1- Haruffan Turanci (ENGLISH ALPHABET)

1. A a — Ana furta shi: ey — /eɪ/ — Ana kiran harafin A da “ey”, kamar farkon kalmar “ace”.

2. B b — Ana furta shi: bii — /b/ — Ana kiran harafin B da “bii”, kuma sautinsa /b/ ne, kamar a kalmar “book”.

3. C c — Ana furta shi: sii — /k/, /s/ — Ana kiran harafin C da “sii”. Sautinsa na iya zama /k/, kamar a “cat”, ko /s/, kamar a “city”.

4. D d — Ana furta shi: dii — /d/ — Ana kiran harafin D da “dii”, kuma sautinsa /d/ ne, kamar a kalmar “dog”.

5. E e — Ana furta shi: ii — /iː/ — Ana kiran harafin E da “ii”, kamar sautinsa a kalmar “see”.

6. F f — Ana furta shi: ef — /f/ — Ana kiran harafin F da “ef”, kuma sautinsa /f/ ne, kamar a kalmar “fish”.

7. G g — Ana furta shi: jii — /ɡ/, /dʒ/ — Ana kiran harafin G da “jii”. Sautinsa na iya zama /ɡ/, kamar a “go”, ko /dʒ/, kamar a “giant”.

8. H h — Ana furta shi: eych — /h/ — Ana kiran harafin H da “eych”, kuma sautinsa /h/ ne, kamar a kalmar “house”.

9. I i — Ana furta shi: ai — /aɪ/ — Ana kiran harafin I da “ai”, kamar a kalmar “eye”.

10. J j — Ana furta shi: jey — /dʒ/ — Ana kiran harafin J da “jey”, kuma sautinsa /dʒ/ ne, kamar a kalmar “job”.

11. K k — Ana furta shi: key — /k/ — Ana kiran harafin K da “key”, kuma sautinsa /k/ ne, kamar a kalmar “key”.

12. L l — Ana furta shi: el — /l/ — Ana kiran harafin L da “el”, kuma sautinsa /l/ ne, kamar a kalmar “love”.

13. M m — Ana furta shi: em — /m/ — Ana kiran harafin M da “em”, kuma sautinsa /m/ ne, kamar a kalmar “man”.

14. N n — Ana furta shi: en — /n/ — Ana kiran harafin N da “en”, kuma sautinsa /n/ ne, kamar a kalmar “name”.

15. O o — Ana furta shi: ou — /oʊ/ — Ana kiran harafin O da “ou”, kuma sautinsa /oʊ/ ne, kamar a kalmar “go”.

16. P p — Ana furta shi: pii — /p/ — Ana kiran harafin P da “pii”, kuma sautinsa /p/ ne, kamar a kalmar “pen”.

17. Q q — Ana furta shi: kiu — /k/ — Ana kiran harafin Q da “kiu”. Yawanci yana zuwa tare da harafin U, kamar a kalmar “queen”.

18. R r — Ana furta shi: aar — /r/ — Ana kiran harafin R da “aar”, kuma sautinsa /r/ ne, kamar a kalmar “red”.

19. S s — Ana furta shi: es — /s/, /z/ — Ana kiran harafin S da “es”. Sautinsa na iya zama /s/, kamar a “sun”, ko /z/, kamar a “rose”.

20. T t — Ana furta shi: tii — /t/ — Ana kiran harafin T da “tii”, kuma sautinsa /t/ ne, kamar a kalmar “ten”.

21. U u — Ana furta shi: yuu — /juː/, /ʌ/ — Ana kiran harafin U da “yuu” idan yana da sautin /juː/. Yana iya kuma yin sautin /ʌ/, kamar a kalmar “cup”.

22. V v — Ana furta shi: vii — /v/ — Ana kiran harafin V da “vii”, kuma sautinsa /v/ ne, kamar a kalmar “very”.

23. W w — Ana furta shi: dabal-yuu — /w/ — Ana kiran harafin W da “dabal-yuu”, kuma sautinsa /w/ ne, kamar a kalmar “water”.

24. X x — Ana furta shi: eks — /ks/ — Ana kiran harafin X da “eks”, kuma yawanci sautinsa /ks/ ne, kamar a kalmar “box”.

25. Y y — Ana furta shi: wai — /j/, /ɪ/, /aɪ/ — Ana kiran harafin Y da “wai”. Sautinsa na iya zama /j/, kamar a “yes”; /ɪ/, kamar a “happy”; ko /aɪ/, kamar a “my”.

26. Z z — Ana furta shi: zii ko zed — /z/ — Ana kiran harafin Z da “zii” a Turancin Amurka, amma ana kiran shi “zed” a Turancin Birtaniya. Sautinsa /z/ ne, kamar a kalmar “zoo”.

2- Tsarin Jimla (WORD ORDER)

1. Jimla ta asali — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili — Sabjekt + Vab — I sleep. — Ai sliip. — Ina barci.

2. Abu kai tsaye — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek — I read a book. — Ai riid a buk. — Ina karanta littafi.

3. Abu a kaikaice — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu a kaikaice + Abu kai tsaye — Sabjekt + Vab + Indarɛkt Objek + Darɛkt Objek — I give him a book. — Ai giv him a buk. — Ina ba shi littafi.

4. Wanda aka yi wa alheri — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + for + Mutum — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + for + Persan — I buy a book for him. — Ai bai a buk for him. — Ina sayen littafi domin shi.

5. Wakilin suna na abu a kaikaice — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Wakilin suna na abu a kaikaice + Abu kai tsaye — Sabjekt + Vab + Indarɛkt Objek Pronaun + Darɛkt Objek — I give her a book. — Ai giv har a buk. — Ina ba ta littafi.

6. Sifa — Mai aikatawa + be + Sifa — Sabjekt + bii + Adjektiv — The book is big. — Dha buk iz big. — Littafin babba ne.

7. Karin bayani na yadda ake yin abu — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Karin bayani — Sabjekt + Vab + Advab — He reads quickly. — Hii riidz kwikli. — Yana karatu da sauri.

8. Abu kai tsaye + Karin bayani — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + Karin bayani — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + Advab — I read a book quickly. — Ai riid a buk kwikli. — Ina karanta littafi da sauri.

9. Karin bayani na lokaci — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Karin bayani na lokaci — Sabjekt + Vab + Taim Advab — I work today. — Ai wak tudei. — Ina aiki yau.

10. Karin bayani na wuri — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Karin bayani na wuri — Sabjekt + Vab + Ples Advab — She lives there. — Shii livz dher. — Tana zama a can.

11. Jumlar preposition — Mai aikatawa + be + Jumlar preposition — Sabjekt + bii + Prepozishonal Freiz — The book is on the table. — Dha buk iz on dha teibal. — Littafin yana kan teburin.

12. Abu kai tsaye + Wuri — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + Wuri — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + Ples Freiz — I put a book on the table. — Ai put a buk on dha teibal. — Na sa littafi a kan teburin.

13. Mai ƙayyade suna + Suna — Ditamina + Naun — This book is new. — Dhis buk iz nyuu. — Wannan littafin sabo ne.

14. Mai ƙayyade suna + Sifa + Suna — Ditamina + Adjektiv + Naun — This big book is new. — Dhis big buk iz nyuu. — Wannan babban littafin sabo ne.

15. Lamba + Suna — Niumeral + Naun — Two books are new. — Tuu bukz aa nyuu. — Littattafai biyu sababbi ne.

16. Haɗawa — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + and + Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili — Sabjekt + Vab + and + Sabjekt + Vab — I read and he writes. — Ai riid and hii raits. — Ina karatu kuma shi yana rubutu.

17. Haɗawa da abubuwa — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + and + Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + and + Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek — I read a book and he writes a letter. — Ai riid a buk and hii raits a leta. — Ina karanta littafi kuma shi yana rubuta wasiƙa.

18. Jumlar passive — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku — Objek + bii + Vab thrii — The book is read. — Dha buk iz red. — Ana karanta littafin.

19. Passive + Mai aikata aikin — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + by + Mai aikata aikin — Objek + bii + Vab thrii + bai + Eijent — The book is read by the teacher. — Dha buk iz red bai dha tiicha. — Malami yana karanta littafin.

20. Passive + Abu a kaikaice — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + to + Abu a kaikaice — Objek + bii + Vab thrii + tuu + Indarɛkt Objek — The book is given to him. — Dha buk iz givən tuu him. — Ana ba shi littafin.

21. Passive + Abu a kaikaice + Mai aikata aikin — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + to + Abu a kaikaice + by + Mai aikata aikin — Objek + bii + Vab thrii + tuu + Indarɛkt Objek + bai + Eijent — The book is given to him by the teacher. — Dha buk iz givən tuu him bai dha tiicha. — Malami yana ba shi littafin.

22. Passive + Karin bayani — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + Karin bayani — Objek + bii + Vab thrii + Advab — The book is read now. — Dha buk iz red nau. — Ana karanta littafin yanzu.

23. Passive + Wuri — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + Wuri — Objek + bii + Vab thrii + Lokeshon — The book is put on the table. — Dha buk iz put on dha teibal. — Ana ajiye littafin a kan teburin.

24. Passive + Mai aikata aikin + Karin bayani na lokaci — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + by + Mai aikata aikin + Karin bayani na lokaci — Objek + bii + Vab thrii + bai + Eijent + Taim Advab — The book is read by the teacher today. — Dha buk iz red bai dha tiicha tudei. — Malami yana karanta littafin yau.

25. Passive + Abu a kaikaice + Mai aikata aikin + Karin bayani na lokaci — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + to + Abu a kaikaice + by + Mai aikata aikin + Karin bayani na lokaci — Objek + bii + Vab thrii + tuu + Indarɛkt Objek + bai + Eijent + Taim Advab — The book is given to the student by the teacher today. — Dha buk iz givən tuu dha stiudent bai dha tiicha tudei. — Malami yana ba ɗalibin littafin yau.

26. Present Perfect Passive — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + has/have been + Sigar fi’ili ta uku — Objek + hæz/hæv bin + Vab thrii — The book has been read. — Dha buk hæz bin red. — An riga an karanta littafin.

27. Perfect Passive + Mai aikata aikin — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + has/have been + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + by + Mai aikata aikin — Objek + hæz/hæv bin + Vab thrii + bai + Eijent — The book has been read by the teacher. — Dha buk hæz bin red bai dha tiicha. — Malami ya riga ya karanta littafin.

28. Future Passive — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + will be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + Lokaci — Objek + wil bii + Vab thrii + Taim — The book will be read tomorrow. — Dha buk wil bii red tumoro. — Za a karanta littafin gobe.

29. Future Passive + Mai aikata aikin — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + will be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + by + Mai aikata aikin + Lokaci — Objek + wil bii + Vab thrii + bai + Eijent + Taim — The book will be read by the teacher tomorrow. — Dha buk wil bii red bai dha tiicha tumoro. — Malami zai karanta littafin gobe.

30. Passive tare da modal — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + Modal + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku — Objek + Modal Vab + bii + Vab thrii — The book must be read. — Dha buk mast bii red. — Dole ne a karanta littafin.

31. Jumla mara korewa — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili na taimako + not + Fi’ili — Sabjekt + Ogzilyari Vab + not + Vab — I do not read a book. — Ai duu not riid a buk. — Ba na karanta littafi.

32. Passive mara korewa — Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + not + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + by + Mai aikata aikin — Objek + bii + not + Vab thrii + bai + Eijent — The book is not read by the teacher. — Dha buk iz not red bai dha tiicha. — Malami ba ya karanta littafin.

33. Tambayar eh ko a’a — Fi’ili na taimako + Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili? — Ogzilyari Vab + Sabjekt + Vab? — Do you read a book? — Duu yu riid a buk? — Kana karanta littafi?

34. Tambayar passive — be + Abu da aka yi wa aiki + Sigar fi’ili ta uku? — Bii + Objek + Vab thrii? — Is the book being read? — Iz dha buk biiing red? — Ana karanta littafin?

35. Tambaya game da mai aikatawa — Who + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye? — Huu + Vab + Darɛkt Objek? — Who reads the book? — Huu riidz dha buk? — Wa yake karanta littafin?

36. Tambaya game da abu a kaikaice — Who/whom + Fi’ili na taimako + Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + to? — Huu/hum + Ogzilyari Vab + Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + tuu? — Who do you give the book to? — Huu duu yu giv dha buk tuu? — Ga wa kake ba littafin?

37. Umurni — Fi’ili! — Vab! — Read! — Riid! — Karanta!

38. Umurni + Abu a kaikaice — Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + to + Abu a kaikaice! — Vab + Darɛkt Objek + tuu + Indarɛkt Objek! — Give the book to him! — Giv dha buk tuu him! — Ba shi littafin!

39. Umurnin passive — Let + Abu kai tsaye + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku! — Let + Darɛkt Objek + bii + Vab thrii! — Let the book be read! — Let dha buk bii red! — A bar a karanta littafin!

40. Infinitive — to + Fi’ili — Tuu + Vab — to read — Tuu riid — Karantawa.

41. Infinitive + Abu kai tsaye — to + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye — Tuu + Vab + Darɛkt Objek — to read a book — Tuu riid a buk — Karanta littafi.

42. Infinitive + Takamaiman abu kai tsaye — to + Fi’ili + Mai ƙayyade suna + Abu kai tsaye — Tuu + Vab + Spesifik Darɛkt Objek — to read the book — Tuu riid dha buk — Karanta littafin.

43. Manufa — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + to + Fi’ili — Sabjekt + Vab + tuu + Vab — I eat to play. — Ai iit tuu pley. — Ina cin abinci domin in yi wasa.

44. Jumlar dangantaka — Suna + Kalmar dangantaka + Jumla — Naun + Relativ Wod + Kloz — The book that I read is interesting. — Dha buk dhat ai riid iz intristing. — Littafin da na karanta yana da ban sha’awa.

45. Jumlar dangantaka ta passive — Suna + Kalmar dangantaka + Passive — Naun + Relativ Wod + Pasiv Voyis — The book that is being read by the teacher is interesting. — Dha buk dhat iz biiing red bai dha tiicha iz intristing. — Littafin da malami yake karantawa yana da ban sha’awa.

46. Sharadi — If + Jumla, Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili — If + Kloz, Sabjekt + Vab — If I have time, I read. — If ai hæv taim, ai riid. — Idan ina da lokaci, ina karatu.

47. Sharadi + Passive — If + Abu da aka yi wa aiki + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku, Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili — If + Objek + bii + Vab thrii, Sabjekt + Vab — If the book is read, he learns. — If dha buk iz red, hii lanrz. — Idan an karanta littafin, yana koyo.

48. Maganar da aka ruwaito — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + that + Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili — Sabjekt + Vab + dhat + Sabjekt + Vab — He said that he was reading. — Hii sed dhat hii waz riiding. — Ya ce yana karatu.

49. Tambayar da aka ruwaito — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + if/whether + Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili — Sabjekt + Vab + if/wedha + Sabjekt + Vab — He asked if I was reading. — Hii aaskt if ai waz riiding. — Ya tambaya ko ina karatu.

50. Umurni ko roƙo da aka ruwaito — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu + to + Fi’ili — Sabjekt + Vab + Objek + tuu + Vab — He asked me to read. — Hii aaskt mii tuu riid. — Ya roƙe ni in karanta.

3- Karin Bayani (ADVERBS)

1. Yadda ake yin abu (Manner): Karin bayanin yadda ake yin abu yana zuwa bayan fi’ili ko abu. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu + Karin bayani. I read the book quickly. — Ai riid dha buk kwikli. — Ina karanta littafin da sauri.

2. Wuri (Place): Karin bayanin wuri yana zuwa bayan fi’ili ko abu. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu + Wuri. I read the book at home. — Ai riid dha buk at houm. — Ina karanta littafin a gida.

3. Lokaci (Time): Karin bayanin lokaci yawanci yana zuwa a ƙarshen jumla ko farkonta. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu + Lokaci. I read the book yesterday. — Ai red dha buk yestadei. — Na karanta littafin jiya.

4. Yawan faruwa (Frequency): Karin bayanin yawan faruwa yawanci yana zuwa kafin babban fi’ili. Mai aikatawa + Karin bayani na yawan faruwa + Fi’ili. I often read books. — Ai ofən riid bukz. — Ina yawan karanta littattafai.

5. Yawan faruwa + be (Frequency + be): Karin bayanin yawan faruwa yana zuwa bayan fi’ilin be. Mai aikatawa + be + Karin bayani na yawan faruwa. He is always happy. — Hii iz olweiz hæpi. — Kullum yana farin ciki.

6. Yawan faruwa + Fi’ili na taimako (Frequency + auxiliary): Karin bayanin yawan faruwa yana zuwa bayan fi’ilin taimako na farko. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili na taimako + Karin bayani na yawan faruwa + Fi’ili. I have never seen it. — Ai hæv neva siin it. — Ban taɓa ganinsa ba.

7. Mataki (Degree): Karin bayanin mataki yana zuwa kafin sifar ko karin bayanin da yake bayyanawa. Mai aikatawa + Karin bayanin mataki + Sifa/Karin bayani. It is very good. — It iz veri gud. — Yana da kyau sosai.

8. Mataki + Fi’ili (Degree + verb): Dangane da karin bayanin da aka yi amfani da shi, yana iya zuwa kafin ko bayan fi’ili. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Karin bayani. I really like it. — Ai riyali laik it. — Ina son sa sosai.

9. Karin bayanin jumla (Sentence adverb): Yana iya zuwa a farkon jumla, tsakiyarta ko ƙarshenta, kuma yana nuna ra’ayin mai magana game da dukkan jumlar. Karin bayani + Jumla. Fortunately, I won. — Forchənətli, ai wan. — Abin farin ciki, na yi nasara.

10. Karin bayanin ra’ayi (Comment adverb): Yawanci yana zuwa a farkon jumla, yana bayyana ra’ayin mai magana. Karin bayani + Jumla. Honestly, I don't know. — Onistli, ai dount nou. — A gaskiya, ban sani ba.

11. Karin bayanin haɗi (Linking adverb): Yawanci yana zuwa a farkon jumla ko tsakiyarta, yana haɗa ra’ayoyi ko jimloli biyu. Jumla + Karin bayanin haɗi + Jumla. I was tired; however, I worked. — Ai waz taiyad; haueva, ai wakt. — Na gaji; duk da haka, na yi aiki.

12. Hanya ko alkibla (Direction): Karin bayanin alkibla yana zuwa bayan fi’ili ko abu. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu + Karin bayanin alkibla. She went outside. — Shii went autsaid. — Ta fita waje.

13. Yawan faruwa takamaimai (Definite frequency): Maganar da ke nuna yawan faruwa takamaimai tana iya zuwa a farkon jumla ko ƙarshenta. Maganar lokaci + Jumla. I go there every day. — Ai gou dher evri dei. — Ina zuwa can kowace rana.

14. Tsawon lokaci (Duration): Maganar tsawon lokaci yawanci tana zuwa a ƙarshen jumla. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu + Tsawon lokaci. I studied for two hours. — Ai stadid for tuu auəz. — Na yi karatu na tsawon sa’o’i biyu.

15. Manufa (Purpose): Maganar manufa yawanci tana zuwa a ƙarshen jumla kuma tana bayyana dalilin yin aikin. Jumla + Manufa. I went there to study. — Ai went dher tuu stadi. — Na je can domin yin karatu.

4- Abu a Kaikaice (INDIRECT OBJECT)

1. Abu a kaikaice kafin abu kai tsaye — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu a kaikaice + Abu kai tsaye — Sabjekt + Vab + Indarɛkt Objek + Darɛkt Objek — I gave him a book. — Ai geiv him a buk. — Na ba shi littafi.

2. Abu kai tsaye + to + Abu a kaikaice — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + to + Abu a kaikaice — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + tuu + Indarɛkt Objek — I gave a book to him. — Ai geiv a buk tuu him. — Na ba shi littafi.

3. Abu a kaikaice kafin abu kai tsaye — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu a kaikaice + Abu kai tsaye — Sabjekt + Vab + Indarɛkt Objek + Darɛkt Objek — She sent me a letter. — Shii sent mii a leta. — Ta aiko mini da wasiƙa.

4. Abu kai tsaye + to + Abu a kaikaice — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + to + Abu a kaikaice — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + tuu + Indarɛkt Objek — She sent a letter to me. — Shii sent a leta tuu mii. — Ta aiko mini da wasiƙa.

5. Abu a kaikaice kafin abu kai tsaye tare da for — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu a kaikaice + Abu kai tsaye — Sabjekt + Vab + Indarɛkt Objek + Darɛkt Objek — I bought her a gift. — Ai bot har a gift. — Na saya mata kyauta.

6. Abu kai tsaye + for + Abu a kaikaice — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + for + Abu a kaikaice — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + for + Indarɛkt Objek — I bought a gift for her. — Ai bot a gift for har. — Na saya mata kyauta.

7. Passive na abu a kaikaice — Abu a kaikaice + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + Abu kai tsaye — Indarɛkt Objek + bii + Vab thrii + Darɛkt Objek — He was given a book. — Hii waz givən a buk. — An ba shi littafi.

8. Passive na abu kai tsaye + to + Abu a kaikaice — Abu kai tsaye + be + Sigar fi’ili ta uku + to + Abu a kaikaice — Darɛkt Objek + bii + Vab thrii + tuu + Indarɛkt Objek — A book was given to him. — A buk waz givən tuu him. — An ba shi littafi.

9. Tambaya game da abu a kaikaice — Kalmar tambaya + Fi’ili na taimako + Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + to? — Huu + duu/daz/did + Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + tuu? — Who did you give it to? — Huu did yu giv it tuu? — Ga wa ka ba shi?

10. Tambaya ta tsari na hukuma game da abu a kaikaice — To whom + Fi’ili na taimako + Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye? — Tuu hum + Ogzilyari + Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek? — To whom did you give it? — Tuu hum did yu giv it? — Ga wa ka ba shi?

5- Mallaka da Dangantaka (GENITIVE)

1. Mallakar mutum ɗaya — Suna + 's + Suna — Naun + iz + Naun — John's car — Jonz ka. — Motar John.

2. Mallaka ta amfani da of — Suna + of + Suna — Naun + ov + Naun — The car of John — Dha ka ov Jon. — Motar John.

3. Mallaka ta jam’i — Suna na jam’i + ' + Suna — Plural Naun + Apostrofi + Naun — Students' books — Stiudents bukz. — Littattafan ɗalibai.

4. Mallaka ta jam’i marar ƙa’ida — Suna + 's + Suna — Naun + iz + Naun — Children's toys — Childrənz toiz. — Kayan wasan yara.

5. Mallaka ta amfani da of — Suna + of + Suna — Naun + ov + Naun — The roof of the house — Dha ruuf ov dha haus. — Rufin gidan.

6. Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka — Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka + Suna — Pozesiv Ditamina + Naun — My car — Mai ka. — Motata.

7. Wakilin suna na mallaka mai zaman kansa — Wakilin suna na mallaka — Pozesiv Pronaun — The car is mine. — Dha ka iz main. — Motar tawa ce.

8. Mallaka ta amfani da of da wakilin suna — Suna + of + Wakilin suna na mallaka — Naun + ov + Pozesiv Pronaun — A friend of mine — A frend ov main. — Wani abokina.

9. Mallakar lokaci — Suna na lokaci + 's + Suna — Taim Naun + iz + Naun — Today's news — Tudeiz nyuuz. — Labaran yau.

10. Mallaka ta tsawon lokaci — Lamba + Ma’aunin lokaci + ' + Suna — Niumeral + Yunit + Apostrofi + Naun — Two weeks' vacation — Tuu wiiks vekeshən. — Hutun makonni biyu.

11. Tambayar mallaka — Whose + Suna? — Huuz + Naun? — Whose book? — Huuz buk? — Littafin wa?

12. Mallaka a jumlar dangantaka — Whose + Suna + Jumla — Huuz + Naun + Kloz — The man whose car... — Dha man huuz ka... — Mutumin wanda motarsa...

13. Mallaka ta haɗin gwiwa — Suna na farko + and + Suna na biyu + 's + Suna — Naun + and + Naun + iz + Naun — John and Mary's house — Jon and Meriz haus. — Gidan John da Mary, wanda suke da shi tare.

14. Mallaka dabam-dabam — Suna na farko + 's + and + Suna na biyu + 's + Suna — Naun + iz + and + Naun + iz + Naun — John's and Mary's houses — Jonz and Meriz hauziz. — Gidan John da gidan Mary, kowanne nasa daban.

6- Wakilan Suna na Mallaka Masu Zaman Kansu (INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVES)

I = Ni — Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka: my — Mai — Wakilin suna na mallaka: mine — Main — This book is mine. — Dhis buk iz main. — Wannan littafin nawa ne.

You = Kai/Ke — Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka: your — Yor — Wakilin suna na mallaka: yours — Yorz — This book is yours. — Dhis buk iz yorz. — Wannan littafin naka/naki ne.

He = Shi — Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka: his — Hiz — Wakilin suna na mallaka: his — Hiz — This book is his. — Dhis buk iz hiz. — Wannan littafin nasa ne.

She = Ita — Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka: her — Har — Wakilin suna na mallaka: hers — Harz — This book is hers. — Dhis buk iz harz. — Wannan littafin nata ne.

It = Abu ko dabba — Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka: its — Its — Babu wakilin suna na mallaka mai zaman kansa da ake yawan amfani da shi — The dog hurt its leg. — Dha dog hert its leg. — Karen ya ji wa ƙafarsa rauni.

We = Mu — Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka: our — Auar — Wakilin suna na mallaka: ours — Auərz — This book is ours. — Dhis buk iz auərz. — Wannan littafin namu ne.

They = Su — Mai ƙayyade suna na mallaka: their — Dher — Wakilin suna na mallaka: theirs — Dherz — This book is theirs. — Dhis buk iz dherz. — Wannan littafin nasu ne.

The book is the boy's. — Dha buk iz dha boiz. — Littafin na yaron ne.

The book is for the boy. — Dha buk iz for dha boi. — Littafin domin yaron ne.

7- Abin da Aka Yi Niya a Baya (WAS GOING TO)

I = Ni — Ni + was going to + Fi’ili — Ai + waz gouing tuu + Vab — I was going to eat. — Ai waz gouing tuu iit. — Na yi niyyar cin abinci.

You = Kai/Ke — Kai/Ke + were going to + Fi’ili — Yu + war gouing tuu + Vab — You were going to eat. — Yu war gouing tuu iit. — Ka yi niyyar cin abinci.

