeilge Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

Aidiachtaí tuairisciúla Aidiacht + ainmfhocal adjektiv + noun a beautiful house a bjútiful haus teach álainn

Aidiachtaí cainníochta Cainníocht + ainmfhocal kuontiti + noun many books meni buks go leor leabhar

Aidiachtaí uimhriúla Uimhir + ainmfhocal namber + noun three books thrí buks trí leabhar

Aidiachtaí taispeántacha this/that/these/those + ainmfhocal dhis/dhet/dhíz/dhóuz + noun this book dhis buk an leabhar seo

Aidiachtaí sealbhacha my/your/his/her/its/our/their + ainmfhocal mai/yor/hiz/her/its/auər/dher + noun my car mai kar mo charr

Aidiachtaí ceisteacha which/what/whose + ainmfhocal witch/wot/húz + noun which book? witch buk? cén leabhar?

Aidiachtaí éiginnte Focal éiginnte + ainmfhocal indefinit word + noun some books sam buks roinnt leabhar

Aidiachtaí dáileacha each/every/either/neither + ainmfhocal íitsh/evri/íther/níther + noun each student íitsh stúdent gach mac léinn

Aidiachtaí a dhíorthaítear ó ainmfhocail dhílse Ainmfhocal dílis → aidiacht proper noun → adjektiv English language inglish lengwidj an Béarla

Aidiachtaí cumaisc Focal + focal word + word a well-known actor a wel-nóun aktar aisteoir aitheanta

Aidiachtaí a dhíorthaítear ó rannpháirtithe láithreacha/caite V-ing / V-ed ví-ing / ví-ed a boring movie a bó-ring múvi scannán leadránach

Aidiachtaí comparáideacha Aidiacht + er / more + aidiacht adjektiv + er / mór + adjektiv bigger house biger haus teach níos mó

Aidiachtaí sárchéime Aidiacht + est / most + aidiacht adjektiv + est / móust + adjektiv the biggest house dhə bigest haus an teach is mó

Aidiachtaí comhordaitheacha Aidiacht + camóg + aidiacht + ainmfhocal adjektiv + koma + adjektiv + noun a long, difficult journey a long, difikalt dẓerni turas fada agus deacair

Aidiacht roimh ainmfhocal Aidiacht + ainmfhocal adjektiv + noun a red car a red kar carr dearg

Aidiacht fhaisnéiseach Ábhar + be + aidiacht sabjekt + bí + adjektiv The car is red. dhə kar iz red Tá an carr dearg.

Aidiacht i ndiaidh ainmfhocail Ainmfhocal + aidiacht noun + adjektiv something interesting samthing interesting rud éigin suimiúil

Aidiacht neamhspleách Aidiacht adjektiv perfect per-fekt foirfe

Aidiacht bhéimeach Aidiacht + ainmfhocal adjektiv + noun my own car mai óun kar mo charr féin

Aidiacht uaillbhreasa what + aidiacht + ainmfhocal wot + adjektiv + noun What a beautiful day! wot a bjútiful dei! Nach lá álainn é!

1. An Gnáthláithreach — Present Simple

Foirmiú: Ábhar + am/is/are + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + am/iz/ar + kompliment

Forainm Foirmiú Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I am I am happy. ai am hepi Táim sásta.

You You are You are happy. yu ar hepi Tá tú sásta.

He He is He is happy. hi iz hepi Tá sé sásta.

She She is She is happy. shi iz hepi Tá sí sásta.

It It is It is cold. it iz kóuld Tá sé fuar.

We We are We are happy. wi ar hepi Táimid sásta.

You You are You are happy. yu ar hepi Tá sibh sásta.

They They are They are happy. dhei ar hepi Tá siad sásta.

2. An Gnáthchaite — Past Simple

Foirmiú: Ábhar + was/were + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + woz/wer + kompliment

Forainm Foirmiú Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I was I was happy. ai woz hepi Bhí mé sásta.

You You were You were happy. yu wer hepi Bhí tú sásta.

He He was He was happy. hi woz hepi Bhí sé sásta.

She She was She was happy. shi woz hepi Bhí sí sásta.

It It was It was cold. it woz kóuld Bhí sé fuar.

We We were We were happy. wi wer hepi Bhíomar sásta.

You You were You were happy. yu wer hepi Bhí sibh sásta.

They They were They were happy. dhei wer hepi Bhí siad sásta.

3. An Gnáthfháistineach — Future Simple

Foirmiú: Ábhar + will be + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + wil bí + kompliment

Forainm Foirmiú Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I will be I will be happy. ai wil bí hepi Beidh mé sásta.

You You will be You will be happy. yu wil bí hepi Beidh tú sásta.

He He will be He will be happy. hi wil bí hepi Beidh sé sásta.

She She will be She will be happy. shi wil bí hepi Beidh sí sásta.

It It will be It will be cold. it wil bí kóuld Beidh sé fuar.

We We will be We will be happy. wi wil bí hepi Beimid sásta.

You You will be You will be happy. yu wil bí hepi Beidh sibh sásta.

They They will be They will be happy. dhei wil bí hepi Beidh siad sásta.

4. An Láithreach Leanúnach — Present Continuous

Foirmiú: Ábhar + am/is/are being + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + am/iz/ar bí-ing + kompliment

Forainm Foirmiú Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I am being I am being careful. ai am bí-ing kerful Táim ag gníomhú go cúramach.

You You are being You are being careful. yu ar bí-ing kerful Tá tú ag gníomhú go cúramach.

He He is being He is being careful. hi iz bí-ing kerful Tá sé ag gníomhú go cúramach.

She She is being She is being careful. shi iz bí-ing kerful Tá sí ag gníomhú go cúramach.

It It is being It is being repaired. it iz bí-ing riperd Tá sé á dheisiú.

We We are being We are being careful. wi ar bí-ing kerful Táimid ag gníomhú go cúramach.

You You are being You are being careful. yu ar bí-ing kerful Tá sibh ag gníomhú go cúramach.

They They are being They are being careful. dhei ar bí-ing kerful Tá siad ag gníomhú go cúramach.

5. An Caite Leanúnach — Past Continuous

Foirmiú: Ábhar + was/were being + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + woz/wer bí-ing + kompliment

Forainm Foirmiú Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I was being I was being careful. ai woz bí-ing kerful Bhí mé ag gníomhú go cúramach.

You You were being You were being careful. yu wer bí-ing kerful Bhí tú ag gníomhú go cúramach.

He He was being He was being careful. hi woz bí-ing kerful Bhí sé ag gníomhú go cúramach.

She She was being She was being careful. shi woz bí-ing kerful Bhí sí ag gníomhú go cúramach.

It It was being It was being repaired. it woz bí-ing riperd Bhí sé á dheisiú.

We We were being We were being careful. wi wer bí-ing kerful Bhíomar ag gníomhú go cúramach.

You You were being You were being careful. yu wer bí-ing kerful Bhí sibh ag gníomhú go cúramach.

They They were being They were being careful. dhei wer bí-ing kerful Bhí siad ag gníomhú go cúramach.

6. An Fáistineach Leanúnach — Future Continuous

Foirmiú: Ábhar + will be being + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + wil bí bí-ing + kompliment

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I will be being careful. ai wil bí bí-ing kerful Beidh mé ag gníomhú go cúramach go leanúnach.

You You will be being careful. yu wil bí bí-ing kerful Beidh tú ag gníomhú go cúramach go leanúnach.

He He will be being careful. hi wil bí bí-ing kerful Beidh sé ag gníomhú go cúramach go leanúnach.

She She will be being careful. shi wil bí bí-ing kerful Beidh sí ag gníomhú go cúramach go leanúnach.

It It will be being repaired. it wil bí bí-ing riperd Beidh sé á dheisiú go leanúnach.

We We will be being careful. wi wil bí bí-ing kerful Beimid ag gníomhú go cúramach go leanúnach.

You You will be being careful. yu wil bí bí-ing kerful Beidh sibh ag gníomhú go cúramach go leanúnach.

They They will be being careful. dhei wil bí bí-ing kerful Beidh siad ag gníomhú go cúramach go leanúnach.

Tá an aimsir seo ceart ó thaobh na gramadaí de, ach is fíor-annamh í sa ghnáth-Bhéarla.

7. An Láithreach Foirfe — Present Perfect

Foirmiú: Ábhar + have/has been + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + hav/haz bin + kompliment

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I have been happy. ai hav bin hepi Bhí mé sásta le tamall / tá mé sásta.

You You have been happy. yu hav bin hepi Bhí tú sásta le tamall / tá tú sásta.

He He has been happy. hi haz bin hepi Bhí sé sásta le tamall / tá sé sásta.

She She has been happy. shi haz bin hepi Bhí sí sásta le tamall / tá sí sásta.

It It has been cold. it haz bin kóuld Bhí sé fuar le tamall.

We We have been happy. wi hav bin hepi Bhíomar sásta le tamall / táimid sásta.

You You have been happy. yu hav bin hepi Bhí sibh sásta le tamall / tá sibh sásta.

They They have been happy. dhei hav bin hepi Bhí siad sásta le tamall / tá siad sásta.

8. An Caite Foirfe — Past Perfect

Foirmiú: Ábhar + had been + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + had bin + kompliment

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I had been happy. ai had bin hepi Bhí mé sásta roimhe sin.

You You had been happy. yu had bin hepi Bhí tú sásta roimhe sin.

He He had been happy. hi had bin hepi Bhí sé sásta roimhe sin.

She She had been happy. shi had bin hepi Bhí sí sásta roimhe sin.

It It had been cold. it had bin kóuld Bhí sé fuar roimhe sin.

We We had been happy. wi had bin hepi Bhíomar sásta roimhe sin.

You You had been happy. yu had bin hepi Bhí sibh sásta roimhe sin.

They They had been happy. dhei had bin hepi Bhí siad sásta roimhe sin.

9. An Fáistineach Foirfe — Future Perfect

Foirmiú: Ábhar + will have been + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + wil hav bin + kompliment

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I will have been happy. ai wil hav bin hepi Beidh mé sásta faoin am sin.

You You will have been happy. yu wil hav bin hepi Beidh tú sásta faoin am sin.

He He will have been happy. hi wil hav bin hepi Beidh sé sásta faoin am sin.

She She will have been happy. shi wil hav bin hepi Beidh sí sásta faoin am sin.

It It will have been cold. it wil hav bin kóuld Beidh sé fuar faoin am sin.

We We will have been happy. wi wil hav bin hepi Beimid sásta faoin am sin.

You You will have been happy. yu wil hav bin hepi Beidh sibh sásta faoin am sin.

They They will have been happy. dhei wil hav bin hepi Beidh siad sásta faoin am sin.

10. An Láithreach Foirfe Leanúnach — Present Perfect Continuous

Foirmiú: Ábhar + have/has been being + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + hav/haz bin bí-ing + kompliment

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I have been being careful. ai hav bin bí-ing kerful Tá mé ag gníomhú go cúramach le tamall.

You You have been being careful. yu hav bin bí-ing kerful Tá tú ag gníomhú go cúramach le tamall.

He He has been being careful. hi haz bin bí-ing kerful Tá sé ag gníomhú go cúramach le tamall.

She She has been being careful. shi haz bin bí-ing kerful Tá sí ag gníomhú go cúramach le tamall.

It It has been being repaired. it haz bin bí-ing riperd Tá sé á dheisiú le tamall.

We We have been being careful. wi hav bin bí-ing kerful Táimid ag gníomhú go cúramach le tamall.

You You have been being careful. yu hav bin bí-ing kerful Tá sibh ag gníomhú go cúramach le tamall.

They They have been being careful. dhei hav bin bí-ing kerful Tá siad ag gníomhú go cúramach le tamall.

11. An Caite Foirfe Leanúnach — Past Perfect Continuous

Foirmiú: Ábhar + had been being + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + had bin bí-ing + kompliment

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I had been being careful. ai had bin bí-ing kerful Bhí mé ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

You You had been being careful. yu had bin bí-ing kerful Bhí tú ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

He He had been being careful. hi had bin bí-ing kerful Bhí sé ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

She She had been being careful. shi had bin bí-ing kerful Bhí sí ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

It It had been being repaired. it had bin bí-ing riperd Bhí sé á dheisiú ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

We We had been being careful. wi had bin bí-ing kerful Bhíomar ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

You You had been being careful. yu had bin bí-ing kerful Bhí sibh ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

They They had been being careful. dhei had bin bí-ing kerful Bhí siad ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

12. An Fáistineach Foirfe Leanúnach — Future Perfect Continuous

Foirmiú: Ábhar + will have been being + comhlánú

Fuaimniú an fhoirmithe: sabjekt + wil hav bin bí-ing + kompliment

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I will have been being careful. ai wil hav bin bí-ing kerful Beidh mé ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin.

You You will have been being careful. yu wil hav bin bí-ing kerful Beidh tú ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin.

He He will have been being careful. hi wil hav bin bí-ing kerful Beidh sé ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin.

She She will have been being careful. shi wil hav bin bí-ing kerful Beidh sí ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin.

It It will have been being repaired. it wil hav bin bí-ing riperd Beidh sé á dheisiú ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin.

We We will have been being careful. wi wil hav bin bí-ing kerful Beimid ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin.

You You will have been being careful. yu wil hav bin bí-ing kerful Beidh sibh ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin.

They They will have been being careful. dhei wil hav bin bí-ing kerful Beidh siad ag gníomhú go cúramach ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin.

4- Forainmneacha (PRONOUNS)

1. Forainmneacha pearsanta — gach bunfhoirm

Cás / coincheap Gaeilge Gné na forainmne Traslitriú fuaimnithe an fhoirmithe Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Cás an ainmní Forainm ainmní sabjekt prounáun I ái Mé

Cás an ainmní Forainm ainmní sabjekt prounáun you iú Tú / sibh

Cás an ainmní Forainm ainmní sabjekt prounáun he hí Sé

Cás an ainmní Forainm ainmní sabjekt prounáun she shí Sí

Cás an ainmní Forainm ainmní sabjekt prounáun it it Sé/sí, i gcás ruda nó ainmhí

Cás an ainmní Forainm ainmní sabjekt prounáun we uí Muid / sinn

Cás an ainmní Forainm ainmní sabjekt prounáun they dhé Siad

Samplaí

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I read. ái ríd Léim.

you You work. iú uorc Oibríonn tú / oibríonn sibh.

he He sleeps. hí slíps Codlaíonn sé.

she She cooks. shí cucs Cócálann sí.

it It works. it uorcs Oibríonn sé/sí.

we We study. uí stadi Déanaimid staidéar.

they They live here. dhé liv hir Cónaíonn siad anseo.

2. Forainmneacha réada — an réad díreach agus an réad indíreach

Úsáidtear na forainmneacha seo mar réada díreacha nó indíreacha.

Coincheap Gaeilge Feidhm an fhorainm Traslitriú fuaimnithe Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Réad díreach/indíreach Forainm réada objekt prounáun me mí Mise / dom

Réad díreach/indíreach Forainm réada objekt prounáun you iú Tú / daoibh

Réad díreach/indíreach Forainm réada objekt prounáun him him Eisean / dó

Réad díreach/indíreach Forainm réada objekt prounáun her hér Eise / di

Réad díreach/indíreach Forainm réada objekt prounáun it it Eisean/eise, i gcás ruda nó ainmhí

Réad díreach/indíreach Forainm réada objekt prounáun us as Muid / dúinn

Réad díreach/indíreach Forainm réada objekt prounáun them dhem Iad / dóibh

Samplaí

Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

She called me. shí cóld mí Ghlaoigh sí orm.

I saw you. ái só iú Chonaic mé thú / sibh.

We helped him. uí helpt him Chabhraíomar leis.

I know her. ái nóu hér Tá aithne agam uirthi.

I bought it. ái bot it Cheannaigh mé é.

He invited us. hí inváited as Thug sé cuireadh dúinn.

She called them. shí cóld dhem Ghlaoigh sí orthu.

3. Aidiachtaí sealbhacha roimh ainmfhocail

Úsáidtear iad seo de ghnáth mar aidiachtaí sealbhacha agus cuirtear iad roimh an ainmfhocal.

Coincheap Gaeilge Struchtúr Traslitriú fuaimnithe Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Sealbhú my + ainmfhocal mái + noun my mái Mo / liom

Sealbhú your + ainmfhocal ior + noun your ior Do / bhur

Sealbhú his + ainmfhocal hiz + noun his hiz A / leis

Sealbhú her + ainmfhocal hér + noun her hér A / léi

Sealbhú its + ainmfhocal its + noun its its A / léi, i gcás ruda nó ainmhí

Sealbhú our + ainmfhocal áuar + noun our áuar Ár / linne

Sealbhú their + ainmfhocal dhéar + noun their dhéar A gcuid / leo

Samplaí

Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

My book is new. mái buc iz nú Tá mo leabhar nua.

Your car is fast. ior car iz fast Tá do charr tapa.

His house is big. hiz háus iz big Tá a theach mór.

Her phone is new. hér fón iz nú Tá a fón nua.

Its color is beautiful. its calar iz biútiful Tá a dhath álainn.

Our teacher is nice. áuar títsher iz nais Tá ár múinteoir cineálta.

Their house is large. dhéar háus iz lárj Tá a dteach mór.

4. Forainmneacha sealbhacha neamhspleácha

Úsáidtear iad seo gan ainmfhocal ina ndiaidh.

Coincheap Gaeilge Struchtúr Traslitriú fuaimnithe Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Sealbhú neamhspleách mine máin mine máin Liomsa / mo chuid

Sealbhú neamhspleách yours iorz yours iorz Linne? Is leatsa / do chuid

Sealbhú neamhspleách his hiz his hiz Lena chuid / leis

Sealbhú neamhspleách hers hérz hers hérz Lena cuid / léi

Sealbhú neamhspleách ours áuarz ours áuarz Linne / ár gcuid

Sealbhú neamhspleách theirs dhéarz theirs dhéarz Lena gcuid / leo

Nóta: Ní bhíonn forainm sealbhach neamhspleách coitianta de ghnáth le “it”.

Samplaí

Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

This book is mine. dhis buc iz máin Is liomsa an leabhar seo.

The car is yours. dhé car iz iorz Is leatsa an carr.

The house is his. dhé háus iz hiz Is leis an teach.

The bag is hers. dhé bag iz hérz Is léi an mála.

The room is ours. dhé rúm iz áuarz Is linne an seomra.

The books are theirs. dhé bucs ar dhéar z Is leo na leabhair.

5. Forainmneacha athfhillteacha

Úsáidtear iad nuair a dhéantar an gníomh ar ais ar an ainmní féin.

Coincheap Gaeilge Struchtúr Traslitriú fuaimnithe Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Athfhillteach my + self mái + self myself mái self Mé féin

Athfhillteach your + self ior + self yourself ior self Tú féin

Athfhillteach him + self him + self himself him self Eisean féin

Athfhillteach her + self hér + self herself hér self Eise féin

Athfhillteach it + self it + self itself it self Sé/sí féin, i gcás ruda nó ainmhí

Athfhillteach our + selves áuar + selvz ourselves áuar selvz Muid féin

Athfhillteach your + selves ior + selvz yourselves ior selvz Sibh féin

Athfhillteach them + selves dhem + selvz themselves dhem selvz Siad féin

Samplaí

Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I hurt myself. ái hert mái self Ghortaigh mé mé féin.

You did it yourself. iú did it ior self Rinne tú é féin.

He introduced himself. hí introdúst him self Chuir sé é féin in aithne.

She taught herself English. shí tot hér self inglish D'fhoghlaim sí Béarla léi féin.

The machine turned itself off. dhé mashín ternd it self of Mhúch an meaisín é féin.

We enjoyed ourselves. uí injóid áuar selvz Bhí an-spraoi againn.

They introduced themselves. dhé introdúst dhem selvz Chuir siad iad féin in aithne.

6. Forainmneacha taispeántacha

Coincheap Gaeilge Struchtúr Traslitriú fuaimnithe Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Taispeántach uatha gar this dhis this dhis Seo / an ceann seo

Taispeántach uatha i bhfad that dhat that dhat Sin / an ceann sin

Taispeántach iolra gar these dhíiz these dhíiz Iad seo / na cinn seo

Taispeántach iolra i bhfad those dhóuz those dhóuz Iad sin / na cinn sin

Samplaí

This is my book.

dhis iz mái buc.

Seo mo leabhar.

That is your car.

dhat iz ior car.

Sin do charr.

These are my shoes.

dhíiz ar mái shúz.

Seo mo bhróga.

Those are their houses.

dhóuz ar dhéar háuziz.

Sin iad a dtithe.

7. Forainmneacha ceisteacha

Coincheap Gaeilge Struchtúr Traslitriú fuaimnithe Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Ceist faoi dhuine who hú who hú Cé?

Ceist faoi dhuine mar réad whom húm whom húm Cé? / Cé ar a ndearnadh an gníomh?

Ceist faoi sheilbh whose húz whose húz Cé leis? / Cé leis ar leis é?

Ceist faoi rud nó rogha what uot what uot Cad é? / Céard?

Ceist faoi rogha which uíts which uíts Cén ceann?

Samplaí

Who called you?

hú cóld iú?

Cé a ghlaoigh ort?

Whom did you see?

húm did iú sí?

Cé a chonaic tú?

Whose is this?

húz iz dhis?

Cé leis é seo?

What happened?

uot hápend?

Cad a tharla?

Which is yours?

uíts iz iorz?

Cén ceann atá agatsa?

8. Forainmneacha coibhneasta

Coincheap Gaeilge Struchtúr Traslitriú fuaimnithe Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Do dhaoine who hú who hú A / an té a

Do dhaoine mar réad whom húm whom húm A / an té a

Maidir le seilbh whose húz whose húz A bhfuil a chuid/a cuid aige/aici

Do rudaí which uíts which uíts A / an rud a

Do dhaoine agus do rudaí that dhat that dhat A / an té nó an rud a

Samplaí

The man who works here is my brother.

dhé man hú uorcs hir iz mái bradhar.

Is é an fear a oibríonn anseo mo dheartháir.

The book which I bought is interesting.

dhé buc uíts ái bot iz intristing.

Tá an leabhar a cheannaigh mé suimiúil.

The girl whose car was stolen called the police.

dhé gerl húz car uoz stóulen cóld dhé pólice.

Ghlaoigh an cailín ar leis an carr a goideadh ar na póilíní.

9. Forainmneacha éiginnte

Tagraíonn siad seo do dhaoine nó do rudaí nach bhfuil sonraithe go cruinn.

Coincheap Gaeilge Forainm Fuaimniú Brí

Duine éiginnte someone sam uan Duine éigin

Duine éiginnte somebody sam badi Duine éigin

Duine éiginnte i gceisteanna agus i bhfrásaí diúltacha anyone eni uan Aon duine

Duine éiginnte i gceisteanna agus i bhfrásaí diúltacha anybody eni badi Aon duine

Gan duine no one nó uan Aon duine amháin / duine ar bith

Gan duine nobody nó badi Aon duine amháin / duine ar bith

Gach duine everyone evri uan Gach duine

Gach duine everybody evri badi Gach duine

Rud éigin something samthing Rud éigin

Aon rud anything eni thing Aon rud

Gan rud nothing nathing Tada

Gach rud everything evri thing Gach rud

5- Aimsirí na mbriathra

1. An gnáthláithreach

Úsáid: nósanna, fíricí agus gníomhartha rialta.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + V1 + ...

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I work. ái uorc Oibrím.

you You work. iú uorc Oibríonn tú.

he He works. hí uorcs Oibríonn sé.

she She works. shí uorcs Oibríonn sí.

it It works. it uorcs Oibríonn sé/sí.

we We work. uí uorc Oibrímid.

you You work. iú uorc Oibríonn sibh.

they They work. dhé uorc Oibríonn siad.

Le he/she/it, cuirtear -s leis an mbriathar de ghnáth.

2. An gnáthchaite

Úsáid: gníomh a tharla agus a chríochnaigh san am atá thart.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + V2 + ...

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I worked. ái uorkt D'oibrigh mé.

you You worked. iú uorkt D'oibrigh tú.

he He worked. hí uorkt D'oibrigh sé.

she She worked. shí uorkt D'oibrigh sí.

it It worked. it uorkt D'oibrigh sé/sí.

we We worked. uí uorkt D'oibríomar.

you You worked. iú uorkt D'oibrigh sibh.

they They worked. dhé uorkt D'oibrigh siad.

3. An gnáthfháistineach

Úsáid: rud a tharlóidh amach anseo.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + will + V1

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will work. ái uil uorc Oibreoidh mé.

you You will work. iú uil uorc Oibreoidh tú.

he He will work. hí uil uorc Oibreoidh sé.

she She will work. shí uil uorc Oibreoidh sí.

it It will work. it uil uorc Oibreoidh sé/sí.

we We will work. uí uil uorc Oibreoimid.

you You will work. iú uil uorc Oibreoidh sibh.

they They will work. dhé uil uorc Oibreoidh siad.

4. An láithreach leanúnach

Úsáid: gníomh atá ar siúl anois, ag an am seo.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + am/is/are + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I am working. ái am uorking Táim ag obair anois.

you You are working. iú ar uorking Tá tú ag obair anois.

he He is working. hí iz uorking Tá sé ag obair anois.

she She is working. shí iz uorking Tá sí ag obair anois.

it It is working. it iz uorking Tá sé/sí ag obair anois.

we We are working. uí ar uorking Táimid ag obair anois.

you You are working. iú ar uorking Tá sibh ag obair anois.

they They are working. dhé ar uorking Tá siad ag obair anois.

5. An caite leanúnach

Úsáid: gníomh a bhí ar siúl ag am áirithe san am atá thart.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + was/were + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I was working. ái uoz uorking Bhí mé ag obair.

you You were working. iú uer uorking Bhí tú ag obair.

he He was working. hí uoz uorking Bhí sé ag obair.

she She was working. shí uoz uorking Bhí sí ag obair.

it It was working. it uoz uorking Bhí sé/sí ag obair.

we We were working. uí uer uorking Bhíomar ag obair.

you You were working. iú uer uorking Bhí sibh ag obair.

they They were working. dhé uer uorking Bhí siad ag obair.

6. An fáistineach leanúnach

Úsáid: gníomh a bheidh ar siúl ag am áirithe amach anseo.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + will be + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will be working. ái uil bí uorking Beidh mé ag obair.

you You will be working. iú uil bí uorking Beidh tú ag obair.

he He will be working. hí uil bí uorking Beidh sé ag obair.

she She will be working. shí uil bí uorking Beidh sí ag obair.

it It will be working. it uil bí uorking Beidh sé/sí ag obair.

we We will be working. uí uil bí uorking Beimid ag obair.

you You will be working. iú uil bí uorking Beidh sibh ag obair.

they They will be working. dhé uil bí uorking Beidh siad ag obair.