He = Shi — Shi + was going to + Fi’ili — Hii + waz gouing tuu + Vab — He was going to eat. — Hii waz gouing tuu iit. — Ya yi niyyar cin abinci.

She = Ita — Ita + was going to + Fi’ili — Shii + waz gouing tuu + Vab — She was going to eat. — Shii waz gouing tuu iit. — Ta yi niyyar cin abinci.

It = Abu ko dabba — Abu + was going to + Fi’ili — It + waz gouing tuu + Vab — It was going to rain. — It waz gouing tuu rein. — An yi tsammanin za a yi ruwa.

We = Mu — Mu + were going to + Fi’ili — Wii + war gouing tuu + Vab — We were going to eat. — Wii war gouing tuu iit. — Mun yi niyyar cin abinci.

They = Su — Su + were going to + Fi’ili — Dhei + war gouing tuu + Vab — They were going to eat. — Dhei war gouing tuu iit. — Sun yi niyyar cin abinci.

Was about to / Were about to — Waz abaut tuu / War abaut tuu — Ana amfani da waɗannan idan wani abu yana gab da faruwa.

Was about to — Waz abaut tuu — Wani abu yana gab da faruwa.

Was supposed to — Waz səpouzd tuu — An tsara ko an sa ran mutum zai yi wani abu, amma wata matsala ko wani abu dabam ya faru.

I was supposed to clean up today, but due to the bad weather, I am not. — Ai waz səpouzd tuu kliin ap tudei, bat dyuu tuu dha bad wedha, ai am not duuing it. — Ya kamata in yi gyara yau, amma saboda mummunan yanayi, ba zan yi ba.

8- Sunaye (NOUNS)

Jam’i — Suna + s — Books — Bukz — Littattafai.

Jam’i — Suna + es — Boxes — Boksiz — Akwatuna.

Suna ɗaya mai ƙayyadewa — the + Suna — The book — Dha buk — Littafin.

Jam’i mai ƙayyadewa — the + Suna na jam’i — The books — Dha bukz — Littattafan.

Suna ɗaya marar ƙayyadewa — a + Suna — A book — A buk — Wani littafi.

Idan kalmar da ke biye ta fara da sautin wasali, ana amfani da an — an + Suna — An apple — An appl — Tuffa ɗaya.

Abu a kaikaice — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu a kaikaice + Abu kai tsaye — Sabjekt + Vab + Indarɛkt Objek + Darɛkt Objek — I give him the book. — Ai giv him dha buk. — Ina ba shi littafin.

Abu a kaikaice tare da to — Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + to + Abu a kaikaice — Sabjekt + Vab + Darɛkt Objek + tuu + Indarɛkt Objek — I give the book to him. — Ai giv dha buk tuu him. — Ina ba shi littafin.

Mallaka — Sunan mai mallaka + 's + Abu mallakarsa — Naun + iz + Naun — John's car — Jonz ka — Motar John.

Mallakar jam’i — Suna na jam’i da ya ƙare da s + ' + Abu mallakarsu — Plural Naun + Apostrofi + Naun — The boys' books — Dha boiz bukz — Littattafan yaran maza.

Mallaka ta amfani da of — Abu mallakawa + of + Mai mallaka — Naun + ov + Naun — The door of the house — Dha doo ov dha haus — Ƙofar gidan.

Yawancin kalmomi — Ƙara -s — book → books — Buk → Bukz.

Kalmomin da suka ƙare da s — Ƙara -es — bus → buses — Bas → Basiz.

Kalmomin da suka ƙare da ss — Ƙara -es — class → classes — Klas → Klasiz.

Kalmomin da suka ƙare da sh — Ƙara -es — dish → dishes — Dish → Dishiz.

Kalmomin da suka ƙare da ch — Ƙara -es — watch → watches — Woch → Wochiz.

Kalmomin da suka ƙare da x — Ƙara -es — box → boxes — Boks → Boksiz.

Kalmomin da suka ƙare da z — Ƙara -es ko ninka z + es — quiz → quizzes — Kwiz → Kwizziz.

Baƙi + y — Sauya y zuwa -ies — baby → babies — Beibi → Beibiz.

Wasali + y — Ƙara -s — boy → boys — Boi → Boiz.

Wasu kalmomin da suka ƙare da f/fe — Sauya zuwa -ves — knife → knives — Naif → Naivz.

Wasu kalmomin da suka ƙare da f/fe — Ƙara -s — roof → roofs — Ruuf → Ruufs.

Idan ana son jam’i na suna mai ƙirguwa, yawanci ana ƙara -s ko -es. Amma sunaye marasa ƙirguwa ba sa samun jam’i ta wannan hanya.

9- Abu a Kaikaice (INDIRECT OBJECT)

A Turanci, akwai manyan hanyoyi uku na sanya abu a kaikaice:

1. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu a kaikaice + Abu kai tsaye

I give a boy a book. — Ai giv a boi a buk. — Ina ba wani yaro littafi.

2. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + Abu kai tsaye + to + Abu a kaikaice

I give a book to a boy. — Ai giv a buk tuu a boi. — Ina ba wani yaro littafi.

3. Mai aikatawa + Fi’ili + to + Abu a kaikaice + Abu kai tsaye

I give to a boy a book. — Ai giv tuu a boi a buk. — Ina ba wani yaro littafi.

Wannan hanya ta uku tana iya zama baƙuwar magana a Turancin zamani. Hanya ta farko da ta biyu sun fi zama ruwan dare.

10- Mallaka (GENITIVE)

A Turanci, akwai manyan hanyoyi biyu na nuna mallaka:

1. Mai mallaka + 's + Abin da aka mallaka

The boy's book — Dha boiz buk. — Littafin yaron.

2. Abin da aka mallaka + of + Mai mallaka

The book of the boy — Dha buk ov dha boi. — Littafin yaron.

3- Siffofi (ADJECTIVES)

Nau'i a Hausa Ginin nahawu Yadda ake furta ginin Misali Furuci Ma'ana

Siffar bayani Siffa + suna Adjective + noun a beautiful house a byuutiful haus gida mai kyau

Siffar yawa Kalmar yawa + suna Quantity + noun many books meni buks littattafai da yawa

Siffar adadi Lamba + suna Number + noun three books thrii buks littattafai uku

Siffar nunawa this/that/these/those + suna dis/dat/diiz/doz + noun this book dis buk wannan littafi

Siffar mallaka my/your/his/her/its/our/their + suna mai/yor/hiz/har/its/awar/der + noun my car mai kar mota ta

Siffar tambaya which/what/whose + suna wich/wat/huuz + noun which book? wich buk? wane littafi?

Siffar da ba a kayyade ba Kalmar rashin kayyadewa + suna Indefinite word + noun some books sam buks wasu littattafai

Siffar rarrabawa each/every/either/neither + suna iich/evri/aider/naider + noun each student iich stiudent kowane ɗalibi

Siffar da aka samo daga sunan musamman Suna na musamman → siffa Proper noun → adjective English language inglish lengwij harshen Ingilishi

Siffa mai haɗa kalmomi Kalma + kalma Word + word a well-known actor a wel-noun aktor shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo

Siffa daga kalmar aikatau mai -ing ko -ed V-ing / V-ed Vi-ing / Vi-ed a boring movie a boring muuvi fim mai ban sha'awa a hanya mara kyau

Siffar kwatantawa Siffa + er / more + siffa Adjective + er / more + adjective bigger house bigar haus gida mafi girma fiye da wani

Siffar fifiko Siffa + est / most + siffa Adjective + est / most + adjective the biggest house da biggist haus gida mafi girma

Siffofi masu haɗin bayani Siffa + waƙafi + siffa + suna Adjective + comma + adjective + noun a long, difficult journey a long, difikalt jerni tafiya mai tsawo kuma mai wahala

Siffa kafin suna Siffa + suna Adjective + noun a red car a red kar mota ja

Siffar bayan aikatau mai haɗawa Subject + be + adjective Subject + bi + adjective The car is red. da kar iz red Motar ja ce.

Siffa bayan suna Suna + siffa Noun + adjective something interesting samthing intresting wani abu mai ban sha'awa

Siffa mai zaman kanta Siffa Adjective perfect perfekt madaidaici / cikakke

Siffar jaddadawa Siffa + suna Adjective + noun my own car mai oun kar mota tawa ta kaina

Siffar mamaki what + siffa + suna wat + adjective + noun What a beautiful day! wat a byuutiful dey! Wace rana ce kyakkyawa!

1- Yanzu na yau da kullum — Present Simple

Gini: Mai aikatawa + am/is/are + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + am/is/are + complement

Wakilin suna Gini Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I am I am happy. ai am hapi Ni mai farin ciki ne.

You You are You are happy. yu ar hapi Kai mai farin ciki ne.

He He is He is happy. hi iz hapi Shi mai farin ciki ne.

She She is She is happy. shi iz hapi Ita mai farin ciki ce.

It It is It is cold. it iz kould Yana da sanyi.

We We are We are happy. wi ar hapi Mu masu farin ciki ne.

You You are You are happy. yu ar hapi Ku masu farin ciki ne.

They They are They are happy. dey ar hapi Su masu farin ciki ne.

2- Lokacin da ya wuce — Past Simple

Gini: Mai aikatawa + was/were + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + woz/wer + complement

Wakilin suna Gini Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I was I was happy. ai woz hapi Na kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You were You were happy. yu wer hapi Ka kasance cikin farin ciki.

He He was He was happy. hi woz hapi Ya kasance cikin farin ciki.

She She was She was happy. shi woz hapi Ta kasance cikin farin ciki.

It It was It was cold. it woz kould An yi sanyi.

We We were We were happy. wi wer hapi Mun kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You were You were happy. yu wer hapi Kun kasance cikin farin ciki.

They They were They were happy. dey wer hapi Sun kasance cikin farin ciki.

3- Lokacin nan gaba — Future Simple

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will be + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + wil bi + complement

Wakilin suna Gini Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I will be I will be happy. ai wil bi hapi Zan kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You will be You will be happy. yu wil bi hapi Za ka kasance cikin farin ciki.

He He will be He will be happy. hi wil bi hapi Zai kasance cikin farin ciki.

She She will be She will be happy. shi wil bi hapi Za ta kasance cikin farin ciki.

It It will be It will be cold. it wil bi kould Zai yi sanyi.

We We will be We will be happy. wi wil bi hapi Za mu kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You will be You will be happy. yu wil bi hapi Za ku kasance cikin farin ciki.

They They will be They will be happy. dey wil bi hapi Za su kasance cikin farin ciki.

4- Yanzu mai gudana — Present Continuous

Gini: Mai aikatawa + am/is/are being + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + am/is/are biing + complement

Wakilin suna Gini Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I am being I am being careful. ai am biing kerful Ina nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You are being You are being careful. yu ar biing kerful Kana nuna taka-tsantsan.

He He is being He is being careful. hi iz biing kerful Yana nuna taka-tsantsan.

She She is being She is being careful. shi iz biing kerful Tana nuna taka-tsantsan.

It It is being It is being repaired. it iz biing ripeerd Ana gyara shi.

We We are being We are being careful. wi ar biing kerful Muna nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You are being You are being careful. yu ar biing kerful Kuna nuna taka-tsantsan.

They They are being They are being careful. dey ar biing kerful Suna nuna taka-tsantsan.

5- Lokacin da ya wuce mai gudana — Past Continuous

Gini: Mai aikatawa + was/were being + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + woz/wer biing + complement

Wakilin suna Gini Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I was being I was being careful. ai woz biing kerful Na kasance ina nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You were being You were being careful. yu wer biing kerful Ka kasance kana nuna taka-tsantsan.

He He was being He was being careful. hi woz biing kerful Ya kasance yana nuna taka-tsantsan.

She She was being She was being careful. shi woz biing kerful Ta kasance tana nuna taka-tsantsan.

It It was being It was being repaired. it woz biing ripeerd Ana gyara shi a wancan lokacin.

We We were being We were being careful. wi wer biing kerful Mun kasance muna nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You were being You were being careful. yu wer biing kerful Kun kasance kuna nuna taka-tsantsan.

They They were being They were being careful. dey wer biing kerful Sun kasance suna nuna taka-tsantsan.

6- Nan gaba mai gudana — Future Continuous

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will be being + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + wil bi biing + complement

Wakilin suna Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I will be being careful. ai wil bi biing kerful Zan kasance ina nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You will be being careful. yu wil bi biing kerful Za ka kasance kana nuna taka-tsantsan.

He He will be being careful. hi wil bi biing kerful Zai kasance yana nuna taka-tsantsan.

She She will be being careful. shi wil bi biing kerful Za ta kasance tana nuna taka-tsantsan.

It It will be being repaired. it wil bi biing ripeerd Za a ci gaba da gyara shi.

We We will be being careful. wi wil bi biing kerful Za mu kasance muna nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You will be being careful. yu wil bi biing kerful Za ku kasance kuna nuna taka-tsantsan.

They They will be being careful. dey wil bi biing kerful Za su kasance suna nuna taka-tsantsan.

Wannan tsarin nahawu yana yiwuwa, amma yana da matuƙar ƙarancin amfani a Turanci na yau da kullum.

7- Cikakken lokacin yanzu — Present Perfect

Gini: Mai aikatawa + have/has been + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + hav/haz bin + complement

Wakilin suna Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I have been happy. ai hav bin hapi Na kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You have been happy. yu hav bin hapi Ka kasance cikin farin ciki.

He He has been happy. hi haz bin hapi Ya kasance cikin farin ciki.

She She has been happy. shi haz bin hapi Ta kasance cikin farin ciki.

It It has been cold. it haz bin kould An yi sanyi.

We We have been happy. wi hav bin hapi Mun kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You have been happy. yu hav bin hapi Kun kasance cikin farin ciki.

They They have been happy. dey hav bin hapi Sun kasance cikin farin ciki.

8- Cikakken lokacin baya — Past Perfect

Gini: Mai aikatawa + had been + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + had bin + complement

Wakilin suna Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I had been happy. ai had bin hapi Na riga na kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You had been happy. yu had bin hapi Ka riga ka kasance cikin farin ciki.

He He had been happy. hi had bin hapi Ya riga ya kasance cikin farin ciki.

She She had been happy. shi had bin hapi Ta riga ta kasance cikin farin ciki.

It It had been cold. it had bin kould An riga an yi sanyi.

We We had been happy. wi had bin hapi Mun riga mun kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You had been happy. yu had bin hapi Kun riga kun kasance cikin farin ciki.

They They had been happy. dey had bin hapi Sun riga sun kasance cikin farin ciki.

9- Cikakken lokacin nan gaba — Future Perfect

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will have been + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + wil hav bin + complement

Wakilin suna Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I will have been happy. ai wil hav bin hapi Zan riga na kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You will have been happy. yu wil hav bin hapi Za ka riga ka kasance cikin farin ciki.

He He will have been happy. hi wil hav bin hapi Zai riga ya kasance cikin farin ciki.

She She will have been happy. shi wil hav bin hapi Za ta riga ta kasance cikin farin ciki.

It It will have been cold. it wil hav bin kould Za a riga an yi sanyi.

We We will have been happy. wi wil hav bin hapi Za mu riga mun kasance cikin farin ciki.

You You will have been happy. yu wil hav bin hapi Za ku riga kun kasance cikin farin ciki.

They They will have been happy. dey wil hav bin hapi Za su riga sun kasance cikin farin ciki.

10- Cikakken lokacin yanzu mai gudana — Present Perfect Continuous

Gini: Mai aikatawa + have/has been being + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + hav/haz bin biing + complement

Wakilin suna Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I have been being careful. ai hav bin biing kerful Na daɗe ina nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You have been being careful. yu hav bin biing kerful Ka daɗe kana nuna taka-tsantsan.

He He has been being careful. hi haz bin biing kerful Ya daɗe yana nuna taka-tsantsan.

She She has been being careful. shi haz bin biing kerful Ta daɗe tana nuna taka-tsantsan.

It It has been being repaired. it haz bin biing ripeerd An daɗe ana gyara shi.

We We have been being careful. wi hav bin biing kerful Mun daɗe muna nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You have been being careful. yu hav bin biing kerful Kun daɗe kuna nuna taka-tsantsan.

They They have been being careful. dey hav bin biing kerful Sun daɗe suna nuna taka-tsantsan.

11- Cikakken lokacin baya mai gudana — Past Perfect Continuous

Gini: Mai aikatawa + had been being + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + had bin biing + complement

Wakilin suna Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I had been being careful. ai had bin biing kerful Na daɗe ina nuna taka-tsantsan kafin wani lokaci a baya.

You You had been being careful. yu had bin biing kerful Ka daɗe kana nuna taka-tsantsan kafin wani lokaci a baya.

He He had been being careful. hi had bin biing kerful Ya daɗe yana nuna taka-tsantsan kafin wani lokaci a baya.

She She had been being careful. shi had bin biing kerful Ta daɗe tana nuna taka-tsantsan kafin wani lokaci a baya.

It It had been being repaired. it had bin biing ripeerd An daɗe ana gyara shi kafin wani lokaci a baya.

We We had been being careful. wi had bin biing kerful Mun daɗe muna nuna taka-tsantsan kafin wani lokaci a baya.

You You had been being careful. yu had bin biing kerful Kun daɗe kuna nuna taka-tsantsan kafin wani lokaci a baya.

They They had been being careful. dey had bin biing kerful Sun daɗe suna nuna taka-tsantsan kafin wani lokaci a baya.

12- Cikakken lokacin nan gaba mai gudana — Future Perfect Continuous

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will have been being + abin da ake faɗi

Furucin gini: Subject + wil hav bin biing + complement

Wakilin suna Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I will have been being careful. ai wil hav bin biing kerful Zan riga na shafe wani lokaci ina nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You will have been being careful. yu wil hav bin biing kerful Za ka riga ka shafe wani lokaci kana nuna taka-tsantsan.

He He will have been being careful. hi wil hav bin biing kerful Zai riga ya shafe wani lokaci yana nuna taka-tsantsan.

She She will have been being careful. shi wil hav bin biing kerful Za ta riga ta shafe wani lokaci tana nuna taka-tsantsan.

It It will have been being repaired. it wil hav bin biing ripeerd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana gyara shi.

We We will have been being careful. wi wil hav bin biing kerful Za mu riga mun shafe wani lokaci muna nuna taka-tsantsan.

You You will have been being careful. yu wil hav bin biing kerful Za ku riga kun shafe wani lokaci kuna nuna taka-tsantsan.

They They will have been being careful. dey wil hav bin biing kerful Za su riga sun shafe wani lokaci suna nuna taka-tsantsan.

4- Wakilan suna (PRONOUNS)

1. Wakilan suna na mutum — siffofi na asali

Nau'i Gini Furucin gini Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Wakilin suna na mai aikatawa Wakilin suna na subject Subject pronoun I ai Ni

Wakilin suna na mai aikatawa Wakilin suna na subject Subject pronoun you yu Kai / ke / ku

Wakilin suna na mai aikatawa Wakilin suna na subject Subject pronoun he hi Shi

Wakilin suna na mai aikatawa Wakilin suna na subject Subject pronoun she shi Ita

Wakilin suna na mai aikatawa Wakilin suna na subject Subject pronoun it it Shi/ita ga abu ko dabba

Wakilin suna na mai aikatawa Wakilin suna na subject Subject pronoun we wi Mu

Wakilin suna na mai aikatawa Wakilin suna na subject Subject pronoun they dey Su

Misalai

Wakilin suna Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I I read. ai riid Ina karatu.

you You work. yu werk Kana aiki. / Kuna aiki.

he He sleeps. hi sliips Yana barci.

she She cooks. shi kuks Tana girki.

it It works. it werks Yana aiki. / Yana aiki yadda ya kamata.

we We study. wi stadi Muna karatu.

they They live here. dey liv hir Suna zama a nan.

2. Wakilan suna na abin aikatawa — Object Pronouns

Ana amfani da su a matsayin abin da aiki ya shafa, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.

Nau'i Gini Furucin gini Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Wakilin suna na object Wakilin suna na abin aikatawa Object pronoun me mi Ni / ni ne abin da aka yi wa aiki

Wakilin suna na object Wakilin suna na abin aikatawa Object pronoun you yu Kai / ke / ku

Wakilin suna na object Wakilin suna na abin aikatawa Object pronoun him him Shi

Wakilin suna na object Wakilin suna na abin aikatawa Object pronoun her har Ita

Wakilin suna na object Wakilin suna na abin aikatawa Object pronoun it it Shi/ita ga abu ko dabba

Wakilin suna na object Wakilin suna na abin aikatawa Object pronoun us as Mu

Wakilin suna na object Wakilin suna na abin aikatawa Object pronoun them dem Su

Misalai

Misali Furuci Ma'ana

She called me. shi kold mi Ta kira ni.

I saw you. ai so yu Na gan ka. / Na gan ku.

We helped him. wi helpt him Mun taimake shi.

I know her. ai nou har Na san ta.

I bought it. ai bot it Na saya shi.

He invited us. hi invaitid as Ya gayyace mu.

She called them. shi kold dem Ta kira su.

3. Siffofin mallaka kafin suna

Ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomi kafin suna domin nuna mallaka.

Nau'i Gini Furucin gini Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Mallaka my + suna mai + noun my mai Nawa

Mallaka your + suna yor + noun your yor Naka / naki / naku

Mallaka his + suna hiz + noun his hiz Nasa

Mallaka her + suna har + noun her har Nata

Mallaka its + suna its + noun its its Nasa/nata ga abu ko dabba

Mallaka our + suna awar + noun our awar Namu

Mallaka their + suna der + noun their der Nasu

Misalai

Misali Furuci Ma'ana

My book is new. mai buk iz nyuu Littafina sabo ne.

Your car is fast. yor kar iz fast Motarka tana da sauri.

His house is big. hiz haus iz big Gidansa babba ne.

Her phone is new. har foun iz nyuu Wayarta sabuwa ce.

Its color is beautiful. its kalar iz byuutiful Launinsa yana da kyau.

Our teacher is nice. awar tiichar iz nais Malam ɗinmu mutumin kirki ne.

Their house is large. der haus iz larj Gidansu babba ne.

4. Wakilan suna na mallaka masu zaman kansu

Ana amfani da su ba tare da suna ya biyo bayansu ba.

Nau'i Gini Furucin gini Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Mallaka mai zaman kansa mine main mine main Nawa

Mallaka mai zaman kansa yours yorz yours yorz Naka / naki / naku

Mallaka mai zaman kansa his hiz his hiz Nasa

Mallaka mai zaman kansa hers herz hers herz Nata

Mallaka mai zaman kansa ours awarz ours awarz Namu

Mallaka mai zaman kansa theirs derz theirs derz Nasu

Lura: Kalmar mallaka mai zaman kanta da ake amfani da ita ga “it” ba ta da amfani sosai a Turanci na yau da kullum.

Misalai

Misali Furuci Ma'ana

This book is mine. dis buk iz main Wannan littafin nawa ne.

The car is yours. da kar iz yorz Motar taka ce.

The house is his. da haus iz hiz Gidan nasa ne.

The bag is hers. da bag iz herz Jakar tata ce.

The room is ours. da ruum iz awarz Ɗakin namu ne.

The books are theirs. da buks ar derz Littattafan nasu ne.

5. Wakilan suna masu komawa ga mai aikatawa — Reflexive Pronouns

Ana amfani da su idan mai aikatawa da abin da aikin ya shafa mutum ɗaya ne.

Nau'i Gini Furucin gini Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Komawa ga kai my + self mai + self myself mai-self Ni kaina

Komawa ga kai your + self yor + self yourself yor-self Kai kanka / ke kanki

Komawa ga kai him + self him + self himself him-self Shi kansa

Komawa ga kai her + self har + self herself har-self Ita kanta

Komawa ga kai it + self it + self itself it-self Shi/ita kansa ga abu ko dabba

Komawa ga kai our + selves awar + selvz ourselves awar-selvz Mu kanmu

Komawa ga kai your + selves yor + selvz yourselves yor-selvz Ku kanku

Komawa ga kai them + selves dem + selvz themselves dem-selvz Su kansu

Misalai

Misali Furuci Ma'ana

I hurt myself. ai hert mai-self Na ji wa kaina rauni.

You did it yourself. yu did it yor-self Ka yi shi da kanka.

He introduced himself. hi introdust him-self Ya gabatar da kansa.

She taught herself English. shi tot har-self inglish Ta koya wa kanta Turanci.

The machine turned itself off. da mashin ternd it-self of Injin ya kashe kansa.

We enjoyed ourselves. wi enjoid awar-selvz Mun ji daɗi.

They introduced themselves. dey introdust dem-selvz Sun gabatar da kansu.

6. Wakilan suna na nunawa — Demonstrative Pronouns

Nau'i Gini Furucin gini Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Nunawa ga abu guda kusa this dis this dis Wannan

Nunawa ga abu guda nesa that dat that dat Wancan

Nunawa ga abubuwa kusa these diiz these diiz Waɗannan

Nunawa ga abubuwa nesa those doz those doz Waɗancan

Misalai

This is my book.

dis iz mai buk.

Wannan littafina ne.

That is your car.

dat iz yor kar.

Waccan motarka ce.

These are my shoes.

diiz ar mai shuuz.

Waɗannan takalmina ne.

Those are their houses.

doz ar der hauziz.

Waɗancan gidajensu ne.

7. Wakilan suna na tambaya — Interrogative Pronouns

Nau'i Gini Furucin gini Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Tambayar mutum who huu who huu Wane ne? / Wace ce?

Tambayar wanda aiki ya shafa whom huum whom huum Wane ne? / Wace ce?

Tambayar mallaka whose huuz whose huuz Na wa?

Tambayar abu ko zaɓi what wat what wat Me?

Tambayar zaɓi which wich which wich Wanne? / Wace?

Misalai

Who called you?

huu kold yu?

Wa ya kira ka?

Whom did you see?

huum did yu sii?

Wa ka gani?

Whose is this?

huuz iz dis?

Na wa ne wannan?

What happened?

wat hapend?

Me ya faru?

Which is yours?

wich iz yorz?

Wanne ne naka?

8. Wakilan suna masu haɗa jimloli — Relative Pronouns

Nau'i Gini Furucin gini Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Ga mutum who huu who huu Wanda / wadda

Ga wanda aiki ya shafa whom huum whom huum Wanda / wadda

Ga mallaka whose huuz whose huuz Wanda yake da / wadda take da

Ga abu ko dabba which wich which wich Wanda / wadda / abin da

Ga mutum ko abu that dat that dat Wanda / wadda / abin da

Misalai

The man who works here is my brother.

da man huu werks hir iz mai brader.

Mutumin da yake aiki a nan ɗan'uwana ne.

The book which I bought is interesting.

da buk wich ai bot iz intresting.

Littafin da na saya yana da ban sha'awa.

The girl whose car was stolen called the police.

da gerl huuz kar woz stolen kold da polis.

Yarinyar da aka sace motarta ta kira 'yan sanda.

9. Wakilan suna marasa kayyadewa — Indefinite Pronouns

Ana amfani da su wajen magana game da mutane ko abubuwan da ba a fayyace ba.

Nau'i Wakilin suna Furuci Ma'ana

Mutum marar kayyadewa someone sam-wan Wani mutum

Mutum marar kayyadewa somebody sam-badi Wani mutum

Mutum marar kayyadewa a tambaya ko jimlar korewa anyone eni-wan Kowa / wani mutum

Mutum marar kayyadewa a tambaya ko jimlar korewa anybody eni-badi Kowa / wani mutum

Babu mutum no one no-wan Babu kowa

Babu mutum nobody no-badi Babu kowa

Dukkan mutane everyone evri-wan Kowa

Dukkan mutane everybody evri-badi Kowa

Wani abu something sam-thing Wani abu

Kowane abu anything eni-thing Duk wani abu

Babu wani abu nothing nathing Babu komai

Dukkan abubuwa everything evri-thing Dukkan abubuwa / komai

5- Lokutan aikatau (TENSES)

1. Yanzu na yau da kullum — Present Simple

Amfani: Abubuwan da ake yi akai-akai, gaskiya, da ayyukan yau da kullum.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + V1 + ...

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I work. ai werk Ina aiki.

you You work. yu werk Kana aiki.

he He works. hi werks Yana aiki.

she She works. shi werks Tana aiki.

it It works. it werks Yana aiki.

we We work. wi werk Muna aiki.

you You work. yu werk Kuna aiki.

they They work. dey werk Suna aiki.

Tare da he/she/it, ana ƙara -s ga aikatau a yawancin lokuta.

2. Lokacin baya na yau da kullum — Past Simple

Amfani: Aikin da ya faru kuma ya ƙare a baya.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + V2 + ...

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I worked. ai werkt Na yi aiki.

you You worked. yu werkt Ka yi aiki.

he He worked. hi werkt Ya yi aiki.

she She worked. shi werkt Ta yi aiki.

it It worked. it werkt Ya yi aiki.

we We worked. wi werkt Mun yi aiki.

you You worked. yu werkt Kun yi aiki.

they They worked. dey werkt Sun yi aiki.

3. Lokacin nan gaba na yau da kullum — Future Simple

Amfani: Abin da zai faru a nan gaba.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will + V1

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I will work. ai wil werk Zan yi aiki.

you You will work. yu wil werk Za ka yi aiki.

he He will work. hi wil werk Zai yi aiki.

she She will work. shi wil werk Za ta yi aiki.

it It will work. it wil werk Zai yi aiki / zai yi aiki yadda ya kamata.

we We will work. wi wil werk Za mu yi aiki.

you You will work. yu wil werk Za ku yi aiki.

they They will work. dey wil werk Za su yi aiki.

4. Yanzu mai gudana — Present Continuous

Amfani: Aikin da ke faruwa a yanzu ko a wannan lokaci.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + am/is/are + V-ing

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I am working. ai am werking Ina aiki yanzu.

you You are working. yu ar werking Kana aiki yanzu.

he He is working. hi iz werking Yana aiki yanzu.

she She is working. shi iz werking Tana aiki yanzu.

it It is working. it iz werking Yana aiki yanzu.

we We are working. wi ar werking Muna aiki yanzu.

you You are working. yu ar werking Kuna aiki yanzu.

they They are working. dey ar werking Suna aiki yanzu.

5. Lokacin baya mai gudana — Past Continuous

Amfani: Aikin da yake gudana a wani lokaci a baya.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + was/were + V-ing

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I was working. ai woz werking Ina aiki a wancan lokacin.

you You were working. yu wer werking Kana aiki a wancan lokacin.

he He was working. hi woz werking Yana aiki a wancan lokacin.

she She was working. shi woz werking Tana aiki a wancan lokacin.

it It was working. it woz werking Yana aiki a wancan lokacin.

we We were working. wi wer werking Muna aiki a wancan lokacin.

you You were working. yu wer werking Kuna aiki a wancan lokacin.

they They were working. dey wer werking Suna aiki a wancan lokacin.

6. Nan gaba mai gudana — Future Continuous

Amfani: Aikin da zai kasance yana gudana a wani lokaci a nan gaba.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will be + V-ing

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I will be working. ai wil bi werking Zan kasance ina aiki.

you You will be working. yu wil bi werking Za ka kasance kana aiki.

he He will be working. hi wil bi werking Zai kasance yana aiki.

she She will be working. shi wil bi werking Za ta kasance tana aiki.

it It will be working. it wil bi werking Zai kasance yana aiki.

we We will be working. wi wil bi werking Za mu kasance muna aiki.

you You will be working. yu wil bi werking Za ku kasance kuna aiki.

they They will be working. dey wil bi werking Za su kasance suna aiki.

7. Cikakken lokacin yanzu — Present Perfect

Amfani: Aikin da ya faru a baya amma yana da alaƙa da yanzu, ko wanda ya faru ba tare da bayyana takamaiman lokacin ba.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + have/has + V3

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I have worked. ai hav werkt Na yi aiki.

you You have worked. yu hav werkt Ka yi aiki.

he He has worked. hi haz werkt Ya yi aiki.

she She has worked. shi haz werkt Ta yi aiki.

it It has worked. it haz werkt Ya yi aiki.

we We have worked. wi hav werkt Mun yi aiki.

you You have worked. yu hav werkt Kun yi aiki.

they They have worked. dey hav werkt Sun yi aiki.

8. Cikakken lokacin baya — Past Perfect

Amfani: Aikin da ya riga ya faru kafin wani aiki ko lokaci a baya.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + had + V3

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I had worked. ai had werkt Na riga na yi aiki.

you You had worked. yu had werkt Ka riga ka yi aiki.

he He had worked. hi had werkt Ya riga ya yi aiki.

she She had worked. shi had werkt Ta riga ta yi aiki.

it It had worked. it had werkt Ya riga ya yi aiki.

we We had worked. wi had werkt Mun riga mun yi aiki.

you You had worked. yu had werkt Kun riga kun yi aiki.

they They had worked. dey had werkt Sun riga sun yi aiki.

9. Cikakken lokacin nan gaba — Future Perfect

Amfani: Aikin da zai riga ya kammala kafin wani lokaci a nan gaba.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will have + V3

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I will have worked. ai wil hav werkt Zan riga na yi aiki.

you You will have worked. yu wil hav werkt Za ka riga ka yi aiki.

he He will have worked. hi wil hav werkt Zai riga ya yi aiki.

she She will have worked. shi wil hav werkt Za ta riga ta yi aiki.

it It will have worked. it wil hav werkt Zai riga ya yi aiki.

we We will have worked. wi wil hav werkt Za mu riga mun yi aiki.

you You will have worked. yu wil hav werkt Za ku riga kun yi aiki.

they They will have worked. dey wil hav werkt Za su riga sun yi aiki.

10. Cikakken lokacin yanzu mai gudana — Present Perfect Continuous

Amfani: Aikin da ya fara a baya kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu ko kusa da yanzu.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + have/has been + V-ing

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I have been working. ai hav bin werking Na daɗe ina aiki.

you You have been working. yu hav bin werking Ka daɗe kana aiki.

he He has been working. hi haz bin werking Ya daɗe yana aiki.

she She has been working. shi haz bin werking Ta daɗe tana aiki.

it It has been working. it haz bin werking Ya daɗe yana aiki.

we We have been working. wi hav bin werking Mun daɗe muna aiki.

you You have been working. yu hav bin werking Kun daɗe kuna aiki.

they They have been working. dey hav bin werking Sun daɗe suna aiki.

11. Cikakken lokacin baya mai gudana — Past Perfect Continuous

Amfani: Aikin da ya ci gaba na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci ko aiki a baya.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + had been + V-ing

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I had been working. ai had bin werking Na daɗe ina aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya.

you You had been working. yu had bin werking Ka daɗe kana aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya.

he He had been working. hi had bin werking Ya daɗe yana aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya.

she She had been working. shi had bin werking Ta daɗe tana aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya.

it It had been working. it had bin werking Ya daɗe yana aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya.

we We had been working. wi had bin werking Mun daɗe muna aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya.

you You had been working. yu had bin werking Kun daɗe kuna aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya.

they They had been working. dey had bin werking Sun daɗe suna aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya.

12. Cikakken lokacin nan gaba mai gudana — Future Perfect Continuous

Amfani: Aikin da zai kai tsawon wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a nan gaba.

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will have been + V-ing

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I will have been working. ai wil hav bin werking Zan riga na shafe wani lokaci ina aiki.

you You will have been working. yu wil hav bin werking Za ka riga ka shafe wani lokaci kana aiki.

he He will have been working. hi wil hav bin werking Zai riga ya shafe wani lokaci yana aiki.

she She will have been working. shi wil hav bin werking Za ta riga ta shafe wani lokaci tana aiki.

it It will have been working. it wil hav bin werking Zai riga ya shafe wani lokaci yana aiki.

we We will have been working. wi wil hav bin werking Za mu riga mun shafe wani lokaci muna aiki.

you You will have been working. yu wil hav bin werking Za ku riga kun shafe wani lokaci kuna aiki.

they They will have been working. dey wil hav bin werking Za su riga sun shafe wani lokaci suna aiki.

6- Lokutan aikatau a sigar aikatawa ga abin da aka yi wa aiki (PASSIVE VOICE)

1. Yanzu na yau da kullum — Present Simple Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + am/is/are + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + am/is/are + V three

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I am written about. ai am ritn abaut Ana rubutu game da ni.

you You are written about. yu ar ritn abaut Ana rubutu game da kai.

he He is written about. hi iz ritn abaut Ana rubutu game da shi.

she She is written about. shi iz ritn abaut Ana rubutu game da ita.

it It is written about. it iz ritn abaut Ana rubutu game da shi/ita.

we We are written about. wi ar ritn abaut Ana rubutu game da mu.

you You are written about. yu ar ritn abaut Ana rubutu game da ku.

they They are written about. dey ar ritn abaut Ana rubutu game da su.

Misali mafi dacewa:

The book is written in English.

da buk iz ritn in inglish.

An rubuta littafin da Turanci.

2. Lokacin baya na yau da kullum — Past Simple Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + was/were + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + woz/wer + V three

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I was invited. ai woz invaitid An gayyace ni.

you You were invited. yu wer invaitid An gayyace ka.

he He was invited. hi woz invaitid An gayyace shi.

she She was invited. shi woz invaitid An gayyace ta.

it It was invited. it woz invaitid An gayyace shi/ita.

we We were invited. wi wer invaitid An gayyace mu.

you You were invited. yu wer invaitid An gayyace ku.

they They were invited. dey wer invaitid An gayyace su.

3. Nan gaba na yau da kullum — Future Simple Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will be + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + wil bi + V three

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I will be invited. ai wil bi invaitid Za a gayyace ni.

you You will be invited. yu wil bi invaitid Za a gayyace ka.

he He will be invited. hi wil bi invaitid Za a gayyace shi.

she She will be invited. shi wil bi invaitid Za a gayyace ta.

it It will be invited. it wil bi invaitid Za a gayyace shi/ita.

we We will be invited. wi wil bi invaitid Za a gayyace mu.

you You will be invited. yu wil bi invaitid Za a gayyace ku.

they They will be invited. dey wil bi invaitid Za a gayyace su.

4. Yanzu mai gudana — Present Continuous Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + am/is/are being + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + am/is/are biing + V three

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I am being watched. ai am biing wochd Ana sa ido a kaina yanzu.

you You are being watched. yu ar biing wochd Ana sa ido a kanka yanzu.

he He is being watched. hi iz biing wochd Ana sa ido a kansa yanzu.

she She is being watched. shi iz biing wochd Ana sa ido a kanta yanzu.

it It is being watched. it iz biing wochd Ana sa ido a kansa yanzu.

we We are being watched. wi ar biing wochd Ana sa ido a kanmu yanzu.

you You are being watched. yu ar biing wochd Ana sa ido a kanku yanzu.

they They are being watched. dey ar biing wochd Ana sa ido a kansu yanzu.

5. Lokacin baya mai gudana — Past Continuous Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + was/were being + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + woz/wer biing + V three

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I was being watched. ai woz biing wochd Ana sa ido a kaina a wancan lokacin.

you You were being watched. yu wer biing wochd Ana sa ido a kanka a wancan lokacin.

he He was being watched. hi woz biing wochd Ana sa ido a kansa a wancan lokacin.

she She was being watched. shi woz biing wochd Ana sa ido a kanta a wancan lokacin.

it It was being watched. it woz biing wochd Ana sa ido a kansa a wancan lokacin.

we We were being watched. wi wer biing wochd Ana sa ido a kanmu a wancan lokacin.

you You were being watched. yu wer biing wochd Ana sa ido a kanku a wancan lokacin.

they They were being watched. dey wer biing wochd Ana sa ido a kansu a wancan lokacin.

6. Nan gaba mai gudana — Future Continuous Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will be being + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + wil bi biing + V three

Wannan tsarin ba kasafai ake amfani da shi a Turanci na yau da kullum ba.

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I will be being watched. ai wil bi biing wochd Za a ci gaba da sa ido a kaina.

you You will be being watched. yu wil bi biing wochd Za a ci gaba da sa ido a kanka.

he He will be being watched. hi wil bi biing wochd Za a ci gaba da sa ido a kansa.

she She will be being watched. shi wil bi biing wochd Za a ci gaba da sa ido a kanta.

it It will be being watched. it wil bi biing wochd Za a ci gaba da sa ido a kansa.

we We will be being watched. wi wil bi biing wochd Za a ci gaba da sa ido a kanmu.

you You will be being watched. yu wil bi biing wochd Za a ci gaba da sa ido a kanku.

they They will be being watched. dey wil bi biing wochd Za a ci gaba da sa ido a kansu.

7. Cikakken lokacin yanzu a sigar passive — Present Perfect Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + have/has been + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + hav/haz bin + V three

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I have been invited. ai hav bin invaitid An riga an gayyace ni.

you You have been invited. yu hav bin invaitid An riga an gayyace ka.

he He has been invited. hi haz bin invaitid An riga an gayyace shi.

she She has been invited. shi haz bin invaitid An riga an gayyace ta.

it It has been invited. it haz bin invaitid An riga an gayyace shi/ita.

we We have been invited. wi hav bin invaitid An riga an gayyace mu.

you You have been invited. yu hav bin invaitid An riga an gayyace ku.

they They have been invited. dey hav bin invaitid An riga an gayyace su.

8. Cikakken lokacin baya a sigar passive — Past Perfect Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + had been + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + had bin + V three

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I had been invited. ai had bin invaitid An riga an gayyace ni kafin wani lokaci a baya.

you You had been invited. yu had bin invaitid An riga an gayyace ka kafin wani lokaci a baya.

he He had been invited. hi had bin invaitid An riga an gayyace shi kafin wani lokaci a baya.

she She had been invited. shi had bin invaitid An riga an gayyace ta kafin wani lokaci a baya.

it It had been invited. it had bin invaitid An riga an gayyace shi/ita kafin wani lokaci a baya.

we We had been invited. wi had bin invaitid An riga an gayyace mu kafin wani lokaci a baya.

you You had been invited. yu had bin invaitid An riga an gayyace ku kafin wani lokaci a baya.

they They had been invited. dey had bin invaitid An riga an gayyace su kafin wani lokaci a baya.

9. Cikakken lokacin nan gaba a sigar passive — Future Perfect Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will have been + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + wil hav bin + V three

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I will have been invited. ai wil hav bin invaitid Za a riga an gayyace ni.

you You will have been invited. yu wil hav bin invaitid Za a riga an gayyace ka.

he He will have been invited. hi wil hav bin invaitid Za a riga an gayyace shi.

she She will have been invited. shi wil hav bin invaitid Za a riga an gayyace ta.

it It will have been invited. it wil hav bin invaitid Za a riga an gayyace shi/ita.

we We will have been invited. wi wil hav bin invaitid Za a riga an gayyace mu.

you You will have been invited. yu wil hav bin invaitid Za a riga an gayyace ku.

they They will have been invited. dey wil hav bin invaitid Za a riga an gayyace su.

10. Cikakken lokacin yanzu mai gudana a sigar passive — Present Perfect Continuous Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + have/has been being + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + hav/haz bin biing + V three

Wannan ginin nahawu yana yiwuwa, amma yana da matuƙar ƙarancin amfani kuma ba ya yawan bayyana a Turanci na yau da kullum.

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I have been being watched. ai hav bin biing wochd Ana ci gaba da sa ido a kaina har zuwa yanzu.

you You have been being watched. yu hav bin biing wochd Ana ci gaba da sa ido a kanka har zuwa yanzu.

he He has been being watched. hi haz bin biing wochd Ana ci gaba da sa ido a kansa har zuwa yanzu.

she She has been being watched. shi haz bin biing wochd Ana ci gaba da sa ido a kanta har zuwa yanzu.

it It has been being watched. it haz bin biing wochd Ana ci gaba da sa ido a kansa har zuwa yanzu.

we We have been being watched. wi hav bin biing wochd Ana ci gaba da sa ido a kanmu har zuwa yanzu.

you You have been being watched. yu hav bin biing wochd Ana ci gaba da sa ido a kanku har zuwa yanzu.

they They have been being watched. dey hav bin biing wochd Ana ci gaba da sa ido a kansu har zuwa yanzu.

11. Cikakken lokacin baya mai gudana a sigar passive — Past Perfect Continuous Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + had been being + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + had bin biing + V three

Wannan ginin yana da matuƙar ƙarancin amfani.

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I had been being watched. ai had bin biing wochd Ana ta sa ido a kaina na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a baya.

you You had been being watched. yu had bin biing wochd Ana ta sa ido a kanka na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a baya.

he He had been being watched. hi had bin biing wochd Ana ta sa ido a kansa na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a baya.

she She had been being watched. shi had bin biing wochd Ana ta sa ido a kanta na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a baya.

it It had been being watched. it had bin biing wochd Ana ta sa ido a kansa na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a baya.

we We had been being watched. wi had bin biing wochd Ana ta sa ido a kanmu na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a baya.

you You had been being watched. yu had bin biing wochd Ana ta sa ido a kanku na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a baya.

they They had been being watched. dey had bin biing wochd Ana ta sa ido a kansu na wani lokaci kafin wani lokaci a baya.

12. Cikakken lokacin nan gaba mai gudana a sigar passive — Future Perfect Continuous Passive

Gini: Mai aikatawa + will have been being + V3

Furucin gini: Subject + wil hav bin biing + V three

Wannan tsarin ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba.

Wakilin suna Jumla Furuci Ma'ana

I I will have been being watched. ai wil hav bin biing wochd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana sa ido a kaina.

you You will have been being watched. yu wil hav bin biing wochd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana sa ido a kanka.

he He will have been being watched. hi wil hav bin biing wochd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana sa ido a kansa.

she She will have been being watched. shi wil hav bin biing wochd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana sa ido a kanta.

it It will have been being watched. it wil hav bin biing wochd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana sa ido a kansa.

we We will have been being watched. wi wil hav bin biing wochd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana sa ido a kanmu.

you You will have been being watched. yu wil hav bin biing wochd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana sa ido a kanku.

they They will have been being watched. dey wil hav bin biing wochd Za a riga an shafe wani lokaci ana sa ido a kansu.

7- Korau da Ba daidai ba (Negative Sentences)

Simple Present — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + do/does + not + V1

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I do not work. | Ai du not wərk | Ba na aiki.

You | You do not work. | Yu du not wərk | Ba ka/ki aiki.

He | He does not work. | Hi daz not wərk | Ba ya aiki.

She | She does not work. | Shi daz not wərk | Ba ta aiki.

It | It does not work. | It daz not wərk | Ba ya aiki / Ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata.

We | We do not work. | Wi du not wərk | Ba mu aiki.

They | They do not work. | Zey du not wərk | Ba sa aiki.

Gajerun siffofi:

do not → don't — dont

does not → doesn't — daznt

⚠️ Bayan doesn't, ana amfani da V1:

He doesn't work. ✅

He doesn't works. ❌

2. Simple Past — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + did + not + V1

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I did not work. | Ai did not wərk | Ban yi aiki ba.

You | You did not work. | Yu did not wərk | Ba ka/ki yi aiki ba.

He | He did not work. | Hi did not wərk | Bai yi aiki ba.

She | She did not work. | Shi did not wərk | Ba ta yi aiki ba.

It | It did not work. | It did not wərk | Bai yi aiki ba / Bai yi aiki yadda ya kamata ba.

We | We did not work. | Wi did not wərk | Ba mu yi aiki ba.

They | They did not work. | Zey did not wərk | Ba su yi aiki ba.

did not → didn't — didnt

⚠️ Bayan didn't, ana amfani da V1:

I didn't work. ✅

I didn't worked. ❌

3. Simple Future — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + will + not + V1

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I will not work. | Ai wil not wərk | Ba zan yi aiki ba.

You | You will not work. | Yu wil not wərk | Ba za ka/ki yi aiki ba.

He | He will not work. | Hi wil not wərk | Ba zai yi aiki ba.

She | She will not work. | Shi wil not wərk | Ba za ta yi aiki ba.

It | It will not work. | It wil not wərk | Ba zai yi aiki ba.

We | We will not work. | Wi wil not wərk | Ba za mu yi aiki ba.

They | They will not work. | Zey wil not wərk | Ba za su yi aiki ba.

will not → won't — wont

Continuous Tenses

4. Present Continuous — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I am not working. | Ai am not wərking | Ba na aiki a yanzu.

You | You are not working. | Yu ar not wərking | Ba ka/ki aiki a yanzu.

He | He is not working. | Hi iz not wərking | Ba ya aiki a yanzu.

She | She is not working. | Shi iz not wərking | Ba ta aiki a yanzu.

It | It is not working. | It iz not wərking | Ba ya aiki a yanzu.

We | We are not working. | Wi ar not wərking | Ba mu aiki a yanzu.

They | They are not working. | Zey ar not wərking | Ba sa aiki a yanzu.

Gajerun siffofi:

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — arnt

am not → I'm not — aim not

5. Past Continuous — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + was/were + not + V-ing

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I was not working. | Ai waz not wərking | Ba na aiki a lokacin.

You | You were not working. | Yu wər not wərking | Ba ka/ki aiki a lokacin.

He | He was not working. | Hi waz not wərking | Ba ya aiki a lokacin.

She | She was not working. | Shi waz not wərking | Ba ta aiki a lokacin.

It | It was not working. | It waz not wərking | Bai aiki a lokacin.

We | We were not working. | Wi wər not wərking | Ba mu aiki a lokacin.

They | They were not working. | Zey wər not wərking | Ba sa aiki a lokacin.

Gajerun siffofi:

was not → wasn't — waznt

were not → weren't — wərnt

6. Future Continuous — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + will + not + be + V-ing

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I will not be working. | Ai wil not bi wərking | Ba zan kasance ina aiki ba.

You | You will not be working. | Yu wil not bi wərking | Ba za ka/ki kasance kana/kina aiki ba.

He | He will not be working. | Hi wil not bi wərking | Ba zai kasance yana aiki ba.

She | She will not be working. | Shi wil not bi wərking | Ba za ta kasance tana aiki ba.

It | It will not be working. | It wil not bi wərking | Ba zai kasance yana aiki ba.

We | We will not be working. | Wi wil not bi wərking | Ba za mu kasance muna aiki ba.

They | They will not be working. | Zey wil not bi wərking | Ba za su kasance suna aiki ba.

Perfect Tenses

7. Present Perfect — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + have/has + not + V3

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I have not worked. | Ai hav not wərkt | Ban yi aiki ba.

You | You have not worked. | Yu hav not wərkt | Ba ka/ki yi aiki ba.

He | He has not worked. | Hi haz not wərkt | Bai yi aiki ba.

She | She has not worked. | Shi haz not wərkt | Ba ta yi aiki ba.

It | It has not worked. | It haz not wərkt | Bai yi aiki ba.

We | We have not worked. | Wi hav not wərkt | Ba mu yi aiki ba.

They | They have not worked. | Zey hav not wərkt | Ba su yi aiki ba.

Gajerun siffofi:

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. Past Perfect — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + had + not + V3

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I had not worked. | Ai had not wərkt | Ban yi aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

You | You had not worked. | Yu had not wərkt | Ba ka/ki yi aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

He | He had not worked. | Hi had not wərkt | Bai yi aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

She | She had not worked. | Shi had not wərkt | Ba ta yi aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

It | It had not worked. | It had not wərkt | Bai yi aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

We | We had not worked. | Wi had not wərkt | Ba mu yi aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

They | They had not worked. | Zey had not wərkt | Ba su yi aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. Future Perfect — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + will + not + have + V3

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I will not have worked. | Ai wil not hav wərkt | Ba zan riga na gama aiki ba kafin lokacin nan.

You | You will not have worked. | Yu wil not hav wərkt | Ba za ka/ki riga ka/ki gama aiki ba kafin lokacin nan.

He | He will not have worked. | Hi wil not hav wərkt | Ba zai riga ya gama aiki ba kafin lokacin nan.

She | She will not have worked. | Shi wil not hav wərkt | Ba za ta riga ta gama aiki ba kafin lokacin nan.

It | It will not have worked. | It wil not hav wərkt | Ba zai riga ya yi aiki ba kafin lokacin nan.

We | We will not have worked. | Wi wil not hav wərkt | Ba za mu riga mun gama aiki ba kafin lokacin nan.

They | They will not have worked. | Zey wil not hav wərkt | Ba za su riga sun gama aiki ba kafin lokacin nan.

10. Present Perfect Continuous — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I have not been working. | Ai hav not bin wərking | Ban kasance ina aiki na wani lokaci ba.

You | You have not been working. | Yu hav not bin wərking | Ba ka/ki kasance kana/kina aiki na wani lokaci ba.

He | He has not been working. | Hi haz not bin wərking | Bai kasance yana aiki na wani lokaci ba.

She | She has not been working. | Shi haz not bin wərking | Ba ta kasance tana aiki na wani lokaci ba.

It | It has not been working. | It haz not bin wərking | Bai kasance yana aiki na wani lokaci ba.

We | We have not been working. | Wi hav not bin wərking | Ba mu kasance muna aiki na wani lokaci ba.