7. An láithreach foirfe

Úsáid: gníomh a tharla san am atá thart agus a bhfuil baint aige leis an lá inniu, nó gníomh a tharla gan am sonrach a lua.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + have/has + V3

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I have worked. ái hav uorkt Tá obair déanta agam cheana féin.

you You have worked. iú hav uorkt Tá obair déanta agat cheana féin.

he He has worked. hí haz uorkt Tá obair déanta aige cheana féin.

she She has worked. shí haz uorkt Tá obair déanta aici cheana féin.

it It has worked. it haz uorkt D'oibrigh sé/sí cheana féin.

we We have worked. uí hav uorkt Tá obair déanta againn cheana féin.

you You have worked. iú hav uorkt Tá obair déanta agaibh cheana féin.

they They have worked. dhé hav uorkt Tá obair déanta acu cheana féin.

8. An t-iarraidh foirfe

Úsáid: gníomh a tharla roimh ghníomh eile san am atá thart.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + had + V3

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I had worked. ái had uorkt Bhí obair déanta agam cheana féin.

you You had worked. iú had uorkt Bhí obair déanta agat cheana féin.

he He had worked. hí had uorkt Bhí obair déanta aige cheana féin.

she She had worked. shí had uorkt Bhí obair déanta aici cheana féin.

it It had worked. it had uorkt Bhí sé/sí ag obair cheana féin.

we We had worked. uí had uorkt Bhí obair déanta againn cheana féin.

you You had worked. iú had uorkt Bhí obair déanta agaibh cheana féin.

they They had worked. dhé had uorkt Bhí obair déanta acu cheana féin.

9. An fáistineach foirfe

Úsáid: gníomh a bheidh críochnaithe roimh am áirithe amach anseo.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + will have + V3

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will have worked. ái uil hav uorkt Beidh obair déanta agam faoin am sin.

you You will have worked. iú uil hav uorkt Beidh obair déanta agat faoin am sin.

he He will have worked. hí uil hav uorkt Beidh obair déanta aige faoin am sin.

she She will have worked. shí uil hav uorkt Beidh obair déanta aici faoin am sin.

it It will have worked. it uil hav uorkt Beidh sé/sí tar éis oibriú faoin am sin.

we We will have worked. uí uil hav uorkt Beidh obair déanta againn faoin am sin.

you You will have worked. iú uil hav uorkt Beidh obair déanta agaibh faoin am sin.

they They will have worked. dhé uil hav uorkt Beidh obair déanta acu faoin am sin.

10. An láithreach foirfe leanúnach

Úsáid: gníomh a thosaigh san am atá thart agus atá fós ar siúl, nó a chríochnaigh díreach anois tar éis tréimhse.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + have/has been + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I have been working. ái hav bin uorking Tá mé ag obair le tamall anuas.

you You have been working. iú hav bin uorking Tá tú ag obair le tamall anuas.

he He has been working. hí haz bin uorking Tá sé ag obair le tamall anuas.

she She has been working. shí haz bin uorking Tá sí ag obair le tamall anuas.

it It has been working. it haz bin uorking Tá sé/sí ag obair le tamall anuas.

we We have been working. uí hav bin uorking Táimid ag obair le tamall anuas.

you You have been working. iú hav bin uorking Tá sibh ag obair le tamall anuas.

they They have been working. dhé hav bin uorking Tá siad ag obair le tamall anuas.

11. An t-iarraidh foirfe leanúnach

Úsáid: gníomh a bhí ar siúl ar feadh tréimhse roimh phointe eile san am atá thart.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + had been + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I had been working. ái had bin uorking Bhí mé ag obair le tamall roimhe sin.

you You had been working. iú had bin uorking Bhí tú ag obair le tamall roimhe sin.

he He had been working. hí had bin uorking Bhí sé ag obair le tamall roimhe sin.

she She had been working. shí had bin uorking Bhí sí ag obair le tamall roimhe sin.

it It had been working. it had bin uorking Bhí sé/sí ag obair le tamall roimhe sin.

we We had been working. uí had bin uorking Bhíomar ag obair le tamall roimhe sin.

you You had been working. iú had bin uorking Bhí sibh ag obair le tamall roimhe sin.

they They had been working. dhé had bin uorking Bhí siad ag obair le tamall roimhe sin.

12. An fáistineach foirfe leanúnach

Úsáid: gníomh a bheidh ar siúl ar feadh tréimhse áirithe suas go dtí pointe amach anseo.

Struchtúr: Ainmní + will have been + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will have been working. ái uil hav bin uorking Beidh mé ag obair ar feadh tréimhse áirithe faoin am sin.

you You will have been working. iú uil hav bin uorking Beidh tú ag obair ar feadh tréimhse áirithe faoin am sin.

he He will have been working. hí uil hav bin uorking Beidh sé ag obair ar feadh tréimhse áirithe faoin am sin.

she She will have been working. shí uil hav bin uorking Beidh sí ag obair ar feadh tréimhse áirithe faoin am sin.

it It will have been working. it uil hav bin uorking Beidh sé/sí ag obair ar feadh tréimhse áirithe faoin am sin.

we We will have been working. uí uil hav bin uorking Beimid ag obair ar feadh tréimhse áirithe faoin am sin.

you You will have been working. iú uil hav bin uorking Beidh sibh ag obair ar feadh tréimhse áirithe faoin am sin.

they They will have been working. dhé uil hav bin uorking Beidh siad ag obair ar feadh tréimhse áirithe faoin am sin.

6- Aimsirí san fhoirm éighníomhach

1. An gnáthláithreach éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + am/is/are + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + am/iz/ar + ví thrí

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I am written about. ái am riten abáut Scríobhtar fúm.

you You are written about. iú ar riten abáut Scríobhtar fút.

he He is written about. hí iz riten abáut Scríobhtar faoi.

she She is written about. shí iz riten abáut Scríobhtar fúithi.

it It is written about. it iz riten abáut Scríobhtar faoi, i gcás ruda nó ainmhí.

we We are written about. uí ar riten abáut Scríobhtar fúinn.

you You are written about. iú ar riten abáut Scríobhtar fúibh.

they They are written about. dhé ar riten abáut Scríobhtar fúthu.

Sampla níos nádúrtha:

The book is written in English.

dhé buc iz riten in inglish.

Tá an leabhar scríofa i mBéarla.

2. An gnáthchaite éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + was/were + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + uoz/uer + ví thrí

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I was invited. ái uoz inváited Fuair mé cuireadh.

you You were invited. iú uer inváited Fuair tú cuireadh.

he He was invited. hí uoz inváited Fuair sé cuireadh.

she She was invited. shí uoz inváited Fuair sí cuireadh.

it It was invited. it uoz inváited Fuair an rud/ainmhí cuireadh.

we We were invited. uí uer inváited Fuaireamar cuireadh.

you You were invited. iú uer inváited Fuair sibh cuireadh.

they They were invited. dhé uer inváited Fuair siad cuireadh.

3. An gnáthfháistineach éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + will be + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + uil bí + ví thrí

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will be invited. ái uil bí inváited Gheobhaidh mé cuireadh.

you You will be invited. iú uil bí inváited Gheobhaidh tú cuireadh.

he He will be invited. hí uil bí inváited Gheobhaidh sé cuireadh.

she She will be invited. shí uil bí inváited Gheobhaidh sí cuireadh.

it It will be invited. it uil bí inváited Gheobhaidh sé/sí cuireadh.

we We will be invited. uí uil bí inváited Gheobhaimid cuireadh.

you You will be invited. iú uil bí inváited Gheobhaidh sibh cuireadh.

they They will be invited. dhé uil bí inváited Gheobhaidh siad cuireadh.

4. An láithreach leanúnach éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + am/is/are being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + am/iz/ar bíing + ví thrí

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I am being watched. ái am bíing uotcht Tá mé á fhaire anois.

you You are being watched. iú ar bíing uotcht Tá tú á fhaire anois.

he He is being watched. hí iz bíing uotcht Tá sé á fhaire anois.

she She is being watched. shí iz bíing uotcht Tá sí á faire anois.

it It is being watched. it iz bíing uotcht Tá sé/sí á fhaire anois.

we We are being watched. uí ar bíing uotcht Táimid á bhfaire anois.

you You are being watched. iú ar bíing uotcht Tá sibh á bhfaire anois.

they They are being watched. dhé ar bíing uotcht Tá siad á bhfaire anois.

5. An caite leanúnach éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + was/were being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + uoz/uer bíing + ví thrí

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I was being watched. ái uoz bíing uotcht Bhí mé á fhaire.

you You were being watched. iú uer bíing uotcht Bhí tú á fhaire.

he He was being watched. hí uoz bíing uotcht Bhí sé á fhaire.

she She was being watched. shí uoz bíing uotcht Bhí sí á faire.

it It was being watched. it uoz bíing uotcht Bhí sé/sí á fhaire.

we We were being watched. uí uer bíing uotcht Bhíomar á bhfaire.

you You were being watched. iú uer bíing uotcht Bhí sibh á bhfaire.

they They were being watched. dhé uer bíing uotcht Bhí siad á bhfaire.

6. An fáistineach leanúnach éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + will be being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + uil bí bíing + ví thrí

Tá an fhoirm seo fíor-annamh sa Bhéarla nua-aimseartha.

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will be being watched. ái uil bí bíing uotcht Beidh mé á fhaire.

you You will be being watched. iú uil bí bíing uotcht Beidh tú á fhaire.

he He will be being watched. hí uil bí bíing uotcht Beidh sé á fhaire.

she She will be being watched. shí uil bí bíing uotcht Beidh sí á faire.

it It will be being watched. it uil bí bíing uotcht Beidh sé/sí á fhaire.

we We will be being watched. uí uil bí bíing uotcht Beimid á bhfaire.

you You will be being watched. iú uil bí bíing uotcht Beidh sibh á bhfaire.

they They will be being watched. dhé uil bí bíing uotcht Beidh siad á bhfaire.

7. An láithreach foirfe éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + have/has been + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + hav/haz bin + ví thrí

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I have been invited. ái hav bin inváited Tá cuireadh faighte agam.

you You have been invited. iú hav bin inváited Tá cuireadh faighte agat.

he He has been invited. hí haz bin inváited Tá cuireadh faighte aige.

she She has been invited. shí haz bin inváited Tá cuireadh faighte aici.

it It has been invited. it haz bin inváited Tá cuireadh faighte aige/aici.

we We have been invited. uí hav bin inváited Tá cuireadh faighte againn.

you You have been invited. iú hav bin inváited Tá cuireadh faighte agaibh.

they They have been invited. dhé hav bin inváited Tá cuireadh faighte acu.

8. An t-iarraidh foirfe éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + had been + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + had bin + ví thrí

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I had been invited. ái had bin inváited Bhí cuireadh faighte agam cheana féin.

you You had been invited. iú had bin inváited Bhí cuireadh faighte agat cheana féin.

he He had been invited. hí had bin inváited Bhí cuireadh faighte aige cheana féin.

she She had been invited. shí had bin inváited Bhí cuireadh faighte aici cheana féin.

it It had been invited. it had bin inváited Bhí cuireadh faighte aige/aici cheana féin.

we We had been invited. uí had bin inváited Bhí cuireadh faighte againn cheana féin.

you You had been invited. iú had bin inváited Bhí cuireadh faighte agaibh cheana féin.

they They had been invited. dhé had bin inváited Bhí cuireadh faighte acu cheana féin.

9. An fáistineach foirfe éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + will have been + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + uil hav bin + ví thrí

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will have been invited. ái uil hav bin inváited Beidh cuireadh faighte agam faoin am sin.

you You will have been invited. iú uil hav bin inváited Beidh cuireadh faighte agat faoin am sin.

he He will have been invited. hí uil hav bin inváited Beidh cuireadh faighte aige faoin am sin.

she She will have been invited. shí uil hav bin inváited Beidh cuireadh faighte aici faoin am sin.

it It will have been invited. it uil hav bin inváited Beidh cuireadh faighte aige/aici faoin am sin.

we We will have been invited. uí uil hav bin inváited Beidh cuireadh faighte againn faoin am sin.

you You will have been invited. iú uil hav bin inváited Beidh cuireadh faighte agaibh faoin am sin.

they They will have been invited. dhé uil hav bin inváited Beidh cuireadh faighte acu faoin am sin.

10. An láithreach foirfe leanúnach éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + have/has been being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + hav/haz bin bíing + ví thrí

Tá an fhoirm seo ceart ó thaobh gramadaí de, ach tá sí fíor-annamh agus mínádúrtha i mórán comhthéacsanna.

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I have been being watched. ái hav bin bíing uotcht Tá mé á fhaire go leanúnach go dtí seo.

you You have been being watched. iú hav bin bíing uotcht Tá tú á fhaire go leanúnach go dtí seo.

he He has been being watched. hí haz bin bíing uotcht Tá sé á fhaire go leanúnach go dtí seo.

she She has been being watched. shí haz bin bíing uotcht Tá sí á faire go leanúnach go dtí seo.

it It has been being watched. it haz bin bíing uotcht Tá sé/sí á fhaire go leanúnach go dtí seo.

we We have been being watched. uí hav bin bíing uotcht Táimid á bhfaire go leanúnach go dtí seo.

you You have been being watched. iú hav bin bíing uotcht Tá sibh á bhfaire go leanúnach go dtí seo.

they They have been being watched. dhé hav bin bíing uotcht Tá siad á bhfaire go leanúnach go dtí seo.

11. An t-iarraidh foirfe leanúnach éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + had been being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + had bin bíing + ví thrí

Tá an fhoirm seo fíor-annamh freisin.

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I had been being watched. ái had bin bíing uotcht Bhí mé á fhaire go leanúnach roimhe sin.

you You had been being watched. iú had bin bíing uotcht Bhí tú á fhaire go leanúnach roimhe sin.

he He had been being watched. hí had bin bíing uotcht Bhí sé á fhaire go leanúnach roimhe sin.

she She had been being watched. shí had bin bíing uotcht Bhí sí á faire go leanúnach roimhe sin.

it It had been being watched. it had bin bíing uotcht Bhí sé/sí á fhaire go leanúnach roimhe sin.

we We had been being watched. uí had bin bíing uotcht Bhíomar á bhfaire go leanúnach roimhe sin.

you You had been being watched. iú had bin bíing uotcht Bhí sibh á bhfaire go leanúnach roimhe sin.

they They had been being watched. dhé had bin bíing uotcht Bhí siad á bhfaire go leanúnach roimhe sin.

12. An fáistineach foirfe leanúnach éighníomhach

Struchtúr: Ainmní + will have been being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + uil hav bin bíing + ví thrí

Tá an fhoirm seo thar a bheith neamhchoitianta.

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will have been being watched. ái uil hav bin bíing uotcht Beidh mé faoi fhaire leanúnach faoin am sin.

you You will have been being watched. iú uil hav bin bíing uotcht Beidh tú faoi fhaire leanúnach faoin am sin.

he He will have been being watched. hí uil hav bin bíing uotcht Beidh sé faoi fhaire leanúnach faoin am sin.

she She will have been being watched. shí uil hav bin bíing uotcht Beidh sí faoi fhaire leanúnach faoin am sin.

it It will have been being watched. it uil hav bin bíing uotcht Beidh sé/sí faoi fhaire leanúnach faoin am sin.

we We will have been being watched. uí uil hav bin bíing uotcht Beimid faoi fhaire leanúnach faoin am sin.

you You will have been being watched. iú uil hav bin bíing uotcht Beidh sibh faoi fhaire leanúnach faoin am sin.

they They will have been being watched. dhé uil hav bin bíing uotcht Beidh siad faoi fhaire leanúnach faoin am sin.

7- An Diúltú (NEGATION)

1. An Aimsir Láithreach Shimplí — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + do/does + not + V1

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I do not work. ai du not wərk Ní oibrím.

You You do not work. yu du not wərk Ní oibríonn tú.

He He does not work. hi daz not wərk Ní oibríonn sé.

She She does not work. shi daz not wərk Ní oibríonn sí.

It It does not work. it daz not wərk Ní oibríonn sé/sí/é.

We We do not work. wi du not wərk Ní oibrímid.

They They do not work. dhei du not wərk Ní oibríonn siad.

Giorrúcháin:

do not → don't — dont

does not → doesn't — daznt

⚠️ Tar éis doesn't, úsáidtear V1:

He doesn't work. ✅

He doesn't works. ❌

2. An Aimsir Chaite Shimplí — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + did + not + V1

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I did not work. ai did not wərk Níor oibrigh mé.

You You did not work. yu did not wərk Níor oibrigh tú.

He He did not work. hi did not wərk Níor oibrigh sé.

She She did not work. shi did not wərk Níor oibrigh sí.

It It did not work. it did not wərk Níor oibrigh sé/sí/é.

We We did not work. wi did not wərk Níor oibríomar.

They They did not work. dhei did not wərk Níor oibrigh siad.

did not → didn't — didnt

⚠️ Tar éis didn't, úsáidtear V1:

I didn't work. ✅

I didn't worked. ❌

3. An Aimsir Fháistineach Shimplí — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + will + not + V1

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will not work. ai wil not wərk Ní oibreoidh mé.

You You will not work. yu wil not wərk Ní oibreoidh tú.

He He will not work. hi wil not wərk Ní oibreoidh sé.

She She will not work. shi wil not wərk Ní oibreoidh sí.

It It will not work. it wil not wərk Ní oibreoidh sé/sí/é.

We We will not work. wi wil not wərk Ní oibreoimid.

They They will not work. dhei wil not wərk Ní oibreoidh siad.

will not → won't — wont

An Aimsir Leanúnach

4. An Aimsir Láithreach Leanúnach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + am/is/are + not + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I am not working. ai am not wərk-ing Nílim ag obair anois.

You You are not working. yu ar not wərk-ing Níl tú ag obair anois.

He He is not working. hi iz not wərk-ing Níl sé ag obair anois.

She She is not working. shi iz not wərk-ing Níl sí ag obair anois.

It It is not working. it iz not wərk-ing Níl sé/sí/é ag obair anois.

We We are not working. wi ar not wərk-ing Níl muid ag obair anois.

They They are not working. dhei ar not wərk-ing Níl siad ag obair anois.

Giorrúcháin:

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — arnt

am not → I'm not — aim not

5. An Aimsir Chaite Leanúnach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + was/were + not + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I was not working. ai wəz not wərk-ing Ní raibh mé ag obair.

You You were not working. yu wər not wərk-ing Ní raibh tú ag obair.

He He was not working. hi wəz not wərk-ing Ní raibh sé ag obair.

She She was not working. shi wəz not wərk-ing Ní raibh sí ag obair.

It It was not working. it wəz not wərk-ing Ní raibh sé/sí/é ag obair.

We We were not working. wi wər not wərk-ing Ní raibh muid ag obair.

They They were not working. dhei wər not wərk-ing Ní raibh siad ag obair.

Giorrúcháin:

was not → wasn't — wəznt

were not → weren't — wərnt

6. An Aimsir Fháistineach Leanúnach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + will + not + be + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will not be working. ai wil not bi wərk-ing Ní bheidh mé ag obair.

You You will not be working. yu wil not bi wərk-ing Ní bheidh tú ag obair.

He He will not be working. hi wil not bi wərk-ing Ní bheidh sé ag obair.

She She will not be working. shi wil not bi wərk-ing Ní bheidh sí ag obair.

It It will not be working. it wil not bi wərk-ing Ní bheidh sé/sí/é ag obair.

We We will not be working. wi wil not bi wərk-ing Ní bheidh muid ag obair.

They They will not be working. dhei wil not bi wərk-ing Ní bheidh siad ag obair.

7. An Aimsir Láithreach Fhoirfe — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + have/has + not + V3

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I have not worked. ai hav not wərkt Níor oibrigh mé / ní dhearna mé an obair go dtí seo.

You You have not worked. yu hav not wərkt Níor oibrigh tú.

He He has not worked. hi haz not wərkt Níor oibrigh sé.

She She has not worked. shi haz not wərkt Níor oibrigh sí.

It It has not worked. it haz not wərkt Níor oibrigh sé/sí/é.

We We have not worked. wi hav not wərkt Níor oibríomar.

They They have not worked. dhei hav not wərkt Níor oibrigh siad.

Giorrúcháin:

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. An Aimsir Chaite Fhoirfe — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + had + not + V3

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I had not worked. ai had not wərkt Ní raibh an obair déanta agam roimhe sin.

You You had not worked. yu had not wərkt Ní raibh an obair déanta agat roimhe sin.

He He had not worked. hi had not wərkt Ní raibh an obair déanta aige roimhe sin.

She She had not worked. shi had not wərkt Ní raibh an obair déanta aici roimhe sin.

It It had not worked. it had not wərkt Ní raibh sé/sí/é ag obair roimhe sin.

We We had not worked. wi had not wərkt Ní raibh an obair déanta againn roimhe sin.

They They had not worked. dhei had not wərkt Ní raibh an obair déanta acu roimhe sin.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. An Aimsir Fháistineach Fhoirfe — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + will + not + have + V3

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will not have worked. ai wil not hav wərkt Ní bheidh an obair déanta agam faoin am sin.

You You will not have worked. yu wil not hav wərkt Ní bheidh an obair déanta agat faoin am sin.

He He will not have worked. hi wil not hav wərkt Ní bheidh an obair déanta aige faoin am sin.

She She will not have worked. shi wil not hav wərkt Ní bheidh an obair déanta aici faoin am sin.

It It will not have worked. it wil not hav wərkt Ní bheidh sé/sí/é ag obair faoin am sin.

We We will not have worked. wi wil not hav wərkt Ní bheidh an obair déanta againn faoin am sin.

They They will not have worked. dhei wil not hav wərkt Ní bheidh an obair déanta acu faoin am sin.

An Aimsir Fháistineach Fhoirfe Leanúnach

10. An Aimsir Láithreach Fhoirfe Leanúnach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I have not been working. ai hav not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh mé ag obair le tamall / níl mé ag obair le tamall anuas.

You You have not been working. yu hav not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh tú ag obair le tamall.

He He has not been working. hi haz not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh sé ag obair le tamall.

She She has not been working. shi haz not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh sí ag obair le tamall.

It It has not been working. it haz not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh sé/sí/é ag obair le tamall.

We We have not been working. wi hav not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh muid ag obair le tamall.

They They have not been working. dhei hav not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh siad ag obair le tamall.

11. An Aimsir Chaite Fhoirfe Leanúnach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + had + not + been + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I had not been working. ai had not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh mé ag obair ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

You You had not been working. yu had not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh tú ag obair ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

He He had not been working. hi had not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh sé ag obair ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

She She had not been working. shi had not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh sí ag obair ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

It It had not been working. it had not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh sé/sí/é ag obair ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

We We had not been working. wi had not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh muid ag obair ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

They They had not been working. dhei had not bin wərk-ing Ní raibh siad ag obair ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin.

12. An Aimsir Fháistineach Fhoirfe Leanúnach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr: Ábhar + will + not + have + been + V-ing

Forainm Abairt Fuaimniú Brí

I I will not have been working. ai wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ní bheidh mé ag obair ar feadh na tréimhse sin faoin am sin.

You You will not have been working. yu wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ní bheidh tú ag obair ar feadh na tréimhse sin faoin am sin.

He He will not have been working. hi wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ní bheidh sé ag obair ar feadh na tréimhse sin faoin am sin.

She She will not have been working. shi wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ní bheidh sí ag obair ar feadh na tréimhse sin faoin am sin.

It It will not have been working. it wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ní bheidh sé/sí/é ag obair ar feadh na tréimhse sin faoin am sin.

We We will not have been working. wi wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ní bheidh muid ag obair ar feadh na tréimhse sin faoin am sin.

They They will not have been working. dhei wil not hav bin wərk-ing Ní bheidh siad ag obair ar feadh na tréimhse sin faoin am sin.

1. An Aimsir Láithreach Shimplí sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + am/is/are + not + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + am/iz/ar + not + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I am not invited. ai am not in-vait-id Ní thugtar cuireadh dom.

You You are not invited. yu ar not in-vait-id Ní thugtar cuireadh duit.

He He is not invited. hi iz not in-vait-id Ní thugtar cuireadh dó.

She She is not invited. shi iz not in-vait-id Ní thugtar cuireadh di.

It It is not used. it iz not yuzd Ní úsáidtear é.

We We are not invited. wi ar not in-vait-id Ní thugtar cuireadh dúinn.

They They are not invited. dhei ar not in-vait-id Ní thugtar cuireadh dóibh.

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — arnt

2. An Aimsir Chaite Shimplí sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + was/were + not + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + wəz/wər + not + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I was not invited. ai wəz not in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dom.

You You were not invited. yu wər not in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh duit.

He He was not invited. hi wəz not in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dó.

She She was not invited. shi wəz not in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh di.

It It was not used. it wəz not yuzd Níor úsáideadh é.

We We were not invited. wi wər not in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dúinn.

They They were not invited. dhei wər not in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dóibh.

was not → wasn't — wəznt

were not → weren't — wərnt

3. An Aimsir Fháistineach Shimplí sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + will + not + be + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + wil + not + bi + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I will not be invited. ai wil not bi in-vait-id Ní thabharfar cuireadh dom.

You You will not be invited. yu wil not bi in-vait-id Ní thabharfar cuireadh duit.

He He will not be invited. hi wil not bi in-vait-id Ní thabharfar cuireadh dó.

She She will not be invited. shi wil not bi in-vait-id Ní thabharfar cuireadh di.

It It will not be used. it wil not bi yuzd Ní úsáidfear é.

We We will not be invited. wi wil not bi in-vait-id Ní thabharfar cuireadh dúinn.

They They will not be invited. dhei wil not bi in-vait-id Ní thabharfar cuireadh dóibh.

will not → won't — wont

4. An Aimsir Láithreach Leanúnach sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + am/is/are + not + being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + am/iz/ar + not + bi-ing + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I am not being invited. ai am not bi-ing in-vait-id Níl cuireadh á thabhairt dom faoi láthair.

You You are not being invited. yu ar not bi-ing in-vait-id Níl cuireadh á thabhairt duit faoi láthair.

He He is not being invited. hi iz not bi-ing in-vait-id Níl cuireadh á thabhairt dó faoi láthair.

She She is not being invited. shi iz not bi-ing in-vait-id Níl cuireadh á thabhairt di faoi láthair.

It It is not being used. it iz not bi-ing yuzd Níl sé á úsáid faoi láthair.

We We are not being invited. wi ar not bi-ing in-vait-id Níl cuireadh á thabhairt dúinn faoi láthair.

They They are not being invited. dhei ar not bi-ing in-vait-id Níl cuireadh á thabhairt dóibh faoi láthair.

5. An Aimsir Chaite Leanúnach sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + was/were + not + being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + wəz/wər + not + bi-ing + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I was not being invited. ai wəz not bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dom ag an am sin.