They | They have not been working. | Zey hav not bin wərking | Ba su kasance suna aiki na wani lokaci ba.

11. Past Perfect Continuous — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + had + not + been + V-ing

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I had not been working. | Ai had not bin wərking | Ban kasance ina aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

You | You had not been working. | Yu had not bin wərking | Ba ka/ki kasance kana/kina aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

He | He had not been working. | Hi had not bin wərking | Bai kasance yana aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

She | She had not been working. | Shi had not bin wərking | Ba ta kasance tana aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

It | It had not been working. | It had not bin wərking | Bai kasance yana aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

We | We had not been working. | Wi had not bin wərking | Ba mu kasance muna aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

They | They had not been working. | Zey had not bin wərking | Ba su kasance suna aiki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

12. Future Perfect Continuous — Negative Form

Tsari: Subject + will + not + have + been + V-ing

Pronoun | Sentence | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I will not have been working. | Ai wil not hav bin wərking | Ba zan kasance ina aiki na tsawon wani lokaci ba kafin lokacin nan.

You | You will not have been working. | Yu wil not hav bin wərking | Ba za ka/ki kasance kana/kina aiki na tsawon wani lokaci ba kafin lokacin nan.

He | He will not have been working. | Hi wil not hav bin wərking | Ba zai kasance yana aiki na tsawon wani lokaci ba kafin lokacin nan.

She | She will not have been working. | Shi wil not hav bin wərking | Ba za ta kasance tana aiki na tsawon wani lokaci ba kafin lokacin nan.

It | It will not have been working. | It wil not hav bin wərking | Ba zai kasance yana aiki na tsawon wani lokaci ba kafin lokacin nan.

We | We will not have been working. | Wi wil not hav bin wərking | Ba za mu kasance muna aiki na tsawon wani lokaci ba kafin lokacin nan.

They | They will not have been working. | Zey wil not hav bin wərking | Ba za su kasance suna aiki na tsawon wani lokaci ba kafin lokacin nan.

Simple Present Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + am/is/are + not + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + am/iz/ar + not + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I am not invited. | Ai am not invaitid | Ba a gayyace ni ba.

You | You are not invited. | Yu ar not invaitid | Ba a gayyace ka/ki ba.

He | He is not invited. | Hi iz not invaitid | Ba a gayyace shi ba.

She | She is not invited. | Shi iz not invaitid | Ba a gayyace ta ba.

It | It is not used. | It iz not yuzd | Ba a amfani da shi ba.

We | We are not invited. | Wi ar not invaitid | Ba a gayyace mu ba.

They | They are not invited. | Zey ar not invaitid | Ba a gayyace su ba.

is not → isn't — iznt

are not → aren't — arnt

2. Simple Past Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + was/were + not + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + waz/wər + not + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I was not invited. | Ai waz not invaitid | Ba a gayyace ni ba.

You | You were not invited. | Yu wər not invaitid | Ba a gayyace ka/ki ba.

He | He was not invited. | Hi waz not invaitid | Ba a gayyace shi ba.

She | She was not invited. | Shi waz not invaitid | Ba a gayyace ta ba.

It | It was not used. | It waz not yuzd | Ba a yi amfani da shi ba.

We | We were not invited. | Wi wər not invaitid | Ba a gayyace mu ba.

They | They were not invited. | Zey wər not invaitid | Ba a gayyace su ba.

was not → wasn't — waznt

were not → weren't — wərnt

3. Simple Future Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + will + not + be + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + wil + not + bi + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I will not be invited. | Ai wil not bi invaitid | Ba za a gayyace ni ba.

You | You will not be invited. | Yu wil not bi invaitid | Ba za a gayyace ka/ki ba.

He | He will not be invited. | Hi wil not bi invaitid | Ba za a gayyace shi ba.

She | She will not be invited. | Shi wil not bi invaitid | Ba za a gayyace ta ba.

It | It will not be used. | It wil not bi yuzd | Ba za a yi amfani da shi ba.

We | We will not be invited. | Wi wil not bi invaitid | Ba za a gayyace mu ba.

They | They will not be invited. | Zey wil not bi invaitid | Ba za a gayyace su ba.

will not → won't — wont

4. Present Continuous Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + am/is/are + not + being + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + am/iz/ar + not + biing + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I am not being invited. | Ai am not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare ni a yanzu.

You | You are not being invited. | Yu ar not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare ka/ki a yanzu.

He | He is not being invited. | Hi iz not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare shi a yanzu.

She | She is not being invited. | Shi iz not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare ta a yanzu.

It | It is not being used. | It iz not biing yuzd | Ba a amfani da shi a yanzu.

We | We are not being invited. | Wi ar not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare mu a yanzu.

They | They are not being invited. | Zey ar not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare su a yanzu.

5. Past Continuous Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + was/were + not + being + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + waz/wər + not + biing + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I was not being invited. | Ai waz not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare ni a lokacin ba.

You | You were not being invited. | Yu wər not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare ka/ki a lokacin ba.

He | He was not being invited. | Hi waz not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare shi a lokacin ba.

She | She was not being invited. | Shi waz not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare ta a lokacin ba.

It | It was not being used. | It waz not biing yuzd | Ba a amfani da shi a lokacin ba.

We | We were not being invited. | Wi wər not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare mu a lokacin ba.

They | They were not being invited. | Zey wər not biing invaitid | Ba a gayyata ta gare su a lokacin ba.

6. Future Continuous Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + will + not + be + being + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + wil + not + bi + biing + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I will not be being invited. | Ai wil not bi biing invaitid | Ba za a kasance ana gayyata ta gare ni ba.

You | You will not be being invited. | Yu wil not bi biing invaitid | Ba za a kasance ana gayyata ta gare ka/ki ba.

He | He will not be being invited. | Hi wil not bi biing invaitid | Ba za a kasance ana gayyata ta gare shi ba.

She | She will not be being invited. | Shi wil not bi biing invaitid | Ba za a kasance ana gayyata ta gare ta ba.

We | We will not be being invited. | Wi wil not bi biing invaitid | Ba za a kasance ana gayyata ta gare mu ba.

They | They will not be being invited. | Zey wil not bi biing invaitid | Ba za a kasance ana gayyata ta gare su ba.

⚠️ Wannan tsarin nahawu daidai ne amma ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba a Turancin yau da kullum. Yawanci ana amfani da wata hanya mafi sauƙi.

7. Present Perfect Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + have/has + not + been + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + hav/haz + not + bin + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I have not been invited. | Ai hav not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace ni ba.

You | You have not been invited. | Yu hav not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace ka/ki ba.

He | He has not been invited. | Hi haz not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace shi ba.

She | She has not been invited. | Shi haz not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace ta ba.

It | It has not been used. | It haz not bin yuzd | Ba a yi amfani da shi ba.

We | We have not been invited. | Wi hav not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace mu ba.

They | They have not been invited. | Zey hav not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace su ba.

have not → haven't — havnt

has not → hasn't — haznt

8. Past Perfect Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + had + not + been + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + had + not + bin + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I had not been invited. | Ai had not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace ni ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

You | You had not been invited. | Yu had not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace ka/ki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

He | He had not been invited. | Hi had not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace shi ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

She | She had not been invited. | Shi had not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace ta ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

We | We had not been invited. | Wi had not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace mu ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

They | They had not been invited. | Zey had not bin invaitid | Ba a gayyace su ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

had not → hadn't — hadnt

9. Future Perfect Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + will + not + have + been + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + wil + not + hav + bin + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I will not have been invited. | Ai wil not hav bin invaitid | Ba za a riga an gayyace ni ba kafin lokacin nan.

You | You will not have been invited. | Yu wil not hav bin invaitid | Ba za a riga an gayyace ka/ki ba kafin lokacin nan.

He | He will not have been invited. | Hi wil not hav bin invaitid | Ba za a riga an gayyace shi ba kafin lokacin nan.

She | She will not have been invited. | Shi wil not hav bin invaitid | Ba za a riga an gayyace ta ba kafin lokacin nan.

We | We will not have been invited. | Wi wil not hav bin invaitid | Ba za a riga an gayyace mu ba kafin lokacin nan.

They | They will not have been invited. | Zey wil not hav bin invaitid | Ba za a riga an gayyace su ba kafin lokacin nan.

10. Present Perfect Continuous Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + have/has + not + been + being + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + hav/haz + not + bin + biing + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I have not been being invited. | Ai hav not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ni ba.

You | You have not been being invited. | Yu hav not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ka/ki ba.

He | He has not been being invited. | Hi haz not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare shi ba.

She | She has not been being invited. | Shi haz not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ta ba.

We | We have not been being invited. | Wi hav not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare mu ba.

They | They have not been being invited. | Zey hav not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare su ba.

⚠️ Wannan tsarin ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba a Turancin yau da kullum.

11. Past Perfect Continuous Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + had + not + been + being + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + had + not + bin + biing + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I had not been being invited. | Ai had not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ni ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

You | You had not been being invited. | Yu had not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ka/ki ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

He | He had not been being invited. | Hi had not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare shi ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

She | She had not been being invited. | Shi had not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ta ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

We | We had not been being invited. | Wi had not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare mu ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

They | They had not been being invited. | Zey had not bin biing invaitid | Ba a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare su ba kafin wani lokaci a baya.

⚠️ Wannan tsarin ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Passive — Negative Form

Tsari

English: Subject + will + not + have + been + being + V3

Furucin tsarin: Sabjek + wil + not + hav + bin + biing + V thri

Pronoun | Example | Furuci | Ma'ana

I | I will not have been being invited. | Ai wil not hav bin biing invaitid | Ba za a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ni ba har zuwa lokacin nan.

You | You will not have been being invited. | Yu wil not hav bin biing invaitid | Ba za a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ka/ki ba har zuwa lokacin nan.

He | He will not have been being invited. | Hi wil not hav bin biing invaitid | Ba za a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare shi ba har zuwa lokacin nan.

She | She will not have been being invited. | Shi wil not hav bin biing invaitid | Ba za a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare ta ba har zuwa lokacin nan.

We | We will not have been being invited. | Wi wil not hav bin biing invaitid | Ba za a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare mu ba har zuwa lokacin nan.

They | They will not have been being invited. | Zey wil not hav bin biing invaitid | Ba za a ci gaba da gayyata ta gare su ba har zuwa lokacin nan.

⚠️ Wannan tsarin yana da matuƙar wuya a amfani da shi; ana fi son amfani da wata hanya mafi sauƙi.

no + noun

Ma'ana | Tsari | Furucin tsarin | Misali | Furuci | Fassara

Suna mai ƙidayuwa a mufuradi | no + singular noun | no + naun | no book | no buk | Babu littafi.

Suna mai ƙidayuwa a jam'i | no + plural noun | no + ploral naun | no books | no buks | Babu littattafai.

Suna marar ƙidayuwa | no + uncountable noun | no + ankauntabl naun | no water | no wota | Babu ruwa.

Bayyana rashin wani abu | there is + no + singular/uncountable noun | deər iz + no + naun | There is no book. | Deər iz no buk | Babu littafi.

Bayyana rashin abubuwa da yawa | there are + no + plural noun | deər ar + no + ploral naun | There are no books. | Deər ar no buks | Babu littattafai.

Bayyana mallaka | have/has + no + noun | hav/haz + no + naun | I have no books. | Ai hav no buks | Ba ni da littattafai.

8- Tambayoyi (Questions)

1 | Simple Present | Do/Does + Subject + V1...? — Du/Daz + Sabjek + V wan? — Do you work? — Du yu wərk? — Kana/kin aiki?

2 | Simple Past | Did + Subject + V1...? — Did + Sabjek + V wan? — Did you work? — Did yu wərk? — Ka/kin yi aiki?

3 | Simple Future | Will + Subject + V1...? — Wil + Sabjek + V wan? — Will you work? — Wil yu wərk? — Za ka/ki yi aiki?

4 | Present Continuous | Am/Is/Are + Subject + V-ing...? — Am/Iz/Ar + Sabjek + V-ing? — Are you working? — Ar yu wərking? — Kana/kin aiki a yanzu?

5 | Past Continuous | Was/Were + Subject + V-ing...? — Waz/Wər + Sabjek + V-ing? — Were you working? — Wər yu wərking? — Kana/kin aiki a lokacin?

6 | Future Continuous | Will + Subject + be + V-ing...? — Wil + Sabjek + bi + V-ing? — Will you be working? — Wil yu bi wərking? — Za ka/ki kasance kana/kina aiki?

7 | Present Perfect | Have/Has + Subject + V3...? — Hav/Haz + Sabjek + V thri? — Have you worked? — Hav yu wərkt? — Ka/kin yi aiki?

8 | Past Perfect | Had + Subject + V3...? — Had + Sabjek + V thri? — Had you worked? — Had yu wərkt? — Ka/kin riga ka/kin gama aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya?

9 | Future Perfect | Will + Subject + have + V3...? — Wil + Sabjek + hav + V thri? — Will you have worked? — Wil yu hav wərkt? — Za ka/ki riga ka/kin gama aiki kafin lokacin nan?

10 | Present Perfect Continuous | Have/Has + Subject + been + V-ing...? — Hav/Haz + Sabjek + bin + V-ing? — Have you been working? — Hav yu bin wərking? — Kana/kin aiki tun wani lokaci da ya wuce?

11 | Past Perfect Continuous | Had + Subject + been + V-ing...? — Had + Sabjek + bin + V-ing? — Had you been working? — Had yu bin wərking? — Kana/kin ta yin aiki kafin wani lokaci a baya?

12 | Future Perfect Continuous | Will + Subject + have + been + V-ing...? — Wil + Sabjek + hav + bin + V-ing? — Will you have been working? — Wil yu hav bin wərking? — Za ka/ki kasance kana/kina aiki na wani lokaci kafin lokacin nan?

Ma'ana | Tsarin Turanci | Furucin tsarin

Tambaya game da abu | What + auxiliary + subject + verb? | Wot + ogzilyəri + sabjek + vərb?

Tambaya game da wanda ya aikata aiki | Who + verb? | Hu + vərb?

Tambaya game da wanda aka yi wa aiki | Who/Whom + auxiliary + subject + verb? | Hu/Hum + ogzilyəri + sabjek + vərb?

Tambaya game da wuri | Where + auxiliary + subject + verb? | Wəər + ogzilyəri + sabjek + vərb?

Tambaya game da lokaci | When + auxiliary + subject + verb? | Wen + ogzilyəri + sabjek + vərb?

Tambaya game da dalili | Why + auxiliary + subject + verb? | Wai + ogzilyəri + sabjek + vərb?

Tambaya game da zaɓi | Which + noun + auxiliary + subject + verb? | Wich + naun + ogzilyəri + sabjek + vərb?

Tambaya game da mallaka | Whose + noun...? | Huz + naun...?

Tambaya game da hanya | How + auxiliary + subject + verb? | Hau + ogzilyəri + sabjek + vərb?

Tambaya game da adadi | How many + plural noun...? | Hau meni + ploral naun...?

Tambaya game da yawan abu marar ƙidayuwa | How much + uncountable noun...? | Hau mach + ankauntabl naun...?

Tambaya game da tsawon lokaci | How long...? | Hau long...?

Tambaya game da yawan faruwa | How often...? | Hau ofən...?

Tambaya game da nisa | How far...? | Hau far...?

Ka'idar tambayoyi ta asali

Yawancin tambayoyin WH suna bin wannan tsari:

WH-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb?

Furuci: Dabal-yu-eych wərd + ogzilyəri + sabjek + mein vərb?

Misali:

Where + do + you + live?

Wəər + du + yu + liv?

= A ina kake/kike zama?

Amma idan WH-word ɗin shi ne subject da kansa, yawanci ba a amfani da do/does/did:

Who works here?

Hu wərks hiər?

= Wane ne yake aiki a nan?

Ga babban bambanci:

Who did you see? → Hu did yu si? → Wa ka/ki gani?

Who saw you? → Hu so yu? → Wa ya gan ka/ki?

8- Karin lokaci, wuri da yadda aiki yake faruwa (Adverbs)

1. Karin bayani na maimaituwa (Adverbs of Frequency)

Nau'i a Hausa | Tsarin gini | Bayanin tsarin a Turanci | Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

Maimaituwa kullum | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | always | olwêiz | kullum

Maimaituwa kusan kullum | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | usually | yujhuwali | yawanci

Maimaituwa bisa al'ada | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | normally | normali | a al'ada

Maimaituwa gabaɗaya | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | generally | jenarali | gabaɗaya

Maimaituwa akai-akai | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | frequently | frikwentli | akai-akai

Maimaituwa sau da yawa | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | often | ofan | sau da yawa

Maimaituwa wani lokaci | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | sometimes | samtaymz | wani lokaci

Maimaituwa lokaci-lokaci | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | occasionally | akeyzhənali | lokaci-lokaci

Maimaituwa da wuya | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | rarely | rerli | da wuya

Maimaituwa ba kasafai ba | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | seldom | seldəm | ba kasafai ba

Rashin maimaituwa | Karin maimaituwa + jimla | Adverb of frequency + sentence | never | never | ko da yaushe ba / ba taɓa ba

Misali:

I always study English.

Ai olwêiz stadi Inglish.

Ina koyon Turanci kullum.

2. Karin bayani na lokaci (Adverbs of Time)

Nau'i a Hausa | Tsarin gini | Bayanin tsarin a Turanci | Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

Lokacin yanzu | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | now | naw | yanzu

Lokacin yanzu | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | currently | karantli | a halin yanzu

Lokacin yanzu | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | presently | prezəntli | a yanzu

Lokacin baya na kusa | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | recently | risəntli | kwanan nan

Lokacin baya | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | yesterday | yesterdey | jiya

Lokacin baya | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | before | bifor | kafin

Lokacin baya | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | previously | priviəsli | a baya

Lokacin baya | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | formerly | formerli | a da

Lokacin da abu ke ci gaba | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | still | stil | har yanzu

Lokacin gaba | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | soon | sun | ba da daɗewa ba

Lokacin gaba | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | later | leyter | daga baya

Lokacin gaba | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | eventually | iventshuəli | a ƙarshe

Lokacin farko | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | early | erli | da wuri

Lokacin baya | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | late | leyit | a makare

Farko | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | first | ferst | na farko

Ƙarshe | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | finally | fainəli | a ƙarshe

Lokacin da wani abu ke faruwa a lokaci guda | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | meanwhile | minwayl | a halin nan

Jerin abubuwa | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | then | then | sannan

Jerin abubuwa | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | afterward | afterwerd | daga baya

Jerin abubuwa | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | afterwards | afterwerdz | daga baya

Jerin abubuwa | Karin lokaci | Time adverb | subsequently | sabsiikwentli | daga baya

3. Karin bayani na abin da ya riga ya faru, ci gaba da maimaituwa

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

already | olredi | tuni

yet | yet | tukuna / har yanzu

still | stil | har yanzu

just | jast | yanzu-yanzu / kawai

ever | ever | a kowane lokaci / taɓa

never | never | ba taɓa ba

once | wans | sau ɗaya

twice | twayis | sau biyu

again | agen | kuma

again and again | agen and agen | sau da yawa

forever | forever | har abada

temporarily | temporerili | na ɗan lokaci

permanently | permanentli | har abada / na dindindin

Misali:

She has already finished.

Shi haz olredi finishta.

Ta riga ta gama.

4. Karin bayani na wuri (Adverbs of Place)

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

here | hir | a nan

there | dher | a can

everywhere | evriwer | ko'ina

somewhere | samwer | wani wuri

anywhere | eniwer | ko'ina / kowane wuri

nowhere | nowher | babu wani wuri

abroad | əbrod | a ƙasashen waje

overseas | oversiiz | a ƙetare teku / a ƙasashen waje

nearby | nirbay | kusa

close | klows | kusa

far | far | nesa

away | əwey | nesa / daga nan

back | bak | baya

forward | forwerd | gaba

backward | bakwerd | baya

indoors | indorz | cikin gida

outdoors | autdorz | a waje

upstairs | apsterz | a bene na sama

downstairs | dawnsterz | a bene na ƙasa

inside | insayd | a ciki

outside | autsayd | a waje

5. Karin bayani na mataki ko ƙarfi (Adverbs of Degree)

Waɗannan kalmomi suna bayyana mataki ko ƙarfin sifa, aiki ko wani karin bayani.

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

very | veri | sosai

really | rili | da gaske / sosai

extremely | ikstrimli | matuƙa

highly | hayli | ƙwarai

absolutely | absəlutli | gabaɗaya / babu shakka

completely | kəmplitli | gabaɗaya

totally | tow tali | gaba ɗaya

entirely | intayərli | gabaɗaya

fully | fuli | cikakke / gabaɗaya

quite | kwayt | sosai / gwargwadon hali

rather | radher | ɗan / fiye da yadda ake tsammani

fairly | ferli | gwargwadon hali

pretty | priti | sosai / ɗan

somewhat | samwhat | ɗan kaɗan

slightly | slaytli | kaɗan

a little | ə litəl | kaɗan

too | tu | fiye da kima

enough | inaf | isasshe

almost | olmowst | kusan

nearly | nirli | kusan

barely | berli | da ƙyar

hardly | hardli | da ƙyar / kusan ba

scarcely | skersli | da ƙyar

deeply | dibli | sosai / ƙwarai

greatly | greytli | ƙwarai

so | sow | sosai / haka

such | sach | irin wannan

a lot | ə lot | da yawa

a bit | ə bit | kaɗan

a little bit | ə litəl bit | ɗan kaɗan

Misali:

The movie is extremely interesting.

Dha muvi iz ikstrimli intresting.

Fim ɗin yana da ban sha'awa matuƙa.

6. Karin bayani na yiwuwar faruwa (Adverbs of Probability)

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

certainly | sertenli | tabbas

definitely | definitli | babu shakka

surely | shurli | tabbas

probably | probəbli | mai yiwuwa sosai

possibly | posəbli | mai yiwuwa

perhaps | perhaps | wataƙila

maybe | meybi | wataƙila

apparently | əparentli | kamar yadda ya bayyana

evidently | evidəntli | a fili yake

clearly | klirli | a sarari

obviously | obviəsli | a bayyane

presumably | prizyuməbli | kamar yadda ake zato

supposedly | səpowzidli | wai / kamar yadda ake faɗa

undoubtedly | andawtidli | ba tare da shakka ba

arguably | argyuəbli | ana iya cewa

likely | laykli | mai yiwuwa

unlikely | anlaykli | ba mai yiwuwa ba

7. Karin bayani da ke nuna ra'ayi ko matsayin mai magana

Waɗannan kalmomi ana amfani da su a matsayin sentence adverbs ko stance adverbs don bayyana ra'ayin mai magana game da jimla.

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

fortunately | forchənətli | abin farin ciki

unfortunately | anforchənətli | abin takaici

luckily | lakili | sa'a ce

sadly | sadli | abin baƙin ciki

honestly | onistli | a gaskiya

frankly | frankli | a fili / gaskiya magana

personally | personəli | a ra'ayina

seriously | siriəsli | da muhimmanci / da gaske

technically | teknikali | ta fuskar fasaha

basically | beysikali | a taƙaice / a asali

generally | jenərali | gabaɗaya

normally | normali | bisa al'ada

naturally | nachərali | a zahiri / a dabi'ance

ideally | aydiali | a yanayin da ya fi dacewa

theoretically | thiyəretikali | a ka'idar nazari

practically | praktikali | a aikace

politically | pəlitikəli | ta fuskar siyasa

economically | ikənomikali | ta fuskar tattalin arziki

personally | personəli | a ra'ayina

surprisingly | sərprayzingli | abin mamaki

strangely | streynjli | cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki

interestingly | intrestingli | abin sha'awa

importantly | importəntli | abu mafi muhimmanci

especially | ispeshiəli | musamman

particularly | partikyələrli | musamman

8. Karin bayani na takaita ko keɓancewa

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

only | ownli | kawai

just | jast | kawai / yanzu-yanzu

even | ivən | har ma

also | olsow | haka kuma

too | tu | haka ma

as well | az wel | haka ma

mainly | meynli | galibi

mostly | mowstli | mafi yawanci

merely | mirli | kawai

simply | simpli | a sauƙaƙe / kawai

particularly | partikyələrli | musamman

especially | ispeshiəli | musamman

exactly | igzaktli | daidai

precisely | prisaysli | da cikakken daidaito

specifically | spesifikli | musamman / a takamaiman hanya

solely | sowlli | kawai

largely | larjli | galibi

even | ivən | har ma

indeed | indid | lallai / hakika

Misali:

Only John knows the answer.

Ownli Jon nowz dhi anser.

John kaɗai ne ya san amsar.

9. Karin bayani na korewa (Negative Adverbs)

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

not | not | ba / ba ... ba

never | never | ba taɓa ba

nowhere | nowher | babu wani wuri

hardly | hardli | da ƙyar / kusan ba

scarcely | skersli | da ƙyar

barely | berli | da ƙyar

rarely | rerli | da wuya

seldom | seldəm | ba kasafai ba

Lura:

not ita ce kalmar da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da korewa.

I do not work.

Ai du not werk.

Ba na aiki.

10. Karin bayani na sakamako da ƙarshe

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

therefore | dherfor | saboda haka

thus | dhəs | saboda haka / ta haka

consequently | konsikwentli | sakamakon haka

accordingly | akordingli | bisa ga haka

hence | hens | saboda haka

otherwise | adharwayz | in ba haka ba

Misali:

He was sick; therefore, he stayed home.

Hi wəz sik; dherfor, hi steyd howm.

Ba shi da lafiya; saboda haka, ya zauna a gida.

11. Karin bayani na ƙari da dangantaka

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

also | olsow | haka kuma

too | tu | haka ma

additionally | ədishənəli | ƙari ga haka

moreover | morowver | ƙari ga haka

furthermore | ferdhərmor | ban da haka

besides | bisaydz | ban da haka

likewise | laykwayz | haka nan

similarly | similərli | haka nan / makamancin haka

12. Karin bayani na kwatantawa da kamanceceniya

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

similarly | similərli | haka nan

likewise | laykwayz | haka nan

equally | ikwəli | daidai

similarly | similərli | ta hanya mai kama da haka

comparatively | kəmperətivli | ta fuskar kwatantawa

relatively | relətivli | gwargwadon kwatantawa

correspondingly | korisp ond ingli | bisa ga abin da ya dace

13. Karin bayani na haɗa tunani da tsara magana

Ana amfani da su wajen haɗa ra'ayoyi da tsara magana.

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

however | hawever | duk da haka / amma

therefore | dherfor | saboda haka

moreover | morowver | ƙari ga haka

furthermore | ferdhərmor | ban da haka

nevertheless | neverdheles | duk da haka

nonetheless | nандhəles | duk da haka

meanwhile | minwayl | a halin nan

instead | insted | maimakon haka

otherwise | adharwayz | in ba haka ba

consequently | konsikwentli | sakamakon haka

subsequently | sabsiikwentli | daga baya

alternatively | olternətivli | a matsayin wani zaɓi

finally | fainəli | a ƙarshe

firstly | ferstli | na farko

secondly | sekəndli | na biyu

thirdly | therdli | na uku

next | nekst | na gaba

then | dhen | sannan

afterward | afterwerd | daga baya

14. Karin bayani na tambaya

Ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomi a tambayoyin WH don tambayar hanya, lokaci, wuri, mataki da maimaituwa.

Kalma | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

how | haw | ta yaya

when | wen | yaushe

where | wer | a ina

why | way | me ya sa

how much | haw mach | nawa / nawa ne adadin

how many | haw meni | nawa

how often | haw ofən | sau nawa

how long | haw long | tsawon wane lokaci

how far | haw far | nisan nawa

how soon | haw sun | yaushe ba da daɗewa ba

how well | haw wel | yaya kyau

how quickly | haw kwikli | da sauri nawa

Misali:

How often do you exercise?

Haw ofən du yu eksersayz?

Sau nawa kake motsa jiki?

15. Karin bayani na yadda ake yin aiki (Adverbs of Manner)

Waɗannan suna bayyana yadda aiki yake faruwa.

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

quickly | kwikli | da sauri

slowly | slowli | a hankali

carefully | kerfəli | a hankali / cikin kulawa

easily | izili | cikin sauƙi

badly | badli | da muni

well | wel | da kyau

clearly | klirli | a sarari

quietly | kwayətli | a hankali ba tare da hayaniya ba

loudly | lawdli | da babbar murya

secretly | sikritli | a ɓoye

openly | ownpənli | a fili

together | təgedher | tare

apart | əpart | dabam-dabam

directly | dayrektli | kai tsaye

indirectly | indirektli | ba kai tsaye ba

deliberately | diliberətli | da gangan

accidentally | aksidentəli | bisa kuskure / ba da gangan ba

carefully | kerfəli | cikin kulawa

successfully | səksesfəli | cikin nasara

differently | difrəntli | ta wata hanya dabam

16. Karin bayani na hasashe da tsammani

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

hopefully | howpfəli | da fatan alheri

presumably | prizyuməbli | bisa zato

supposedly | səpowzidli | kamar yadda ake tsammani

predictably | pridiktəbli | kamar yadda aka yi tsammani

unexpectedly | anikspiktidli | ba zato ba tsammani

inevitably | inevitəbli | babu makawa

eventually | iventshuəli | a ƙarshe

17. Karin bayani na jerin abubuwa

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

first | ferst | na farko

firstly | ferstli | da farko

second | sekənd | na biyu

secondly | sekəndli | na biyu

third | therd | na uku

thirdly | therdli | na uku

next | nekst | na gaba

then | dhen | sannan

finally | fainəli | a ƙarshe

lastly | lastli | a ƙarshe

18. Karin bayani na jaddadawa

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

certainly | sertenli | tabbas

definitely | definitli | babu shakka

indeed | indid | hakika

really | rili | da gaske

truly | truli | da gaske

absolutely | absəlutli | gabaɗaya / tabbas

actually | akchuali | a zahiri

literally | litərəli | a zahiri / ainihin ma'anar kalma

genuinely | jenyuinli | da gaske / na gaskiya

clearly | klirli | a sarari

obviously | obviəsli | a bayyane

surely | shurli | tabbas

right (yana zuwa kafin wasu karin bayani) | rayt | daidai

19. Karin bayani na fayyacewa da ƙarin bayani

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

actually | akchuali | a zahiri

really | rili | da gaske

rather | radher | maimakon haka / ɗan

instead | insted | maimakon haka

specifically | spesifikli | musamman / a takamaiman hanya

precisely | prisaysli | daidai

exactly | igzaktli | daidai

namely | neymli | wato

simply | simpli | a sauƙaƙe

basically | beysikali | a asali

20. Karin bayani na kusantar adadi (Approximation)

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

almost | olmowst | kusan

nearly | nirli | kusan

approximately | əproksimətli | kusan

roughly | rafli | kusan

about | əbawt | kusan / game da

around | ərawnd | kusan / wajen

virtually | verchuəli | kusan / a aikace

practically | praktikali | kusan / a aikace

roughly | rafli | kimanin

21. Karin bayani na keɓancewa

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

only | ownli | kawai

merely | mirli | kawai

solely | sowlli | kawai

exclusively | iksklusivli | na musamman / keɓantacce

otherwise | adharwayz | in ba haka ba

apart | əpart | dabam / banda

22. Karin bayani na cikawa

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

altogether | oltəgedher | gabaɗaya

entirely | intayərli | gabaɗaya

completely | kəmplitli | gabaɗaya

fully | fuli | cikakke

wholly | howlli | gabaɗaya

universally | yunivərsəli | a duk duniya / ga kowa

23. Karin bayani da ke bayyana ra'ayi a jimla (Sentence Adverbs)

Waɗannan kalmomi karin bayani ne na jimla.

Karin bayani | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

actually | akchuali | a zahiri

apparently | əparentli | kamar yadda ya bayyana

certainly | sertenli | tabbas

clearly | klirli | a sarari

definitely | definitli | babu shakka

evidently | evidəntli | a fili yake

fortunately | forchənətli | abin farin ciki

frankly | frankli | a fili / gaskiya magana

generally | jenərali | gabaɗaya

honestly | onistli | a gaskiya

ideally | aydiali | a yanayin da ya fi dacewa

indeed | indid | hakika

naturally | nachərali | a dabi'ance

obviously | obviəsli | a bayyane

personally | personəli | a ra'ayina

perhaps | perhaps | wataƙila

probably | probəbli | mai yiwuwa sosai

seriously | siriəsli | da gaske

surely | shurli | tabbas

surprisingly | sərprayzingli | abin mamaki

theoretically | thiyəretikali | bisa ka'idar nazari

unfortunately | anforchənətli | abin takaici

Nau'i a Hausa | Tsarin gini | Bayanin tsarin a Turanci | Misali | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana

Samuwar karin bayani daga sifa — tsarin asali | Sifa + -ly | Adjective + -ly | quick → quickly | kwik → kwikli | sauri → da sauri

Sifa mai ƙarewa da -y | A cire y, a ƙara -ily | Adjective - y + ily | happy → happily | hapi → hapili | farin ciki → cikin farin ciki

Sifa mai ƙarewa da -le | A cire e, a ƙara -y | Adjective - e + y | gentle → gently | jentəl → jentli | mai laushi → cikin laushi

Sifa mai ƙarewa da -ic | Sifa + -ally | Adjective + -ally | basic → basically | beysik → beysikali | na asali → a asali

Wasu siffofi masu ƙarewa da -ic | Sifa + -ally | Adjective + -ally | dramatic → dramatically | dramətik → dramətikali | mai ban mamaki → cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki

Wasu siffofi masu ƙarewa da -ue | Sifa + -ly | Adjective + -ly | true → truly | tru → truli | gaskiya → da gaske

Sifa mai ƙarewa da -ll | Sifa + -y | Adjective + -y | full → fully | ful → fuli | cikakke → gabaɗaya

Karin bayani mara canji | Kalmar kanta | Same word | fast → fast | fast → fast | da sauri

Karin bayani mara canji | Kalmar kanta | Same word | hard → hard | hard → hard | da ƙarfi / sosai

Karin bayani mara canji | Kalmar kanta | Same word | late → late | leyt → leyt | a makare

Karin bayani mara canji | Kalmar kanta | Same word | early → early | erli → erli | da wuri

Karin bayani na musamman | Siffa ta musamman | Irregular form | good → well | gud → wel | mai kyau → da kyau

Karin bayani da aka samo daga suna | Suna + -ward/-wards | Noun + -ward/-wards | home → homeward | howm → howmwerd | gida → zuwa gida

Karin bayani da aka samo daga suna | Suna + -wise | Noun + -wise | clock → clockwise | klok → klokwayz | agogo → a cikin hanyar da agogo ke bi

Karin bayani mai haɗa kalmomi | Kalma + kalma | Word + word | somehow | samhaw | ta wata hanya

Karin bayani mai haɗa kalmomi | Kalma + kalma | Word + word | everywhere | evriwer | ko'ina

Furuci na karin lokaci | Kalma ko furuci + suna ko harafin dangantaka | Adverbial phrase | in the morning | in dha morning | da safe

9- Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomi (Conjunctions)

. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomi Masu Daidaita Jimloli — Coordinating Conjunctions

Waɗannan haɗaɗɗun kalmomi suna haɗa abubuwa masu matsayi ɗaya a nahawu.

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

and — and — kuma

but — bat — amma

or — or — ko

nor — nor — haka ma ba

for — for — domin / saboda

yet — yet — duk da haka / amma

so — so — saboda haka / don haka

FANBOYS

For — domin

And — kuma

Nor — haka ma ba

But — amma

Or — ko

Yet — duk da haka

So — saboda haka

I was tired, but I worked.

Ai waz taiyard, bat ai warkt.

Na gaji, amma na yi aiki.

2. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomi Masu Ƙarfafa Jimla — Subordinating Conjunctions

Waɗannan haɗaɗɗun kalmomi suna haɗa jimlar dogaro da jimlar asali.

Dalili

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

because — bikoz — saboda

since — sins — tun da / saboda

as — az — domin / tun da

seeing that — siing dhat — ganin cewa

seeing as — siing az — tun da

now that — naw dhat — yanzu da

given that — givin dhat — idan aka yi la'akari da cewa

considering that — konsidering dhat — idan aka yi la'akari da cewa

inasmuch as — inaz mach az — gwargwadon yadda / tun da

insofar as — inso far az — gwargwadon yadda

insomuch as — insomach az — har zuwa inda

in that — in dhat — domin / saboda

I stayed home because I was tired.

Ai steid hom bikoz ai waz taiyard.

Na zauna a gida saboda na gaji.

3. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Sharaɗi

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

if — if — idan

unless — anles — sai dai idan / in ba haka ba

provided — provaidid — da sharadin cewa

provided that — provaidid dhat — da sharadin cewa

providing — provaidin — da sharadin cewa

providing that — provaidin dhat — da sharadin cewa

as long as — az long az — matuƙar

so long as — so long az — matuƙar

on condition that — on kondishan dhat — da sharadin cewa

in case — in keis — idan har / don yin shiri idan

in the event that — in dhi ivent dhat — idan har ya faru cewa

assuming that — asuming dhat — a ɗauka cewa

supposing that — sapozing dhat — idan muka ɗauka cewa

suppose that — sapoz dhat — a ce cewa

given that — givin dhat — idan aka yi la'akari da cewa

granted that — granted dhat — ko da an yarda cewa

granting that — grantin dhat — ko da mun yarda cewa

If you study, you will learn.

If yu stadi, yu wil lern.

Idan ka yi karatu, za ka koya.

4. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Rangwame da Saɓani

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

although — oldhou — ko da yake

though — dhou — ko da yake

even though — iivan dhou — ko da yake

even if — iivan if — ko da kuwa

whereas — weraz — alhali kuwa

while — wail — yayin da / alhali

whilst — wailst — yayin da

albeit — olbiit — ko da yake

much as — mach az — ko da yake sosai

however much — hawever mach — komai yawan

no matter how — no mater haw — ko ta yaya

no matter what — no mater wat — komai abin da

no matter who — no mater hu — ko wanene

no matter where — no mater wer — ko ina

no matter when — no mater wen — ko yaushe

no matter which — no mater wich — ko wanne

Even though he was tired, he continued.

Iivan dhou hii waz taiyard, hii kontinyuud.

Ko da yake ya gaji, ya ci gaba.

5. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Lokaci

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

when — wen — lokacin da

whenever — wenever — duk lokacin da

while — wail — yayin da

whilst — wailst — yayin da

before — bifor — kafin

after — after — bayan

until / till / 'til / 'till — antil / til / til / til — har sai

since — sins — tun daga lokacin da

once — wans — da zarar

as soon as — az suun az — da zarar

as long as — az long az — muddin

so long as — so long az — muddin

by the time — bai dha taim — zuwa lokacin da

every time — evri taim — duk lokacin da

each time — iich taim — kowane lokaci da

the moment — dha moument — a daidai lokacin da

the minute — dha minit — da zarar

the instant — dhi instant — nan take bayan

directly — dairektli — da zarar

immediately — imiidiyatli — nan take

hardly... when — hardli... wen — da kyar... sai

scarcely... when — skersli... wen — da ƙyar... sai

no sooner... than — no suuner... dhan — da zarar... sai

Call me when you arrive.

Kol mii wen yu araiv.

Ka kira ni lokacin da ka isa.

6. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Manufa

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

so that — so dhat — domin / don haka

in order that — in order dhat — domin

lest — lest — don kada

for fear that — for fiir dhat — saboda tsoron cewa

in case — in keis — idan har / don shiri idan

I studied hard so that I could pass.

Ai stadid hard so dhat ai kud paas.

Na yi karatu sosai domin in ci jarabawa.

7. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Sakamako

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

so... that — so... dhat — har ta kai ga cewa

such... that — sach... dhat — irin wannan... har ta kai ga cewa

so that — so dhat — ta yadda / saboda haka

such that — sach dhat — ta yadda

He was so tired that he slept immediately.

Hii waz so taiyard dhat hii slept imiidiyatli.

Ya gaji sosai har ya yi barci nan take.

8. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Kwatantawa

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

than — dhan — fiye da

as... as — az... az — kamar / daidai da

not as... as — not az... az — ba daidai da... ba

as if — az if — kamar dai

as though — az dhou — kamar dai

just as — jast az — daidai kamar

the more... the more — dha mor... dha mor — gwargwadon yadda... haka

the more... the less — dha mor... dha les — gwargwadon yadda ya ƙaru... haka yake raguwa

the less... the more — dha les... dha mor — gwargwadon yadda ya ragu... haka yake ƙaruwa

the less... the less — dha les... dha les — gwargwadon yadda ya ragu... haka yake raguwa

She is taller than I am.

Shii iz toler dhan ai am.

Ta fi ni tsawo.

9. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Yadda Ake Yin Abu da Kamantawa

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

as — az — kamar

as if — az if — kamar dai

as though — az dhou — kamar dai

just as — jast az — daidai kamar

the way — dha wei — yadda

in the way that — in dha wei dhat — ta hanyar da

however — hawever — yadda / ta kowace hanya

however you — hawever yu — yadda ka / yadda kake

He talks as if he knows everything.

Hii toks az if hii nouz evrithing.

Yana magana kamar dai ya san komai.

10. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Zaɓi

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

or — or — ko

either... or — iither... or — ko dai... ko

whether... or — wedher... or — ko... ko

whether... or not — wedher... or not — ko... ko a'a

Either you come or I leave.

Iither yu kam or ai liiv.

Ko dai ka zo, ko kuma in tafi.

11. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomi Masu Alaƙa Biyu

Correlative Conjunctions

Tsari | Furuci | Ma'ana

both... and — bouth... and — duka... da

either... or — iither... or — ko dai... ko

neither... nor — naidher... nor — ba... ba kuma

not only... but also — not ounli... bat olso — ba kawai... har ma

whether... or — wedher... or — ko... ko

whether... or not — wedher... or not — ko... ko a'a

rather... than — radher... dhan — maimakon... fiye da

no sooner... than — no suuner... dhan — da zarar... sai

hardly... when — hardli... wen — da kyar... sai

scarcely... when — skersli... wen — da ƙyar... sai

barely... when — berli... wen — da ƙyar... sai

the more... the more — dha mor... dha mor — gwargwadon yadda... haka

the more... the less — dha mor... dha les — gwargwadon yadda ya ƙaru... haka yake raguwa

the less... the more — dha les... dha mor — gwargwadon yadda ya ragu... haka yake ƙaruwa

the less... the less — dha les... dha les — gwargwadon yadda ya ragu... haka yake raguwa

12. Ƙarin Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomi

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

and — and — kuma

as well as — az wel az — haka kuma / tare da

not to mention — not tu menshan — balle ma

besides — bisaidz — ban da haka

let alone — let aloun — balle ma

much less — mach les — balle ma

to say nothing of — tu sei nathing ov — ba ma maganar

apart from — apart from — ban da / baya ga

aside from — asaid from — ban da / baya ga

Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kalmomi na iya aiki a matsayin jimlolin harafin dangantaka ko wasu tsarin haɗawa, don haka ba duka ake ɗaukar su a matsayin conjunctions kai tsaye ba.

13. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Keɓancewa

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

except that — iksept dhat — sai dai cewa

except when — iksept wen — sai dai lokacin da

except if — iksept if — sai dai idan

save that — seiv dhat — sai dai cewa

but that — bat dhat — sai dai cewa

unless — anles — sai dai idan / in ba haka ba

14. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Zato

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

assuming that — asuming dhat — a ɗauka cewa

supposing that — sapozing dhat — idan aka ɗauka cewa

suppose that — sapoz dhat — a ce cewa

presuming that — prizuming dhat — bisa zato cewa

provided that — provaidid dhat — da sharadin cewa

providing that — provaidin dhat — da sharadin cewa

given that — givin dhat — idan aka yi la'akari da cewa

granting that — grantin dhat — ko da an yarda cewa

granted that — granted dhat — ko da yake an yarda cewa

15. Haɗaɗɗun Kalmomin Zaɓi na Gabaɗaya

Haɗaɗɗiyar Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

whoever — hu-ever — duk wanda

whomever — hum-ever — duk wanda aka yi wa aiki

whatever — wat-ever — duk abin da

whichever — wich-ever — duk wanda / duk wanne

wherever — wer-ever — duk inda

whenever — wen-ever — duk lokacin da

however — hau-ever — ta yaya / ko ta yaya

Whoever comes can enter.

Hu-ever kamz kan enter.

Duk wanda ya zo zai iya shiga.

Whatever you choose is fine.

Wat-ever yu chuuz iz fain.

Duk abin da ka zaɓa ya dace.

16. Tsofaffi da Kalmomin Haɗawa na Adabi

Waɗannan kalmomi har yanzu suna cikin Turanci, amma ba a yawan amfani da su a maganar yau da kullum:

Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

albeit — olbiit — ko da yake

albeit that — olbiit dhat — ko da yake cewa

albeit when — olbiit wen — ko da yake lokacin da

albeit with — olbiit with — ko da yake tare da

insofar as — inso far az — gwargwadon yadda

inasmuch as — inaz mach az — tun da / saboda

insomuch as — insomach az — har zuwa inda

notwithstanding that — notwithstanding dhat — duk da cewa

whereas — weraz — alhali kuwa

whilst — wailst — yayin da

lest — lest — don kada

save that — seiv dhat — sai dai cewa

provided that — provaidid dhat — da sharadin cewa

supposing that — sapozing dhat — idan aka ɗauka cewa

17. Kalmomin da suke kama da Conjunctions amma ba ainihin Conjunctions ba ne

Waɗannan kalmomi suna taimakawa wajen haɗa ra'ayoyi, amma a nahawu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin conjunctive adverbs, ba ainihin haɗaɗɗun kalmomi ba:

Kalma | Furuci | Nau'in Kalma | Ma'ana

however — hawever — conjunctive adverb — duk da haka

therefore — dherfor — conjunctive adverb — saboda haka

moreover — morou-ver — conjunctive adverb — ƙari ga haka

furthermore — ferdhermor — conjunctive adverb — ban da haka

nevertheless — neverdheles — conjunctive adverb — duk da haka

nonetheless — nan-dhe-les — conjunctive adverb — duk da haka

consequently — konsekwentli — conjunctive adverb — sakamakon haka

otherwise — adherwaiz — conjunctive adverb — in ba haka ba

instead — insted — conjunctive adverb — maimakon haka

meanwhile — miinwail — conjunctive adverb — a halin yanzu

thus — dhas — conjunctive adverb — saboda haka / ta wannan hanya

hence — hens — conjunctive adverb — saboda haka / daga nan

Misali:

I was tired; however, I worked.

Ai waz taiyard; hawever, ai warkt.

Na gaji; duk da haka, na yi aiki.

Kalmar however ba ta haɗa jimloli kai tsaye kamar but ba.

Don haka, kada a yi amfani da ita kamar haka:

❌ I was tired, however I worked.

Amfani da ya dace:

✅ I was tired, but I worked.

Ko kuma:

✅ I was tired; however, I worked.

If only — idan da ace / da ma

If only I played — Da ma na yi wasa.

Anyway / Anyways — ko ta yaya / duk da haka

10- Gabatarwa (PREPOSITIONS)

Gabatarwa na asali

Preposition | Furuci | Ma'ana | Cikakken misali | Furucin misali | Fassara

about | abaut | game da | We talked about the problem. | Wi tokt abaut de problem | Mun yi magana game da matsalar.

above | abav | a sama da | The lamp is above the table. | De lamp iz abav de tebul | Fitilar tana saman teburin.

across | akros | ƙetare | We walked across the street. | Wi wokt akros de strit | Mun haye titi.

after | after | bayan | We met after lunch. | Wi met after lanch | Mun haɗu bayan cin abincin rana.

against | agenst | a kan / jingine da | The ladder is against the wall. | De ladder iz agenst de wol | Tsanin yana jingine da bango.

along | along | tare da tsawon | We walked along the river. | Wi wokt along de river | Mun yi tafiya a gefen kogin.

amid | amid | a tsakiyar | He stood amid the crowd. | Hi stud amid de kraud | Ya tsaya a tsakiyar taron jama'a.

among | among | a tsakanin jama'a | She was among friends. | Shi waz among frendz | Tana cikin abokai.

around | araund | kewaye da | We sat around the table. | Wi sat araund de tebul | Mun zauna kewaye da teburin.

at | at | a / wurin | I am at school. | Ai am at skul | Ina makaranta.

before | bifor | kafin | Come before noon. | Kam bifor nun | Ka zo kafin azahar.

behind | bihaind | a bayan | The car is behind the house. | De kar iz bihaind de haus | Motar tana bayan gidan.

below | bilou | ƙasa da | The temperature is below zero. | De temperature iz bilou ziro | Zafin yana ƙasa da sifili.

beneath | binith | ƙarƙashin | The keys are beneath the book. | De kiz ar binith de buk | Makullan suna ƙarƙashin littafin.

beside | bisaid | kusa da / a gefen | Sit beside me. | Sit bisaid mi | Zauna kusa da ni.

besides | bisaidz | ban da / ƙari ga | Besides English, she speaks Arabic. | Bisaidz Ingilish, shi spiks Arabic | Ban da Turanci, tana magana da Larabci.

between | bitwin | tsakanin abubuwa biyu | The shop is between two buildings. | De shop iz bitwin tu bildingz | Shagon yana tsakanin gine-gine biyu.

beyond | biyond | bayan / fiye da iyaka | The village is beyond the mountain. | De vilij iz biyond de maunten | Ƙauyen yana bayan dutsen.

by | bai | ta hanyar / kusa da / kafin | The book was written by her. | De buk waz ritn bai har | Ita ce ta rubuta littafin.

concerning | konsarning | game da | We talked concerning the project. | Wi tokt konsarning de project | Mun yi magana game da aikin.

despite | dispait | duk da | Despite the rain, we went out. | Dispait de rein, wi went aut | Duk da ruwan sama, mun fita.

down | daun | zuwa ƙasa | He walked down the hill. | Hi wokt daun de hil | Ya sauko daga tudu.

during | diuring | a lokacin | I slept during the flight. | Ai slept diuring de flait | Na yi barci a lokacin jirgin.

except | iksept | sai dai / ban da | Everyone came except John. | Evriwan keim iksept Jon | Kowa ya zo ban da John.

for | for | domin / saboda / na tsawon | This gift is for you. | Dis gift iz for yu | Wannan kyautar taka ce.

from | from | daga | I came from Kuwait. | Ai keim from Kuwait | Na zo daga Kuwait.

in | in | a ciki | She is in the room. | Shi iz in de rum | Tana cikin ɗakin.

inside | insaid | a cikin | The keys are inside the bag. | De kiz ar insaid de bag | Makullan suna cikin jakar.

into | intu | zuwa cikin | He went into the room. | Hi went intu de rum | Ya shiga ɗakin.

like | laik | kamar | He runs like a professional. | Hi ranz laik a professional | Yana gudu kamar ƙwararre.

near | niar | kusa da | I live near the school. | Ai liv niar de skul | Ina zaune kusa da makarantar.

of | ov | na / mallakar | The door of the house is open. | De dor ov de haus iz open | Ƙofar gidan a buɗe take.

off | of | daga saman / cirewa | Take your shoes off the table. | Teik yor shuz of de tebul | Cire takalmanka daga kan teburin.

on | on | a kan | The book is on the table. | De buk iz on de tebul | Littafin yana kan teburin.

onto | ontu | zuwa saman | The cat jumped onto the table. | De kat jampt ontu de tebul | Kyanwar ta yi tsalle zuwa saman teburin.

opposite | opozit | kishiyar / a gaban | The bank is opposite the hotel. | De bank iz opozit de hotel | Bankin yana gaban otal ɗin.

out | aut | waje / fita daga | He went out the door. | Hi went aut de dor | Ya fita ta ƙofar.

outside | autsaid | a waje da | They are outside the house. | Dei ar autsaid de haus | Suna wajen gidan.

over | over | sama da / a haye | The plane flew over the city. | De plein flu over de siti | Jirgin sama ya tashi a saman birnin.

past | past | wucewa ta gefen | We walked past the school. | Wi wokt past de skul | Mun wuce ta gaban makarantar.

regarding | rigarding | dangane da | I have a question regarding the plan. | Ai hav a kwestiyon rigarding de plan | Ina da tambaya dangane da shirin.

round | raund | kewaye da | We walked round the park. | Wi wokt raund de park | Mun yi tafiya kewaye da wurin shakatawa.

since | sins | tun daga | I have lived here since 2020. | Ai hav livd hir sins tuzausand twenti | Ina zaune a nan tun daga shekarar 2020.

through | thru | ta cikin / ta hanyar | We walked through the tunnel. | Wi wokt thru de tunel | Mun bi ta cikin ramin hanya.

throughout | thruaut | a duk tsawon | It rained throughout the day. | It reind thruaut de dei | An yi ruwan sama duk tsawon yini.

till | til | har zuwa | Wait till tomorrow. | Weit til tumoro | Jira har zuwa gobe.

to | tu | zuwa | I went to school. | Ai went tu skul | Na je makaranta.

toward | toward | zuwa ga | He walked toward me. | Hi wokt toward mi | Ya yi tafiya zuwa gare ni.

towards | towardz | zuwa ga | She ran towards the door. | Shi ran towardz de dor | Ta yi gudu zuwa ƙofar.

under | ander | ƙarƙashin | The cat is under the table. | De kat iz ander de tebul | Kyanwar tana ƙarƙashin teburin.

underneath | ander-nith | a ƙarƙashin | The bag is underneath the chair. | De bag iz ander-nith de cher | Jakar tana ƙarƙashin kujera.

unlike | anlaik | sabanin | Unlike him, I am quiet. | Anlaik him, ai am kwaiet | Sabanin sa, ni mai shiru ne.

until | antil | har zuwa | Stay here until Friday. | Stei hir antil Fraidei | Ka zauna a nan har zuwa Juma'a.

up | ap | zuwa sama | He walked up the stairs. | Hi wokt ap de sterz | Ya hau matakalar bene.

upon | upon | a kan / bayan | Upon arrival, call me. | Upon araival, kol mi | Da zarar ka iso, kira ni.

via | vaia / via | ta hanyar | We traveled via Dubai. | Wi traveld via Dubai | Mun yi tafiya ta Dubai.

with | widh | tare da / da | I went with my brother. | Ai went widh mai bradhar | Na tafi tare da ɗan'uwana.

within | widin | cikin iyakar lokaci / wuri | Finish it within an hour. | Finish it widin an auar | Ka gama shi cikin awa ɗaya.

without | widhaut | ba tare da | He left without his phone. | Hi left widhaut hiz fon | Ya tafi ba tare da wayarsa ba.