You You were not being invited. yu wər not bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt duit ag an am sin.

He He was not being invited. hi wəz not bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dó ag an am sin.

She She was not being invited. shi wəz not bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt di ag an am sin.

It It was not being used. it wəz not bi-ing yuzd Ní raibh sé á úsáid ag an am sin.

We We were not being invited. wi wər not bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dúinn ag an am sin.

They They were not being invited. dhei wər not bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dóibh ag an am sin.

6. An Aimsir Fháistineach Leanúnach sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + will + not + be + being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + wil + not + bi + bi-ing + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I will not be being invited. ai wil not bi bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt dom ag an am sin.

You You will not be being invited. yu wil not bi bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt duit ag an am sin.

He He will not be being invited. hi wil not bi bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt dó ag an am sin.

She She will not be being invited. shi wil not bi bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt di ag an am sin.

We We will not be being invited. wi wil not bi bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt dúinn ag an am sin.

They They will not be being invited. dhei wil not bi bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt dóibh ag an am sin.

⚠️ Tá an struchtúr seo an-annamh sa Bhéarla agus is gnách frása níos nádúrtha a úsáid ina áit.

7. An Aimsir Láithreach Fhoirfe sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + have/has + not + been + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + hav/haz + not + bin + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I have not been invited. ai hav not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dom.

You You have not been invited. yu hav not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh duit.

He He has not been invited. hi haz not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dó.

She She has not been invited. shi haz not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh di.

It It has not been used. it haz not bin yuzd Níor úsáideadh é.

We We have not been invited. wi hav not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dúinn.

They They have not been invited. dhei hav not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dóibh.

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. An Aimsir Chaite Fhoirfe sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + had + not + been + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + had + not + bin + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I had not been invited. ai had not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dom roimh an am sin.

You You had not been invited. yu had not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh duit roimh an am sin.

He He had not been invited. hi had not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dó roimh an am sin.

She She had not been invited. shi had not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh di roimh an am sin.

We We had not been invited. wi had not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dúinn roimh an am sin.

They They had not been invited. dhei had not bin in-vait-id Níor tugadh cuireadh dóibh roimh an am sin.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. An Aimsir Fháistineach Fhoirfe sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + will + not + have + been + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + wil + not + hav + bin + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I will not have been invited. ai wil not hav bin in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh tugtha dom faoin am sin.

You You will not have been invited. yu wil not hav bin in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh tugtha duit faoin am sin.

He He will not have been invited. hi wil not hav bin in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh tugtha dó faoin am sin.

She She will not have been invited. shi wil not hav bin in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh tugtha di faoin am sin.

We We will not have been invited. wi wil not hav bin in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh tugtha dúinn faoin am sin.

They They will not have been invited. dhei wil not hav bin in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh tugtha dóibh faoin am sin.

10. An Aimsir Láithreach Fhoirfe Leanúnach sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + have/has + not + been + being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + hav/haz + not + bin + bi-ing + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I have not been being invited. ai hav not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dom go leanúnach.

You You have not been being invited. yu hav not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt duit go leanúnach.

He He has not been being invited. hi haz not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dó go leanúnach.

She She has not been being invited. shi haz not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt di go leanúnach.

We We have not been being invited. wi hav not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dúinn go leanúnach.

They They have not been being invited. dhei hav not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dóibh go leanúnach.

⚠️ Tá an fhoirm seo fíor-annamh sa Bhéarla nua-aimseartha agus is gnách í a athscríobh.

11. An Aimsir Chaite Fhoirfe Leanúnach sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + had + not + been + being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + had + not + bin + bi-ing + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I had not been being invited. ai had not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dom go leanúnach roimhe sin.

You You had not been being invited. yu had not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt duit go leanúnach roimhe sin.

He He had not been being invited. hi had not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dó go leanúnach roimhe sin.

She She had not been being invited. shi had not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt di go leanúnach roimhe sin.

We We had not been being invited. wi had not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dúinn go leanúnach roimhe sin.

They They had not been being invited. dhei had not bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní raibh cuireadh á thabhairt dóibh go leanúnach roimhe sin.

⚠️ Tá an struchtúr seo an-annamh.

12. An Aimsir Fháistineach Fhoirfe Leanúnach sa Ghuth Éighníomhach — Foirm Dhiúltach

Struchtúr

Gaeilge: Ábhar + will + not + have + been + being + V3

Fuaimniú an struchtúir: sabjekt + wil + not + hav + bin + bi-ing + vi thri

Forainm Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

I I will not have been being invited. ai wil not hav bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt dom go leanúnach faoin am sin.

You You will not have been being invited. yu wil not hav bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt duit go leanúnach faoin am sin.

He He will not have been being invited. hi wil not hav bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt dó go leanúnach faoin am sin.

She She will not have been being invited. shi wil not hav bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt di go leanúnach faoin am sin.

We We will not have been being invited. wi wil not hav bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt dúinn go leanúnach faoin am sin.

They They will not have been being invited. dhei wil not hav bin bi-ing in-vait-id Ní bheidh cuireadh á thabhairt dóibh go leanúnach faoin am sin.

⚠️ Tá an fhoirm seo thar a bheith neamhchoitianta; is fearr abairt níos nádúrtha a úsáid de ghnáth.

no + noun

Coincheap Gaeilge Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

Ainmfhocal comhair uatha no + ainmfhocal uatha no + noun no book no buk Níl aon leabhar ann.

Ainmfhocal comhair iolra no + ainmfhocal iolra no + plural noun no books no buks Níl aon leabhair ann.

Ainmfhocal neamh-ináirithe no + ainmfhocal neamh-ináirithe no + uncountable noun no water no woter Níl aon uisce ann.

Existence: singular/uncountable there is + no + ainmfhocal uatha/neamh-ináirithe dher iz + no + noun There is no book. dher iz no buk Níl aon leabhar ann.

Existence: plural there are + no + ainmfhocal iolra dher ar + no + plural noun There are no books. dher ar no buks Níl aon leabhair ann.

Seilbh have/has + no + ainmfhocal hav/haz + no + noun I have no books. ai hav no buks Níl aon leabhair agam.

8- Ceisteanna (QUESTIONS)

1 An Aimsir Láithreach Shimplí Do/Does + subject + V1...? — du/daz + sabjekt + vi wan? — Do you work? — du yu wərk? — An oibríonn tú?

2 An Aimsir Chaite Shimplí Did + subject + V1...? — did + sabjekt + vi wan? — Did you work? — did yu wərk? — Ar oibrigh tú?

3 An Aimsir Fháistineach Shimplí Will + subject + V1...? — wil + sabjekt + vi wan? — Will you work? — wil yu wərk? — An oibreoidh tú?

4 An Aimsir Láithreach Leanúnach Am/Is/Are + subject + V-ing...? — am/iz/ar + sabjekt + vi-ing? — Are you working? — ar yu wərk-ing? — An bhfuil tú ag obair anois?

5 An Aimsir Chaite Leanúnach Was/Were + subject + V-ing...? — wəz/wər + sabjekt + vi-ing? — Were you working? — wər yu wərk-ing? — An raibh tú ag obair?

6 An Aimsir Fháistineach Leanúnach Will + subject + be + V-ing...? — wil + sabjekt + bi + vi-ing? — Will you be working? — wil yu bi wərk-ing? — An mbeidh tú ag obair?

7 An Aimsir Láithreach Fhoirfe Have/Has + subject + V3...? — hav/haz + sabjekt + vi thri? — Have you worked? — hav yu wərkt? — Ar oibrigh tú?

8 An Aimsir Chaite Fhoirfe Had + subject + V3...? — had + sabjekt + vi thri? — Had you worked? — had yu wərkt? — An raibh an obair déanta agat roimhe sin?

9 An Aimsir Fháistineach Fhoirfe Will + subject + have + V3...? — wil + sabjekt + hav + vi thri? — Will you have worked? — wil yu hav wərkt? — An mbeidh an obair déanta agat faoin am sin?

10 An Aimsir Láithreach Fhoirfe Leanúnach Have/Has + subject + been + V-ing...? — hav/haz + sabjekt + bin + vi-ing? — Have you been working? — hav yu bin wərk-ing? — An raibh tú ag obair le tamall?

11 An Aimsir Chaite Fhoirfe Leanúnach Had + subject + been + V-ing...? — had + sabjekt + bin + vi-ing? — Had you been working? — had yu bin wərk-ing? — An raibh tú ag obair ar feadh tréimhse roimhe sin?

12 An Aimsir Fháistineach Fhoirfe Leanúnach Will + subject + have + been + V-ing...? — wil + sabjekt + hav + bin + vi-ing? — Will you have been working? — wil yu hav bin wərk-ing? — An mbeidh tú ag obair ar feadh tréimhse faoin am sin?

Coincheap Gaeilge Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir i litreacha Laidine

Ceist faoi rud What + auxiliary + subject + verb? wot + oksil-yeri + sabjekt + vərb?

Ceist faoi dhuine mar ábhar Who + verb? hu + vərb?

Ceist faoi dhuine mar réad Who/Whom + auxiliary + subject + verb? hu/hum + oksil-yeri + sabjekt + vərb?

Ceist faoi áit Where + auxiliary + subject + verb? wher + oksil-yeri + sabjekt + vərb?

Ceist faoi am When + auxiliary + subject + verb? wen + oksil-yeri + sabjekt + vərb?

Ceist faoi chúis Why + auxiliary + subject + verb? wai + oksil-yeri + sabjekt + vərb?

Ceist faoi rogha Which + noun + auxiliary + subject + verb? wich + noun + oksil-yeri + sabjekt + vərb?

Ceist faoi sheilbh Whose + noun...? huz + noun...?

Ceist faoi mhodh How + auxiliary + subject + verb? hau + oksil-yeri + sabjekt + vərb?

Ceist faoi chainníocht ináirithe How many + plural noun...? hau meni + plural noun...?

Ceist faoi chainníocht neamh-ináirithe How much + uncountable noun...? hau mach + uncountable noun...?

Ceist faoi fhad How long...? hau long...?

Ceist faoi mhinicíocht How often...? hau ofən...?

Ceist faoi achar How far...? hau far...?

An riail bhunúsach

Leanann formhór na gceisteanna WH an patrún seo:

WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?

dubəl-yu-ait wərd + oksil-yeri + sabjekt + mein vərb?

Sampla:

Where + do + you + live?

wher + du + yu + liv?

= Cá bhfuil tú i do chónaí?

Ach nuair is é an WH-word féin an t-ábhar, ní úsáidtear do/does/did de ghnáth:

Who + works here?

hu wərks hir?

= Cé a oibríonn anseo?

Seo an difríocht bhunúsach idir:

Who did you see? → hu did yu si? → Cé a chonaic tú?

Who saw you? → hu so yu? → Cé a chonaic thú?

8- Dobhriathra

1. Dobhriathra minicíochta

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

Minicíocht leanúnach Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence always ólweiz i gcónaí

Minicíocht an-choitianta Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence usually iúzhuəli de ghnáth

Minicíocht choitianta Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence normally nórməli de ghnáth / go nádúrtha

Minicíocht choitianta Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence generally dhenerəli go ginearálta

Minicíocht choitianta Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence frequently fríkwəntli go minic

Minicíocht ó am go ham Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence often ófən go minic

Minicíocht ó am go ham Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence sometimes samtaimz uair amháin nó uair eile

Minicíocht annamh Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence occasionally əkéizhənəli ó am go ham

Minicíocht annamh Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence rarely rérli go hannamh

Minicíocht an-annamh Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence seldom seldəm go hannamh

Gan minicíocht Dobhriathar minicíochta + abairt Adverb of frequency + sentence never nevər riamh

Sampla:

I always study English.

Ai ólweiz stadi Inglish.

Déanaim staidéar ar an mBéarla i gcónaí.

2. Dobhriathra ama

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

Am láithreach Dobhriathar ama Time adverb now nau anois

Am láithreach Dobhriathar ama Time adverb currently kərentli faoi láthair

Am láithreach Dobhriathar ama Time adverb presently prezəntli faoi láthair

Am atá thart le déanaí Dobhriathar ama Time adverb recently rísəntli ar na mallaibh

Am atá thart Dobhriathar ama Time adverb yesterday yestərdei inné

Am atá thart Dobhriathar ama Time adverb before bifór roimhe seo

Am atá thart Dobhriathar ama Time adverb previously príviəsli roimhe sin

Am atá thart Dobhriathar ama Time adverb formerly formərli roimhe seo

Am leanúnach Dobhriathar ama Time adverb still stil fós

Am sa todhchaí Dobhriathar ama Time adverb soon sún go luath

Am sa todhchaí Dobhriathar ama Time adverb later leitər ar ball / níos déanaí

Am sa todhchaí Dobhriathar ama Time adverb eventually ivéntchuali ar deireadh thiar

Am luath Dobhriathar ama Time adverb early erli go luath

Am déanach Dobhriathar ama Time adverb late leit go déanach

An tús Dobhriathar ama Time adverb first fərst ar dtús

An deireadh Dobhriathar ama Time adverb finally fainəli ar deireadh

Idir an dá linn Dobhriathar ama Time adverb meanwhile mínwáilidir an dá linn

Seicheamh Dobhriathar ama Time adverb then dhen ansin

Seicheamh Dobhriathar ama Time adverb afterward áftərwərd tar éis sin

Seicheamh Dobhriathar ama Time adverb afterwards áftərwərdz tar éis sin

Seicheamh Dobhriathar ama Time adverb subsequently sabsikwəntli ina dhiaidh sin

3. Dobhriathra a léiríonn an gaol idir an t-am atá caite, an t-am i láthair agus an t-am leanúnach

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

already ólrédi cheana féin

yet yet go fóill / fós

still stil fós

just dhast díreach / díreach tar éis

ever evər ariamh / ag am ar bith

never nevər riamh

once wans uair amháin

twice twais dhá uair

again əgen arís

again and again əgen and əgen arís agus arís eile

forever fərévər go deo

temporarily tempərərili go sealadach

permanently pərmənəntli go buan

Sampla:

She has already finished.

Shi haz ólrédi finisht.

Tá sí críochnaithe cheana féin.

4. Dobhriathra áite

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

here hir anseo

there dher ansiúd

everywhere evriwér i ngach áit

somewhere samwér áit éigin

anywhere eniwér áit ar bith

nowhere nóuwér áit ar bith / in aon áit

abroad əbród thar lear

overseas óuvərsíz thar lear / trasna na farraige

nearby nirbái in aice láimhe

close klóus in aice láimhe

far fár i bhfad uaidh

away əwéi amach / i bhfad uaidh

back bak ar ais / siar

forward fórwərd ar aghaidh

backward bakwərd ar gcúl / siar

indoors indórz istigh

outdoors autdórz amuigh faoin aer

upstairs apstérz thuas staighre

downstairs daunstérz thíos staighre

inside insáid istigh

outside autsaid amuigh

5. Dobhriathra céime

Léiríonn na dobhriathra seo an méid nó an déine a bhaineann le haidiacht, le briathar nó le dobhriathar eile.

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

very veri an- / an-mhór

really ríəli i ndáiríre / an-

extremely ikstrímli thar a bheith

highly háili go mór / ar leibhéal ard

absolutely absəlútli go hiomlán / go dearfach

completely kəmplítli go hiomlán

totally tóutəli go hiomlán

entirely intáirli go hiomlán

fully fúli go hiomlán

quite kwáit sách / go maith, ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs

rather rádhər sách / beagán níos mó ná mar a bhíothas ag súil leis

fairly férli sách / measartha

pretty priti sách / measartha

somewhat samwot beagán / go pointe áirithe

slightly slaitli beagán

a little ə litəl beagán

too tú ró- / níos mó ná mar is gá

enough ináf go leor

almost ólmóust beagnach

nearly nirli beagnach

barely bérli ar éigean

hardly hárdli ar éigean

scarcely skérsli ar éigean

deeply díbli go domhain / go mór

greatly gréitli go mór

so só chomh / chomh mór sin

such satch a leithéid de / chomh mór sin

a lot ə lot go leor / go mór

a bit ə bit beagán

a little bit ə litəl bit beagán beag

Sampla:

The movie is extremely interesting.

Dhe múvi iz ikstrímli intrəsting.

Tá an scannán thar a bheith suimiúil.

6. Dobhriathra dóchúlachta agus féidearthachta

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

certainly sərtənli cinnte

definitely defənətli go cinnte

surely shúrli cinnte

probably próbəbli is dócha

possibly posəbli b'fhéidir / b'fhéidir go bhféadfadh

perhaps pərháps b'fhéidir

maybe meibi b'fhéidir

apparently əpérəntli de réir dealraimh

evidently evədəntli de réir na fianaise / is léir

clearly klírli is léir

obviously obviəsli ar ndóigh / is léir

presumably prizúməbli is dócha / de réir toimhde

supposedly səpóuzədli de réir dealraimh / mar a deirtear

undoubtedly andáutədli gan amhras

arguably árgiəbli d'fhéadfaí a mhaíomh

likely láikli is dócha

unlikely anláikli ní dócha

7. Dobhriathra dearcaidh agus seasaimh an chainteora

Úsáidtear na dobhriathra seo uaireanta mar sentence adverbs nó stance adverbs chun dearcadh an chainteora i leith na habairte a chur in iúl.

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

fortunately fórchənətli ar an dea-uair

unfortunately an fórchənətli ar an drochuair

luckily lákili ar an dea-uair

sadly sádli ar an drochuair / faraor

honestly ónəstli go hionraic

frankly fránkli go macánta

personally pərsənəli go pearsanta / i mo thuairim féin

seriously síriəsli go dáiríre

technically teknikəli go teicniúil

basically beisikəli go bunúsach

generally dhenərəli go ginearálta

normally nórməli de ghnáth

naturally náchərəli go nádúrtha

ideally aidíəli go hidéalach

theoretically thíərétikəli go teoiriciúil

practically práktikəli go praiticiúil

politically pəlítikəli go polaitiúil

economically íkənómikəli go heacnamaíoch

personally pərsənəli go pearsanta

surprisingly sərpráizingli go hiontach / rud a chuireann iontas ort

strangely stréindhəli go haisteach

interestingly intrəstingli rud suimiúil atá ann

importantly impórtəntli rud atá tábhachtach

especially ispéshəli go háirithe

particularly pərtikyələrli go háirithe

8. Dobhriathra srianta agus béime

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

only óunli amháin

just dhast díreach / amháin

even ívən fiú

also ólso chomh maith

too tú chomh maith

as well əz wel chomh maith

mainly meinli go príomha

mostly móustli den chuid is mó

merely mírli ach / amháin

simply simpli go simplí / amháin

particularly pərtikyələrli go háirithe

especially ispéshəli go háirithe

exactly igzáktli go díreach

precisely prisáisli go cruinn / go beacht

specifically spəsifikəli go sonrach

solely sóulli amháin / go heisiach

largely lárdhli den chuid is mó

even ívən fiú

indeed indíd go deimhin / i ndáiríre

Sampla:

Only John knows the answer.

Óunli Dzhon nóuz dhe ánsər.

Níl ach Seán ar an eolas faoin bhfreagra.

9. Dobhriathra diúltacha

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

not not ní / nach

never nevər riamh

nowhere nóuwér ná háit ar bith

hardly hárdli ar éigean

scarcely skérsli ar éigean

barely bérli ar éigean

rarely rérli go hannamh

seldom seldəm go hannamh

Nóta tábhachtach:

Is é not an príomhfhocal a úsáidtear chun abairt a dhiúltú.

I do not work.

Ai dú not wərk.

Ní oibrím.

10. Dobhriathra toraidh agus conclúide

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

therefore dhérfór dá bhrí sin / mar sin

thus dhas ar an mbealach sin / dá bhrí sin

consequently kónsikwəntli dá bharr sin

accordingly əkórdingly dá réir sin

hence hens uaidh sin / dá bhrí sin

otherwise ádhərwaiz ar shlí eile / murach sin

Sampla:

He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.

Hi wəz sik; dhérfór, hi steid húm.

Bhí sé tinn; dá bhrí sin, d'fhan sé sa bhaile.

11. Dobhriathra breise agus gaol

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

also ólso chomh maith

too tú chomh maith

additionally ədíshənəli ina theannta sin

moreover móróuvər thairis sin

furthermore fərdhərmór thairis sin

besides bisáidz seachas sin / ina theannta sin

likewise láikwáiz ar an gcaoi chéanna

similarly simələrli ar an gcaoi chéanna

12. Dobhriathra comparáide agus cosúlachta

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

similarly simələrli ar an gcaoi chéanna

likewise láikwáiz ar an gcaoi chéanna

equally íkwəli ar an gcuma chéanna / go cothrom

similarly simələrli ar an gcaoi chéanna

comparatively kəmpérətivli i gcomparáid le rud eile

relatively relətivli go coibhneasta

correspondingly kórispóndingli ar bhealach a fhreagraíonn dó

13. Dobhriathra eagraíochta agus seicheamh

Úsáidtear iad chun smaointe agus ráitis a nascadh agus a eagrú.

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

however háuwévər áfach / mar sin féin

therefore dhérfór dá bhrí sin

moreover móróuvər thairis sin

furthermore fərdhərmór ina theannta sin

nevertheless nevərdhəlés mar sin féin

nonetheless nándhəlés mar sin féin

meanwhile mínwáilidir an dá linn

instead instéd in ionad sin

otherwise ádhərwaiz ar shlí eile

consequently kónsikwəntli dá bharr sin

subsequently sabsikwəntli ina dhiaidh sin

alternatively óltərnətivli mar rogha eile

finally fainəli ar deireadh

firstly fərstli ar an gcéad dul síos

secondly sekəndli ar an dara dul síos

thirdly thərdli ar an tríú dul síos

next nekst ina dhiaidh sin

then dhen ansin

afterward áftərwərd ina dhiaidh sin

14. Dobhriathra ceisteacha

Úsáidtear iad le ceisteanna WH chun modh, céim, méid, minicíocht agus am a chur in iúl.

Focal Fuaimniú Brí

how hau conas

when wen cathain

where wér cá háit

why wái cén fáth

how much hau match cé mhéad / cén méid

how many hau meni cé mhéad

how often hau ófən cé chomh minic

how long hau long cá fhad

how far hau fár cé chomh fada

how soon hau sún cé chomh luath / cathain go luath

how well hau wel cé chomh maith

how quickly hau kwikli cé chomh tapa

Sampla:

How often do you exercise?

Hau ófən dú iu eksərsaiz?

Cé chomh minic is a dhéanann tú aclaíocht?

15. Dobhriathra slí

Déanann siad cur síos ar an gcaoi a dtarlaíonn gníomh.

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

quickly kwikli go tapa

slowly slóuli go mall

carefully kérfəli go cúramach

easily ízəli go héasca

badly bádli go dona

well wel go maith

clearly klírli go soiléir

quietly kwáitli go ciúin

loudly láudli os ard

secretly síkrətli faoi rún

openly óupənli go hoscailte

together təgedhər le chéile

apart əpárt óna chéile

directly dəréktli go díreach

indirectly indəréktli go hindíreach

deliberately dilíbərətli d'aon ghnó

accidentally aksədéntəli trí thimpiste

carefully kérfəli go cúramach

successfully səksésfəli go rathúil

differently difrəntli ar bhealach difriúil

16. Dobhriathra réamh-mheasta

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

hopefully hóupfəli le súil / tá súil agam

presumably prizúməbli is dócha

supposedly səpóuzədli de réir toimhde

predictably pridíktəbli mar a bheifí ag súil leis

unexpectedly anikspektədli gan choinne

inevitably inévətəbli go dosheachanta

eventually ivéntchuali ar deireadh thiar

17. Dobhriathra ordaithe

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

first fərst ar dtús

firstly fərstli ar an gcéad dul síos

second sekənd an dara ceann

secondly sekəndli ar an dara dul síos

third thərd an tríú ceann

thirdly thərdli ar an tríú dul síos

next nekst ina dhiaidh sin

then dhen ansin

finally fainəli ar deireadh

lastly lástli ar deireadh

18. Dobhriathra béime

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

certainly sərtənli cinnte

definitely defənətli go cinnte

indeed indíd go deimhin

really ríəli i ndáiríre

truly trúli go fírinneach

absolutely absəlútli go hiomlán

actually ákchuali i ndáiríre

literally litərəli go litriúil

genuinely dhenyuinli go fírinneach

clearly klírli go soiléir

obviously obviəsli ar ndóigh

surely shúrli go cinnte

right (tagann roimh an dobhriathar) ráit ceart / díreach

19. Dobhriathra soiléirithe agus míniúcháin

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

actually ákchuali i ndáiríre

really ríəli i ndáiríre

rather rádhər sách / in áit sin

instead instéd in ionad sin

specifically spəsifikəli go sonrach

precisely prisáisli go cruinn

exactly igzáktli go díreach

namely neimli is é sin / go sonrach

simply simpli go simplí

basically beisikəli go bunúsach

20. Dobhriathra neastacháin

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

almost ólmóust beagnach

nearly nirli beagnach

approximately əpróksimətli thart ar

roughly rafli thart ar

about əbáut thart ar

around əráund timpeall / thart ar

virtually vərchuali beagnach / go praiticiúil

practically práktikəli beagnach / go praiticiúil

roughly rafli go garbh / thart ar

21. Dobhriathra eisiaimh

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

only óunli amháin

merely mírli amháin

solely sóulli go heisiach / amháin

exclusively iksklúsivli go heisiach

otherwise ádhərwaiz murach sin

apart əpárt seachas / óna chéile

22. Dobhriathra iomláine

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

altogether óltəgedhər ar fad / san iomlán

entirely intáirli go hiomlán

completely kəmplítli go hiomlán

fully fúli go hiomlán

wholly hóuli ar fad

universally iunivərsəli go huilíoch / ar fud an domhain

23. Dobhriathra abairte agus faisnéise

Seo roinnt samplaí de sentence adverbs:

Dobhriathar Fuaimniú Brí

actually ákchuali i ndáiríre

apparently əpérəntli de réir dealraimh

certainly sərtənli cinnte

clearly klírli go soiléir

definitely defənətli go cinnte

evidently evədəntli is léir

fortunately fórchənətli ar an dea-uair

frankly fránkli go macánta

generally dhenərəli go ginearálta

honestly ónəstli go hionraic

ideally aidíəli go hidéalach

indeed indíd go deimhin

naturally náchərəli go nádúrtha

obviously obviəsli ar ndóigh

personally pərsənəli go pearsanta

perhaps pərháps b'fhéidir

probably próbəbli is dócha

seriously síriəsli go dáiríre

surely shúrli go cinnte

surprisingly sərpráizingli rud a chuireann iontas ort

theoretically thíərétikəli go teoiriciúil

unfortunately an fórchənətli ar an drochuair

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

Dobhriathar déanta as aidiacht — an riail bhunúsach Aidiacht + -ly Adjective + -ly quick → quickly kwik → kwikli tapa → go tapa

Aidiacht a chríochnaíonn in -y Athraigh y go i + -ly Adjective - y + -ily happy → happily hapi → hæpili sásta → go sona

Aidiacht a chríochnaíonn in -le Bain an e deiridh agus cuir -y leis Adjective - e + -y gentle → gently dhentəl → dhentli mín → go mín

Aidiacht a chríochnaíonn in -ic Aidiacht + -ally Adjective + -ally basic → basically beisik → beisikəli bunúsach → go bunúsach

Roinnt aidiachtaí a chríochnaíonn in -ic Aidiacht + -ally Adjective + -ally dramatic → dramatically drəmátik → drəmátikəli drámatach → go drámatach

Roinnt aidiachtaí a chríochnaíonn in -ue Aidiacht + -ly Adjective + -ly true → truly trú → trúli fíor → go fírinneach

Aidiacht a chríochnaíonn in -ll Aidiacht + -y Adjective + -y full → fully fúl → fúli lán → go hiomlán

Dobhriathar gan athrú An focal céanna Same word fast → fast fást → fást tapa → go tapa

Dobhriathar gan athrú An focal céanna Same word hard → hard hárd → hárd crua / dian → go dian

Dobhriathar gan athrú An focal céanna Same word late → late leit → leit déanach → go déanach

Dobhriathar gan athrú An focal céanna Same word early → early erli → erli luath → go luath

Dobhriathar neamhrialta Cruth ar leith Irregular form good → well gud → wel go maith → go maith

Dobhriathar déanta as ainmfhocal Ainmfhocal + -ward/-wards Noun + -ward/-wards home → homeward húm → húmwərd baile → i dtreo an bhaile

Dobhriathar déanta as ainmfhocal Ainmfhocal + -wise Noun + -wise clock → clockwise klok → klokwáiz clog → deiseal

Dobhriathar cumaisc Focal + focal Word + word somehow samhaú ar bhealach éigin

Dobhriathar cumaisc Focal + focal Word + word everywhere evriwér i ngach áit

Frása dobhriathartha Focal/frása + ainmfhocal agus réamhfhocal Adverbial phrase in the morning in dhe mórning ar maidin

9- Nascfhocail

. Nascfhocail chomhordaitheacha — Coordinating Conjunctions

Nascann na focail seo eilimintí atá comhionann ó thaobh na gramadaí de.