2. Hadaddun prepositions

Waɗannan su ne wasu ƙarin kalmomi da ake amfani da su a matsayin prepositions. Ka koyi kowace magana dabam-dabam.

Furuci | Furucin misali | Ma'ana | Misali | Furuci | Fassara

according to | akording tu | bisa ga | According to the report, sales increased. | Akording tu de report, seilz inkrist | Bisa ga rahoton, tallace-tallace sun ƙaru.

ahead of | ahed ov | gaban / kafin | She arrived ahead of us. | Shi araivd ahed ov as | Ta iso kafin mu.

along with | along widh | tare da | He came along with his brother. | Hi keim along widh hiz bradhar | Ya zo tare da ɗan'uwansa.

apart from | apart from | ban da / ƙari ga | Apart from John, everyone agreed. | Apart from Jon, evriwan agridd | Ban da John, kowa ya yarda.

as for | az for | game da ni / dangane da | As for me, I agree. | Az for mi, ai agri | Ni kuwa, na yarda.

as of | az ov | daga ranar / bisa matsayin | As of Monday, the rule applies. | Az ov Mandei, de rul aplai | Daga ranar Litinin, ƙa'idar za ta fara aiki.

as to | az tu | game da | There is uncertainty as to the cause. | Der iz ansartanti az tu de koz | Akwai rashin tabbas game da dalilin.

because of | bikoz ov | saboda | We stayed home because of the rain. | Wi steid hom bikoz ov de rein | Mun zauna a gida saboda ruwan sama.

by means of | bai minz ov | ta hanyar | We solved it by means of a computer. | Wi solv'd it bai minz ov a kompyuta | Mun warware shi ta amfani da kwamfuta.

by way of | bai wei ov | ta hanyar wucewa | We went by way of London. | Wi went bai wei ov London | Mun tafi ta hanyar London.

close to | klos tu | kusa da | The school is close to my house. | De skul iz klos tu mai haus | Makarantar tana kusa da gidana.

due to | dyu tu | saboda | The flight was delayed due to fog. | De flait waz dileid dyu tu fog | An jinkirta jirgin saboda hazo.

except for | iksept for | ban da | Everyone came except for Mary. | Evriwan keim iksept for Meri | Kowa ya zo ban da Mary.

far from | far from | nesa da / ba ko kusa da | The answer is far from simple. | De anser iz far from simpl | Amsar ba mai sauƙi ba ce ko kaɗan.

in addition to | in adishan tu | ƙari ga | In addition to English, he studies Arabic. | In adishan tu Ingilish, hi stadiz Arabic | Ƙari ga Turanci, yana nazarin Larabci.

in case of | in keis ov | idan akwai / a yanayin | Call me in case of emergency. | Kol mi in keis ov imerjensi | Ka kira ni idan akwai gaggawa.

in front of | in front ov | a gaban | The car is in front of the house. | De kar iz in front ov de haus | Motar tana gaban gidan.

in place of | in pleis ov | a madadin | Use this in place of sugar. | Yuz dis in pleis ov shugar | Yi amfani da wannan a madadin sukari.

in spite of | in spait ov | duk da | In spite of the rain, we left. | In spait ov de rein, wi left | Duk da ruwan sama, mun tafi.

in terms of | in termz ov | ta fuskar / dangane da | In terms of price, it is cheap. | In termz ov prais, it iz chip | Ta fuskar farashi, yana da arha.

instead of | insted ov | maimakon | I drank tea instead of coffee. | Ai drank ti insted ov kofi | Na sha shayi maimakon kofi.

next to | nekst tu | kusa da | Sit next to me. | Sit nekst tu mi | Zauna kusa da ni.

on account of | on akaunt ov | saboda | The match was canceled on account of rain. | De mach waz kanseld on akaunt ov rein | An soke wasan saboda ruwan sama.

on behalf of | on bihaif ov | a madadin | I spoke on behalf of the team. | Ai spok on bihaif ov de tim | Na yi magana a madadin ƙungiyar.

on top of | on top ov | a saman / ƙari ga | The keys are on top of the box. | De kiz ar on top ov de boks | Makullan suna saman akwatin.

out of | aut ov | daga ciki / daga | He walked out of the room. | Hi wokt aut ov de rum | Ya fita daga ɗakin.

owing to | owing tu | saboda | The event was canceled owing to rain. | De event waz kanseld owing tu rein | An soke taron saboda ruwan sama.

prior to | praior tu | kafin | Prior to the meeting, we prepared. | Praior tu de miting, wi priperd | Mun shirya kafin taron.

regardless of | rigardless ov | ba tare da la'akari da | We will continue regardless of the cost. | Wi wil kontin-yu rigardless ov de kost | Za mu ci gaba ba tare da la'akari da kuɗin da za a kashe ba.

thanks to | thanks tu | godiya ga / saboda | Thanks to you, we succeeded. | Thanks tu yu, wi saksidid | Mun yi nasara saboda taimakonka.

together with | tugedher widh | tare da | She came together with her friends. | Shi keim tugedher widh har frendz | Ta zo tare da abokanta.

up to | ap tu | har zuwa | Up to ten people can enter. | Ap tu ten pipol kan enter | Mutane har goma za su iya shiga.

with regard to | widh rigard tu | dangane da | With regard to your question, I agree. | Widh rigard tu yor kwestiyon, ai agri | Dangane da tambayarka, na yarda.

with respect to | widh rispekt tu | dangane da | With respect to this issue, we disagree. | Widh rispekt tu dis ishu, wi disagri | Dangane da wannan batu, ba mu yarda da juna ba.

3. Ƙarin jimlolin prepositions

Furuci | Furucin Latin | Ma'ana

by virtue of | bai vertyu ov | saboda / bisa ikon

by dint of | bai dint ov | ta hanyar ƙoƙari

by reason of | bai rizon ov | saboda

by courtesy of | bai kertesi ov | ta hanyar alherin wani

by order of | bai order ov | bisa umarnin

by reference to | bai referens tu | bisa la'akari da

by means of | bai minz ov | ta hanyar

by way of | bai wei ov | ta hanyar

in accordance with | in akordans widh | bisa ga

in comparison with | in komparisan widh | idan aka kwatanta da

in connection with | in konekshan widh | dangane da

in contrast to | in kontrast tu | sabanin

in exchange for | in ikschenj for | a musayar

in favor of | in feivor ov | don goyon bayan

in lieu of | in liyu ov | a madadin

in relation to | in rileishan tu | dangane da

in response to | in rispons tu | a matsayin amsa ga

in search of | in serch ov | don neman

in view of | in vyu ov | bisa la'akari da

on the basis of | on de basis ov | bisa tushen

on the grounds of | on de graundz ov | bisa dalilin

with a view to | widh a vyu tu | da nufin

with the exception of | widh de iksepshan ov | ban da

with the help of | widh de help ov | da taimakon

with reference to | widh referens tu | dangane da

4. Prepositions na tsoho, na doka da na adabi

Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kalmomi ana samun su musamman a tsohon Turanci, harshen doka, rubuce-rubucen adabi da kuma salon magana na musamman:

Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

abaft | abaft | a bayan / a ɓangaren baya

alongside | alongsaid | a gefen

amidst | amidst | a tsakiyar

amongst | amongst | a tsakanin

astride | astraid | a kan / a haye

athwart | athwort | a haye / a tsallake

atop | atop | a saman

barring | baring | ban da

circa | sirka | kusan / a wajen lokacin

cum | kam | tare da

ere | ir | kafin

notwithstanding | notwithstanding | duk da

per | per | ga kowane / ta hanyar

save | seiv | ban da

vis-à-vis | vi-a-vi | kishiyar / dangane da

worth | werth | darajar / wanda ya cancanci

Misali:

Notwithstanding the difficulties, we continued.

Notwithstanding de difikultiz, wi kontinyud.

Duk da matsalolin, mun ci gaba.

5. Prepositions da ke nuna wuri

Ga yadda ake rarraba su bisa ga ma'anar wurin da suke nunawa:

Dangantaka | Prepositions

Ciki | in, inside, within

Shiga ciki | into

Waje | out, outside

A saman fili | on

Yin tsalle zuwa saman | onto

A sama | above, over, atop, on top of

A ƙarƙashi | under, below, beneath, underneath

A gaba | in front of, before

A baya | behind

A gefe | beside, by, next to, alongside

Tsakanin abubuwa biyu | between

A cikin rukuni | among, amongst

Kusa | near, close to

A kishiyar | opposite, across from

Kewaye | around, round

Ƙetare / ta cikin | across, through

Tare da tsawon | along

Zuwa ga | toward, towards

Nesa da / cirewa daga | away from, off

Wucewa / bayan iyaka | past, beyond

6. Prepositions da ke nuna lokaci

Dangantakar lokaci | Preposition | Misali

Takamaiman lokaci | at | at 5 o'clock

Rana / kwanan wata | on | on Monday

Wata / shekara / tsawon lokaci | in | in 2026

Kafin | before, prior to, ahead of | before lunch

Bayan | after, following | after work

A lokacin | during | during the meeting

Tun daga | since | since Monday

Na tsawon lokaci | for | for two hours

Har zuwa | until, till | until Friday

Daga lokaci zuwa wani lokaci | from … to | from Monday to Friday

Duk tsawon | throughout | throughout the year

Kafin wani wa'adi | by | by Friday

Kafin takamaiman lokaci | by | by 6 p.m.

Cikin wani wa'adi | within | within two hours

Kusan | around, about | around noon

Kusan tsakiyar dare | near | near midnight

7. Prepositions da ke nuna dalili da manufa

Preposition / magana | Furuci | Ma'ana

because of | bikoz ov | saboda

due to | dyu tu | saboda

owing to | owing tu | saboda

on account of | on akaunt ov | saboda

as a result of | az a rizalt ov | sakamakon

thanks to | thanks tu | saboda taimakon

for | for | domin

for the sake of | for de seik ov | domin / saboda

with a view to | widh a vyu tu | da nufin

in order to | in order tu | domin / don yin wani abu

* In order to yawanci yana zuwa kafin aikatau na asali; saboda haka, ana amfani da shi a matsayin tsarin bayyana manufa, ba kamar preposition na yau da kullum ba.

8. Muhimmin ƙa'ida: Preposition + me?

Ƙa'idar asali:

Preposition + noun / pronoun / V-ing

Preposition + suna / wakilin suna / aikatau mai ƙarewa da -ing

Misali:

Preposition + suna

I am in the house.

Ai am in de haus.

Ina cikin gidan.

Preposition + wakilin suna

This gift is for him.

Dis gift iz for him.

Wannan kyautar tasa ce.

Lura:

for him ✅

for he ❌

Bayan preposition, ana amfani da wakilin suna a matsayin abin aikatau, kamar him, her, us, da them.

Preposition + V-ing

She is good at cooking.

Shi iz gud at kuking.

Ta iya girki sosai.

He left without saying goodbye.

Hi left widhaut seying gudbai.

Ya tafi ba tare da ya yi bankwana ba.

9. Bambanci tsakanin prepositions masu kama da juna

Kalma | Babbar ma'ana | Misali

in | a ciki | in the room

into | motsi zuwa ciki | go into the room

on | a saman fili | on the table

onto | motsi zuwa saman | jump onto the table

at | takamaiman wuri | at the station

to | zuwa wani wuri | go to school

by | a gefe / ta hanyar / kafin wa'adi | by the door / by car / by Friday

with | tare da / ta amfani da | with him / with a knife

from | daga | from London

of | dangantaka / mallaka | the door of the house

for | domin / na tsawon lokaci | for you / for two hours

since | daga takamaiman lokacin farawa | since Monday

during | a cikin tsawon wani lokaci | during the meeting

until | har zuwa ƙarshen lokaci | until Friday

between | tsakanin abubuwa biyu | between John and Mary

among | a cikin rukuni | among friends

above | sama da | above the table

over | a sama / a haye | over the bridge

below | ƙasa da | below the line

under | ƙarƙashin | under the table

beside | a gefe | beside me

besides | ƙari ga / ban da | besides English

because of / cause of | saboda | because of rain

despite | duk da | despite the rain

in spite of | duk da | in spite of the rain

aboard | a cikin jirgi / abin hawa | aboard the ship

11- Masu Ƙayyade Suna (DETERMINERS)

Masu Ƙayyade Suna na Asali

Mai ƙayyade suna | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana | Cikakken misali | Furucin misali | Fassara

a | a | Wani abu ko mutum guda wanda ba a fayyace shi ba | I saw a dog. | Ai so a dog | Na ga wani kare.

an | an | Wani abu ko mutum guda wanda ba a fayyace shi ba; ana amfani da shi kafin sautin wasali | She ate an apple. | Shi eit an apel | Ta ci wata tuffa.

the | da/ɗin | Abu ko mutum da aka sani ko aka riga aka ambata | I saw the dog. | Ai so da dog | Na ga karen.

this | dis | Wannan | This book is useful. | Dis buk iz yusful | Wannan littafin yana da amfani.

that | dat | Wancan | That car is expensive. | Dat kar iz ekspensiv | Waccan motar tana da tsada.

these | diiz | Waɗannan | These books are new. | Diiz buks ar nyu | Waɗannan littattafan sababbi ne.

those | douz | Waɗancan | Those houses are old. | Douz hauziz ar old | Waɗancan gidajen tsofaffi ne.

2. Masu Nuna Mallaka

Ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomi kafin suna don nuna wanda abu yake nasa.

Mai ƙayyade suna | Yadda ake furtawa | Ma'ana | Misali

my | mai | Nawa | My book is here.

your | yor | Naka/Naki ko naku | Your car is outside.

his | hiz | Nasa | His house is big.

her | hār | Nata | Her bag is black.

its | its | Nasa/Nata ga dabba ko abu | The dog moved its tail.

our | auar | Namu | Our teacher is kind.

their | deir | Nas u/Nasu | Their house is beautiful.

Misalai

my book = littafina

your car = motarka

his phone = wayarsa

her bag = jakarta

our house = gidanmu

their children = 'ya'yansu

Amma:

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs ba sa zuwa kai tsaye kafin suna. Ana amfani da su su kaɗai don nuna mallaka.

This book is mine.

Dis buk iz main.

Wannan littafin nawa ne.

3. Masu Nuna Abu

Mai ƙayyade suna | Furuci | Adadi | Nisa | Misali

this | dis | Ɗaya | Kusa | this book

that | dat | Ɗaya | Nesa | that book

these | diiz | Da yawa | Kusa | these books

those | douz | Da yawa | Nesa | those books

Dokoki

this + suna ɗaya

this book

dis buk

wannan littafi

these + suna jam'i

these books

diiz buks

waɗannan littattafai

that + suna ɗaya

that car

dat kar

waccan mota

those + suna jam'i

those cars

douz karz

waɗancan motoci

4. Masu Ƙayyade Adadi

Waɗannan kalmomi suna nuna adadin abubuwa ko yawan su.

Mai ƙayyade suna | Furuci | Ma'ana | Misali

some | sam | Wasu/ɗan kaɗan | I bought some books.

any | eni | Wani/ko kaɗan | Do you have any questions?

no | no | Babu/ba ko ɗaya | I have no money.

much | mach | Mai yawa, musamman ga abin da ba a ƙirga | I don't have much time.

many | meni | Da yawa, ga abin da ake ƙirga | She has many books.

little | litil | Kaɗan sosai | I have little time.

a little | a litil | Ɗan kaɗan | I have a little time.

few | fyu | Kaɗan sosai, ga abin da ake ƙirga | Few people came.

a few | a fyu | Wasu kaɗan | I have a few questions.

enough | inaf | Isasshe | We have enough food.

more | mor | Ƙari | I need more water.

less | les | Ƙasa da yawa | I need less sugar.

fewer | fyu-er | Ƙarancin adadi | We need fewer chairs.

all | ol | Duka/dukansu | All students passed.

both | bouth | Dukansu biyu | Both students passed.

half | haf | Rabin | Half the class left.

most | moust | Mafi yawansu | Most people agreed.

enough | inaf | Isasshe | We have enough money.

5. Masu Ƙayyade Lambobi

Lambobi suna iya bayyana kafin suna don nuna adadinsa kai tsaye.

Manyan Lambobi na Asali

Lamba | Furuci | Misali

one | wan | one book

two | tuu | two books

three | thrii | three books

four | for | four books

five | faiv | five books

six | siks | six books

seven | sevan | seven books

eight | eit | eight books

nine | nain | nine books

ten | ten | ten books

hundred | handrad | a hundred books

thousand | thauzand | a thousand books

million | milyan | a million people

billion | bilyan | a billion dollars

Lambobi na iya zuwa kafin masu ƙayyade adadi ko kuma kafin suna kai tsaye, gwargwadon tsarin jimla.

6. Masu Ƙayyade Rarrabawa

Waɗannan kalmomi suna nuna mutane ko abubuwa ɗaya bayan ɗaya, ko zaɓi daga cikin rukuni.

Mai ƙayyade suna | Furuci | Ma'ana | Misali

each | iich | Kowanne ɗaya-ɗaya | Each student has a book.

every | evri | Kowanne/duk | Every student passed.

either | ii-dar/ai-dar | Ko ɗaya daga cikin biyu | Either answer is acceptable.

neither | nai-dar | Babu ko ɗaya daga cikin biyu | Neither answer is correct.

Bambanci

each

Each student received a book.

Iich studant risiivd a buk.

Kowane ɗalibi ya karɓi littafi.

A nan ana mai da hankali ga kowane mutum ɗaya-ɗaya.

every

Every student received a book.

Evri studant risiivd a buk.

Kowane ɗalibi ya karɓi littafi.

A nan ana mai da hankali ga dukkan rukunin gaba ɗaya.

7. Masu Ƙayyade Tambaya

Ana amfani da su wajen yin tambaya game da suna.

Mai ƙayyade suna | Furuci | Ma'ana | Misali

what | wat | Wane/menene | What book do you want?

which | wich | Wanne | Which book do you want?

whose | huuz | Na wa/mallakar wa | Whose book is this?

what kind of | wat kaind ov | Wane irin | What kind of car do you want?

which kind of | wich kaind ov | Wane irin | Which kind of food do you prefer?

Misalai

Which book do you want?

Wich buk du yu want?

Wane littafi kake so?

Whose car is this?

Huuz kar iz dis?

Wace mota ce wannan, ko motar wa ce?

8. Masu Ƙayyade Suna Marasa Takamaiman Abu

Waɗannan suna magana game da mutane ko abubuwan da ba a fayyace su ba.

Mai ƙayyade suna | Furuci | Ma'ana

a | a | Wani/ɗaya wanda ba a fayyace ba

an | an | Wani/ɗaya wanda ba a fayyace ba

some | sam | Wasu/ɗan kaɗan

any | eni | Ko wani/ko kaɗan

no | no | Babu/ba ko ɗaya

another | anadar | Wani kuma/ɗaya dabam

other | adar | Wasu/wasu dabam

such | sach | Irin wannan/irin wancan

9. another da other

Waɗannan kalmomi suna kama da juna, amma ana amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

another

another + suna mai ƙirguwa a mufuradi

I need another book.

Ai niid anadar buk.

Ina buƙatar wani littafi kuma.

other

other + suna a jam'i

I need other books.

Ai niid adar buks.

Ina buƙatar wasu littattafai dabam.

the other

The other book is mine.

Di adar buk iz main.

Wancan sauran littafin nawa ne.

the other + jam'i

The other books are mine.

Di adar buks ar main.

Sauran littattafan nawa ne.

10. Masu Ƙayyade Ƙarfafawa da Kamantawa

such

such + a/an + sifa + suna ɗaya

She is such a nice person.

Shi iz sach a nais parsən.

Ita mutum ce mai kirki sosai.

Da suna a jam'i:

such people

Sach piipl

Irin waɗannan mutane.

Tare da suna marar ƙirguwa:

such good advice

Sach gud advais

Irin wannan shawara mai kyau.

11. Masu Ƙayyade Adadi Masu Faɗi

Mai ƙayyade suna | Furuci | Ma'ana | Misali

all | ol | Duka | all students

both | bouth | Dukansu biyu | both books

each | iich | Kowanne ɗaya-ɗaya | each student

every | evri | Kowanne/duk | every student

either | ii-dar | Ko ɗaya daga cikin biyu | either book

neither | nai-dar | Babu ko ɗaya daga cikin biyu | neither book

enough | inaf | Isasshe | enough food

much | mach | Yawa, ga abin da ba a ƙirga | much water

many | meni | Da yawa, ga abin da ake ƙirga | many books

most | moust | Mafi yawansu | most people

more | mor | Ƙari | more time

less | les | Ƙarancin yawa | less water

fewer | fyu-er | Ƙarancin adadi | fewer people

half | haf | Rabi | half the money

plenty of | plenti ov | Da yawa/isasshe | plenty of food

a lot of | a lot ov | Da yawa | a lot of people

lots of | lots ov | Da yawa | lots of books

12. Kalmomin Adadi da Ake Amfani da Su Kafin Suna

Akwai kalmomi da yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su don bayyana yawan suna.

Kalma ko furuci | Furuci | Ma'ana

a lot of | a lot ov | Da yawa

lots of | lots ov | Da yawa

plenty of | plenti ov | Da yawa/isasshe

a number of | a nambar ov | Wasu adadi

a great number of | a greit nambar ov | Adadi mai yawa

a large number of | a larj nambar ov | Adadi mai yawa

a small number of | a smol nambar ov | Ƙaramin adadi

a great deal of | a greit diil ov | Yawa sosai, musamman ga abin da ba a ƙirga

a large amount of | a larj amaunt ov | Babban adadi na abu marar ƙirguwa

a small amount of | a smol amaunt ov | Ƙaramin adadi na abu marar ƙirguwa

a majority of | a majōriti ov | Mafi rinjaye

a minority of | a mainoriti ov | Ƙaramin ɓangare

a pair of | a peər ov | Guda biyu da suka zama ma'aurata ko ƙungiya

a couple of | a kapəl ov | Biyu ko kaɗan

a range of | a reinj ov | Jerin abubuwa daban-daban

a variety of | a vairaiəti ov | Nau'o'i daban-daban

a series of | a siiriz ov | Jerin abubuwa

a set of | a set ov | Saiti ko rukuni

a group of | a gruup ov | Ƙungiyar wasu abubuwa ko mutane

a number of | a nambar ov | Wasu adadi

Misali:

A lot of students study English.

A lot ov studants stadi Inglish.

Dalibai da yawa suna koyon Turanci.

13. Masu Ƙayyade Rabo da Guntu

Kalma ko furuci | Furuci | Ma'ana

half | haf | Rabi

a half | a haf | Rabin abu

quarter | kwortar | Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu

a quarter | a kwortar | Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu

third | thard | Kashi ɗaya cikin uku

a third | a thard | Kashi ɗaya cikin uku

two-thirds | tuu-thardz | Kashi biyu cikin uku

three-quarters | thrii-kwortarz | Kashi uku cikin huɗu

part of | part ov | Wani ɓangare na

most of | moust ov | Mafi yawancin

some of | sam ov | Wasu daga cikin

all of | ol ov | Dukkan

none of | nan ov | Babu ko ɗaya daga cikin

Misalai:

Half the students left.

Haf da studants left.

Rabin ɗaliban sun tafi.

Most of the students passed.

Moust ov da studants past.

Mafi yawan ɗaliban sun ci jarabawar.

14. none da neither

none

Ana amfani da none tare da rukuni wanda zai iya ƙunsar fiye da mutane ko abubuwa biyu.

None of the students came.

Nan ov da studants keim.

Babu ko ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban da ya zo.

neither

Ana amfani da neither idan ana magana game da mutane ko abubuwa biyu.

Neither student came.

Nai-dar studant keim.

Babu ko ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban biyu da ya zo.

either

Yana nufin ko ɗaya daga cikin mutane ko abubuwa biyu.

Either student can help you.

Ii-dar studant kan help yu.

Kowane ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban biyu zai iya taimaka maka.

15. Masu Ƙayyade Suna na Korewa

Mai ƙayyade suna | Furuci | Ma'ana | Misali

no | no | Babu/ba ko ɗaya | no money

neither | nai-dar | Babu ko ɗaya daga cikin biyu | neither student

no other | no adar | Babu wani daban | no other option

not a | not a | Ba ko ɗaya ba | not a single person

not any | not eni | Babu ko ɗaya | not any books

Misali:

No student was absent.

No studant woz absant.

Babu ɗalibin da bai halarta ba.

16. Kalmomi Masu Aiki Kamar Masu Ƙayyade Suna, Amma Ba Kullum Ba

Wasu kalmomi na iya aiki a matsayin masu ƙayyade suna gwargwadon mahallinsu da yadda aka yi amfani da su.

Kalma | Furuci | Misalin amfani da ita a matsayin mai ƙayyade suna

certain | sartən | certain people = wasu takamaiman mutane

certain | sartən | a certain person = wani mutum takamaimai

particular | partikyular | a particular reason = wani takamaiman dalili

specific | spesifik | a specific case = wani takamaiman lamari

given | givən | given circumstances = yanayin da aka ambata

same | seim | the same person = mutum ɗaya da aka ambata

next | nekst | next week = mako mai zuwa

last | last | last year = shekarar da ta gabata

previous | priivias | previous examples = misalan da suka gabata

following | folowing | the following day = ranar da ta biyo baya

certain | sartən | certain circumstances = wasu takamaiman yanayi

various | vairias | various reasons = dalilai daban-daban

numerous | nyuumaras | numerous examples = misalai masu yawa

countless | kauntlas | countless possibilities = dama marasa adadi

different | difrənt | different ideas = ra'ayoyi daban-daban

same | seim | the same answer = amsa ɗaya

17. Kalmomi Kamar next da last

Waɗannan kalmomi na iya samun ma'ana daban dangane da ko an sanya the a gabansu.

next week

I will travel next week.

Ai wil travəl nekst wiik.

Zan yi tafiya mako mai zuwa.

the next week

Ana amfani da wannan furuci don nuni ga makon da ya biyo bayan wani lokaci da aka riga aka ambata.

The next week was very busy.

Da nekst wiik woz veri bizi.

Makon da ya biyo baya ya kasance mai yawan ayyuka sosai.

Irin wannan bambanci:

last year = shekarar da ta gabata

the last year = shekarar ƙarshe ko shekarar da ta fi kusa da ƙarshen wani lokaci

18. Haɗaɗɗun Masu Ƙayyade Suna Masu Nuna Rarrabawa

Kalma ko furuci | Furuci | Ma'ana

each and every | iich and evri | Kowane ɗaya ba tare da barin ko ɗaya ba

every single | evri singəl | Kowane ɗaya tak

each individual | iich individjual | Kowane mutum daban-daban

any given | eni givən | Duk wani takamaimai

a certain | a sartən | Wani takamaimai

one particular | wan partikyular | Ɗaya takamaimai

the whole | da houl | Dukkan abu

the entire | di intair | Gaba ɗaya

the total | da toutəl | Jimillar gaba ɗaya

Misalai:

Every single student passed.

Evri singəl studant past.

Kowane ɗalibi ya ci jarabawar.

The entire class left.

Di intair klas left.

Dukkan ajin sun tafi.

19. whole da entire

Dukansu suna da ma'anar cikakke ko gaba ɗaya.

the whole + suna

I read the whole book.

Ai red da houl buk.

Na karanta littafin gaba ɗaya.

the entire + suna

I read the entire book.

Ai red di intair buk.

Na karanta littafin gaba ɗaya.

20. Masu Ƙayyade Suna Masu Nuna Mallaka da Sunaye

Ana amfani da sifar mallaka ta sunaye kamar haka:

Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana

John's | Jonz | Na John

Mary's | Meriz | Na Mary

the man's | da manz | Na mutumin

the students' | da studants | Na ɗaliban

Misali:

John's car is new.

Jonz kar iz nyu.

Motar John sabuwa ce.

A nan, John's yana nuna mallakar motar.

21. Tsarin Masu Ƙayyade Suna

Yawanci ana sanya masu ƙayyade suna a wani tsari kafin suna.

Misali:

the three old books

Da thrii old buks

Littattafai uku tsofaffi.

Ba daidai ba:

❌ three the books

Tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi:

Mai ƙayyade suna na asali + lamba/mai nuna adadi + sifa + suna

Misali:

the two beautiful houses

Da tuu byuutiful hauziz

Gidaje biyu masu kyau.

22. Shin Za a Iya Amfani da Masu Ƙayyade Suna Biyu Tare?

Wani lokaci eh, amma ba za a iya haɗa dukkan masu ƙayyade suna ba.

❌ a the book

Ba a cewa:

❌ a the book

❌ this my book

A Turanci, ba a haɗa a da the kai tsaye, kuma ba a haɗa this da my ta wannan hanya.

Maimakon haka, a ce:

this book of mine

Dis buk ov main

Wannan littafin nawa ne.

Amma akwai wasu tsare-tsare da suke daidai, kamar:

all my books

Ol mai buks

Dukkan littattafaina.

Tsari:

all + my + books

Kuma:

both my parents

Bouth mai perənts

Iyayena duka biyu.

Kuma:

half the money

Haf da mani

Rabin kuɗin.

23. Masu Ƙayyade Suna da Sunaye Masu Ƙirguwa da Marasa Ƙirguwa

Suna mai ƙirguwa a mufuradi

Ana iya amfani da:

a/an, the, this, that, my, each, every, either, neither, another

Misalai:

a book

A buk

Wani littafi

this book

Dis buk

Wannan littafi

every book

Evri buk

Kowane littafi

Suna mai ƙirguwa a jam'i

Ana iya amfani da:

the, these, those, my, some, any, many, few, several, both, all, most, more, fewer

Misali:

many books

Meni buks

Littattafai da yawa.

Suna marar ƙirguwa

Ana iya amfani da:

the, this, that, my, some, any, much, little, a little, enough, more, less, all, most

Misali:

much water

Mach wota

Ruwa mai yawa.

24. several

several yana nufin wasu da dama, amma ba adadi mai yawa sosai ba.

Several students came.

Sevərəl studants keim.

Wasu ɗalibai da dama sun zo.

Ma'anarsa kusan ita ce:

Fiye da biyu, amma ba lallai adadin ya yi yawa sosai ba.

25. certain / various / numerous

Kalma | Furuci | Ma'ana | Misali

certain | sartən | Wasu/takamaimai | certain people

various | vairias | Daban-daban | various reasons

numerous | nyuumaras | Da yawa | numerous examples

countless | kauntlas | Marasa adadi | countless opportunities

several | sevərəl | Da dama | several books

different | difrənt | Daban-daban | different ideas

12- Jimlolin Sharaɗi (IF CONDITIONALS)

Nau'i | Tsarin nahawu | Yadda ake furta tsarin | Lokaci/ma'ana

Sharaɗi na sifili | If + simple present, simple present | If + present, present | Gaskiya ta gaba ɗaya ko al'ada

Sharaɗi na farko | If + simple present, will + V1 | If + present, will + V1 | Abin da zai iya faruwa a nan gaba

Sharaɗi na biyu | If + simple past, would + V1 | If + past, would + V1 | Zato game da yanzu ko nan gaba

Sharaɗi na uku | If + past perfect, would have + V3 | If + past perfect, would have + V3 | Abin da ba a yi ba ko bai faru ba a baya

Sharaɗi gauraye na farko | If + past perfect, would + V1 | If + past perfect, would + V1 | Abin da ya faru a baya yana da sakamako a yanzu

Sharaɗi gauraye na biyu | If + simple past, would have + V3 | If + past, would have + V3 | Halin yanzu yana shafar sakamakon da aka yi zato game da baya

Nau'i | Tsari | Furucin tsari | Misali | Furucin misali | Ma'ana

Would Simple | would + V1 | would + V1 | I would eat. | Ai wud iit | Da na ci abinci.

Would Continuous | would be + V-ing | would be + V-ing | I would be eating. | Ai wud bii iiting | Da ina cin abinci.

Would Perfect | would have + V3 | would have + V3 | I would have eaten. | Ai wud hav iitən | Da na riga na ci abinci.

Would Perfect Continuous | would have been + V-ing | would have been + V-ing | I would have been eating. | Ai wud hav bin iiting | Da na kasance ina ta cin abinci.

Tare da dukkan wakilan suna

Wakilin suna | Would + V1 | Would be + V-ing | Would have + V3 | Would have been + V-ing

I | I would eat. | I would be eating. | I would have eaten. | I would have been eating.

You | You would eat. | You would be eating. | You would have eaten. | You would have been eating.

He | He would eat. | He would be eating. | He would have eaten. | He would have been eating.

She | She would eat. | She would be eating. | She would have eaten. | She would have been eating.

It | It would eat. | It would be eating. | It would have eaten. | It would have been eating.

We | We would eat. | We would be eating. | We would have eaten. | We would have been eating.

They | They would eat. | They would be eating. | They would have eaten. | They would have been eating.

Dukkan Siffofin Korewa na Would – Active Voice

Nau'i | Tsarin nahawu | Furucin tsari | Misali | Furucin misali | Ma'ana

Simple Conditional | would not + V1 | wud not + V1 | I would not eat. | Ai wud not iit | Da ba zan ci abinci ba.

Continuous Conditional | would not be + V-ing | wud not bii + V-ing | I would not be eating. | Ai wud not bii iiting | Da ba zan kasance ina cin abinci ba.

Perfect Conditional | would not have + V3 | wud not hav + V3 | I would not have eaten. | Ai wud not hav iitən | Da ban ci abinci ba.

Perfect Continuous Conditional | would not have been + V-ing | wud not hav bin + V-ing | I would not have been eating. | Ai wud not hav bin iiting | Da ban kasance ina ta cin abinci ba.

Dukkan wakilan suna

Wakilin suna | Would not + V1 | Would not be + V-ing | Would not have + V3 | Would not have been + V-ing

I | I would not eat. | I would not be eating. | I would not have eaten. | I would not have been eating.

You | You would not eat. | You would not be eating. | You would not have eaten. | You would not have been eating.

He | He would not eat. | He would not be eating. | He would not have eaten. | He would not have been eating.

She | She would not eat. | She would not be eating. | She would not have eaten. | She would not have been eating.

It | It would not eat. | It would not be eating. | It would not have eaten. | It would not have been eating.

We | We would not eat. | We would not be eating. | We would not have eaten. | We would not have been eating.

They | They would not eat. | They would not be eating. | They would not have eaten. | They would not have been eating.

Gajerun Siffofi

Cikakken tsari | Gajeren tsari | Furuci

would not + V1 | wouldn't + V1 | wudnt + V1

would not be + V-ing | wouldn't be + V-ing | wudnt bii + V-ing

would not have + V3 | wouldn't have + V3 | wudnt hav + V3

would not have been + V-ing | wouldn't have been + V-ing | wudnt hav bin + V-ing

Dukkan Siffofin Would Passive

Nau'i | Tsarin nahawu | Furucin tsari | Misali | Furucin misali | Ma'ana

Simple Passive | would be + V3 | wud bii + V3 | The book would be read. | Da buk wud bii red | Da za a karanta littafin.

Continuous Passive | would be being + V3 | wud bii biiing + V3 | The book would be being read. | Da buk wud bii biiing red | Da ana kasancewa ana karanta littafin.

Perfect Passive | would have been + V3 | wud hav bin + V3 | The book would have been read. | Da buk wud hav bin red | Da an riga an karanta littafin.

Perfect Continuous Passive | would have been being + V3 | wud hav bin biiing + V3 | The book would have been being read. | Da buk wud hav bin biiing red | Da an kasance ana ci gaba da karanta littafin.

Tare da dukkan wakilan suna

Wakilin suna | Would Passive Simple | Would Passive Continuous | Would Passive Perfect | Would Passive Perfect Continuous

I | I would be seen. | I would be being seen. | I would have been seen. | I would have been being seen.

You | You would be seen. | You would be being seen. | You would have been seen. | You would have been being seen.

He | He would be seen. | He would be being seen. | He would have been seen. | He would have been being seen.

She | She would be seen. | She would be being seen. | She would have been seen. | She would have been being seen.

It | It would be seen. | It would be being seen. | It would have been seen. | It would have been being seen.

We | We would be seen. | We would be being seen. | We would have been seen. | We would have been being seen.

They | They would be seen. | They would be being seen. | They would have been seen. | They would have been being seen.

Siffofin Korewa — Would Passive Negative

Nau'i | Tsarin nahawu | Misali | Furucin misali | Ma'ana

Simple Passive | would not be + V3 | The book would not be read. | Da buk wud not bii red | Da ba za a karanta littafin ba.

Continuous Passive | would not be being + V3 | The book would not be being read. | Da buk wud not bii biiing red | Da ba a kasance ana karanta littafin ba.

Perfect Passive | would not have been + V3 | The book would not have been read. | Da buk wud not hav bin red | Da ba a riga an karanta littafin ba.

Perfect Continuous Passive | would not have been being + V3 | The book would not have been being read. | Da buk wud not hav bin biiing red | Da ba a kasance ana ci gaba da karanta littafin ba.

Manyan Kalmomi na Sharaɗi

Kalma ko furuci | Furucin Turanci | Ma'ana | Amfani

if | if | Idan | Alamar sharaɗi ta asali

if not | if not | Idan ba haka ba | Nuna sharaɗin korewa

unless | anles | Sai dai idan/idan ba | Yawanci yana nufin if... not

when | wen | Lokacin da/idan | Sharaɗi da ake tsammani ko abu mai maimaituwa

whenever | wen-ever | Duk lokacin da | Sharaɗi mai maimaituwa

even if | iivən if | Ko da kuwa | Sharaɗin da ba ya canza sakamako

only if | ounli if | Sai idan | Sharaɗi mai muhimmanci

if and only if | if and ounli if | Idan kuma idan kawai | Sharaɗin da yake wajibi kuma ya isa

as long as | az long az | Matukar dai | Sharaɗi

so long as | sou long az | Matukar dai | Kamar as long as

provided that | provaidid dat | Da sharadin cewa | Sharaɗi na musamman

providing that | provaidin dat | Da sharadin cewa | Sharaɗi

on condition that | on kondishən dat | Bisa sharadin cewa | Sharaɗi na musamman

in case | in keis | Idan akwai yiwuwar | Ana amfani da shi wajen nuna kariya ko shirin abin da zai iya faruwa

in the event that | in di ivent dat | Idan har ya faru cewa | Sharaɗi na musamman

assuming that | asuuming dat | Idan muka ɗauka cewa | Zato

supposing that | sapouzing dat | A ce cewa | Zato

suppose | sapouz | A ce/idan har | Gabatar da zato

what if | wat if | Me zai faru idan...? | Tambaya game da yiwuwar abu

if only | if ounli | Da ace/ina ma dai | Nuna buri ko nadama

even though | iivən dou | Duk da cewa | Nuna sabani ko bambanci, ba lallai sharaɗi ba

whether | wedar | Ko | Nuna zaɓi ko rashin tabbas

when — lokacin da

only when — sai lokacin da

13- Kwatantawa da Matsayin Mafi Girma (COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE)

Kwatanci gajere Sifa + -er + than sifa + ar + dan taller than taller than

Mafi girma gajere the + sifa + -est da + sifa + est the tallest the tallest

Kwatanci mai tsawo more + sifa + than mor + sifa + dan more beautiful than more beautiful than

Mafi girma mai tsawo the most + sifa da most + sifa the most beautiful the most beautiful

Kwatanci na ƙasa less + sifa + than les + sifa + dan less expensive than less expensive than

Mafi ƙarancin mataki the least + sifa da list + sifa the least expensive the least expensive

Daidaito as + sifa + as as + sifa + as as tall as as tall as

Rashin daidaito not as + sifa + as not as + sifa + as not as tall as not as tall as

Kwatanci Sifa + as sifa + as tall as tall as

Rashin daidaito not + sifa + as not + sifa + as not tall as not tall as

Kwatanci mai ƙarfi much/far/a lot + kwatanci mach/far/a lot + kwatanci much better much better

Kwatanci mai rauni a little/slightly + kwatanci a litil/slaitli + kwatanci slightly better slightly better

Ƙaruwa a hankali kwatanci + and + kwatanci kwatanci + and + kwatanci bigger and bigger bigger and bigger

Kwatanci mai alaƙa the + kwatanci, the + kwatanci da + kwatanci, da + kwatanci the more, the better the more, the better

Mafi girma a rukuni the + mafi girma + in/of da + mafi girma + in/of the best in the class the best in the class

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau one of the + mafi girma + jam'in suna wan of da + mafi girma + jam'in suna one of the best students one of the best students

Mafi kyau da nisa by far + the + mafi girma bai far + da + mafi girma by far the best by far the best

Kwatanta ayyuka aikatau + more/less aikatau + mor/les work more work more

Kwatanta sunaye masu ƙirguwa more/fewer + jam'in suna mor/fiyu + jam'in suna more books / fewer books more books / fewer books

Kwatanta sunaye marasa ƙirguwa more/less + suna marar ƙirguwa mor/les + suna marar ƙirguwa more water / less water more water / less water

Kwatanta kuɗi more/less + suna mor/les + suna more money more money

Kwatanta adadi more/fewer + jam'in suna mor/fiyu + jam'in suna more people more people

Ninki biyu na abu marar ƙirguwa twice as much as tuwais as mach as twice as much money twice as much money

Ninki biyu na abu mai ƙirguwa twice as many as tuwais as meni as twice as many books twice as many books

I am as tall as him — Ina da tsayi daidai da nasa.

Yaushe ake amfani da -er, kuma yaushe ake amfani da more?

Wannan ƙa'ida tana da muhimmanci sosai.

Yanayi Abin da ake amfani da shi Misali Yadda ake furtawa Ma'ana

Sifa gajere, yawanci mai harafi guda ɗaya -er taller taller mafi tsayi fiye da

Sifa gajere, yawanci mai harafi guda ɗaya -er smaller smaller mafi ƙarami fiye da

Sifa da ta ƙare da -y -er, a canza y zuwa i happier happier mafi farin ciki

Sifa da ta ƙare da -e -r larger larger mafi girma

Sifa mai tsawo, yawanci mai haruffa biyu ko fiye more mor more beautiful more beautiful mafi kyau

Sifa mai tsawo more mor more expensive more expensive mafi tsada

Sifa mai tsawo more mor more interesting more interesting mafi ban sha'awa

15- Jimlolin Siffantawa (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

Nau'i Kalma ko tsarin da ake amfani da shi Tsarin furuci Misali Yadda ake furta misalin Fassara

Relative clause mai ƙayyadewa who / whom / whose / which / that / where / when / why hu / hum / huz / wich / dat / wer / wen / wai The man who lives here is my teacher. The man who lives here is my teacher. Namijin da yake zaune a nan shi ne malamaina.

Relative clause mara ƙayyadewa who / whom / whose / which / where / when hu / hum / huz / wich / wer / wen My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor. Ɗan'uwana, wanda yake zaune a Landan, likita ne.

Relative clause mai aikin aikatau who/which/that + aikatau hu/wich/dat + aikatau The woman who works here is friendly. The woman who works here is friendly. Matar da take aiki a nan tana da kirki.

Relative clause mai matsayin object who/whom/which/that + jigo + aikatau hu/hum/wich/dat + jigo + aikatau The man whom I met was kind. The man whom I met was kind. Namijin da na haɗu da shi yana da kirki.

Relative clause da aka rage suna + jigo + aikatau suna + jigo + aikatau The book I bought is interesting. The book I bought is interesting. Littafin da na saya yana da ban sha'awa.

Relative clause mai nuna mallaka whose + suna huz + suna The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. The girl whose father is a doctor is my friend. Yarinyar da mahaifinta likita ne abokiyata ce.

Relative clause mai nuna wuri where + jimla wer + jimla This is the house where I grew up. This is the house where I grew up. Wannan ita ce gidan da na taso a cikinsa.

Relative clause mai nuna lokaci when + jimla wen + jimla I remember the day when we met. I remember the day when we met. Ina tuna ranar da muka haɗu.

Relative clause mai nuna dalili why + jimla wai + jimla I know the reason why he left. I know the reason why he left. Na san dalilin da ya sa ya tafi.

Relative clause mai preposition preposition + whom/which preposition + hum/wich The person to whom I spoke was helpful. The person to whom I spoke was helpful. Mutumin da na yi magana da shi ya taimaka.

Relative clause gajere mai V-ing suna + V-ing suna + vi ing The man standing there is my brother. The man standing there is my brother. Namijin da yake tsaye a can ɗan'uwana ne.

Relative clause gajere mai V3 suna + V3 suna + vi thiri The documents signed yesterday are important. The documents signed yesterday are important. Takardun da aka sa wa hannu jiya suna da muhimmanci.

Relative clause mai infinitive suna + to + V1 suna + tu + vi wan She was the first person to arrive. She was the first person to arrive. Ita ce mutum ta farko da ta iso.

Relative clause mai haɗa kalmomi whoever / whatever / whichever / wherever / whenever / however hu-ever / wot-ever / wich-ever / wer-ever / wen-ever / hau-ever Take whatever you want. Take whatever you want. Ɗauki duk abin da kake so.

Relative clause mai bayyana sakamako , which + jimla , wich + jimla He missed the bus, which made him late. He missed the bus, which made him late. Ya rasa motar bas, kuma hakan ya sa ya makara.

Relative clause mai aiki a matsayin suna what / whatever / whoever / whichever wot / wot-ever / hu-ever / wich-ever I know what you mean. I know what you mean. Na san abin da kake nufi.

Relative clause mai cikin wani relative clause relative clause inside a relative clause relative clause inside a relative clause The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. The man who lives in the house that I bought is my neighbor. Namijin da yake zaune a gidan da na saya maƙwabcina ne.

16- Zancen Kai Tsaye da Zancen Da Aka Ruwaito (REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH)

Nau'i Tsari Yadda ake furta tsarin Misalin zancen kai tsaye Zancen da aka ruwaito Fassara

Tabbatacciyar jimla said (that) + jimla sed (dat) + jimla He said, “I am tired.” He said (that) he was tired. Ya ce yana gajiye.

Jimla mara tabbas said (that) + jigo + not + aikatau sed (dat) + jigo + not + aikatau He said, “I am not tired.” He said that he was not tired. Ya ce ba ya gajiye.

Tambayar eh/ a'a asked if/whether + jimla askt if/weder + jimla He asked, “Are you ready?” He asked if I was ready. Ya tambaya ko na shirya.

Tambayar neman bayani asked + kalmar tambaya + jimla askt + kalmar tambaya + jimla He asked, “Where do you live?” He asked where I lived. Ya tambayi inda nake zama.

Umarni tabbatacce told + object + to + V1 told + object + tu + vi wan He said, “Open the door.” He told me to open the door. Ya gaya mini in buɗe ƙofar.

Umarni mara tabbas told + object + not to + V1 told + object + not tu + vi wan He said, “Do not open the door.” He told me not to open the door. Ya gaya mini kada in buɗe ƙofar.

Roƙo asked + object + to + V1 askt + object + tu + vi wan She said, “Please help me.” She asked me to help her. Ta roƙe ni in taimaka mata.

Roƙo mara tabbas asked + object + not to + V1 askt + object + not tu + vi wan She said, “Please don't leave.” She asked me not to leave. Ta roƙe ni kada in tafi.

Shawara advised + object + to + V1 ad-vaizd + object + tu + vi wan He said, “Study harder.” He advised me to study harder. Ya ba ni shawarar in ƙara himma wajen karatu.

Shawara mara tabbas advised + object + not to + V1 ad-vaizd + object + not tu + vi wan He said, “Don't drive fast.” He advised me not to drive fast. Ya ba ni shawarar kada in tuƙa da sauri.

Shawarwarin yin wani abu suggested + V-ing saj-jested + vi ing He said, “Let's go.” He suggested going. Ya ba da shawarar tafiya.

Shawara ta amfani da that suggested that + jigo + should + V1 saj-jested dat + jigo + shud + vi wan He said, “Let's go.” He suggested that we should go. Ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata mu tafi.

Alƙawari promised + to + V1 promist + tu + vi wan He said, “I will help you.” He promised to help me. Ya yi alƙawarin taimaka mini.

Ƙin yarda refused + to + V1 rifyuzd + tu + vi wan He said, “I won't go.” He refused to go. Ya ƙi tafiya.

Bayar da taimako offered + to + V1 oferd + tu + vi wan He said, “I will help you.” He offered to help me. Ya bayar da taimakon sa mini.

Gargaɗi warned + object + to + V1 wornd + object + tu + vi wan He said, “Be careful.” He warned me to be careful. Ya gargaɗe ni in yi hankali.

Gargaɗi mara tabbas warned + object + not to + V1 wornd + object + not tu + vi wan He said, “Don't touch it.” He warned me not to touch it. Ya gargaɗe ni kada in taɓa shi.

Neman afuwa apologized for + V-ing apoloj aizd for + vi ing He said, “I'm sorry I lied.” He apologized for lying. Ya nemi afuwa saboda ƙarya.

Yarda da laifi admitted + V-ing ad-mitid + vi ing He said, “I broke it.” He admitted breaking it. Ya amince cewa ya karya shi.

Musanta laifi denied + V-ing di-naid + vi ing He said, “I didn't break it.” He denied breaking it. Ya musanta cewa ya karya shi.

Zargi accused + object + of + V-ing a-kyuzd + object + of + vi ing He said, “You stole it.” He accused me of stealing it. Ya zarge ni da satar shi.

La'anta ko ɗora laifi blamed + object + for + V-ing bleimd + object + for + vi ing He said, “You caused the problem.” He blamed me for causing the problem. Ya ɗora mini laifin haifar da matsalar.

Taya murna congratulated + object + on + V-ing/noun kongratchuleited + object + on + vi ing/suna He said, “Congratulations!” He congratulated me on winning. Ya taya ni murnar nasara.

Canza lokutan nahawu a Reported Speech

Lokacin da aka mayar da zancen kai tsaye zuwa zancen da aka ruwaito, sau da yawa ana yin backshift, wato mayar da lokacin aiki zuwa baya.

Zancen kai tsaye Zancen da aka ruwaito Yadda ake furtawa

Present Simple Past Simple Past Simple

Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past Simple Past Perfect Past Perfect

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect

will + V1 would + V1 wud + vi wan

will be + V-ing would be + V-ing wud bi + vi ing

will have + V3 would have + V3 wud hav + vi thiri

can + V1 could + V1 kud + vi wan

may + V1 might + V1 mait + vi wan

must + V1 had to + V1 had tu + vi wan

3. Misalai na Backshift

Zancen kai tsaye Zancen da aka ruwaito Fassara

He said, “I work here.” He said that he worked there. Ya ce yana aiki a can.

He said, “I am working.” He said that he was working. Ya ce yana aiki.

He said, “I have finished.” He said that he had finished. Ya ce ya riga ya gama.

He said, “I finished.” He said that he had finished. Ya ce ya riga ya gama.

He said, “I was sleeping.” He said that he had been sleeping. Ya ce yana barci.

He said, “I will come.” He said that he would come. Ya ce zai zo.

He said, “I can swim.” He said that he could swim. Ya ce yana iya yin iyo.

He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come. Ya ce wataƙila zai zo.

4. Canza Wakilan Suna

Zancen kai tsaye Zancen da aka ruwaito

I he / she

me him / her

my his / her

mine his / hers

we they

us them

our their

ours theirs

you I / we / he / she / they — ya danganta da mahallin magana

your my / our / his / her / their — ya danganta da mahallin magana

Misali:

Direct: She said, “I love my house.”

Reported: She said that she loved her house.