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

and ænd agus

but bat ach

or or nó

nor nór ná

for for ar son / mar

yet yet ach / mar sin féin

so só dá bhrí sin / mar sin

FANBOYS

For — for

And — ænd

Nor — nór

But — bat

Or — or

Yet — yet

So — só

I was tired, but I worked.

Ai woz taierd, bat ai werkt.

Bhí mé tuirseach, ach d'oibrigh mé.

2. Nascfhocail fho-ordaitheacha — Subordinating Conjunctions

Nascann na focail seo clásal fo-ordaitheach le príomhchlásal.

Cúis

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

because bikóz toisc / mar

since sins toisc / ó tharla

as az toisc / ós rud é

seeing that síing dhæt ó tharla

seeing as síing az ós rud é

now that nau dhæt anois go / ós rud é anois

given that givən dhæt ag cur san áireamh go

considering that kən-sidəring dhæt ag cur san áireamh go

inasmuch as in-əz-matsh az a mhéid is / toisc

insofar as in-só-fár az a mhéid is / chomh fada agus

insomuch as in-só-matsh az a mhéid go

in that in dhæt sa mhéid go

I stayed home because I was tired.

Ai steid hóum bikóz ai woz taierd.

D'fhan mé sa bhaile mar bhí mé tuirseach.

3. Nascfhocail choinníollacha

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

if if má

unless an-les mura / mura rud é

provided prə-váidid ar choinníoll go

provided that prə-váidid dhæt ar choinníoll go

providing prə-váid-ing ar choinníoll go

providing that prə-váid-ing dhæt ar choinníoll go

as long as az long az fad is / ar choinníoll go

so long as só long az fad is

on condition that on kən-dishən dhæt ar an gcoinníoll go

in case in keis ar eagla go / ar eagla na heagla

in the event that in dhə i-vent dhæt i gcás go

assuming that ə-súming dhæt ag glacadh leis go

supposing that sə-póuzing dhæt ag samhlú go

suppose that sə-póuz dhæt samhlaigh go

given that givən dhæt ag cur san áireamh go

granted that græn-tid dhæt ag glacadh leis go

granting that græn-ting dhæt ag glacadh leis go

If you study, you will learn.

If iu stadi, iu wil lern.

Má dhéanann tú staidéar, foghlaimeoidh tú.

4. Nascfhocail lamhálacha agus chodarsnacha

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

although ól-dhóu cé go / d'ainneoin go

though dhóu cé go / d'ainneoin go

even though íivən dhóu cé go deimhin

even if íivən if fiú má

whereas wéar-æz de bhrí go / ach

while wáil cé go / fad is

whilst wáilst fad is

albeit ól-bíit cé go / d'ainneoin go

much as matsh az cé go mór

however much hau-é-vər matsh is cuma cé mhéad

no matter how nó mæ-tər hau is cuma cén chaoi

no matter what nó mæ-tər wot is cuma cad é

no matter who nó mæ-tər hú is cuma cé

no matter where nó mæ-tər wéar is cuma cá háit

no matter when nó mæ-tər wen is cuma cathain

no matter which nó mæ-tər witsh is cuma cé acu

Even though he was tired, he continued.

Íivən dhóu hí woz taierd, hí kən-tin-iuud.

Cé go raibh sé tuirseach, lean sé air.

5. Nascfhocail ama

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

when wen nuair

whenever wen-é-vər aon uair / gach uair

while wáil fad is

whilst wáilst fad is

before bi-fór sula / roimh

after æf-tər tar éis / nuair a bheidh ... thart

until / till / 'til / 'till an-til / til / til / til go dtí

since sins ó shin i leith / ó

once wans a luaithe a / nuair a

as soon as az súun az a luaithe a

as long as az long az fad is

so long as só long az fad is

by the time bai dhə taim faoin am a

every time ev-ri taim gach uair

each time íitsh taim gach uair

the moment dhə móu-mənt an nóiméad a

the minute dhə mi-nit a luaithe a

the instant dhí in-stənt an toirt a

directly də-rekt-li a luaithe a

immediately i-míi-di-ət-li láithreach nuair a

hardly... when hárd-li... wen ar éigean a... nuair a

scarcely... when skéərs-li... wen ar éigean a... nuair a

no sooner... than nó súunər... dhæn ar éigean a... nuair a

Call me when you arrive.

Kól mí wen iu ə-ráiv.

Cuir glaoch orm nuair a shroicheann tú.

6. Nascfhocail chuspóra

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

so that só dhæt chun go / ionas go

in order that in ór-dər dhæt chun go

lest lest ar eagla go

for fear that for fíər dhæt ar eagla go

in case in keis ar eagla go

I studied hard so that I could pass.

Ai stadiid hárd só dhæt ai kud pás.

Rinne mé staidéar crua ionas go bhféadfainn pas a fháil.

7. Nascfhocail toraidh

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

so... that só... dhæt chomh... sin gur

such... that satsh... dhæt chomh... sin gur

so that só dhæt ionas go / sa chaoi go

such that satsh dhæt sa chaoi go

He was so tired that he slept immediately.

Hí woz só taierd dhæt hí slept i-míi-di-ət-li.

Bhí sé chomh tuirseach sin gur thit sé ina chodladh láithreach.

8. Nascfhocail chomparáide

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

than dhæn ná / níos... ná

as... as az... az chomh... le

not as... as not az... az nach bhfuil chomh... le

as if az if mar a bheadh / amhail is dá

as though az dhóu mar a bheadh / amhail is dá

just as jast az díreach mar

the more... the more dhə mór... dhə mór dá mhéad... is ea is mó

the more... the less dhə mór... dhə les dá mhéad... is ea is lú

the less... the more dhə les... dhə mór dá lú... is ea is mó

the less... the less dhə les... dhə les dá lú... is ea is lú

She is taller than I am.

Shí iz tó-lər dhæn ai æm.

Tá sí níos airde ná mise.

9. Nascfhocail mhodha agus chosúlachta

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

as az mar / de réir mar

as if az if mar a bheadh / amhail is dá

as though az dhóu mar a bheadh / amhail is dá

just as jast az díreach mar

the way dhə wé díreach mar / an bealach a

in the way that in dhə wé dhæt ar an mbealach a

however hau-é-vər is cuma cén chaoi / ar aon bhealach

however you hau-é-vər iu is cuma cén chaoi a dhéanann tú

He talks as if he knows everything.

Hí tókts az if hí nóuz ev-ri-thing.

Labhraíonn sé amhail is go bhfuil gach rud ar eolas aige.

10. Nascfhocail rogha

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

or or nó

either... or íi-dhər... or ceachtar... nó

whether... or we-dhər... or cibé acu... nó

whether... or not we-dhər... or not cibé acu... nó nach ea

Either you come or I leave.

Íi-dhər iu kam or ai líiv.

Tiocfaidh tusa nó imeoidh mise.

11. Nascfhocail chomhghaolmhara

Correlative Conjunctions

Struchtúr Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

both... and bóuth... ænd an dá cheann... agus

either... or íi-dhər... or ceachtar... nó

neither... nor ní-dhər... nór ná... ná

not only... but also not óun-li... bat ól-só ní hamháin... ach freisin

whether... or we-dhər... or cibé acu... nó

whether... or not we-dhər... or not cibé acu... nó nach ea

rather... than rá-dhər... dhæn seachas / in áit

no sooner... than nó súunər... dhæn ar éigean a... nuair a

hardly... when hárd-li... wen ar éigean a... nuair a

scarcely... when skéərs-li... wen ar éigean a... nuair a

barely... when béar-li... wen ar éigean a... nuair a

the more... the more dhə mór... dhə mór dá mhéad... is ea is mó

the more... the less dhə mór... dhə les dá mhéad... is ea is lú

the less... the more dhə les... dhə mór dá lú... is ea is mó

the less... the less dhə les... dhə les dá lú... is ea is lú

12. Nascfhocail bhreise

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

and ænd agus

as well as az wel az chomh maith le

not to mention not tə men-shən gan trácht ar

besides bi-sáidz thairis sin / chomh maith leis sin

let alone let ə-lóun gan trácht ar

much less matsh les i bhfad níos lú / gan trácht ar

to say nothing of tə sé ná-thing əv gan trácht ar

apart from ə-párt from seachas / taobh amuigh de

aside from ə-sáid from seachas / taobh amuigh de

Is féidir cuid de na struchtúir seo a úsáid mar fhrásaí réamhfhoclacha nó mar struchtúir nasctha, ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs; ní aicmítear iad uile mar fhíor-nascfhocail.

13. Nascfhocail eisiaimh

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

except that ik-sept dhæt seachas go

except when ik-sept wen seachas nuair a

except if ik-sept if mura / ach amháin má

save that séiv dhæt seachas go

but that bat dhæt mura mbeadh sé amhlaidh / ach go

unless an-les mura / ach amháin má

14. Nascfhocail thoimhdeacha

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

assuming that ə-súming dhæt ag glacadh leis go

supposing that sə-póuzing dhæt ag samhlú go

suppose that sə-póuz dhæt samhlaigh go

presuming that prə-zúming dhæt ag glacadh leis go

provided that prə-váidid dhæt ar choinníoll go

providing that prə-váid-ing dhæt ar choinníoll go

given that givən dhæt ag cur san áireamh go

granting that græn-ting dhæt ag glacadh leis go

granted that græn-tid dhæt ag glacadh leis go

15. Nascfhocail roghnaithe le -ever

Nascfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

whoever hú-evər cibé duine / an té a

whomever húm-evər cibé duine a mbíonn an gníomh dírithe air

whatever wot-evər cibé rud / pé rud

whichever witsh-evər cibé ceann

wherever wéar-evər cibé áit / pé áit

whenever wen-evər cibé uair / gach uair

however hau-evər cibé slí / is cuma cén chaoi

Whoever comes can enter.

Hú-evər kamz kæn en-tər.

Is féidir le cibé duine a thagann dul isteach.

Whatever you choose is fine.

Wot-evər iu tshúuz iz fain.

Tá cibé rud a roghnaíonn tú ceart go leor.

16. Nascstruchtúir ársa agus fhoirmiúla

Tá na foirmeacha seo le fáil sa Bhéarla, ach níl siad chomh coitianta sa ghnáthchaint nua-aimseartha:

Focal nó frása Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

albeit ól-bíit cé go / d'ainneoin go

albeit that ól-bíit dhæt cé go

albeit when ól-bíit wen cé go bhfuil sé nuair a

albeit with ól-bíit with cé go bhfuil sé le

insofar as in-só-fár az a mhéid is

inasmuch as in-əz-matsh az toisc / a mhéid is

insomuch as in-só-matsh az a mhéid go

notwithstanding that not-with-stæn-ding dhæt d'ainneoin go

whereas wéar-æz de bhrí go / ach

whilst wáilst fad is

lest lest ar eagla go

save that séiv dhæt seachas go

provided that prə-váidid dhæt ar choinníoll go

supposing that sə-póuzing dhæt ag samhlú go

17. Focail a fheidhmíonn mar nascóirí ach nach fíor-nascfhocail iad de ghnáth

Is minic a bhíonn na focail seo cosúil le nascóirí, ach is gnách iad a aicmiú mar bhriathra dobhriathartha nasctha:

Focal Fuaimniú Cineál coitianta Brí

however hau-evər conjunctive adverb áfach / mar sin féin

therefore dhér-for conjunctive adverb dá bhrí sin

moreover mór-óu-vər conjunctive adverb ina theannta sin

furthermore fər-dhər-mór conjunctive adverb thairis sin

nevertheless nev-ər-dhə-les conjunctive adverb mar sin féin

nonetheless nan-dhə-les conjunctive adverb mar sin féin

consequently kón-si-kwent-li conjunctive adverb dá bharr sin

otherwise atsh-ər-wáiz conjunctive adverb seachas sin / murach sin

instead in-sted conjunctive adverb in áit sin

meanwhile míin-wáil conjunctive adverb idir an dá linn

thus dhas conjunctive adverb ar an gcaoi sin / dá bhrí sin

hence hens conjunctive adverb dá bhrí sin / as sin

Sampla:

I was tired; however, I worked.

Ai woz taierd; hau-evər, ai werkt.

Bhí mé tuirseach; mar sin féin, d'oibrigh mé.

Ní hionann however agus but ó thaobh na gramadaí de.

Ná scríobh ar an mbealach seo:

❌ I was tired, however I worked.

Is fearr na foirmeacha cearta seo:

✅ I was tired, but I worked.

Nó:

✅ I was tired; however, I worked.

If only — dá mba / ach dá

If only I played — Dá mba rud é go n-imreoinn

Anyway/Anyways — pé scéal é / ar aon nós

10- Réamhfhocail (PREPOSITIONS)

Réamhfhocail bhunúsacha

Réamhfhocal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí i nGaeilge Sampla iomlán Fuaimniú an tsampla An t-aistriúchán

about ə-baut faoi / maidir le We talked about the problem. Wí tókt ə-baut dhə probləm. Labhraíomar faoin bhfadhb.

above ə-bav os cionn / níos airde ná The lamp is above the table. Dhə læmp iz ə-bav dhə téibəl. Tá an lampa os cionn an bhoird.

across ə-krós trasna / ar an taobh eile de We walked across the street. Wí wókt ə-krós dhə stríit. Shiúil muid trasna na sráide.

after æf-tər tar éis / i ndiaidh We met after lunch. Wí met æf-tər lantsh. Bhuail muid le chéile tar éis lóin.

against ə-genst in aghaidh / i gcoinne The ladder is against the wall. Dhə lædər iz ə-genst dhə wól. Tá an dréimire in aghaidh an bhalla.

along ə-long feadh / ar feadh We walked along the river. Wí wókt ə-long dhə rivər. Shiúil muid feadh na habhann.

amid ə-mid i measc / i lár He stood amid the crowd. Hí stud ə-mid dhə kraud. Sheas sé i measc an tslua.

among ə-mang i measc She was among friends. Shí woz ə-mang frendz. Bhí sí i measc cairde.

around ə-raund timpeall / mórthimpeall We sat around the table. Wí sæt ə-raund dhə téibəl. Suíomar timpeall an bhoird.

at æt ag / i / ar I am at school. Ai æm æt skúul. Tá mé ar scoil.

before bi-fór roimh / sula dtagann Come before noon. Kam bi-fór núun. Tar roimh mheán lae.

behind bi-haind taobh thiar de The car is behind the house. Dhə kár iz bi-haind dhə haus. Tá an carr taobh thiar den teach.

below bi-lóu faoi / níos ísle ná The temperature is below zero. Dhə temp-rə-tshər iz bi-lóu zíir-ou. Tá an teocht faoi bhun náid.

beneath bi-níith faoi / faoi bhun The keys are beneath the book. Dhə kíiz ar bi-níith dhə buk. Tá na heochracha faoin leabhar.

beside bi-sáid in aice le Sit beside me. Sit bi-sáid mí. Suigh in aice liom.

besides bi-sáidz ina theannta sin / seachas Besides English, she speaks Arabic. Bi-sáidz Inglish, shí spíiks Ærəbik. Labhraíonn sí Araibis chomh maith leis an mBéarla.

between bi-twíin idir The shop is between two buildings. Dhə shop iz bi-twíin tú bildingz. Tá an siopa idir dhá fhoirgneamh.

beyond bi-yond thar / níos faide ná The village is beyond the mountain. Dhə vilij iz bi-yond dhə mauntən. Tá an sráidbhaile taobh thall den sliabh.

by bai trí / ag / in aice le The book was written by her. Dhə buk woz ritən bai hər. Scríobh sí an leabhar.

concerning kən-sər-ning faoi / maidir le We talked concerning the project. Wí tókt kən-sər-ning dhə prodjekt. Labhraíomar faoin tionscadal.

despite di-spáit d'ainneoin / in ainneoin Despite the rain, we went out. Di-spáit dhə réin, wí went aut. Chuaigh muid amach d'ainneoin na báistí.

down daun síos / síos feadh He walked down the hill. Hí wókt daun dhə hil. Shiúil sé síos an cnoc.

during djú-ring i rith / le linn I slept during the flight. Ai slept djú-ring dhə fláit. Chodail mé le linn na heitilte.

except ik-sept seachas / ach amháin Everyone came except John. Ev-ri-wan kéim ik-sept Djon. Tháinig gach duine seachas John.

for for do / ar feadh / ar son This gift is for you. Dhis gift iz for iu. Is duitse an bronntanas seo.

from from ó / as / ó áit éigin I came from Kuwait. Ai kéim from Ku-wéit. Tháinig mé ó Chuáit.

in in i / istigh i She is in the room. Shí iz in dhə rúum. Tá sí sa seomra.

inside in-sáid istigh i / taobh istigh de The keys are inside the bag. Dhə kíiz ar in-sáid dhə bæg. Tá na heochracha istigh sa mhála.

into in-tú isteach i / isteach sa He went into the room. Hí went in-tú dhə rúum. Chuaigh sé isteach sa seomra.

like láik mar / cosúil le He runs like a professional. Hí ranz láik ə prə-feshənəl. Ritheann sé cosúil le duine gairmiúil.

near nir in aice le / gar do I live near the school. Ai liv nir dhə skúul. Tá mé i mo chónaí gar don scoil.

of əv de / de chuid The door of the house is open. Dhə dór əv dhə haus iz óupən. Tá doras an tí ar oscailt.

off óf as / de / amach ó Take your shoes off the table. Téik yor shúuz óf dhə téibəl. Bain do bhróga den bhord.

on on ar / ar bharr The book is on the table. Dhə buk iz on dhə téibəl. Tá an leabhar ar an mbord.

onto on-tú ar bharr / ar aghaidh chuig The cat jumped onto the table. Dhə kæt djámpt on-tú dhə téibəl. Léim an cat ar an mbord.

opposite op-ə-zit os comhair / trasna ó The bank is opposite the hotel. Dhə bænk iz op-ə-zit dhə hóu-tel. Tá an banc os comhair an óstáin.

out aut amach / amach as He went out the door. Hí went aut dhə dór. Chuaigh sé amach an doras.

outside aut-sáid taobh amuigh de They are outside the house. Dhéy ar aut-sáid dhə haus. Tá siad taobh amuigh den teach.

over óu-vər os cionn / thar The plane flew over the city. Dhə pléin flúu óu-vər dhə siti. D'eitil an t-eitleán thar an gcathair.

past pæst thart ar / thar We walked past the school. Wí wókt pæst dhə skúul. Shiúil muid thar an scoil.

regarding ri-gár-ding maidir le / i dtaobh I have a question regarding the plan. Ai hæv ə kwés-tshən ri-gár-ding dhə plæn. Tá ceist agam maidir leis an bplean.

round raund timpeall We walked round the park. Wí wókt raund dhə párk. Shiúil muid timpeall na páirce.

since sins ó / ó shin I have lived here since 2020. Ai hæv livd hir sins twen-ti twen-ti. Tá mé i mo chónaí anseo ó 2020.

through thrúu trí / tríd We walked through the tunnel. Wí wókt thrúu dhə tanəl. Shiúil muid tríd an tollán.

throughout thrúu-aut ar fud / i rith It rained throughout the day. It réind thrúu-aut dhə déi. Bhí sé ag cur báistí i rith an lae.

till til go dtí / go dtí go Wait till tomorrow. Wéit til tə-mó-róu. Fan go dtí amárach.

to tú go / chuig I went to school. Ai went tú skúul. Chuaigh mé ar scoil.

toward tə-wórd i dtreo He walked toward me. Hí wókt tə-wórd mí. Shiúil sé i mo threo.

towards tə-wórdz i dtreo She ran towards the door. Shí ræn tə-wórdz dhə dór. Rith sí i dtreo an dorais.

under an-dər faoi The cat is under the table. Dhə kæt iz an-dər dhə téibəl. Tá an cat faoin mbord.

underneath an-dər-níith faoi / faoi bhun The bag is underneath the chair. Dhə bæg iz an-dər-níith dhə tshéar. Tá an mála faoin gcathaoir.

unlike an-láik ní cosúil le / murab ionann agus Unlike him, I am quiet. An-láik him, ai æm kwái-ət. Murab ionann agus é, bím ciúin.

until an-til go dtí / go dtí go Stay here until Friday. Stéi hir an-til frái-déy. Fan anseo go dtí Dé hAoine.

up ap suas / suas feadh He walked up the stairs. Hí wókt ap dhə stérz. Shiúil sé suas an staighre.

upon ə-pon ar / nuair a Upon arrival, call me. Ə-pon ə-ráivəl, kól mí. Nuair a shroicheann tú, cuir glaoch orm.

via vái-ə / ví-ə trí / ar bhealach We traveled via Dubai. Wí træv-əld vái-ə Du-bái. Thaistil muid trí Dhubai.

with with le / in éineacht le I went with my brother. Ai went with mai bradhər. Chuaigh mé le mo dheartháir.

within wi-dhin laistigh de / taobh istigh de Finish it within an hour. Finish it wi-dhin ən auər. Críochnaigh é laistigh d'uair an chloig.

without wi-dhaut gan He left without his phone. Hí left wi-dhaut hiz fóun. D'imigh sé gan a ghuthán.

2. Frásaí réamhfhoclacha cumaisc

Is frásaí iad seo ina mbíonn dhá fhocal nó níos mó ag obair le chéile mar réamhfhocal.

Frása Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla An t-aistriúchán

according to ə-kór-ding tú de réir / de réir an méid a According to the report, sales increased. Ə-kór-ding tú dhə ri-pórt, séilz in-kríist. De réir na tuarascála, tháinig méadú ar dhíolacháin.

ahead of ə-hed əv os comhair / roimh She arrived ahead of us. Shí ə-ráivd ə-hed əv as. Shroich sí an áit romhainn.

along with ə-long with in éineacht le / chomh maith le He came along with his brother. Hí kéim ə-long with hiz bradhər. Tháinig sé in éineacht lena dheartháir.

apart from ə-párt from seachas / seachas sin Apart from John, everyone agreed. Ə-párt from Djon, ev-ri-wan ə-gríid. D'aontaigh gach duine seachas John.

as for az for maidir le / i mo chás féin As for me, I agree. Az for mí, ai ə-gríi. Maidir liomsa, aontaím.

as of az əv amhail ó / ón uair a As of Monday, the rule applies. Az əv Man-déy, dhə rúul ə-pláiz. Beidh an riail i bhfeidhm ón Luan ar aghaidh.

as to az tú maidir le / i dtaobh There is uncertainty as to the cause. Dhéər iz an-sər-tən-ti az tú dhə kóz. Níltear cinnte faoin gcúis.

because of bi-kóz əv de bharr / mar gheall ar We stayed home because of the rain. Wí stéid hóum bi-kóz əv dhə réin. D'fhan muid sa bhaile mar gheall ar an mbáisteach.

by means of bai míinz əv trí / le cabhair ó We solved it by means of a computer. Wí sólvd it bai míinz əv ə kəm-piú-tər. Réitigh muid é le cabhair ríomhaire.

by way of bai wé əv trí / ar bhealach We went by way of London. Wí went bai wé əv Lan-dən. Chuamar trí Londain.

close to klóus tú gar do The school is close to my house. Dhə skúul iz klóus tú mai haus. Tá an scoil gar do mo theach.

due to djú tú de bharr / mar gheall ar The flight was delayed due to fog. Dhə fláit woz di-léid djú tú fog. Cuireadh moill ar an eitilt mar gheall ar an gceo.

except for ik-sept for seachas / ach amháin Everyone came except for Mary. Ev-ri-wan kéim ik-sept for Mé-ri. Tháinig gach duine seachas Mary.

far from fár from i bhfad ó / i bhfad ó bheith The answer is far from simple. Dhí æn-sər iz fár from sim-pəl. Tá an freagra i bhfad ó bheith simplí.

in addition to in ə-dishən tú chomh maith le / ina theannta sin In addition to English, he studies Arabic. In ə-dishən tú Inglish, hí stə-diz Ærəbik. Déanann sé staidéar ar an Araibis chomh maith leis an mBéarla.

in case of in kéis əv i gcás / ar eagla na heagla Call me in case of emergency. Kól mí in kéis əv i-mər-djən-si. Cuir glaoch orm i gcás éigeandála.

in front of in frant əv os comhair The car is in front of the house. Dhə kár iz in frant əv dhə haus. Tá an carr os comhair an tí.

in place of in pléis əv in áit / in ionad Use this in place of sugar. Iúz dhis in pléis əv shu-gər. Úsáid é seo in áit siúcra.

in spite of in spáit əv d'ainneoin / in ainneoin In spite of the rain, we left. In spáit əv dhə réin, wí left. D'imigh muid d'ainneoin na báistí.

in terms of in tərmz əv ó thaobh / maidir le In terms of price, it is cheap. In tərmz əv práis, it iz tshíip. Ó thaobh an phraghais de, tá sé saor.

instead of in-sted əv in áit / in ionad I drank tea instead of coffee. Ai drænk tíi in-sted əv kó-fi. D'ól mé tae in áit caife.

next to nekst tú in aice le Sit next to me. Sit nekst tú mí. Suigh in aice liom.

on account of on ə-kaunt əv de bharr / mar gheall ar The match was canceled on account of rain. Dhə mæ tsh woz kæn-səld on ə-kaunt əv réin. Cuireadh an cluiche ar ceal mar gheall ar an mbáisteach.

on behalf of on bi-háf əv thar ceann / ar son I spoke on behalf of the team. Ai spóuk on bi-háf əv dhə tím. Labhair mé thar ceann na foirne.

on top of on top əv ar bharr / anuas ar The keys are on top of the box. Dhə kíiz ar on top əv dhə boks. Tá na heochracha ar bharr an bhosca.

out of aut əv as / amach as He walked out of the room. Hí wókt aut əv dhə rúum. Shiúil sé amach as an seomra.

owing to óu-ing tú de bharr / mar gheall ar The event was canceled owing to rain. Dhí i-vent woz kæn-səld óu-ing tú réin. Cuireadh an ócáid ar ceal mar gheall ar an mbáisteach.

prior to prái-ər tú roimh / roimh ré Prior to the meeting, we prepared. Prái-ər tú dhə míi-ting, wí pri-péərd. D'ullmhaigh muid roimh an gcruinniú.

regardless of ri-gárd-ləs əv beag beann ar We will continue regardless of the cost. Wí wil kən-tin-iu ri-gárd-ləs əv dhə kost. Leanfaimid ar aghaidh beag beann ar an gcostas.

thanks to thanks tú a bhuí le / de bharr Thanks to you, we succeeded. Thanks tú iu, wí sək-síi-did. D'éirigh linn a bhuí leat.

together with tə-ge-dhər with in éineacht le / mar aon le She came together with her friends. Shí kéim tə-ge-dhər with hər frendz. Tháinig sí in éineacht lena cairde.

up to ap tú suas le / chomh fada le Up to ten people can enter. Ap tú ten píipəl kæn en-tər. Is féidir le suas le deichniúr dul isteach.

with regard to with ri-gárd tú maidir le / i dtaobh With regard to your question, I agree. With ri-gárd tú yor kwés-tshən, ai ə-gríi. Maidir le do cheist, aontaím.

with respect to with ri-spekt tú maidir le / i dtaca le With respect to this issue, we disagree. With ri-spekt tú dhis i-shúu, wí dis-ə-gríi. Maidir leis an gceist seo, ní aontaímid.

3. Frásaí réamhfhoclacha eile

Frása Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

by virtue of bai vər-tshúu əv de bhua / de bharr

by dint of bai dint əv de bharr / trí iarracht

by reason of bai ríi-zən əv de bharr / mar gheall ar

by courtesy of bai kər-tə-si əv a bhuí le / trí chineáltas

by order of bai ór-dər əv ar ordú ó

by reference to bai ref-rəns tú ag tagairt do

by means of bai míinz əv trí / le cabhair ó

by way of bai wé əv trí / ar bhealach

in accordance with in ə-kór-dəns with de réir / i gcomhréir le

in comparison with in kəm-pæ-ri-sən with i gcomparáid le

in connection with in kə-nek-shən with i dtaca le / maidir le

in contrast to in kón-træst tú i gcodarsnacht le

in exchange for in iks-tshéindj for mar mhalairt ar

in favor of in féi-vər əv i bhfabhar

in lieu of in lúu əv in ionad

in relation to in ri-léi-shən tú maidir le / i ndáil le

in response to in ri-spóns tú mar fhreagra ar

in search of in sərtsh əv ar thóir / ag lorg

in view of in viúu əv i bhfianaise / ag cur san áireamh

on the basis of on dhə béi-sis əv ar bhonn / bunaithe ar

on the grounds of on dhə graundz əv ar bhonn / ar an gcúis

with a view to with ə viúu tú d'fhonn / chun

with the exception of with dhí ik-sep-shən əv seachas / ach amháin

with the help of with dhə help əv le cabhair ó

with reference to with ref-rəns tú maidir le / ag tagairt do

4. Réamhfhocail sheanchaite, fhoirmiúla agus neamhchoitianta

Tá na focail seo le fáil i mBéarla seanchaite, dlíthiúil, liteartha nó foirmiúil:

Focal Fuaimniú Béarla scríofa go foghraíochta i nGaeilge Brí

abaft ə-bæft taobh thiar de / ar chúl

alongside ə-long-sáid in aice le / taobh le

amidst ə-midst i measc / i lár

amongst ə-mangst i measc

astride ə-stráid ar gach taobh de / ina shuí ar bharr

athwart ə-thwórt trasna / go fiarthrasna

atop ə-top ar bharr / os cionn

barring bár-ing seachas / ach amháin

circa sər-kə timpeall / thart ar dháta

cum kam in éineacht le / agus

ere ér roimh / sula

notwithstanding not-with-stæn-ding d'ainneoin / in ainneoin

per pər in aghaidh / de réir / trí

save séiv seachas / ach amháin

vis-à-vis víi-zə-víi i gcomparáid le / maidir le

worth wərth ar fiú / ar luach

Sampla:

Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.

Not-with-stæn-ding dhə di-fi-kəl-tiz, wí kən-tin-iuud.

D'ainneoin na ndeacrachtaí, lean muid orainn.

5. Réamhfhocail a chuireann suíomh in iúl

Is féidir na réamhfhocail seo a eagrú de réir na slí a chuireann siad suíomh in iúl:

Gaol spásúil Réamhfhocail

Taobh istigh in, inside, within

Gluaiseacht isteach into

Taobh amuigh out, outside

Ar dhromchla on

Gluaiseacht ar dhromchla onto

Os cionn above, over, atop, on top of

Faoi under, below, beneath, underneath

Os comhair in front of, before

Taobh thiar de behind

In aice le beside, by, next to, alongside

Idir dhá rud between

I measc grúpa among, amongst

Gar do near, close to

Os comhair / trasna ó opposite, across from

Timpeall around, round

Trasna / tríd across, through

Feadh along

I dtreo toward, towards

I bhfad ó away from, off

Thar / níos faide ná past, beyond

6. Réamhfhocail ama

Gaol ama Réamhfhocal Sampla

Am cruinn at at 5 o'clock

Lá / dáta on on Monday

Mí / bliain / tréimhse in in 2026

Roimh before, prior to, ahead of before lunch

Tar éis after, following after work

Le linn during during the meeting

Ó thús ama since since Monday

Ar feadh tréimhse for for two hours

Go dtí until, till until Friday

Ó am go ham from … to from Monday to Friday

I rith na tréimhse ar fad throughout throughout the year

Faoin sprioc-am by by Friday

Faoi am sonraithe by by 6 p.m.

Laistigh de within within two hours

Timpeall ama around, about around noon

Gar d'am near near midnight

7. Réamhfhocail chúise agus cuspóra

Réamhfhocal / frása Fuaimniú Brí

because of bi-kóz əv de bharr / mar gheall ar

due to djú tú de bharr

owing to óu-ing tú de bharr

on account of on ə-kaunt əv ar an gcúis / de bharr

as a result of az ə ri-zalt əv mar thoradh ar

thanks to thanks tú a bhuí le

for for ar son / ar mhaithe le

for the sake of for dhə séik əv ar mhaithe le / ar son

with a view to with ə viúu tú d'fhonn / chun

in order to in ór-dər tú chun / d'fhonn

* Is gnách go leanann briathar sa bhunfhoirm le in order to; dá bhrí sin, ní réamhfhocal simplí é sa chiall ghramadaí chéanna le go leor de na cinn eile.

8. Nóta tábhachtach: réamhfhocal + ainmfhocal nó forainm

Riail bhunúsach:

Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing

Réamhfhocal + ainmfhocal / forainm / briathar le -ing

Samplaí:

Réamhfhocal + ainmfhocal

I am in the house.

Ai æm in dhə haus.

Tá mé sa teach.

Réamhfhocal + forainm

This gift is for him.

Dhis gift iz for him.

Is dó an bronntanas seo.

Tabhair faoi deara:

for him ✅

for he ❌

Úsáidtear forainm réamhfhoclach tar éis réamhfhocail, ní an forainm ainmneach.

Réamhfhocal + V-ing

She is good at cooking.

Shí iz gud æt ku-king.

Tá sí go maith ag cócaireacht.

He left without saying goodbye.

Hí left wi-dhaut sé-ing gud-bái.

D'imigh sé gan slán a fhágáil.

9. Difríochtaí idir péirí réamhfhocal

Focal Brí bhunúsach Sampla

in istigh i in the room

into gluaiseacht isteach sa go into the room

on ar dhromchla on the table

onto gluaiseacht chuig dromchla jump onto the table

at áit nó pointe ar leith at the station

to treo nó ceann scríbe go to school

by in aice le / trí / faoin sprioc-am by the door / by car / by Friday

with in éineacht le / ag úsáid with him / with a knife

from ó áit nó foinse from London

of gaol nó muintearas the door of the house

for ar son / ar feadh / chun for you / for two hours

since ó phointe ama since Monday

during le linn tréimhse during the meeting

until go dtí pointe deiridh ama until Friday

between idir dhá cheann between John and Mary

among i measc grúpa among friends

above níos airde ná above the table

over os cionn / thar over the bridge

below níos ísle ná below the line

under faoi under the table

beside in aice le beside me

besides ina theannta sin besides English

because of / cause of de bharr because of rain

despite d'ainneoin despite the rain

in spite of d'ainneoin in spite of the rain

aboard — ə-bórd — ar bord / laistigh d'fheithicil nó de long

11- Ainmneoirí (DETERMINERS)

Ainmneoirí bunúsacha

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Béarla Brí Gaeilge shamplach iomlán Fuaimniú Béarla Aistriúchán

a a alt éiginnte I saw a dog. ai so a dog. Chonaic mé madra.

an an alt éiginnte roimh fhuaim ghuta She ate an apple. sí eit an apl. D’ith sí úll.

the dhə / dhi an t-alt cinnte I saw the dog. ai so dhə dog. Chonaic mé an madra.

this dhis seo This book is useful. dhis buk iz iúsful. Tá an leabhar seo úsáideach.

that dhat sin That car is expensive. dhat car iz ikspensiv. Tá an carr sin daor.

these dhiz na rudaí seo These books are new. dhiz buks ar nú. Tá na leabhair seo nua.

those dhóuz na rudaí sin Those houses are old. dhóuz hauziz ar óuld. Tá na tithe sin sean.

2. Ainmneoirí sealbhacha

Tagann siad seo roimh ainmfhocal chun úinéireacht a chur in iúl.

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Brí Sampla

my mai mo My book is here.

your yor do / bhur Your car is outside.

his hiz aige / a His house is big.

her hər aici / a Her bag is black.

its its aige / aici do rud nó d’ainmhí The dog moved its tail.

our auər ár Our teacher is kind.

their dheir a gcuid / a Their house is beautiful.

Samplaí

my book = mo leabhar

your car = do charr

his phone = a ghuthán

her bag = a mála

our house = ár dteach

their children = a gcuid páistí

Ach:

Úsáidtear mine, yours, his, hers, ours agus theirs go neamhspleách, gan ainmfhocal díreach ina ndiaidh; léiríonn siad úinéireacht leo féin.

This book is mine.

dhis buk iz main.

Is liomsa an leabhar seo.

3. Ainmneoirí taispeántacha

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Uimhir Fad Sampla

this dhis uatha gar this book

that dhat uatha i bhfad uaidh that book

these dhiz iolra gar these books

those dhóuz iolra i bhfad uathu those books

Rialacha

this + ainmfhocal uatha

this book

dhis buk

an leabhar seo

these + ainmfhocal iolra

these books

dhiz buks

na leabhair seo

that + ainmfhocal uatha

that car

dhat car

an carr sin

those + ainmfhocal iolra

those cars

dhóuz carz

na carranna sin

4. Ainmneoirí cainníochta

Léiríonn na hainmneoirí seo cainníocht ainmfhocail.

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Brí Sampla

some sam cuid de / roinnt I bought some books.

any eni aon / roinnt Do you have any questions?

no nóu aon cheann; gan I have no money.

much mach mórán d’ainmfhocail neamh-ináirithe I don't have much time.

many meni mórán d’ainmfhocail ináirithe She has many books.

little litl beagán d’ainmfhocail neamh-ináirithe I have little time.

a little a litl beagán I have a little time.

few fiú beagán d’ainmfhocail ináirithe Few people came.

a few a fiú cúpla / roinnt I have a few questions.

enough ináf leor We have enough food.

more mór tuilleadh I need more water.

less les níos lú d’ainmfhocail neamh-ináirithe I need less sugar.

fewer fiúər níos lú d’ainmfhocail ináirithe We need fewer chairs.

all ól gach / uile All students passed.

both bóuth an dá cheann Both students passed.

half háf leath Half the class left.

most móust formhór Most people agreed.

enough ináf leor We have enough money.

5. Ainmneoirí uimhriúla

Léiríonn uimhreacha cé mhéad rud atá ann agus tagann siad roimh ainmfhocail de ghnáth.

Uimhir Fuaimniú Sampla

one wan one book

two tú two books

three thrí three books

four for four books

five faiv five books

six siks six books

seven sevn seven books

eight eit eight books

nine nain nine books

ten ten ten books

hundred handrəd a hundred books

thousand thauzənd a thousand books

million milion a million people

billion bilion a billion dollars

Is féidir uimhreacha a úsáid chun cainníochtaí cruinne a chur in iúl.

6. Ainmneoirí dáileacha

Dáileann na hainmneoirí seo rudaí ar dhaoine nó ar bhaill de ghrúpa.

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Brí Sampla

each íitseach gach ceann ar leith Each student has a book.

every evri gach Every student passed.

either íther / aither ceachtar den dá cheann Either answer is acceptable.

neither naither / níther ceachtar acu; ní hé seo ná é sin Neither answer is correct.

An difríocht

each

Each student received a book.

íitseach stúdent risívd a buk.

Fuair gach dalta leabhar.

Díríonn sé ar gach duine ina aonar.

every

Every student received a book.

evri stúdent risívd a buk.

Fuair gach dalta leabhar.

Díríonn sé ar an ngrúpa iomlán.

7. Ainmneoirí ceisteacha

Úsáidtear iad chun ceisteanna a chur faoi ainmfhocail.

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Brí Sampla

what wat cén / cad é What book do you want?

which wich cén ceann Which book do you want?

whose húz cé leis / cé leis an Whose book is this?

what kind of wat kaind ov cén cineál What kind of car do you want?

which kind of wich kaind ov cén cineál Which kind of food do you prefer?

Samplaí

Which book do you want?

wich buk du yu want?

Cén leabhar atá uait?

Whose car is this?

húz car iz dhis?

Cé leis an carr seo?

8. Ainmneoirí neamhshonracha

Tagraíonn siad do dhuine nó do rud nach bhfuil sonraithe go beacht.

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Brí

a a duine nó rud amháin neamhshonraithe

an an duine nó rud amháin neamhshonraithe roimh fhuaim ghuta

some sam roinnt

any eni aon / roinnt

no nóu aon cheann; gan

another anadher ceann eile

other adher eile / cinn eile

such sach a leithéid / den sórt sin

9. another agus other

Tá difríocht idir na húsáidí seo.

another

another + ainmfhocal uatha ináirithe

I need another book.

ai níd anadher buk.

Tá leabhar eile de dhíth orm.

other

other + ainmfhocal iolra

I need other books.

ai níd adher buks.

Tá leabhair eile de dhíth orm.

the other

The other book is mine.

dhə adher buk iz main.

Is liomsa an leabhar eile.

the other + ainmfhocal iolra

The other books are mine.

dhə adher buks ar main.

Is liomsa na leabhair eile.

10. Ainmneoirí béime agus cosúlachta

such

such + a/an + aidiacht + ainmfhocal uatha

She is such a nice person.

sí iz sach a nais persən.

Is duine chomh deas í.

Le hainmfhocal iolra:

such people

sach pípl

daoine den sórt sin

Le hainmfhocal neamh-ináirithe:

such good advice

sach gud adváis

comhairle chomh maith sin

11. Ainmneoirí cainníochta móra agus ginearálta

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Brí Sampla

all ól gach / uile all students

both bóuth an dá cheann both books

each íitseach gach ceann ar leith each student

every evri gach every student

either íther ceachtar den dá cheann either book

neither naither ceachtar den dá cheann neither book

enough ináf leor enough food

much mach mórán much water

many meni mórán many books

most móust formhór most people

more mór tuilleadh more time

less les níos lú less water

fewer fiúər níos lú fewer people

half háf leath half the money

plenty of plenti ov flúirse de plenty of food

a lot of a lot ov a lán de a lot of people

lots of lots ov a lán de lots of books

12. Nathanna cainníochta a úsáidtear mar ainmneoirí

Is féidir leis na nathanna seo cainníochtaí móra nó beaga ainmfhocal a chur in iúl.

Nath Fuaimniú Brí

a lot of a lot ov a lán de

lots of lots ov a lán de

plenty of plenti ov flúirse de

a number of a namber ov roinnt / líon áirithe

a great number of a greit namber ov líon mór de

a large number of a lárj namber ov líon mór de

a small number of a smól namber ov líon beag de

a great deal of a greit díl ov méid mhór de

a large amount of a lárj amaunt ov méid mhór de

a small amount of a smól amaunt ov méid beag de

a majority of a məjoriti ov formhór de

a minority of a mainoriti ov mionlach de

a pair of a peir ov péire de

a couple of a kapl ov cúpla

a range of a reinj ov raon de

a variety of a varáiəti ov éagsúlacht de

a series of a síriz ov sraith de

a set of a set ov tacar de

a group of a grup ov grúpa de

a number of a namber ov roinnt / líon áirithe

Sampla:

A lot of students study English.

a lot ov stúdents stadi inglish.

Déanann a lán daltaí staidéar ar an mBéarla.

13. Ainmneoirí codánacha agus páirteacha

Nath Fuaimniú Brí

half háf leath

a half a háf leath

quarter kwórter ceathrú

a quarter a kwórter ceathrú

third thərd trian

a third a thərd trian

two-thirds tú thərdz dhá thrian

three-quarters thrí kwórterz trí cheathrú

part of part ov cuid de

most of móust ov formhór de

some of sam ov cuid de / roinnt de

all of ól ov gach ceann de / an t-iomlán de

none of nan ov aon cheann de

Samplaí:

Half the students left.

háf dhə stúdents left.

D’imigh leath na ndaltaí.

Most of the students passed.

móust ov dhə stúdents past.

D’éirigh le formhór na ndaltaí.

14. none agus neither

none

Úsáidtear é le grúpa ina bhfuil beirt nó níos mó.

None of the students came.

nan ov dhə stúdents keim.

Níor tháinig aon duine de na daltaí.

neither

Úsáidtear é nuair atá dhá rogha nó beirt i gceist.

Neither student came.

naither stúdent keim.

Níor tháinig ceachtar den dá dhalta.

either

Ceachtar den bheirt:

Either student can help you.

íther stúdent can help yu.

Is féidir le ceachtar den dá dhalta cabhrú leat.

15. Ainmneoirí diúltacha

Ainmneoir Fuaimniú Brí Sampla

no nóu aon cheann; gan no money

neither naither ceachtar den bheirt / den dá rud neither student

no other nóu adher aon duine nó rud eile no other option

not a not a ní fiú aon not a single person

not any not eni nach bhfuil aon not any books

Sampla:

No student was absent.

nóu stúdent wəz absənt.

Ní raibh aon dalta as láthair.

16. Focail úsáideacha nach ainmneoirí íona iad i gcónaí

Is féidir le roinnt focal feidhmiú mar ainmneoirí ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs agus ar an úsáid.

Focal Fuaimniú Úsáid mar ainmneoir

certain sərtən certain people = daoine áirithe

certain sərtən a certain person = duine áirithe

particular partikjələr a particular reason = cúis ar leith

specific spəsifik a specific case = cás sonrach

given givən given circumstances = na cúinsí atá i gceist

same seim the same person = an duine céanna

next nekst next week = an tseachtain seo chugainn

last last last year = an bhliain seo caite

previous príviəs previous examples = samplaí roimhe seo

following folouing the following day = an lá dár gcionn

certain sərtən certain circumstances = cúinsí áirithe

various veriəs various reasons = cúiseanna éagsúla

numerous numərəs numerous examples = samplaí iomadúla

countless kauntləs countless possibilities = féidearthachtaí gan áireamh

different difrənt different ideas = smaointe éagsúla

same seim the same answer = an freagra céanna

17. Focail cosúil le next agus last

Is féidir leis na nathanna seo brí éagsúil a bheith acu ag brath ar úsáid the.

next week

I will travel next week.

ai wil travəl nekst wik.

Beidh mé ag taisteal an tseachtain seo chugainn.

the next week

Úsáidtear the next week chun tagairt a dhéanamh don tseachtain ina dhiaidh sin i gcomhthéacs ar leith.

The next week was very busy.

dhə nekst wik wəz veri bizi.

Bhí an tseachtain ina dhiaidh sin an-ghnóthach.

An patrún céanna:

last year = an bhliain seo caite

the last year = an bhliain dheireanach / an tréimhse dheireanach bliana

18. Ainmneoirí cumaisc a chuireann béim ar dháileadh

Nath Fuaimniú Brí

each and every íitseach and evri gach uile cheann

every single evri singəl gach aon cheann

each individual íitseach indivijual gach duine ar leith

any given eni givən aon cheann ar leith

a certain a sərtən duine nó rud áirithe

one particular wan partikjələr duine nó rud ar leith

the whole dhə hóul an t-iomlán

the entire dhə intáir an t-iomlán

the total dhə tóutəl an méid iomlán

Samplaí:

Every single student passed.

evri singəl stúdent past.

D’éirigh le gach aon dalta.

The entire class left.

dhə intáir klas left.

D’imigh an rang ar fad.

19. whole agus entire

Tá brí an-chosúil leis an dá fhocal seo: “iomlán” nó “ar fad”.

the whole + ainmfhocal

I read the whole book.

ai red dhə hóul buk.

Léigh mé an leabhar ar fad.

the entire + ainmfhocal

I read the entire book.

ai red dhi intáir buk.

Léigh mé an leabhar iomlán.

20. Ainmneoirí speisialta a léiríonn úinéireacht agus sainmhíniú

Seo a leanas roinnt samplaí de struchtúir shealbhacha:

Nath Fuaimniú Brí

John's jónz a bhaineann le John

Mary's mériz a bhaineann le Mary

the man's dhə manz a bhaineann leis an bhfear

the students' dhə stúdents a bhaineann leis na daltaí

Sampla:

John's car is new.

jónz car iz nú.

Tá carr John nua.

Léiríonn John's úinéireacht.

21. Ord na n-ainmneoirí

De ghnáth, ní féidir ainmneoirí a chur in ord randamach.

Sampla:

the three old books

dhə thrí óuld buks

na trí leabhar sheana

Ní ceart:

❌ three the books

An t-ord coitianta:

ainmneoir cinnte + uimhir/cainníocht + aidiacht + ainmfhocal

Sampla:

the two beautiful houses

dhə tú biútifəl hauziz

an dá theach álainn

22. An féidir dhá ainmneoir a úsáid le chéile?

Uaireanta is féidir, ach ní féidir gach ainmneoir a chomhcheangal.

❌ a the book

Ná scríobh:

❌ a the book

❌ this my book

Sa ghnáth-Bhéarla, ní úsáidtear na teaglamaí seo.

❌ this my book

Ina ionad sin, abair:

this book of mine

dhis buk ov main

an leabhar seo liomsa

Mar sin féin, tá struchtúir den chineál seo ceart:

all my books

ól mai buks

mo chuid leabhar ar fad

Struchtúr:

all + my + books

Agus:

both my parents

bóuth mai perənts

mo bheirt tuismitheoirí

Agus:

half the money

háf dhə mani

leath an airgid

23. Ainmneoirí le hainmfhocail ináirithe agus neamh-ináirithe

Ainmfhocail uatha ináirithe

Is féidir iad seo a úsáid:

a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another

Samplaí:

a book

a buk

leabhar

this book

dhis buk

an leabhar seo

every book

evri buk

gach leabhar

Ainmfhocail iolra ináirithe

Is féidir iad seo a úsáid:

the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer

Sampla:

many books

meni buks

go leor leabhar

Ainmfhocail neamh-ináirithe

Is féidir iad seo a úsáid:

the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most

Sampla:

much water

mach wóter

mórán uisce

24. several

Is ainmneoir é several a chiallaíonn “roinnt” nó “cúpla”.

Several students came.

sevərəl stúdents keim.

Tháinig roinnt daltaí.

Is ionann an bhrí go garbh agus “roinnt” nó “níos mó ná dhá cheann”, ach ní líon an-mhór de ghnáth.

25. certain / various / numerous

Focal Fuaimniú Brí Sampla

certain sərtən áirithe / sonrach certain people

various veriəs éagsúil various reasons

numerous numərəs iomadúla / go leor numerous examples

countless kauntləs gan áireamh countless opportunities

several sevərəl roinnt several books

different difrənt éagsúil different ideas

12- Abairtí coinníollacha (IF CONDITIONALS)

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Am / Brí

Coinníoll nialasach If + Present Simple, Present Simple if + prezənt, prezənt fíric ghinearálta / nós

An chéad choinníoll If + Present Simple, will + V1 if + prezənt, wil + ví wan féidearthacht amach anseo

An dara coinníoll If + Past Simple, would + V1 if + past, wud + ví wan cás samhalta san am i láthair nó amach anseo

An tríú coinníoll If + Past Perfect, would have + V3 if + past perfikt, wud hav + ví thrí cás samhalta san am atá thart; rud nár tharla

Coinníoll measctha 1 If + Past Perfect, would + V1 if + past perfikt, wud + ví wan am atá thart → an lá atá inniu ann

Coinníoll measctha 2 If + Past Simple, would have + V3 if + past, wud hav + ví thrí an lá atá inniu ann → an t-am atá thart

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Brí

Would Simple would + V1 wud + ví wan I would eat. ai wud ít. D’íosfainn.

Would Continuous would be + V-ing wud bí + ví-ing I would be eating. ai wud bí íting. Bheinn ag ithe.

Would Perfect would have + V3 wud hav + ví thrí I would have eaten. ai wud hav ítən. Bheadh ithte agam / d’íosfainn dá mbeadh an cás difriúil.

Would Perfect Continuous would have been + V-ing wud hav bin + ví-ing I would have been eating. ai wud hav bin íting. Bheinn tar éis a bheith ag ithe.

Le gach forainm

Forainm Would + V1 Would be + V-ing Would have + V3 Would have been + V-ing

I I would eat. I would be eating. I would have eaten. I would have been eating.

You You would eat. You would be eating. You would have eaten. You would have been eating.

He He would eat. He would be eating. He would have eaten. He would have been eating.

She She would eat. She would be eating. She would have eaten. She would have been eating.

It It would eat. It would be eating. It would have eaten. It would have been eating.

We We would eat. We would be eating. We would have eaten. We would have been eating.

They They would eat. They would be eating. They would have eaten. They would have been eating.

Gach foirm dhiúltach de Would – Active

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Brí

Would Simple diúltach would not + V1 wud not + ví wan I would not eat. ai wud not ít. Ní íosfainn.

Would Continuous diúltach would not be + V-ing wud not bí + ví-ing I would not be eating. ai wud not bí íting. Ní bheinn ag ithe.

Would Perfect diúltach would not have + V3 wud not hav + ví thrí I would not have eaten. ai wud not hav ítən. Ní bheadh ithte agam.

Would Perfect Continuous diúltach would not have been + V-ing wud not hav bin + ví-ing I would not have been eating. ai wud not hav bin íting. Ní bheinn tar éis a bheith ag ithe.

Gach forainm

Forainm Would not + V1 Would not be + V-ing Would not have + V3 Would not have been + V-ing

I I would not eat. I would not be eating. I would not have eaten. I would not have been eating.

You You would not eat. You would not be eating. You would not have eaten. You would not have been eating.

He He would not eat. He would not be eating. He would not have eaten. He would not have been eating.

She She would not eat. She would not be eating. She would not have eaten. She would not have been eating.

It It would not eat. It would not be eating. It would not have eaten. It would not have been eating.

We We would not eat. We would not be eating. We would not have eaten. We would not have been eating.

They They would not eat. They would not be eating. They would not have eaten. They would not have been eating.

Giorrúcháin

Foirm iomlán Foirm ghiorraithe Fuaimniú

would not + V1 wouldn't + V1 wudənt + ví wan

would not be + V-ing wouldn't be + V-ing wudənt bí + ví-ing

would not have + V3 wouldn't have + V3 wudənt hav + ví thrí

would not have been + V-ing wouldn't have been + V-ing wudənt hav bin + ví-ing

Gach foirm de Would Passive

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Brí

Simple would be + V3 wud bí + ví thrí The book would be read. dhə buk wud bí red. Dhéanfaí an leabhar a léamh.

Continuous would be being + V3 wud bí bíing + ví thrí The book would be being read. dhə buk wud bí bíing red. Bheadh an leabhar á léamh, faoi choinníollacha áirithe.

Perfect would have been + V3 wud hav bin + ví thrí The book would have been read. dhə buk wud hav bin red. Bheadh an leabhar léite.

Perfect Continuous would have been being + V3 wud hav bin bíing + ví thrí The book would have been being read. dhə buk wud hav bin bíing red. Bheadh an leabhar á léamh le linn tréimhse roimhe sin; is foirm annamh í seo.

Le gach forainm

Forainm Would Passive Simple Would Passive Continuous Would Passive Perfect Would Passive Perfect Continuous

I I would be seen. I would be being seen. I would have been seen. I would have been being seen.

You You would be seen. You would be being seen. You would have been seen. You would have been being seen.

He He would be seen. He would be being seen. He would have been seen. He would have been being seen.

She She would be seen. She would be being seen. She would have been seen. She would have been being seen.

It It would be seen. It would be being seen. It would have been seen. It would have been being seen.

We We would be seen. We would be being seen. We would have been seen. We would have been being seen.

They They would be seen. They would be being seen. They would have been seen. They would have been being seen.

Foirm dhiúltach — Would Passive Negative

Cineál Struchtúr Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Brí

Simple would not be + V3 The book would not be read. dhə buk wud not bí red. Ní léifí an leabhar.

Continuous would not be being + V3 The book would not be being read. dhə buk wud not bí bíing red. Ní bheadh an leabhar á léamh.

Perfect would not have been + V3 The book would not have been read. dhə buk wud not hav bin red. Ní bheadh an leabhar léite.

Perfect Continuous would not have been being + V3 The book would not have been being read. dhə buk wud not hav bin bíing red. Ní bheadh an leabhar á léamh le linn na tréimhse sin; is foirm an-annamh í.

Focail bhunúsacha a úsáidtear i gcoinníollacha

Focal / Nath Fuaimniú Brí Úsáid

if if má / dá marcóir coinníll

if not if not mura / mura bhfuil Ní mór an comhthéacs a chur san áireamh.

unless anles mura bhfuil / mura déanann sé ciall atá cosúil le if...not i mórán cásanna

when wen nuair a coinníoll a bhfuiltear ag súil leis nó rud a tharlaíonn arís agus arís eile

whenever> wen-ever aon uair a coinníoll athfhillteach

even if íven if fiú má toradh nach n-athraíonn beag beann ar an gcoinníoll

only if óunli if sin amháin má coinníoll riachtanach

if and only if if and óunli if má agus mura ach mar choinníoll riachtanach agus leordhóthanach

as long as az long az chomh fada agus a coinníoll

so long as sóu long az chomh fada agus a cosúil le as long as

provided that prəvaidid dhat ar choinníoll go coinníoll foirmiúil

providing that prəvaiding dhat ar choinníoll go coinníoll

on condition that on kən-dishən dhat ar an gcoinníoll go coinníoll foirmiúil

in case in keis ar eagla na heagla / sa chás go réamhchúram; ní hionann é i gcónaí agus if

in the event that in dhi ivent dhat sa chás go coinníoll foirmiúil

assuming that asúming dhat ag glacadh leis go toimhde

supposing that sapóuzing dhat ag glacadh leis go toimhde

suppose sapóuz samhlaigh / cad a tharlódh dá coinníoll samhalta a thabhairt isteach

what if wat if cad a tharlódh dá ceist faoi fhéidearthacht

if only if óunli dá mba / murach mianta nó aiféala

even though íven dhóu cé go / ainneoin go nascann sé smaoineamh codarsnach; ní marcóir coinníll é

whether wedher cibé acu / an rogha idir féidearthachtaí

when wen nuair a

only when óunli wen sin amháin nuair a

13- An Chomparáid agus an Sárchéim (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)

Comparáid ghearr aidiacht + -er + than ádjektiv + -er + dhan taller than taller than

Sárchéim ghearr the + aidiacht + -est dhí + ádjektiv + -est the tallest the tallest

Comparáid fhada more + aidiacht + than mór + ádjektiv + dhan more beautiful than more beautiful than

Sárchéim fhada the most + aidiacht dhí móust + ádjektiv the most beautiful the most beautiful

Comparáid níos lú less + aidiacht + than les + ádjektiv + dhan less expensive than less expensive than

Sárchéim is lú the least + aidiacht dhí líist + ádjektiv the least expensive the least expensive

Comhionannas as + aidiacht + as az + ádjektiv + az as tall as as tall as

Neamh-chomhionannas not as + aidiacht + as not az + ádjektiv + az not as tall as not as tall as

Comparáid chomhionann as + aidiacht az + ádjektiv tall as tall as

Neamh-chomhionannas not + aidiacht + as not + ádjektiv + az not tall as not tall as

Comparáid láidir much/far/a lot + comparáid matsh/fár/ə lot + kəm-pær-ə-tiv much better much better

Comparáid bheag a little/slightly + comparáid ə litl/sláitli + kəm-pær-ə-tiv slightly better slightly better

Méadú de réir a chéile comparáid + and + comparáid kəm-pær-ə-tiv + ænd + kəm-pær-ə-tiv bigger and bigger bigger and bigger

Comparáid dhúbailte the + comparáid, the + comparáid dhə + kəm-pær-ə-tiv, dhə + kəm-pær-ə-tiv the more, the better the more, the better

An ceann is fearr i ngrúpa the + sárchéim + in/of dhə + sú-pər-lə-tiv + in/əv the best in the class the best in the class

Duine/rud amháin de ghrúpa one of the + sárchéim + ainmfhocal iolra wən əv dhə + sú-pər-lə-tiv + plúrəl naun one of the best students one of the best students

Sárchéim thar aon rud eile by far + the + sárchéim bái fár + dhə + sú-pər-lə-tiv by far the best by far the best

Comparáid le briathar briathar + more/less vörb + mór/les work more work more

Comparáid le hainmfhocail ináirithe more/fewer + ainmfhocal iolra mór/fjúər + plúrəl naun more books / fewer books more books / fewer books

Comparáid le hainmfhocail neamh-ináirithe more/less + ainmfhocal neamh-ináirithe mór/les + ən-kauntəbl naun more water / less water more water / less water

Comparáid ar mhéid more/less + ainmfhocal mór/les + naun more money more money

Comparáid ar líon more/fewer + ainmfhocal iolra mór/fjúər + plúrəl naun more people more people

Dhá oiread airgid twice as much as tuais az matsh az twice as much money twice as much money

Dhá oiread rudaí twice as many as tuais az meni az twice as many books twice as many books

I am as tall as him I am as tall as him Tá mé chomh hard leis.

Cathain a úsáidtear -er agus cathain a úsáidtear more?

Is é seo an príomhphointe.

An cás Riail Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

Aidiachtaí gearra, go hiondúil siolla amháin -er taller taller níos airde

Aidiachtaí gearra, go hiondúil siolla amháin -er smaller smaller níos lú

Aidiachtaí a chríochnaíonn le -y -er, agus athraítear y go i happier happier níos sona

Aidiachtaí a chríochnaíonn le -e -r larger larger níos mó

Aidiachtaí fada, go hiondúil dhá shiolla nó níos mó more more beautiful more beautiful níos áille

Aidiachtaí fada more more expensive more expensive níos costasaí

Aidiachtaí fada more more interesting more interesting níos suimiúla

15- Clásail Choibhneasta (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

Cineál Na focail nó na struchtúir choibhneasta Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

Clásal coibhneasta sainithe who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why hu / húm / húz / uitsh / dhæt / uér / uén / uái The man who lives here is my teacher. The man who lives here is my teacher. Is é an fear a chónaíonn anseo mo mhúinteoir.

Clásal coibhneasta neamhshainithe who / whom / whose / which / where / when hu / húm / húz / uitsh / uér / uén My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. Is dochtúir é mo dheartháir, a chónaíonn i Londain.

Clásal coibhneasta ina bhfuil an focal coibhneasta ina ábhar who/which/that + briathar hu/uitsh/dhæt + vörb The woman who works here is friendly. The woman who works here is friendly. Tá an bhean a oibríonn anseo cairdiúil.

Clásal coibhneasta ina bhfuil an focal coibhneasta ina réad who/whom/which/that + ábhar + briathar hu/húm/uitsh/dhæt + sabjekt + vörb The man whom I met was kind. The man whom I met was kind. Bhí an fear ar bhuail mé leis cineálta.

Clásal coibhneasta giorraithe gan an forainm coibhneasta ainmfhocal + ábhar + briathar naun + sabjekt + vörb The book I bought is interesting. The book I bought is interesting. Tá an leabhar a cheannaigh mé suimiúil.

Clásal coibhneasta sealbhach whose + ainmfhocal húz + naun The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. Is í an cailín a bhfuil a hathair ina dhochtúir mo chara.

Clásal coibhneasta áite where + clásal uér + klóz This is the house where I grew up. This is the house where I grew up. Is é seo an teach inar fhás mé suas.

Clásal coibhneasta ama when + clásal uén + klóz I remember the day when we met. I remember the day when we met. Is cuimhin liom an lá ar bhuail muid le chéile.

Clásal coibhneasta cúise why + clásal uái + klóz I know the reason why he left. I know the reason why he left. Tá a fhios agam an chúis ar imigh sé.

Clásal coibhneasta le réamhfhocal réamhfhocal + whom/which prepə-zishən + húm/uitsh The person to whom I spoke was helpful. The person to whom I spoke was helpful. Bhí an duine ar labhair mé leis cabhrach.

Clásal coibhneasta giorraithe le V-ing ainmfhocal + V-ing naun + ví-ing The man standing there is my brother. The man standing there is my brother. Is é an fear atá ina sheasamh ansin mo dheartháir.

Clásal coibhneasta giorraithe le V3 ainmfhocal + V3 naun + ví-thrí The documents signed yesterday are important. The documents signed yesterday are important. Tá na doiciméid a síníodh inné tábhachtach.

Clásal coibhneasta le hinfinitive ainmfhocal + to + V1 naun + tə + ví-wan She was the first person to arrive. She was the first person to arrive. Bhí sí ar an gcéad duine a tháinig.

Clásal coibhneasta cumaisc whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however hu-evər / wət-evər / uitsh-evər / uér-evər / uén-evər / hau-evər Take whatever you want. Take whatever you want. Tóg cibé rud is mian leat.

Clásal coibhneasta a chuireann faisnéis bhreise leis , which + clásal uitsh + klóz He missed the bus, which made him late. He missed the bus, which made him late. Chaill sé an bus, rud a chuir moill air.

Clásal ainmfhoclach what / whatever / whoever / whichever wot / wət-evər / hu-evər / uitsh-evər I know what you mean. I know what you mean. Tá a fhios agam cad atá i gceist agat.

Clásal coibhneasta neadaithe clásal coibhneasta laistigh de chlásal coibhneasta relətiv klóz in-sáid ə relətiv klóz The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. Is é an fear a chónaíonn sa teach a cheannaigh mé mo chomharsa.

16- Caint Indíreach agus Cáint Dhíreach (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla díreach Caint indíreach Aistriúchán

Ráiteas dearfach said (that) + clásal sed (dhæt) + klóz He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. Dúirt sé go raibh sé tuirseach.

Ráiteas diúltach said (that) + ábhar + not + briathar sed (dhæt) + sabjekt + not + vörb He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. Dúirt sé nach raibh sé tuirseach.

Ceist tá/níl asked if/whether + clásal áskt if/wedhər + klóz He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. D’fhiafraigh sé an raibh mé réidh.

Ceist le focal ceiste asked + focal ceiste + clásal áskt + kwestshən wörd + klóz He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. D’fhiafraigh sé cá raibh mé i mo chónaí.

Ordú dearfach told + réad + to + V1 tóuld + objekt + tə + ví-wan He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. Dúirt sé liom an doras a oscailt.

Ordú diúltach told + réad + not to + V1 tóuld + objekt + not tə + ví-wan He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. Dúirt sé liom gan an doras a oscailt.

Iarraidh asked + réad + to + V1 áskt + objekt + tə + ví-wan She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. D’iarr sí orm cabhrú léi.

Iarraidh dhiúltach asked + réad + not to + V1 áskt + objekt + not tə + ví-wan She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. D’iarr sí orm gan imeacht.

Comhairle advised + réad + to + V1 əd-váizd + objekt + tə + ví-wan He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. Mhol sé dom staidéar níos déine a dhéanamh.

Comhairle dhiúltach advised + réad + not to + V1 əd-váizd + objekt + not tə + ví-wan He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. Mhol sé dom gan tiomáint go tapa.

Moladh suggested + V-ing sə-jest-id + ví-ing He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. Mhol sé imeacht.

Moladh le that suggested that + ábhar + should + V1 sə-jest-id dhæt + sabjekt + shud + ví-wan He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. Mhol sé dúinn imeacht.

Gealltanas promised + to + V1 prom-ist + tə + ví-wan He said, “I will help you.” He promised to help me. Gheall sé go gcabhródh sé liom.

Diúltú refused + to + V1 ri-fjúzd + tə + ví-wan He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. Dhiúltaigh sé imeacht.

Tairiscint offered + to + V1 ó-fərd + tə + ví-wan He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. Thairg sé cabhrú liom.

Rabhadh warned + réad + to + V1 uórnd + objekt + tə + ví-wan He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. Thug sé rabhadh dom a bheith cúramach.

Rabhadh diúltach warned + réad + not to + V1 uórnd + objekt + not tə + ví-wan He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. Thug sé rabhadh dom gan teagmháil a dhéanamh leis.

Leithscéal a ghabháil apologized for + V-ing ə-pólə-jaizd for + ví-ing He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. Ghabh sé leithscéal as bréag a insint.

Admháil admitted + V-ing əd-mit-id + ví-ing He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. D’admhaigh sé gur bhris sé é.

Séanadh denied + V-ing di-náid + ví-ing He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. Dhiúltaigh sé a admháil gur bhris sé é.

Cúiseamh accused + réad + of + V-ing ə-kjúzd + objekt + əv + ví-ing He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. Chuir sé i leith mé gur ghoid mé é.

Locht a chur ar dhuine blamed + réad + for + V-ing bleimd + objekt + for + ví-ing He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. Chuir sé an milleán orm as an bhfadhb a chruthú.

Comhghairdeas congratulated + réad + on + V-ing/ainmfhocal kən-grætsh-ə-ley-tid + objekt + on + ví-ing/naun He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. Chuir sé comhghairdeas liom as an mbua.

Athrú na n-aimsirí sa chaint indíreach

Nuair a thuairiscítear caint níos déanaí, is minic a tharlaíonn backshift: bogtar an aimsir siar go dtí an aimsir chaite.

Caint dhíreach Caint indíreach Fuaimniú na cainte indírí

Present Simple Past Simple Past Simple

Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past Simple Past Perfect Past Perfect

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect

will + V1 would + V1 wud + ví-wan

will be + V-ing would be + V-ing wud bí + ví-ing

will have + V3 would have + V3 wud hav + ví-thrí

can + V1 could + V1 kud + ví-wan

may + V1 might + V1 máit + ví-wan

must + V1 had to + V1 hæd tə + ví-wan

3. Samplaí de backshift

Díreach Indíreach Aistriúchán

He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. Dúirt sé gur oibrigh sé ansin.

He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. Dúirt sé go raibh sé ag obair.

He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. Dúirt sé go raibh sé críochnaithe.

He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. Dúirt sé go raibh sé críochnaithe.

He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. Dúirt sé go raibh sé tar éis a bheith ina chodladh.

He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. Dúirt sé go dtiocfadh sé.

He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. Dúirt sé go raibh sé in ann snámh.

He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. Dúirt sé go mb’fhéidir go dtiocfadh sé.

4. Athrú na bhforainmneacha

Caint dhíreach Caint indíreach

I he / she

me him / her

my his / her

mine his / hers

we they

us them

our their

ours theirs

you I / we / he / she / they — ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs

your my / our / his / her / their — ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs

Sampla:

Direct: She said, “I love my house.”

Reported: She said that she loved her house.

Fuaimniú: She said that she loved her house.

Aistriúchán: Dúirt sí go raibh grá aici dá teach.

5. Athrú ar fhocail ama agus áite

Caint dhíreach Caint indíreach

now then

today that day

tonight that night

yesterday the day before / the previous day

tomorrow the next day / the following day

last week the previous week

next week the following week

ago before

here there

this that

these those

17- Infinitives agus Ainmfhocail Bhriathartha (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)

Cineál An téarma Béarla Fuaimniú Béarla Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Brí/úsáid

Infinitive le to to-infinitive to-infinitive to + V1 tə + ví-wan gníomh a dhéanamh

Infinitive gan to bare infinitive bare infinitive V1 ví-wan bunfhoirm an bhriathair gan to

Foirm -ing mar ainmfhocal gerund gerund V-ing ví-ing an gníomh nó rud a dhéanamh

Infinitive foirfe perfect infinitive perfect infinitive to have + V3 tə hav + ví-thrí gníomh a bheith déanta cheana féin

Infinitive leanúnach continuous infinitive continuous infinitive to be + V-ing tə bí + ví-ing a bheith ag déanamh gnímh

Infinitive leanúnach foirfe perfect continuous infinitive perfect continuous infinitive to have been + V-ing tə hav bin + ví-ing a bheith ag déanamh gnímh ar feadh tréimhse

Infinitive éighníomhach passive infinitive passive infinitive to be + V3 tə bí + ví-thrí a bheith déanta nó a dhéanamh ar dhuine/rud

Infinitive éighníomhach foirfe perfect passive infinitive perfect passive infinitive to have been + V3 tə hav bin + ví-thrí a bheith déanta cheana féin i bhfoirm éighníomhach

# Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

1 Aidiacht + V-ing ábhar + be + aidiacht + V-ing + réad sabjekt + bí + ádjektiv + ví-ing + objekt I am happy seeing you. I am happy seeing you. Tá áthas orm tú a fheiceáil.

2 Aidiacht + to-infinitive ábhar + be + aidiacht + to + V1 sabjekt + bí + ádjektiv + tə + ví-wan + objekt I am happy to see you. I am happy to see you. Tá áthas orm tú a fheiceáil.

3 Briathar + to-infinitive ábhar + plan + to + V1 sabjekt + plán + tə + ví-wan I plan to eat. I plan to eat. Tá sé beartaithe agam ithe.

4 Briathar + V-ing ábhar + plan + V-ing sabjekt + plán + ví-ing I plan eating. I plan eating. Tá sé beartaithe agam ithe, ach níl an fhoirm seo nádúrtha de ghnáth sa chiall seo.

5 Briathar braite + réad + V1 ábhar + see + réad + V1 sabjekt + sí + objekt + ví-wan I see him run. I see him run. Feicim é ag rith.

6 Briathar braite + réad + V-ing ábhar + see + réad + V-ing sabjekt + sí + objekt + ví-ing I see him running. I see him running. Feicim é agus é ag rith.

7>Cuspóir + to-infinitive ábhar + briathar + to + V1 sabjekt + vörb + tə + ví-wan I eat to play. I eat to play. Ithim chun imirt.

8 Cuspóir + in order to ábhar + briathar + in order to + V1 sabjekt + vörb + in órdər tə + ví-wan I eat in order to play. I eat in order to play. Ithim chun go mbeidh mé in ann imirt.

18- An Modh Foshuiteach (SUBJUNCTIVE)

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

1 Modh foshuiteach san aimsir láithreach ábhar + that + briathar i bhfoirm V1 sabjekt + dhæt + béis vörb I suggest that he go. I suggest that he go. Molaim go n-imeodh sé.

2 Modh foshuiteach diúltach san aimsir láithreach ábhar + that + not + briathar i bhfoirm V1 sabjekt + dhæt + not + béis vörb I suggest that he not go. I suggest that he not go. Molaim nach n-imeodh sé.

3 Modh foshuiteach le be ábhar + that + be + aidiacht/ainmfhocal sabjekt + dhæt + bí + ádjektiv/naun It is important that he be ready. It is important that he be ready. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh sé réidh.

4 Tar éis éilimh nó moltaí ábhar + that + ábhar + V1 sabjekt + dhæt + sabjekt + ví-wan They demanded that she leave. They demanded that she leave. D’éiligh siad go n-imeodh sí.

5 Tar éis insist ábhar + that + ábhar + V1 sabjekt + dhæt + sabjekt + ví-wan I insist that he stay. I insist that he stay. Áitím go bhfanfadh sé.

6 Tar éis require ábhar + that + ábhar + V1 sabjekt + dhæt + sabjekt + ví-wan The law requires that everyone be present. The law requires that everyone be present. Éilíonn an dlí go mbeadh gach duine i láthair.

7 Foshuiteach le were If + ábhar + were + ... if + sabjekt + wör + ... If I were you, I would wait. If I were you, I would wait. Dá mbeinn i do shuí, d’fhanfainn.

8 Wish + were ábhar + wish + ábhar + were + ... sabjekt + wish + sabjekt + wör + ... I wish I were taller. I wish I were taller. Is mian liom go mbeinn níos airde.

9 Inbhéartú foirmiúil hipitéiseach Were + ábhar + ... wör + sabjekt + ... Were I you, I would wait. Were I you, I would wait. Dá mbeinn i do shuí, d’fhanfainn.

10 Léiriú seasta/foirmiúil God/Heaven + V1 God/Hévən + ví-wan God save the King. God save the King. Sábhála Dia an Rí.

19- Ceisteanna Clibe (TAG QUESTIONS)

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla iomlán Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

Ceist chlib — dearfach ráiteas dearfach + cúntach diúltach + ábhar? pozitiv steitmənt + negativ óg-ziləri + sabjekt? You are ready, aren't you? You are ready, aren't you? Tá tú réidh, nach bhfuil?

Ceist chlib — diúltach ráiteas diúltach + cúntach dearfach + ábhar? negativ steitmənt + pozitiv óg-ziləri + sabjekt? You aren't ready, are you? You aren't ready, are you? Níl tú réidh, an bhfuil?

Present Simple ráiteas + don't/doesn't + ábhar? steitmənt + dóunt/dazənt + sabjekt? She works here, doesn't she? She works here, doesn't she? Oibríonn sí anseo, nach n-oibríonn?

Past Simple ráiteas + didn't/did + ábhar? steitmənt + didənt/did + sabjekt? You saw him, didn't you? You saw him, didn't you? Chonaic tú é, nach bhfaca?

Be ráiteas + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + ábhar? steitmənt + izənt/árnt/wazənt/wörnt + sabjekt? He is here, isn't he? He is here, isn't he? Tá sé anseo, nach bhfuil?

Present Continuous ráiteas + isn't/aren't + ábhar? steitmənt + izənt/árnt + sabjekt? She is working, isn't she? She is working, isn't she? Tá sí ag obair, nach bhfuil?

Present Perfect ráiteas + hasn't/haven't + ábhar? steitmənt + hæzənt/hævənt + sabjekt? They have finished, haven't they? They have finished, haven't they? Tá siad críochnaithe, nach bhfuil?

Past Perfect ráiteas + hadn't + ábhar? steitmənt + hædənt + sabjekt? He had left, hadn't he? He had left, hadn't he? D’imigh sé, nach raibh?

Todhchaí — will ráiteas + won't + ábhar? steitmənt + wóunt + sabjekt? You will come, won't you? You will come, won't you? Tiocfaidh tú, nach dtiocfaidh?

Modh cúnta ráiteas + modh cúnta diúltach + ábhar? steitmənt + negativ móudəl + sabjekt? He can swim, can't he? He can swim, can't he? Tá sé in ann snámh, nach bhfuil?

Let's Let's + V1, shall we? lets + ví-wan, shæl wí? Let's go, shall we? Let's go, shall we? Imímis, an rachaimid?

Ordú V1 + will you? ví-wan + wil jú? Open the door, will you? Open the door, will you? Oscail an doras, an ndéanfaidh tú?

Ceist dhiúltach — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + ábhar + V1? dóunt/dazənt + sabjekt + ví-wan? Don't you like coffee? Don't you like coffee? Ní maith leat caife?

Ceist dhiúltach — Past Simple Didn't + ábhar + V1? didənt + sabjekt + ví-wan? Didn't you see him? Didn't you see him? Ní fhaca tú é?

Ceist dhiúltach — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + ábhar...? izənt/árnt/wazənt/wörnt + sabjekt...? Isn't he ready? Isn't he ready? Níl sé réidh?

Ceist dhiúltach — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + ábhar + V-ing? izənt/árnt + sabjekt + ví-ing? Isn't she working? Isn't she working? Níl sí ag obair?

Ceist dhiúltach — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + ábhar + V3? hævənt/hæzənt + sabjekt + ví-thrí? Haven't you finished? Haven't you finished? Níl tú críochnaithe?

Ceist dhiúltach — Future Won't + ábhar + V1? wóunt + sabjekt + ví-wan? Won't you come with us? Won't you come with us? Ní thiocfaidh tú linn?

Ceist dhiúltach — Modal modal diúltach + ábhar + V1? negativ móudəl + sabjekt + ví-wan? Can't you help me? Can't you help me? Ní féidir leat cabhrú liom?

Ceist dhiúltach iomlán cúntach + ábhar + not + V1...? óg-ziləri + sabjekt + not + ví-wan...? Do you not know? Do you not know? Níl a fhios agat?

I am — ceist chlib I am + ..., aren't I? ái æm + ..., árnt ái? I am right, aren't I? I am right, aren't I? Tá an ceart agam, nach bhfuil?

Na bunrialacha

Riail Sampla

Ráiteas dearfach → clib dhiúltach You like it, don't you?

Ráiteas diúltach → clib dhearfach You don't like it, do you?

Ceist dhiúltach = ceist le foirm dhiúltach Don't you like it?

Ceist chlib = ráiteas + ceist ghearr ag an deireadh You like it, don't you?

Má tá cúntach sa ráiteas, úsáidtear é sa chlib She is working, isn't she?

Mura bhfuil cúntach sa Present/Past Simple, úsáidtear do/does/did He works, doesn't he?

I gceist dhiúltach, úsáidtear V1 i ndiaidh do/does/did: Didn't you go? — ní “Didn't you went?”

Le ceist dhiúltach, braitheann an freagra Yes/No ar bhrí iarbhír an fhreagra Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

20- Focail mhódúla (MODAL WORDS)

Modal An fuaimniú i mBéarla An bhrí i nGaeilge Example Pronunciation of the example Translation

can can ábaltacht / is féidir I can swim. ai ken swim. Is féidir liom snámh.

could cud ábaltacht san am atá thart / d’fhéadfadh I could swim when I was five. ai cud swim wen ai woz faiv. D’fhéadfainn snámh nuair a bhí mé cúig bliana d’aois.

may mei féidearthacht / cead It may rain. it mei rein. B’fhéidir go mbeidh báisteach ann.

might mait féidearthacht It might rain. it mait rein. B’fhéidir go mbeidh báisteach ann.

must mast oibleagáid / ní mór duit You must leave. iu mast líiv. Ní mór duit imeacht.

shall shal todhchaí / moladh / ceist Shall we go? shal ui gou? An rachaimid?

should shud comhairle / ba cheart You should rest. iu shud rest. Ba cheart duit scíth a ligean.

will wil todhchaí / toilteanas I will help you. ai wil help iu. Cabhróidh mé leat.

would wud toilteanas san am atá thart / coinníoll / iarratas dea-bhéasach I would help you. ai wud help iu. Cabhróinn leat / Chabhróinn leat dá...

ought to ót tu comhairle / ba cheart You ought to study. iu ót tu stadi. Ba cheart duit staidéar a dhéanamh.

An riail

De ghnáth, tagann briathar módúil roimh V1:

modal + V1

Sampla:

She can speak English.

shi ken spík inglish.

Is féidir léi Béarla a labhairt.

Ach:

❌ She can speaks.

2. Na príomhbhríonna a bhaineann le gach briathar módúil

Feidhm Modal words / expressions Brí

Ability — Cumas can, could, be able to cumas / a bheith in ann

Possibility — Féidearthacht can, could, may, might, might possibly b’fhéidir / d’fhéadfadh

Permission — Cead can, could, may, might is féidir / cead

Request — Iarraidh can, could, will, would, may an bhféadfá...? / an féidir leat...?

Advice — Comhairle should, ought to, had better ba cheart / b’fhearr

Obligation — Oibleagáid must, have to, have got to, need to ní mór / caithfidh

Necessity — Riachtanas must, have to, need to ní mór / riachtanach

Prohibition — Toirmeasc must not, cannot/can't, may not tá cosc air / ní cheadaítear

Expectation — Ionchas should, ought to, be supposed to bítear ag súil leis / ba cheart

Prediction — Tuar will, shall, should, ought to tarlóidh / is dócha go dtarlóidh

Willingness — Toilteanas will, would be toilteanach

Refusal — Diúltú will not, won't, would not, wouldn't diúltú / ní dhéanfaidh

Habit — Nós would, will is gnách / ba ghnách

Hypothetical — Coinníoll hipitéiseach would, could, might d’fhéadfadh / dhéanfadh dá...

Deduction — Tátal must, can't, couldn't, may, might caithfidh / ní féidir / b’fhéidir

Regret — Aiféala should have, ought to have, could have, would have ba cheart / d’fhéadfadh sé a bheith déanta

Past possibility may have, might have, could have b’fhéidir gur tharla sé

Past deduction must have, can't have, couldn't have caithfidh gur tharla sé / ní féidir gur tharla sé

3. Leathbhriathra módúla (SEMI-MODALS)

Ní briathra módúla lárnacha iad seo, ach tá feidhmeanna cosúil le feidhmeanna na mbriathra módúla acu.

Modal expression An fuaimniú Brí Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

have to hav tu oibleagáid I have to go. ai hav tu gou. Caithfidh mé imeacht.

has to haz tu oibleagáid She has to work. shi haz tu work. Caithfidh sí obair a dhéanamh.

had to had tu oibleagáid san am atá thart I had to leave. ai had tu líiv. B’éigean dom imeacht.

have got to hav gat tu oibleagáid I have got to go. ai hav gat tu gou. Caithfidh mé imeacht.

has got to haz gat tu oibleagáid He has got to leave. hi haz gat tu líiv. Caithfidh sé imeacht.

had better had beter b’fhearr You had better go. iu had beter gou. B’fhearr duit imeacht.

be able to bí éibl tu a bheith in ann She is able to swim. shi iz éibl tu swim. Is féidir léi snámh.

be unable to bí anéibl tu a bheith gan a bheith in ann He is unable to walk. hi iz anéibl tu wok. Ní féidir leis siúl.

be allowed to bí aláud tu cead a bheith ag duine We are allowed to leave. ui ar aláud tu líiv. Tá cead againn imeacht.

be permitted to bí permitid tu cead a bheith ag duine You are permitted to enter. iu ar permitid tu enter. Tá cead agat dul isteach.

be supposed to bí sapóuzd tu a bheith ceaptha You are supposed to wait. iu ar sapóuzd tu weit. Táthar ag súil go bhfanfaidh tú.

be required to bí rikwaierd tu a bheith riachtanach / dualgas You are required to sign. iu ar rikwaierd tu sain. Caithfidh tú síniú.

be expected to bí ikspektid tu a bheith ag súil leis They are expected to arrive. dei ar ikspektid tu aráiv. Táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh siad.

be willing to bí wiling tu a bheith toilteanach I am willing to help. ai am wiling tu help. Táim toilteanach cabhrú.

be unwilling to bí an-wiling tu a bheith neamhthoilteanach He is unwilling to cooperate. hi iz an-wiling tu kouópreit. Níl sé toilteanach comhoibriú.

be likely to bí laikli tu is dócha She is likely to win. shi iz laikli tu win. Is dócha go mbuafaidh sí.

be unlikely to bí anlaikli tu níl sé dóchúil He is unlikely to come. hi iz anlaikli tu kam. Ní dócha go dtiocfaidh sé.

4. Need — cosúil le briathar módúil

Is féidir need a úsáid ar dhá bhealach.

Need módúil

Need I go?

níid ai gou?

An gá dom imeacht?

You needn't worry.

iu níidnt wori.

Ní gá duit a bheith buartha.

Need mar phríomhbhriathar

I need to go.

ai níid tu gou.

Caithfidh mé imeacht / ní mór dom imeacht.

Foirm Fuaimniú Brí

need níid a bheith de dhíth / gá

needn't níidnt nach gá / ní gá

need to níid tu gá le rud a dhéanamh

don't need to dount níid tu níl gá le rud a dhéanamh

didn't need to didnt níid tu nach raibh gá le rud a dhéanamh

5. Dare — cosúil le briathar módúil

Is féidir le dare feidhmiú mar ghnáthbhriathar nó mar bhriathar cosúil le briathar módúil.

Dare I ask?

der ai ask?

An bhfuil sé de mhisneach agam ceist a chur?

How dare you!

hau der iu!

Conas a leomhann tú!

Foirm Fuaimniú Brí

dare der leomh

daren't dernt ná leomh

dare not der not ná leomh

don't dare dount der ná leomh

6. Used to — nós san am atá thart

Ní briathar módúil lárnach é used to, ach is struchtúr cosúil le briathar módúil é.

I used to live there.

ai iúst tu liv der.

Ba ghnách liom cónaí ansin.

Brí:

used to + V1

= nós nó staid a bhí ann san am atá thart ach nach gá go bhfuil ann anois.

7. Be going to

Úsáidtear é chun plean don todhchaí nó tuar bunaithe ar fhianaise a chur in iúl.

I am going to study.

ai am góuing tu stadi.

Táim chun staidéar a dhéanamh.

It is going to rain.

it iz góuing tu rein.

Tá sé ar tí báisteach a chur.

8. Nathanna a chuireann féidearthacht in iúl

Ní briathra módúla iad seo, ach nathanna a chuireann féidearthacht nó cinnteacht in iúl.

Expression Fuaimniú Brí

perhaps perhaps b’fhéidir

maybe meibi b’fhéidir

possibly posibli b’fhéidir / b’fhéidir gur féidir

probably probəbli is dócha

likely laikli dóchúil

unlikely anlaikli dócha nach

certainly sərtnli go cinnte

definitely definitli go cinnte

surely shurli cinnte / gan amhras

apparently apárentli de réir dealraimh

presumably prizúməbli is dócha / de réir toimhde

conceivably konsívəbli b’fhéidir go bhféadfaí a shamhlú

arguably argiúəbli d’fhéadfaí a mhaíomh

necessarily nesəsərli gan dabht / de riachtanas

not necessarily not nesəsərli nach gá go mbeadh

Sampla:

She will probably come.

shi wil probəbli kam.

Is dócha go dtiocfaidh sí.

9. Nathanna a chuireann riachtanas in iúl

Expression Fuaimniú Brí

must mast caithfidh / ní mór

have to hav tu caithfidh / ní mór

have got to hav gat tu caithfidh / ní mór

need to níid tu gá le / caithfidh

be required to bí rikwaierd tu a bheith riachtanach

be obliged to bí obláidžd tu a bheith faoi oibleagáid

be compelled to bí kompeld tu a bheith iallach ar dhuine

be forced to bí forst tu a bheith iallach ar dhuine

be necessary to bí nesəsəri tu a bheith riachtanach rud a dhéanamh

be essential to bí isenshal tu a bheith fíor-riachtanach

10. Nathanna comhairle

Expression Fuaimniú Brí

should shud ba cheart

ought to ót tu ba cheart

had better had beter b’fhearr

might want to mait wont tu b’fhéidir gur mhaith leat / b’fhearr duit

could cud d’fhéadfá / b’fhéidir gurbh fhearr

be advised to bí adváizd tu molta duit

it would be wise to it wud bí waiz tu bheadh sé ciallmhar

it would be better to it wud bí beter tu b’fhearr

Sampla:

You might want to check again.

iu mait wont tu chek agéin.

B’fhéidir gurbh fhearr duit é a sheiceáil arís.

11. Nathanna ceada

Expression Fuaimniú Brí

can ken is féidir / cead

could cud an bhféadfá...? / an bhféadfaí...?

may mei cead / is féidir

might mait an bhféadfá...? — foirm níos foirmiúla nó níos cúramach

be allowed to bí aláud tu tar éis cead a fháil

be permitted to bí permitid tu tar éis cead a fháil

be authorized to bí ótharaizd tu a bheith údaraithe

be entitled to bí intáitld tu a bheith i dteideal

12. Nathanna cumais

Expression Fuaimniú Brí

can ken a bheith in ann

could cud a bheith in ann san am atá thart

be able to bí éibl tu a bheith in ann

be capable of bí kéipəbl av a bheith ábalta

manage to manidz tu bainistigh rud a dhéanamh / éirigh le

succeed in saksíd in d’éirigh le duine

Sampla:

She was able to solve the problem.

shi woz éibl tu solv dhe probləm.

D’éirigh léi an fhadhb a réiteach.

13. Nathanna ionchais

Expression Fuaimniú Brí

should shud táthar ag súil go / ba cheart

ought to ót tu ba cheart

be supposed to bí sapóuzd tu a bheith ceaptha

be expected to bí ikspektid tu táthar ag súil go

be due to bí diu tu a bheith le tarlú de réir an sceidil

be scheduled to bí skedždúld tu a bheith sceidealaithe

Sampla:

The train is due to arrive at six.

dhe trein iz diu tu aráiv at siks.

Tá an traein le teacht ar a sé.

14. Nathanna toilteanais

Expression Fuaimniú Brí

will wil déanfaidh / beidh toilteanach

would wud bheadh toilteanach / an ndéanfá...?

be willing to bí wiling tu a bheith toilteanach

be happy to bí hápi tu a bheith sásta rud a dhéanamh

be prepared to bí pripéird tu a bheith ullamh

be ready to bí redi tu a bheith réidh

15. Nathanna diúltaithe

Expression Fuaimniú Brí

will not / won't wil not / wont ní dhéanfaidh / diúltú

would not / wouldn't wud not / wudnt ní dhéanfadh / ní bheadh toilteanach

refuse to rifiúz tu diúltaigh rud a dhéanamh

decline to dikláin tu diúltaigh go béasach

be unwilling to bí an-wiling tu a bheith neamhthoilteanach

16. Struchtúir mhódúla san am atá thart

Úsáidtear na struchtúir seo chun labhairt faoi imeachtaí san am atá thart.

Struchtúr Fuaimniú Brí

could have + V3 cud hav + V3 d’fhéadfadh sé a bheith déanta

may have + V3 mei hav + V3 b’fhéidir gur tharla sé

might have + V3 mait hav + V3 b’fhéidir gur tharla sé

must have + V3 mast hav + V3 caithfidh gur tharla sé

can't have + V3 ken’t hav + V3 ní féidir gur tharla sé

couldn't have + V3 cudnt hav + V3 ní fhéadfadh sé a bheith déanta

should have + V3 shud hav + V3 ba cheart go mbeadh sé déanta

ought to have + V3 ót tu hav + V3 ba cheart go mbeadh sé déanta

would have + V3 wud hav + V3 bheadh sé déanta

needn't have + V3 níidnt hav + V3 nach raibh gá leis é a dhéanamh

Sampla:

You should have called me.

iu shud hav kóld mí.

Ba cheart duit glaoch orm.

17. Modal + Leanúnach

Is féidir le briathar módúil teacht roimh be + briathar + ing:

modal + be + verb + ing

Struchtúr Sampla Fuaimniú Brí

can be + verb + ing He can be working. hi ken bí wर्कing. D’fhéadfadh sé a bheith ag obair.

could be + verb + ing He could be working. hi cud bí working. B’fhéidir go bhfuil sé ag obair.

may be + verb + ing He may be working. hi mei bí working. B’fhéidir go bhfuil sé ag obair.

might be + verb + ing He might be working. hi mait bí working. B’fhéidir go bhfuil sé ag obair.

must be + verb + ing He must be working. hi mast bí working. Caithfidh sé a bheith ag obair.

should be + verb + ing He should be working. hi shud bí working. Ba cheart dó a bheith ag obair.

will be + verb + ing He will be working. hi wil bí working. Beidh sé ag obair.

would be + verb + ing He would be working. hi wud bí working. Bheadh sé ag obair.

18. Modal + Foirfe Leanúnach

modal + have been + verb + ing

Sampla:

She may have been working.

shi mei hav bin working.

B’fhéidir go raibh sí ag obair.

Struchtúr Brí

could have been + verb + ing b’fhéidir go raibh sé ag obair

may have been + verb + ing b’fhéidir go raibh sé ag obair

might have been + verb + ing b’fhéidir go raibh sé ag obair

must have been + verb + ing caithfidh go raibh sé ag obair

should have been + verb + ing ba cheart dó a bheith ag obair

would have been + verb + ing bheadh sé ag obair

19. Modal + Guth Éighníomhach

modal + be + V3

Sampla:

The work must be finished.

dhe work mast bí finished.

Caithfear an obair a chríochnú.

Struchtúr Sampla

can be + V3 It can be done.

could be + V3 It could be done.

may be + V3 It may be done.

might be + V3 It might be done.

must be + V3 It must be done.

should be + V3 It should be done.

will be + V3 It will be done.

would be + V3 It would be done.

20. Modal + Foirfe Éighníomhach

modal + have been + V3

Sampla:

It should have been done.

it shud hav bin dan.

Ba cheart go mbeadh sé déanta.

Struchtúr Brí

could have been + V3 d’fhéadfadh sé a bheith déanta

may have been + V3 b’fhéidir go raibh sé déanta

might have been + V3 b’fhéidir go raibh sé déanta

must have been + V3 caithfidh go raibh sé déanta

should have been + V3 ba cheart go mbeadh sé déanta

would have been + V3 bheadh sé déanta

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir i mBéarla Sampla iomlán Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

Uatha — dearfach There is + ainmfhocal uatha dher iz + noun There is a book on the table. dher iz a buk on dhe teibl. Tá leabhar ar an mbord.

Iolra — dearfach There are + ainmfhocal iolra dher ar + noun There are two books on the table. dher ar tu buks on dhe teibl. Tá dhá leabhar ar an mbord.

Ainmfhocal do-áirithe There is + ainmfhocal do-áirithe dher iz + uncountable noun There is some water in the bottle. dher iz sam wóter in dhe botl. Tá roinnt uisce sa bhuidéal.

Uatha — diúltach There isn't + ainmfhocal uatha dher iznt + noun There isn't a book here. dher iznt a buk hir. Níl leabhar anseo.

Iolra — diúltach There aren't + ainmfhocal iolra dher arnt + noun There aren't any books here. dher arnt eni buks hir. Níl aon leabhair anseo.

Ceist — uatha Is there + ainmfhocal uatha...? iz dher + noun? Is there a problem? iz dher a probləm? An bhfuil fadhb ann?

Ceist — iolra Are there + ainmfhocal iolra...? ar dher + noun? Are there any problems? ar dher eni probləmz? An bhfuil aon fhadhbanna ann?

Ceist dhiúltach — uatha Isn't there + ainmfhocal uatha...? iznt dher + noun? Isn't there a problem? iznt dher a probləm? Nár cheart go mbeadh fadhb ann?

Ceist dhiúltach — iolra Aren't there + ainmfhocal iolra...? arnt dher + noun? Aren't there any problems? arnt dher eni probləmz? Nach bhfuil aon fhadhbanna ann?

Aimsir chaite — uatha There was + ainmfhocal uatha dher woz + noun There was a problem. dher woz a probləm. Bhí fadhb ann.

Aimsir chaite — iolra There were + ainmfhocal iolra dher wer + noun There were many people. dher wer meni pípl. Bhí go leor daoine ann.

Aimsir chaite dhiúltach — uatha There wasn't + ainmfhocal uatha dher woznt + noun There wasn't a problem. dher woznt a probləm. Ní raibh fadhb ann.

Aimsir chaite dhiúltach — iolra There weren't + ainmfhocal iolra dher wernt + noun There weren't many people. dher wernt meni pípl. Ní raibh mórán daoine ann.

Ceist san aimsir chaite Was there + ainmfhocal uatha...? woz dher + noun? Was there a problem? woz dher a probləm? An raibh fadhb ann?

Ceist san aimsir chaite — iolra Were there + ainmfhocal iolra...? wer dher + noun? Were there many people? wer dher meni pípl? An raibh mórán daoine ann?

Todhchaí There will be + ainmfhocal dher wil bí + noun There will be a meeting tomorrow. dher wil bí a míting tumórou. Beidh cruinniú ann amárach.

Todhchaí dhiúltach There won't be + ainmfhocal dher wont bí + noun There won't be a meeting tomorrow. dher wont bí a míting tumórou. Ní bheidh cruinniú ann amárach.

Ceist faoin todhchaí Will there be + ainmfhocal...? wil dher bí + noun? Will there be a meeting tomorrow? wil dher bí a míting tumórou? An mbeidh cruinniú ann amárach?

Present Perfect There has/have been + ainmfhocal dher haz/hav bin + noun There has been a mistake. dher haz bin a mistéik. Tá botún déanta / tharla botún.

Past Perfect There had been + ainmfhocal dher had bin + noun There had been a problem. dher had bin a probləm. Bhí fadhb ann cheana.

Modal There can/may/might/must/should be + ainmfhocal dher ken/mei/mait/mast/shud bí + noun There may be a problem. dher mei bí a probləm. B’fhéidir go bhfuil fadhb ann.

1. Have = seilbh / bheith i seilbh

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir i mBéarla Sampla iomlán Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

Le I / you / we / they Subject + have + noun dhe sabjekt + hav + dhe noun I have a car. ai hav a kar. Tá carr agam.

Le he / she / it Subject + has + noun dhe sabjekt + haz + dhe noun She has a car. shi haz a kar. Tá carr aici.

Úsáidtear Have le: I, you, we, they

Úsáidtear Has le: he, she, it

2. An fhoirm dhiúltach le have

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir i mBéarla Sampla iomlán Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

Diúltach I/you/we/they Subject + do not + have + noun dhe sabjekt + du not + hav + dhe noun I do not have a car. ai du not hav a kar. Níl carr agam.

Diúltach he/she/it Subject + does not + have + noun dhe sabjekt + daz not + hav + dhe noun She does not have a car. shi daz not hav a kar. Níl carr aici.

Tabhair faoi deara: tar éis does, úsáidtear have seachas has:

She doesn't have a car. ✅

She doesn't has a car. ❌

3. Ceisteanna le have

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir i mBéarla Sampla iomlán Fuaimniú an tsampla Aistriúchán

Ceist I/you/we/they Do + subject + have + noun? du + dhe sabjekt + hav + dhe noun? Do you have a car? du iu hav a kar? An bhfuil carr agat?

Ceist he/she/it Does + subject + have + noun? daz + dhe sabjekt + hav + dhe noun? Does she have a car? daz shi hav a kar? An bhfuil carr aici?

4. Have mar bhriathar cúnta

Ní chiallaíonn have “seilbh” i gcónaí; úsáidtear é freisin chun na haimsirí foirfe a chruthú.

Aimsir Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir i mBéarla Sampla Aistriúchán

Present Perfect Subject + have/has + V3 dhe sabjekt + hav/haz + V3 I have finished. Táim críochnaithe.

Present Perfect Continuous Subject + have/has + been + verb + ing dhe sabjekt + hav/haz + bin + verb + ing I have been working. Tá mé ag obair le tamall.

Past Perfect Subject + had + V3 dhe sabjekt + had + V3 I had finished. Bhí mé críochnaithe cheana.

Past Perfect Continuous Subject + had + been + verb + ing dhe sabjekt + had + bin + verb + ing I had been working. Bhí mé ag obair le tamall.

An difríocht idir na bríonna

I have a car.

→ Ciallaíonn have “seilbh”.

I have finished.

→ Is briathar cúnta é have a úsáidtear chun an Present Perfect a chruthú.

5. Have to = caithfidh / oibleagáid

Cuireann have to riachtanas nó oibleagáid in iúl.

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir i mBéarla Sampla iomlán Aistriúchán

I/you/we/they Subject + have to + V1 dhe sabjekt + hav tu + V1 I have to work. Caithfidh mé obair a dhéanamh.

he/she/it Subject + has to + V1 dhe sabjekt + haz tu + V1 She has to work. Caithfidh sí obair a dhéanamh.

Aimsir chaite Subject + had to + V1 dhe sabjekt + had tu + V1 I had to work. B’éigean dom obair a dhéanamh.

Todhchaí Subject + will have to + V1 dhe sabjekt + wil hav tu + V1 I will have to work. Caithfidh mé obair a dhéanamh.

6. Have got = seilbh / bheith i seilbh

Úsáidtear go minic é sa Bhéarla Briotanach:

have got / has got

Struchtúr Sampla Aistriúchán

Subject + have got + noun I have got a car. Tá carr agam.

Subject + has got + noun She has got a car. Tá carr aici.

Foirm dhiúltach:

I haven't got a car.

= Níl carr agam.

Ceist:

Have you got a car?

= An bhfuil carr agat?

Imperatives — An modh ordaitheach

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir i mBéarla Sampla Fuaimniú an tsampla Brí

Ordú dearfach Briathar V1 Come here. kam hir. Tar anseo.

Ordú le cuspóir Briathar + cuspóir V1 + object Read the book. ríd dhe buk. Léigh an leabhar.

Ordú diúltach Don't + briathar dount + V1 Don't run. dount ran. Ná rith.

Ordú diúltach foirmiúil Do not + briathar du not + V1 Do not enter. du not enter. Ná téigh isteach.

Le Be Be + aidiacht bí + adjective Be careful. bí kerful. Bí cúramach.

Be diúltach Don't be + aidiacht dount bí + adjective Don't be late. dount bí leit. Ná bí déanach.

Le Let me Let + me + briathar let + mí + V1 Let me help you. let mí help iu. Lig dom cabhrú leat.

Le Let him/her/them Let + object + verb let + object + V1 Let him go. let him gou. Lig dó imeacht.

Let's Let's + briathar lets + V1 Let's go. lets gou. Rachaimid.

Let's diúltach Let's not + briathar lets not + V1 Let's not wait. lets not weit. Ná fanaimis.

Ordú dea-bhéasach Please + briathar plíiz + V1 Please sit down. plíiz sit daun. Suigh síos, le do thoil.

Ordú le béim Do + briathar du + V1 Do sit down. du sit daun. Suigh síos, le do thoil.

Comhairle láidir Never + briathar never + V1 Never give up. never giv ap. Ná géill riamh.

Nós / comhairle Always + briathar ólweiz + V1 Always be careful. ólweiz bí kerful. Bí cúramach i gcónaí.

Ordú éighníomhach Be + past participle bí + V3 Be prepared. bí pripéird. Bí ullamh.

Ordú + toradh Briathar + and + clásal V1 + and + clause Study hard, and you will pass. stadi hard, and iu wil pas. Déan staidéar dícheallach agus éireoidh leat sa scrúdú.

Ordú + rabhadh Briathar + or + clásal V1 + or + clause Hurry up, or you'll be late. hari ap, or iul bí leit. Déan deifir nó beidh tú déanach.

Ordú + ceist chlibe Briathar, will you? V1, wil iu? Wait here, will you? weit hir, wil iu? Fan anseo, an ndéanfaidh tú?

Let's + ceist chlibe Let's + verb, shall we? lets + V1, shal ui? Let's go, shall we? lets gou, shal ui? Rachaimid, an rachaimid?

22- Réimíreanna (PREFIXES)

Réimír Fuaimniú i nGaeilge Brí i nGaeilge Sampla Brí

a- ə / a gan / neamh atypical neamh- / neamhghnách

ab- ab amach ó / ar shiúl abduct fuadach

ad- ad i dtreo / chuig adjoin ceangal le

ambi- ambi dhá thaobh / timpeall ambiguous débhríoch

ante- ante roimh antecedent rud a thagann roimhe

anti- anti in aghaidh antiwar i gcoinne cogaidh

arch- ark ceannasach / príomh- archbishop ard-easpag

auto- auto féin automatic uathoibríoch

bi- bai dhá bilingual dátheangach

circum- sircum timpeall circumference imlíne

co- ko in éineacht le cooperate comhoibriú

contra- contra in aghaidh contradict bréagnú

counter- cauntar freasúra / in aghaidh counterattack frithionsaí

de- di cealú / aisiompú deactivate díghníomhachtú

deca- deca deich decade deich mbliana

deci- desi deichiú decimeter deiciméadar

demi- demi leath demigodleathdhia

dis- dis neamh- / easpa / aisiompú disagree easaontú

dys- dis dona / deacair dysfunction mífheidhmiú

eco- éiceo comhshaoil ecosystem éiceachóras

ecto- ecto taobh amuigh ectoderm eictideirm

endo- endo taobh istigh endoskeleton endascéatán

epi- epi ar / os cionn epidermis eipideirm

eu- eu maith euphemism maolú cainte

ex- ecs iar- / amach ex-president iar-uachtarán

extra- eicstra lasmuigh / breise extraordinary urghnách

fore- for roimh / amach anseo forecast tuairisc / réamhaisnéis

geo- geo talamh geography tíreolaíocht

hemi- hemi leath hemisphere leathsféar

hetero- heitreo éagsúil heterogeneous ilchineálach

homo- hóma cosúil / mar an gcéanna homogeneous aonchineálach

hyper- haipir os cionn / iomarcach hyperactive róghníomhach

hypo- haipo faoi / easnamhach hypothermia hipiteirme

in- in neamh- / isteach inactive neamhghníomhach

im- im neamh- / isteach impossible dodhéanta

il- il neamh- illegal mídhleathach

ir- ir neamh- irregular mírialta

infra- infra faoi infrared fo-infridhearg

inter- inter idir international idirnáisiúnta

intra- intra laistigh intranet inlíon

intro- intro isteach introduce tabhaigh / cuir in aithne

iso- iso comhionann isotope iseatóp

macro- macro mór macroeconomics maicreacnamaíocht

mal- mal dona / mícheart malfunction mífheidhmiú

mega- meigea an-mhór megastore siopa ollmhór

meta- meta tar éis / thar metadata meiteashonraí

micro- micrea beag microscope micreascóp

mid- mid lár midnight meán oíche

mini- míni beag minibus mionbhus

mono- móno aon- monolingual aonteangach

multi- il il- / go leor multilingual ilteangach

neo- neo nua neologism focal nua

non- non neamh- / gan nonstandard neamhchaighdeánach

omni- omni gach omniscient eolach ar gach rud

out- aut amach / níos mó ná outperform sárfheidhmiú

over- óvar ró- / thar fóir overcook róchócaráil

paleo- pailéa sean paleolithic an Chlochaois Ársa

pan- pan gach pan-European uile-Eorpach

para- para in aice le / cosúil le paranormal paranormal

peri- peri timpeall perimeter imlíne

poly- poli go leor / il- polyglot ilteangach

post- post tar éis postwar i ndiaidh an chogaidh

pre- pre roimh prehistory an tréimhse réamhstairiúil

pro- pro ar son / i bhfabhar pro-democracy ar son an daonlathais

proto- próta bunúsach / bunaidh prototype fréamhshamhail

pseudo- súideó bréagach / bréige pseudonym ainm cleite

re- ri arís / ath- rewrite athscríobh

retro- retro ar gcúl / siar retroactive aisghníomhach

semi- semi leath- / páirteach semicircle leathchiorcal

sub- sab faoi / fo- submarine fomhuireán

super- súpair os cionn / thar a bheith superhuman sárdhaonna

supra- súipra os cionn supranational fornáisiúnta

syn- sin in éineacht le / le chéile synchronize sioncrónú

tele- teli i bhfad telephone teileafón

trans- tráns trí / trasna transport iompar

tri- trai trí triangle triantán

ultra- altra thar / thar a bheith ultramodern sár-nua-aimseartha

un- an neamh- / aisiompú unhappy míshásta

under- andar faoi / easnamhach underpaid ganníocaíocht a fháil

uni- úni aon- unilateral aontaobhach

vice- vais leas- vice-president leas-uachtarán

with- with amach / siar withdraw tarraingt siar

Iarmhíreanna — SUFFIXES

Iarmhír Fuaimniú i nGaeilge Feidhm Sampla Brí

-er er duine a dhéanann gníomh teacher múinteoir

-or or duine a dhéanann gníomh actor aisteoir

-ar ar duine a bhaineann le gníomh beggar bacach

-ist ist duine a bhfuil gairm nó saineolas aige artist ealaíontóir

-ian ian duine a bhaineann le réimse musician ceoltóir

-ant ant duine nó rud a dhéanann gníomh assistant cúntóir

-ent ent duine a dhéanann gníomh student mac léinn

-ee i duine a fhaigheann gníomh employee fostaí

-ess es foirm bhaininscneach actress aisteoir baineann

-ness nes stát / cáilíocht happiness sástaíocht

-ity iti stát / cáilíocht activity gníomhaíocht

-ty ti stát / cáilíocht safety sábháilteacht

-ship ship stát / caidreamh friendship cairdeas

-hood hud stát / tréimhse childhood óige

-dom dom stát / réimse kingdom ríocht

-th th stát / cáilíocht warmth teas

-ment ment toradh / próiseas development forbairt

-tion shon próiseas / toradh education oideachas

-sion zhen / shon próiseas / toradh decision cinneadh

-ion ian / shon próiseas / toradh action gníomh

-ation eishon próiseas organization eagrú

-al al próiseas / toradh arrival teacht

-ance ans stát / próiseas appearance cuma

-ence ans stát existence marthain

-ancy ansi stát expectancy ionchas

-ency ensi stát efficiency éifeachtúlacht

-age ij toradh / próiseas marriage pósadh

-ure ur toradh / stát failure teip

-ing ing ainm briathartha / gníomh swimming snámh

-ism izm idé-eolaíocht / córas capitalism caipitleachas

-cracy crasi córas rialaithe democracy daonlathas

-crat crat duine a bhaineann le córas democrat daonlathaí

-archy arki córas rialaithe monarchy monarcacht

-arch ark rialóir / ceannaire monarch monarc

-logy loji eolaíocht / staidéar biology bitheolaíocht

-graphy grafi scríobh / cur síos geography tíreolaíocht

-graph graf uirlis / taifead autograph síniú pearsanta

-meter míotar uirlis tomhais thermometer teirmiméadar

-metry métri próiseas tomhais geometry céimseata

-scope skóp uirlis bhreathnóireachta telescope teileascóp

-scopy skopi scrúdú le huirlis microscopy micreascópacht

-nomy nomi córas / rialacha astronomy réalteolaíocht

-phobia fóibia eagla arachnophobia eagla roimh damháin alla

-phile fáil grá do bibliophile duine a bhfuil grá aige do leabhair

-philia fília grá / dúil audiophilia grá don fhuaim

-phone fón fuaim / gléas fuaime telephone teileafón

-phony fóni fuaim / córas fuaime symphony siansa

-path path duine a bhfuil riocht nó claonadh aige psychopath síceapatach

-pathy paiti stát / galar neuropathy néarapaite

-itis aitis at / athlasadh arthritis airtríteas

-osis óisís stát / galar diagnosis diagnóis

-emia imia stát fola anemia ainéime

-oma oma meall / cnap carcinoma carcanaoma

-ectomy ectomi baint mháinliachta appendectomy baint an aguisín

-otomy otomi cinneadh máinliachta tracheotomy tracheatóime

-plasty plasti deisiú máinliachta rhinoplasty máinliacht sróine

-let let rud beag booklet leabhrán

-ling ling rud óg / beag duckling lachan óg

-ette et rud beag kitchenette cistin bheag

-kin kin rud beag manikin mionsamhail dhaonna

-oid óid cosúil le humanoid cosúil le duine

-esque esk i stíl / cosúil le picturesque sárscéimheach

-like laik cosúil le childlike cosúil le páiste

-ish ish cosúil le / beagán greenish glasghorm / beagán glas

-ster star duine a bhaineann le gníomh youngster duine óg

-eer ír duine a bhaineann le gníomhaíocht auctioneer ceantálaí

-ard ard duine a bhfuil tréith aige coward coward / duine meatach

-some sam a chruthaíonn nó a bhfuil tréith aige troublesome cúis imní

-worthy worthy fiúntach / tuillte trustworthy iontaofa

-proof prúf frithsheasmhach in aghaidh waterproof uiscedhíonach

-free frí gan sugar-free gan siúcra

-wide waid ar fud worldwide ar fud an domhain

-ward ward i dtreo / ar ais backward ar gcúl

-wise waiz ar bhealach / i dtreo clockwise deiseal

-fold fóld iolraithe faoi threefold trí oiread

23- Briathra Frásacha (PHRASAL VERBS)

Briathar frásach = briathar a úsáidtear le focal eile, de ghnáth le dobhriathar nó réamhfhocal, mar shampla up, out, off, on, away, back, in, over.

Sampla:

give + up → give up = géilleadh / éirí as rud éigin

Nóta: Ní briathra frásacha iad gach teaglaim de bhriathar + réamhfhocal nó dobhriathar. Is briathra frásacha iad cuid acu, is briathra réamhfhoclacha iad cuid eile, agus tá briathra frásacha-réamhfhoclacha ann freisin.

1. Na Briathra Frásacha is Coitianta

Briathar frásach Fuaimniú i nGaeilge Brí i nGaeilge Sampla iomlán Fuaimniú an tsampla

add up ád ap suimiú / ciall a bhaint as The numbers add up. dha námbarz ád ap.

ask for ásk for iarr She asked for help. shi áskt for help.

back up bák ap cúltaca a dhéanamh / tacú le Please back up your files. plíz bák ap yor fáilz.

break down bréik daun briseadh síos / cliseadh My car broke down. mai kar brók daun.

break in bréik in briseadh isteach Someone broke in last night. samwan brók in last náit.

break out bréik aut briseadh amach / tosú go tobann A fire broke out. a fáiar brók aut.

break up bréik ap scaradh / deireadh a chur le caidreamh They broke up last year. dhei brók ap last iír.

bring back bring bák tabhaigh ar ais Please bring back my book. plíz bring bák mai buk.

bring in bring in tabhaigh isteach They brought in a new manager. dhei brót in a nú manajar.

bring up bring ap ardú / luaigh She brought up an important issue. shi brót ap an important ishu.

call back kól bák glaoigh ar ais I'll call you back later. áil kól yu bák léitar.

call off kól of cealaigh They called off the meeting. dhei kóld of dha míting.

carry on kári on lean ar aghaidh Please carry on working. plíz kári on working.

carry out kári aut déan / cuir i gcrích They carried out the plan. dhei kárid aut dha plán.

catch up kách ap dul suas le / teacht suas le I need to catch up with you. ai níd tu kách ap with yu.

check in chék in cláraigh teacht isteach We checked in at the hotel. wí chékt in at dha hotél.

check out chék aut scrúdaigh / seiceáil amach We checked out at noon. wí chékt aut at núun.

clean up klín ap glan suas Clean up your room. klín ap yor rúm.

come back kam bák tar ar ais He came back yesterday. hí kéim bák yésterdei.

come in kam in tar isteach Come in, please. kam in, plíz.

come out kam aut eisigh / teacht amach The new book came out yesterday. dha nú buk kéim aut yésterdei.

come over kam óvar tar ar cuairt Come over tonight. kam óvar tunáit.

cut down kat daun laghdaigh I'm trying to cut down on sugar. aim tráing tu kat daun on shugar.

cut off kat of ghearr amach / dícheangail They cut off the electricity. dhei kat of dhi ilektrisiti.

deal with díl with déileáil le We need to deal with this problem. wí níd tu díl with dhis problam.

do without dú withaut bheith gan / déan gan We can do without a car. wí kan dú withaut a kar.

drop off drop of scaoil síos / fág I'll drop you off at school. áil drop yu of at skúl.

end up end ap deireadh a chur le / deireadh a bheith i gceann scríbe We ended up staying home. wí ended ap stéing hóum.

fall apart fól apárt titim as a chéile The old chair fell apart. dhi óuld chéar fel apárt.

fall behind fól biháind titim ar gcúl He fell behind in class. hí fel biháind in klas.

figure out figyar aut figiú amach / réiteach a fháil I can't figure it out. ai kant figyar it aut.

fill in fil in líon isteach Please fill in this form. plíz fil in dhis form.

fill out fil aut líon isteach foirm FIll out the application. fil aut dhi aplikéishon.

find out fáind aut faigh amach / faigh amach an fhírinne I found out the truth. ai fáund aut dha trúth.

get back get bák téigh ar ais I'll get back home soon. áil get bák hóum súun.

get in get in téigh isteach Get in the car. get in dha kar.

get off get of téigh den bhus / éirigh de Get off the bus. get of dha bas.

get on get on téigh ar an mbus / dul ar aghaidh Get on the bus. get on dha bas.

get out get aut téigh amach Get out of the room. get aut ov dha rúm.

get over get óvar sáraigh / téarnaigh ó She got over her fear. shi got óvar har fíar.

get up get ap eirigh I get up at seven. ai get ap at sévan.

give back giv bák tabhaigh ar ais Give me back my phone. giv mí bák mai fóun.

give in giv in géill He finally gave in. hí fáinali géiv in.

give up giv ap géill / éirigh as Don't give up. dóunt giv ap.

go ahead góu ahéd lean ar aghaidh / téigh ar aghaidh Go ahead and start. góu ahéd and start.

go back góu bák téigh ar ais We went back home. wí went bák hóum.

go on góu on lean ar aghaidh Please go on. plíz góu on.

go out góu aut téigh amach We went out last night. wí went aut last náit.

grow up gróu ap fás suas I grew up in Kuwait. ai grú ap in Kuwait.

hand in hánd in tabhaigh isteach / cuir isteach Hand in your homework. hánd in yor hóumwork.

hang on háng on fan / coinnigh greim Hang on a minute. háng on a minit.

hang out háng aut caith am le chéile We hang out together. wí háng aut tugedhar.

hold on hóuld on fan / coinnigh greim Hold on, please. hóuld on, plíz.

keep on kíp on lean ort Keep on trying. kíp on tráing.

keep up kíp ap coinneáil suas / leanúint ar an leibhéal céanna Keep up the good work. kíp ap dha gud work.

kick out kik aut cuir amach They kicked him out. dhei kikt him aut.

look after luk áftar tabhaigh aire do She looks after her children. shi luks áftar har children.

look for luk for cuardaigh / lorg I'm looking for my keys. aim lúking for mai kíz.

look into luk intu scrúdaigh We'll look into the problem. wí'l luk intu dha problam.

look out luk aut bí cúramach Look out! luk aut!

look up luk ap cuardaigh eolas faoi Look up the word. luk ap dha word.

make up méik ap déan suas / réitigh They made up after the argument. dhei méid ap áftar dhi argyument.

move on múv on bog ar aghaidh It's time to move on. its táim tu múv on.

pick up pik ap pioc suas / tóg Pick up the phone. pik ap dha fóun.

point out point aut cuir in iúl She pointed out a mistake. shi pointed aut a mistéik.

put away put awéi cuir i leataobh / cuir ar shiúl Put your clothes away. put yor klóudz awéi.

put down put daun cuir síos / cáin Put the book down. put dha buk daun.

put off put of cuir siar Don't put it off. dóunt put it of.

put on put on cuir ort / cas air Put on your jacket. put on yor jakit.

put out put aut múch / cuir amach Put out the fire. put aut dha fáiar.

put up put ap croch suas / cuir in airde Put up the picture. put ap dha pikchar.

run into ran intu buail le duine gan choinne I ran into an old friend. ai ran intu an óuld frend.

run out ran aut éirí as / bheith ídithe We ran out of milk. wí ran aut ov milk.

set up set ap bunaigh / cuir ar bun They set up a new company. dhei set ap a nú kampani.

show up shóu ap tar i láthair / taispeáin é féin He didn't show up. hí didn’t shóu ap.

shut down shat daun dún / stop The factory shut down. dha faktori shat daun.

sit down sit daun suigh síos Please sit down. plíz sit daun.

stand up stánd ap seas suas Please stand up. plíz stánd ap.

take back téik bák tarraing siar / tabhair ar ais I take back what I said. ai téik bák wot ai sed.

take off téik of bain díot / éirí de thalamh The plane took off. dha pléin tuk of.

take on téik on glac le / tabhair faoi She took on a new job. shi tuk on a nú job.

take out téik aut tóg amach Take out the trash. téik aut dha trash.

take over téik óvar glac smacht ar She took over the company. shi tuk óvar dha kampani.

take up téik ap tosaigh ar ghníomhaíocht He took up swimming. hí tuk ap swiming.

throw away thrów awéi caith uait Don't throw it away. dóunt thrów it awéi.

try on trái on bain triail as éadaí Try on this shirt. trái on dhis shirt.

turn down tarn daun diúltaigh / ísligh She turned down the offer. shi tarnd daun dhi ofer.

turn off tarn of múch Turn off the light. tarn of dha láit.

turn on tarn on cuir ar siúl Turn on the TV. tarn on dha tíví.

turn up tarn ap ardaigh an toirt / taispeáin tú féin Turn up the volume. tarn ap dha volyum.

wake up wéik ap dúisigh I woke up early. ai wóuk ap erli.

work out work aut déan aclaíocht / réitigh fadhb I work out every day. ai work aut evri déi.

write down ráit daun scríobh síos Write down the answer. ráit daun dhi answer.

2. Na Príomhchineálacha

Cineál Struchtúr Fuaimniú an struchtúir Sampla Brí

Briathar frásach deighilte Verb + adverb + object verb + adverb + object Turn off the light. Múch an solas.

Le forainm Verb + pronoun + adverb verb + pronoun + adverb Turn it off. Múch é.

Briathar réamhfhoclach do-deighilte Verb + preposition + object verb + preposition + object Look after the child. Tabhair aire don pháiste.

Briathar frásach neamh-idirthréimhseach Verb + adverb verb + adverb The plane took off. D'éirigh an t-eitleán den talamh.

Briathar frásach-réamhfhoclach Verb + adverb + preposition + object verb + adverb + preposition + object I look forward to the trip. Táim ag tnúth leis an turas.

3. An Riail is Tábhachtaí: An féidir an briathar a dheighilt?

Turn off — briathar frásach deighilte:

Turn off the light.

Turn the light off.

Turn it off. ✅

Turn off it. ❌

Ach look after — briathar réamhfhoclach do-deighilte:

Look after the child. ✅

Look the child after. ❌

Look after him. ✅

24- Giorrúcháin (CONTRACTIONS)

Is foirmeacha giorraithe iad contractions a chruthaítear trí dhá fhocal nó níos mó a chumasc. Úsáidtear go minic iad i mBéarla labhartha agus i scríbhneoireacht neamhfhoirmiúil.

Samplaí:

I am → I'm → aim → mé / tá mé

I have → I've → aiv → tá agam / cheana féin

I will → I'll → áil → déanfaidh mé / beidh mé

I would → I'd → áid → dhéanfainn / bheinn (ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs)

1- Giorrúcháin le BE

am → 'm

I am → I'm → aim → tá mé

Sampla: I'm happy. → aim hápi. → Tá mé sásta.

are → 're

You are → You're → yor → tusa / tá tú

Sampla: You're right. → yor ráit. → Tá an ceart agat.

We are → We're → wír → muid / táimid

Sampla: We're ready. → wír réidi. → Táimid réidh.

They are → They're → dheir → siad / tá siad

Sampla: They're here. → dheir hir. → Tá siad anseo.

is → 's

He is → He's → híiz → sé / tá sé

Sampla: He's tired. → híiz táiard. → Tá sé tuirseach.

She is → She's → shíz → sí / tá sí

Sampla: She's happy. → shíz hápi. → Tá sí sásta.

It is → It's → its → tá sé / tá sí / is é / is í (ag brath ar an gcomhthéacs)

Sampla: It's cold. → its kóuld. → Tá sé fuar.

2- Giorrúcháin le HAVE

have → 've

I have → I've → aiv → tá agam / cheana féin

Sampla: I've finished. → aiv finisht. → Tá mé críochnaithe.

You have → You've → yuv → tá agat / cheana féin

Sampla: You've changed. → yuv chéindjd. → Tá athrú tagtha ort.

We have → We've → wív → tá againn / cheana féin

Sampla: We've arrived. → wív aráivd. → Táimid tagtha.

They have → They've → dheiv → tá acu / cheana féin

Sampla: They've left. → dheiv left. → Tá siad imithe.

He has → He's → híiz → tá aige / cheana féin

Sampla: He's finished. → híiz finisht. → Tá sé críochnaithe.

She has → She's → shíz → tá aici / cheana féin

Sampla: She's gone. → shíz gon. → Tá sí imithe.

3- Giorrúcháin le WILL

will → 'll

I will → I'll → áil → déanfaidh mé / beidh mé

Sampla: I'll help you. → áil help yu. → Cabhróidh mé leat.

You will → You'll → yul → déanfaidh tú / beidh tú

Sampla: You'll understand. → yul andarstánd. → Tuigfidh tú.

He will → He'll → híil → déanfaidh sé / beidh sé

Sampla: He'll come tomorrow. → híil kam tumórou. → Tiocfaidh sé amárach.

She will → She'll → shíil → déanfaidh sí / beidh sí

Sampla: She'll call you. → shíil kól yu. → Cuirfidh sí glaoch ort.

We will → We'll → wíil → déanfaimid / beimid

Sampla: We'll see. → wíil sí. → Feicfimid.

They will → They'll → dheil → déanfaidh siad / beidh siad

Sampla: They'll arrive soon. → dheil aráiv súun. → Tiocfaidh siad go luath.

4- Giorrúcháin le WOULD

would → 'd

I would → I'd → áid → dhéanfainn / bheinn

Sampla: I'd help you. → áid help yu. → Chabhróinn leat.

You would → You'd → yud → dhéanfá / bheifeá

Sampla: You'd like it. → yud láik it. → Thaitneodh sé leat.

He would → He'd → híid → dhéanfadh sé / bheadh sé

Sampla: He'd come. → híid kam. → Thiocfadh sé.

She would → She'd → shíid → dhéanfadh sí / bheadh sí

Sampla: She'd help us. → shíid help as. → Chabhródh sí linn.

We would → We'd → wíd → dhéanfaimis / bheimis

Sampla: We'd go. → wíd góu. → D'imeodh muid.

They would → They'd → dheid → dhéanfadh siad / bheadh siad

Sampla: They'd agree. → dheid agrí. → D'aontódh siad.

5- Giorrúcháin le HAD

had → 'd

I had → I'd → áid → bhí agam / bhí déanta agam cheana féin

Sampla: I'd finished before he arrived. → áid finisht bifór hí aráivd. → Bhí mé críochnaithe sular tháinig sé.

You had → You'd → yud → bhí agat / bhí déanta agat cheana féin

Sampla: You'd already left. → yud olrédi left. → Bhí tú imithe cheana féin.

He had → He'd → híid → bhí aige / bhí déanta aige cheana féin

Sampla: He'd eaten. → híid ítn. → Bhí sé tar éis ithe.

She had → She'd → shíid → bhí aici / bhí déanta aici cheana féin

Sampla: She'd finished. → shíid finisht. → Bhí sí críochnaithe.

6- An difríocht thábhachtach: dhá bhrí le 'd

I'd = I would nó I had

I'd go. → áid góu. → D'imeoinn / rachainn.

I'd gone. → áid gon. → Bhí mé imithe cheana féin.

De ghnáth, cabhraíonn an comhthéacs chun an bhrí cheart a aithint.

7- Giorrúcháin le NOT

not → n't

is not → isn't → iznt → níl / ní ... atá

Sampla: He isn't here. → hí iznt hir. → Níl sé anseo.

are not → aren't → árnt → níl / ní ... atá

Sampla: They aren't ready. → dhei árnt réidi. → Níl siad réidh.

was not → wasn't → woznt → ní raibh

Sampla: He wasn't there. → hí woznt dheir. → Ní raibh sé ansin.

were not → weren't → wernt → ní rabhamar / ní raibh siad

Sampla: We weren't late. → wí wernt léit. → Ní raibh muid déanach.

have not → haven't → hávnt → níl ... déanta / níl ... agam

Sampla: I haven't finished. → ai hávnt finisht. → Níl mé críochnaithe fós.

has not → hasn't → háznt → níl ... déanta aige/aici

Sampla: She hasn't arrived. → shi háznt aráivd. → Níl sí tagtha fós.

had not → hadn't → hádnt → ní raibh ... déanta cheana féin

Sampla: He hadn't eaten. → hí hádnt ítn. → Ní raibh sé tar éis ithe.

do not → don't → dóunt → ná / ní

Sampla: I don't know. → ai dóunt nóu. → Níl a fhios agam.

does not → doesn't → daznt → ní

Sampla: He doesn't know. → hí daznt nóu. → Níl a fhios aige.

did not → didn't → didnt → ní dhearna / níor

Sampla: I didn't see him. → ai didnt sí him. → Ní fhaca mé é.

8- Giorrúcháin eile

cannot → can't → kant → ní féidir / ní féidir leis

could not → couldn't → kudnt → ní fhéadfadh / ní raibh sé in ann

should not → shouldn't → shudnt → níor chóir

would not → wouldn't → wudnt → ní dhéanfadh / ní bheadh

must not → mustn't → masnt → ní mór gan / ní cheadaítear

will not → won't → wóunt → ní dhéanfaidh / ní bheidh

Sampla: I won't go. → ai wóunt góu. → Ní rachaidh mé.

9- Nóta tábhachtach

Ní iarmhíreanna gramadaí iad contractions sa ghnáthchiall. Is giorrúcháin iad a chruthaítear trí fhocail a chumasc agus trí litreacha a fhágáil ar lár, rud a léirítear leis an uaschamóg (apostrophe).

Samplaí:

I + will → I'll

You + have → You've

He + is → He's

They + are → They're

Do + not → Don't

Can + not → Can't

Mar sin, is ionann Contractions agus giorrúcháin, ach ní hionann iad agus Suffixes (iarmhíreanna).