Furuci: She said that she loved her house.

Fassara: Ta ce tana son gidanta.

5. Canza Kalmomin Lokaci da Wuri

Zancen kai tsaye Zancen da aka ruwaito

now then

today that day

tonight that night

yesterday the day before / the previous day

tomorrow the next day / the following day

last week the previous week

next week the following week

ago before

here there

this that

these those

17- Infinitives da Sunayen Ayyuka (INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS)

Nau'i Kalmar nahawun Ingilishi Furuci Tsari Yadda ake furta tsarin Ma'ana/Amfani

Infinitive mai to to-infinitive to-infinitive to + V1 tu + vi wan ana yin wani abu

Infinitive marar to bare infinitive bare infinitive V1 vi wan asalin aikatau ba tare da to ba

Aikatau mai -ing da ke aiki a matsayin suna gerund gerund V-ing vi ing aiki ko yin wani abu

Perfect infinitive perfect infinitive perfect infinitive to have + V3 tu hav + vi thiri ya riga ya aikata wani abu

Continuous infinitive continuous infinitive continuous infinitive to be + V-ing tu bi + vi ing kasancewa ana yin wani abu

Perfect continuous infinitive perfect continuous infinitive perfect continuous infinitive to have been + V-ing tu hav bin + vi ing kasancewa an daɗe ana yin wani abu

Passive infinitive passive infinitive passive infinitive to be + V3 tu bi + vi thiri abin da za a yi ko abin da ake yi wa wani abu

Perfect passive infinitive perfect passive infinitive perfect passive infinitive to have been + V3 tu hav bin + vi thiri abin da aka riga aka yi wa wani abu

# Nau'i Tsari Yadda ake furta tsarin Misali Furucin misali Fassara

1 Sifa + aikatau mai -ing jigo + be + sifa + V-ing jigo + bi + sifa + vi ing I am happy seeing you. I am happy seeing you. Ina farin ciki da ganinka.

2 Sifa + infinitive mai to jigo + be + sifa + to + V1 jigo + bi + sifa + tu + vi wan I am happy to see you. I am happy to see you. Ina farin cikin ganinka.

3>Aikatau + infinitive mai to jigo + plan + to + V1 jigo + plan + tu + vi wan I plan to eat. I plan to eat. Na shirya cin abinci.

4 Aikatau + V-ing jigo + plan + V-ing jigo + plan + vi ing I plan eating. I plan eating. Na shirya cin abinci, amma wannan tsarin ba shi ne mafi yawanci ko mafi na halitta ba.

5>Aikatau na gani + object + V1 jigo + see + object + V1 jigo + si + object + vi wan I see him run. I see him run. Na gan shi yana gudu.

6 Aikatau na gani + object + V-ing jigo + see + object + V-ing jigo + si + object + vi ing I see him running. I see him running. Na gan shi yana cikin gudu.

7>Manufa + infinitive mai to jigo + aikatau + to + V1 jigo + aikatau + tu + vi wan I eat to play. I eat to play. Ina cin abinci domin in yi wasa.

8 Manufa + in order to jigo + aikatau + in order to + V1 jigo + aikatau + in order tu + vi wan I eat in order to play. I eat in order to play. Ina cin abinci ne domin in yi wasa.

18- Yanayin Subjunctive (SUBJUNCTIVE)

Nau'i Tsari Yadda ake furta tsarin Misali Furucin misali Fassara

1 Present Subjunctive jigo + that + base verb V1 jigo + dat + beis verb vi wan I suggest that he go. I suggest that he go. Ina ba da shawarar ya tafi.

2 Negative Present Subjunctive jigo + that + not + base verb V1 jigo + dat + not + beis verb vi wan I suggest that he not go. I suggest that he not go. Ina ba da shawarar kada ya tafi.

3 Be Subjunctive jigo + that + be + sifa/suna jigo + dat + bi + sifa/suna It is important that he be ready. It is important that he be ready. Yana da muhimmanci ya kasance a shirye.

4 After demand/recommendation jigo + that + jigo + V1 jigo + dat + jigo + vi wan They demanded that she leave. They demanded that she leave. Sun buƙaci ta tafi.

5 After insist jigo + that + jigo + V1 jigo + dat + jigo + vi wan I insist that he stay. I insist that he stay. Na dage cewa ya zauna.

6 After require jigo + that + jigo + V1 jigo + dat + jigo + vi wan The law requires that everyone be present. The law requires that everyone be present. Doka ta buƙaci kowa ya kasance a wurin.

7 Were Subjunctive If + jigo + were + ... if + jigo + wer + ... If I were you, I would wait. If I were you, I would wait. Da a ce ni ne kai, da na jira.

8 Wish + were jigo + wish + jigo + were + ... jigo + wish + jigo + wer + ... I wish I were taller. I wish I were taller. Da ma ina da tsayi fiye da haka.

9 Formal hypothetical inversion Were + jigo + ... wer + jigo + ... Were I you, I would wait. Were I you, I would wait. Da a ce ni ne kai, da na jira.

10 Fixed/formal expression God/Heaven + V1 God/Heven + vi wan God save the King. God save the King. Allah Ya tsare Sarki.

19- Tambayoyin Tag (TAG QUESTIONS)

Nau'i Tsari Furucin tsarin Misali cikakke Furucin misali Fassara

Tag Question — tabbatacce jimla tabbatacciya + auxiliary mara tabbas + jigo? jimla tabbatacciya + ogziliari mara tabbas + jigo? You are ready, aren't you? You are ready, aren't you? Ka shirya, ko ba haka ba?

Tag Question — mara tabbas jimla mara tabbas + auxiliary tabbatacce + jigo? jimla mara tabbas + ogziliari tabbatacce + jigo? You aren't ready, are you? You aren't ready, are you? Ba ka shirya ba, ko?

Present Simple jimla + don't/doesn't + jigo? jimla + dont/dazent + jigo? She works here, doesn't she? She works here, doesn't she? Tana aiki a nan, ko ba haka ba?

Past Simple jimla + didn't/did + jigo? jimla + didnt/did + jigo? You saw him, didn't you? You saw him, didn't you? Ka gan shi, ko ba haka ba?

Be jimla + isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + jigo? jimla + izent/arent/wozent/werent + jigo? He is here, isn't he? He is here, isn't he? Yana nan, ko ba haka ba?

Present Continuous jimla + isn't/aren't + jigo? jimla + izent/arent + jigo? She is working, isn't she? She is working, isn't she? Tana aiki, ko ba haka ba?

Present Perfect jimla + hasn't/haven't + jigo? jimla + hazent/havent + jigo? They have finished, haven't they? They have finished, haven't they? Sun gama, ko ba haka ba?

Past Perfect jimla + hadn't + jigo? jimla + hadent + jigo? He had left, hadn't he? He had left, hadn't he? Ya riga ya tafi, ko ba haka ba?

Future — will jimla + won't + jigo? jimla + wont + jigo? You will come, won't you? You will come, won't you? Za ka zo, ko ba haka ba?

Modal jimla + modal negative + jigo? jimla + modal negative + jigo? He can swim, can't he? He can swim, can't he? Yana iya yin iyo, ko ba haka ba?

Let's Let's + V1, shall we? Lets + vi wan, shal wi? Let's go, shall we? Let's go, shall we? Bari mu tafi, ko?

Imperative V1 + will you? vi wan + wil yu? Open the door, will you? Open the door, will you? Buɗe ƙofar, don Allah.

Negative Question — Present Simple Don't/Doesn't + jigo + V1? Dont/Dazent + jigo + vi wan? Don't you like coffee? Don't you like coffee? Ba ka son kofi ne?

Negative Question — Past Simple Didn't + jigo + V1? Didnt + jigo + vi wan? Didn't you see him? Didn't you see him? Ba ka gan shi ba ne?

Negative Question — Be Isn't/Aren't/Wasn't/Weren't + jigo...? Izent/Arent/Wozent/Werent + jigo...? Isn't he ready? Isn't he ready? Shin bai shirya ba?

Negative Question — Continuous Isn't/Aren't + jigo + V-ing? Izent/Arent + jigo + vi ing? Isn't she working? Isn't she working? Shin ba ta aiki ne?

Negative Question — Perfect Haven't/Hasn't + jigo + V3? Havent/Hazent + jigo + vi thiri? Haven't you finished? Haven't you finished? Ba ka gama ba ne?

Negative Question — Future Won't + jigo + V1? Wont + jigo + vi wan? Won't you come with us? Won't you come with us? Ba za ka zo tare da mu ba ne?

Negative Question — Modal modal negative + jigo + V1? modal negative + jigo + vi wan? Can't you help me? Can't you help me? Ba za ka iya taimaka mini ba ne?

Full Negative Question auxiliary + jigo + not + V1...? ogziliari + jigo + not + vi wan...? Do you not know? Do you not know? Shin ba ka sani ba?

I am — Tag I am + ..., aren't I? Ai am + ..., arent ai? I am right, aren't I? I am right, aren't I? Na yi daidai, ko ba haka ba?

Ƙa'idoji na asali

Ƙa'ida Misali

Jimla tabbatacciya → tag mara tabbas You like it, don't you?

Jimla mara tabbas → tag tabbatacce You don't like it, do you?

Negative Question = tambaya mara tabbas Don't you like it?

Tag Question = jimla + gajeriyar tambaya a ƙarshe You like it, don't you?

Idan jimla tana da auxiliary, yi amfani da shi a cikin tag She is working, isn't she?

Idan babu auxiliary a Present/Past Simple, yi amfani da do/does/did He works, doesn't he?

A cikin Negative Question, amfani da babban aikatau a sigar V1 bayan do/does/did. Daidai: Didn't you go? Ba daidai ba: Didn't you went?

Amsa da Yes/No tana bin ainihin gaskiyar amsar Don't you like coffee? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

20- Kalmomin Modal (MODAL WORDS)

Modal Pronunciation Ma'anar asali Misali Pronunciation na misali Fassara

can kan iya / zai iya I can swim. Ai kan swim. Zan iya yin iyo.

could kud ya iya / zai iya a baya / yiwuwa I could swim when I was five. Ai kud swim wen ai waz faiv. Na iya yin iyo lokacin da nake ɗan shekara biyar.

may mei yiwuwa / ana iya It may rain. It mei rein. Yiwuwa a yi ruwan sama.

might mait yiwuwa, amma ba tabbas ba It might rain. It mait rein. Wataƙila a yi ruwan sama.

must mast dole ne / wajibi ne You must leave. Yu mast liv. Dole ne ka tafi.

shall shal za a / ya kamata / shin...? Shall we go? Shal wi go? Shin za mu tafi?

should shud ya kamata You should rest. Yu shud rest. Ya kamata ka huta.

will wil za / zai I will help you. Ai wil help yu. Zan taimake ka.

would wud za a cikin yanayin sharaɗi / zai kasance I would help you. Ai wud help yu. Zan taimake ka idan...

ought to ot tu ya kamata You ought to study. Yu ot tu stadi. Ya kamata ka yi karatu.

Ka'ida

Central modal verbs yawanci suna zuwa kafin V1:

modal + V1

Misali:

She can speak English.

Shi kan spik Ingilishi.

Tana iya magana da Turanci.

Ba daidai ba:

❌ She can speaks.

2. Ma'anoni da ayyukan Modal

Aiki Modal words / expressions Ma'ana

Ability — Iya aiki can, could, be able to iya

Possibility — Yiwuwar faruwa can, could, may, might, might possibly yiwuwa / wataƙila

Permission — Izini can, could, may, might ana iya / izini

Request — Buƙata can, could, will, would, may za ka iya...? / don Allah...?

Advice — Shawara should, ought to, had better ya kamata / ya fi kyau

Obligation — Wajibi must, have to, have got to, need to dole ne

Necessity — Larura must, have to, need to dole ne / larura

Prohibition — Haramci must not, cannot/can't, may not ba a yarda ba / bai kamata ba

Expectation — Abin da ake tsammani should, ought to, be supposed to ana tsammani / ya kamata

Prediction — Hasashe will, shall, should, ought to za a / ana tsammani

Willingness — Yarda da son rai will, would son rai / yarda

Refusal — Ƙin yarda will not, won't, would not, wouldn't ƙin yarda / ba zai yi ba

Habit — Al'ada would, will yakan yi / yana yi akai-akai

Hypothetical — Yanayin zato would, could, might da zai yiwu / idan...

Deduction — Yanke hukunci daga hujja must, can't, couldn't, may, might lallai / ba zai yiwu ba / wataƙila

Regret — Nadama should have, ought to have, could have, would have da ya kamata / da zai iya

Past possibility may have, might have, could have wataƙila ya faru a baya

Past deduction must have, can't have, couldn't have lallai ya faru / ba zai yiwu ya faru ba

3. Semi-Modals — Kalmomin da suke kama da Modal

Waɗannan ba central modal verbs ba ne, amma suna yin ayyuka masu kama da na modal.

Modal expression Pronunciation Ma'ana Misali Pronunciation na misali Fassara

have to hav tu dole ne I have to go. Ai hav tu go. Dole ne in tafi.

has to haz tu dole ne She has to work. Shi haz tu work. Dole ne ta yi aiki.

had to had tu dole ne a baya I had to leave. Ai had tu liv. Ya zama dole in tafi.

have got to hav gat tu dole ne I have got to go. Ai hav gat tu go. Dole ne in tafi.

has got to haz gat tu dole ne He has got to leave. Hi haz gat tu liv. Dole ne ya tafi.

had better had beter ya fi kyau You had better go. Yu had beter go. Ya fi kyau ka tafi.

be able to bi eibul tu iya yin wani abu She is able to swim. Shi iz eibul tu swim. Tana iya yin iyo.

be unable to bi an-eibul tu rashin iya yin wani abu He is unable to walk. Hi iz an-eibul tu wok. Ba ya iya tafiya da ƙafafunsa.

be allowed to bi alaud tu an ba da izini We are allowed to leave. Wi ar alaud tu liv. An ba mu izinin tafiya.

be permitted to bi permitted tu an ba da izini You are permitted to enter. Yu ar permitted tu enter. An ba ka izinin shiga.

be supposed to bi sapozd tu ya kamata / ana sa ran You are supposed to wait. Yu ar sapozd tu weit. Ya kamata ka jira.

be required to bi rikwaierd tu ana buƙatar You are required to sign. Yu ar rikwaierd tu sain. Ana buƙatar ka sanya hannu.

be expected to bi ikspektid tu ana sa ran They are expected to arrive. Dhei ar ikspektid tu araiv. Ana sa ran za su iso.

be willing to bi wiling tu kasancewa a shirye I am willing to help. Ai am wiling tu help. Na yarda in taimaka.

be unwilling to bi an-wiling tu rashin son yin wani abu He is unwilling to cooperate. Hi iz an-wiling tu kouopereit. Ba ya son yin haɗin gwiwa.

be likely to bi laikli tu mai yiwuwa She is likely to win. Shi iz laikli tu win. Wataƙila ta yi nasara.

be unlikely to bi an-laikli tu ba shi da yiwuwa sosai He is unlikely to come. Hi iz an-laikli tu kam. Ba a tsammanin zai zo.

4. Need — Mai kama da Modal

Ana amfani da need ta hanyoyi biyu.

Modal need

Need I go?

Nid ai go?

Shin dole ne in tafi?

You needn't worry.

Yu nidnt wari.

Ba ka buƙatar damuwa.

Main verb need

I need to go.

Ai nid tu go.

Ina buƙatar tafiya.

Tsari Pronunciation Ma'ana

need nid buƙata / ya kamata

needn't nidnt ba buƙata

need to nid tu buƙatar yin wani abu

don't need to dount nid tu ba buƙatar yin wani abu

didn't need to didnt nid tu ba a buƙaci yin wani abu a baya ba

5. Dare — Mai kama da Modal

Dare yana iya aiki a matsayin babban fi'ili ko fi'ili mai kama da modal.

Dare I ask?

Der ai ask?

Shin zan iya yin tambayar?

How dare you!

Hau der yu!

Yaya ka yi ƙarfin halin yin haka!

Tsari Pronunciation Ma'ana

dare der ƙalubalantar tsoro / yin ƙarfin hali

daren't dernt ba ya da ƙarfin hali

dare not der not ba zai kuskura ba

don't dare dount der kar ka kuskura

6. Used to — Al'adar da ta kasance a baya

Used to ba central modal ba ne, amma tsari ne mai kama da modal.

I used to live there.

Ai yust tu liv dher.

A da ina zama a can.

Ma'ana:

used to + V1

= al'ada ko yanayin da ya kasance a baya, amma yanzu ya canza.

7. Be going to

Ana amfani da shi wajen magana game da shirin nan gaba ko hasashen da yake da hujja.

I am going to study.

Ai am going tu stadi.

Zan yi karatu.

It is going to rain.

It iz going tu rein.

Ana sa ran za a yi ruwan sama.

8. Modal expressions na yiwuwa

Waɗannan ba modal verbs ba ne, amma kalmomi ne da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana yiwuwa.

Bayani Pronunciation Ma'ana

perhaps perhaps wataƙila

maybe meibi wataƙila

possibly posibli yiwuwa / mai yiwuwa

probably probabli mai yiwuwa sosai

likely laikli mai yiwuwa

unlikely an-laikli ba mai yiwuwa sosai ba

certainly sertanli lallai

definitely definitli lallai / babu shakka

surely shurli lallai / tabbas

apparently aparentli kamar yadda ake gani

presumably prizumabli ana iya zato

conceivably kansivabli mai yiwuwa a zato

arguably argyuabli ana iya cewa

necessarily neseserili lallai / dole

not necessarily not neseserili ba lallai ba ne

Misali:

She will probably come.

Shi wil probably kam.

Wataƙila za ta zo.

9. Expressions of necessity — Kalmomin Larura

Bayani Pronunciation Ma'ana

must mast dole ne

have to hav tu dole ne

have got to hav gat tu dole ne

need to nid tu buƙatar yin wani abu / dole ne

be required to bi rikwaierd tu ana buƙata

be obliged to bi ablaijd tu an wajabta wa mutum

be compelled to bi kampeld tu an tilasta wa mutum

be forced to bi forst tu an tilasta wa mutum

be necessary to bi neseseri tu ya zama dole

be essential to bi isenshal tu yana da matuƙar muhimmanci

10. Expressions of advice — Kalmomin Shawara

Bayani Pronunciation Ma'ana

should shud ya kamata

ought to ot tu ya kamata

had better had beter ya fi kyau

might want to mait wont tu wataƙila za ka so / ya fi kyau ka

could kud za ka iya / wataƙila ya fi kyau

be advised to bi advaizd tu ana ba da shawarar

it would be wise to it wud bi waiz tu zai dace a yi

it would be better to it wud bi beter tu zai fi kyau a yi

Misali:

You might want to check again.

Yu mait wont tu chek agen.

Wataƙila ya fi kyau ka sake dubawa.

11. Expressions of permission — Kalmomin Izini

Bayani Pronunciation Ma'ana

can kan ana iya

could kud za a iya? / shin za ka iya?

may mei an ba da izini / ana iya

might mait ana iya amfani da shi wajen neman izini cikin ladabi sosai

be allowed to bi alaud tu an ba da izini

be permitted to bi permitted tu an ba da izini

be authorized to bi othoraizd tu an ba da izinin hukuma

be entitled to bi entaitld tu ana da haƙƙin

12. Expressions of ability — Kalmomin Iya Aiki

Bayani Pronunciation Ma'ana

can kan iya

could kud ya iya a baya

be able to bi eibul tu iya yin wani abu

be capable of bi keipabul av kasancewa mai iya yin wani abu

manage to manij tu samun nasarar yin wani abu

succeed in saksid in nasarar yin wani abu

Misali:

She was able to solve the problem.

Shi waz eibul tu solv dha problem.

Ta iya warware matsalar.

13. Expressions of expectation

Bayani Pronunciation Ma'ana

should shud ana tsammanin ya kamata

ought to ot tu ya kamata

be supposed to bi sapozd tu ya kamata / ana sa ran

be expected to bi ikspektid tu ana sa ran

be due to bi dyu tu an tsara cewa zai faru

be scheduled to bi skejuld tu an tsara lokacin da zai faru

Misali:

The train is due to arrive at six.

Dha trein iz dyu tu araiv at siks.

An tsara jirgin ƙasa ya iso da ƙarfe shida.

14. Expressions of willingness

Bayani Pronunciation Ma'ana

will wil za / yana son yin wani abu

would wud zai yi / zai yarda

be willing to bi wiling tu kasancewa a shirye don yin wani abu

be happy to bi hapi tu kasancewa cikin farin cikin yin wani abu

be prepared to bi priperd tu kasancewa a shirye

be ready to bi redi tu kasancewa a shirye

15. Expressions of refusal

Bayani Pronunciation Ma'ana

will not / won't wil not / wont ba zai yi ba / ya ƙi

would not / wouldn't wud not / wudnt ba zai yi ba / ya ƙi

refuse to rifyuz tu ƙin yin wani abu

decline to diklain tu ƙin yarda / ƙin amincewa

be unwilling to bi an-wiling tu rashin son yin wani abu

16. Past Modal Constructions

Waɗannan tsare-tsaren modal suna magana game da abubuwan da suka shafi baya.

Tsari Pronunciation Ma'ana

could have + V3 kud hav + V3 da zai iya yin hakan

may have + V3 mei hav + V3 wataƙila ya faru

might have + V3 mait hav + V3 wataƙila ya faru

must have + V3 mast hav + V3 lallai ya faru

can't have + V3 kan't hav + V3 ba zai yiwu ya faru ba

couldn't have + V3 kudnt hav + V3 ba zai yiwu ya faru ba

should have + V3 shud hav + V3 ya kamata ya yi hakan a baya

ought to have + V3 ot tu hav + V3 ya kamata ya yi hakan a baya

would have + V3 wud hav + V3 da ya yi hakan

needn't have + V3 nidnt hav + V3 ba lallai ya yi hakan ba

Misali:

You should have called me.

Yu shud hav kold mi.

Ya kamata ka kira ni.

17. Modal + Progressive

Modal na iya zuwa kafin be + fi'ili + ing:

modal + be + fi'ili + ing

Tsari Misali Pronunciation Ma'ana

can be + fi'ili + ing He can be working. Hi kan bi working. Yana iya kasancewa yana aiki.

could be + fi'ili + ing He could be working. Hi kud bi working. Wataƙila yana aiki.

may be + fi'ili + ing He may be working. Hi mei bi working. Wataƙila yana aiki.

might be + fi'ili + ing He might be working. Hi mait bi working. Wataƙila yana aiki.

must be + fi'ili + ing He must be working. Hi mast bi working. Lallai yana aiki.

should be + fi'ili + ing He should be working. Hi shud bi working. Ya kamata yana aiki.

will be + fi'ili + ing He will be working. Hi wil bi working. Zai kasance yana aiki.

would be + fi'ili + ing He would be working. Hi wud bi working. Da zai kasance yana aiki.

18. Modal + Perfect Progressive

modal + have been + fi'ili + ing

Misali:

She may have been working.

Shi mei hav bin working.

Wataƙila ta daɗe tana aiki.

Tsari Ma'ana

could have been + fi'ili + ing wataƙila ya kasance yana yin aikin

may have been + fi'ili + ing wataƙila ya daɗe yana yin aikin

might have been + fi'ili + ing wataƙila ya daɗe yana yin aikin

must have been + fi'ili + ing lallai ya daɗe yana yin aikin

should have been + fi'ili + ing ya kamata ya kasance yana yin aikin

would have been + fi'ili + ing da ya kasance yana yin aikin

19. Modal + Passive

modal + be + V3

Misali:

The work must be finished.

Dha work mast bi finishd.

Dole ne a kammala aikin.

Tsari Misali Fassara

can be + V3 It can be done. Ana iya yin sa.

could be + V3 It could be done. Ana iya yin sa.

may be + V3 It may be done. Wataƙila za a yi shi.

might be + V3 It might be done. Wataƙila za a yi shi.

must be + V3 It must be done. Dole ne a yi shi.

should be + V3 It should be done. Ya kamata a yi shi.

will be + V3 It will be done. Za a yi shi.

would be + V3 It would be done. Da za a yi shi.

20. Modal + Perfect Passive

modal + have been + V3

Misali:

It should have been done.

It shud hav bin dan.

Ya kamata an yi shi.

Tsari Ma'ana

could have been + V3 da an iya yin sa

may have been + V3 wataƙila an yi shi

might have been + V3 wataƙila an yi shi

must have been + V3 lallai an yi shi

should have been + V3 ya kamata an yi shi

would have been + V3 da an yi shi

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

Nau'i Tsari Pronunciation na tsarin Misali cikakke Pronunciation na misali Fassara

Singular — tabbatacce There is + suna guda ɗaya dher iz + noun There is a book on the table. Dher iz a buk on dha teibul. Akwai littafi a kan tebur.

Plural — tabbatacce There are + suna jam'i dher ar + noun There are two books on the table. Dher ar tu buks on dha teibul. Akwai littattafai biyu a kan tebur.

Suna marar ƙidayuwa There is + suna marar ƙidayuwa dher iz + uncountable noun There is some water in the bottle. Dher iz sam woter in dha botul. Akwai ruwa a cikin kwalbar.

Singular — musantawa There isn't + suna guda ɗaya dher iznt + noun There isn't a book here. Dher iznt a buk hir. Babu littafi a nan.

Plural — musantawa There aren't + suna jam'i dher arnt + noun There aren't any books here. Dher arnt eni buks hir. Babu littattafai a nan.

Tambaya — singular Is there + suna guda ɗaya...? iz dher + noun? Is there a problem? Iz dher a problem? Shin akwai matsala?

Tambaya — plural Are there + suna jam'i...? ar dher + noun? Are there any problems? Ar dher eni problems? Shin akwai wasu matsaloli?

Tambayar musantawa — singular Isn't there + suna guda ɗaya...? iznt dher + noun? Isn't there a problem? Iznt dher a problem? Ashe babu matsala?

Tambayar musantawa — plural Aren't there + suna jam'i...? arnt dher + noun? Aren't there any problems? Arnt dher eni problems? Ashe babu matsaloli?

Past singular There was + suna guda ɗaya dher waz + noun There was a problem. Dher waz a problem. Akwai matsala a baya.

Past plural There were + suna jam'i dher wer + noun There were many people. Dher wer meni pipul. Akwai mutane da yawa.

Past singular negative There wasn't + suna guda ɗaya dher waznt + noun There wasn't a problem. Dher waznt a problem. Babu matsala a lokacin.

Past plural negative There weren't + suna jam'i dher wernt + noun There weren't many people. Dher wernt meni pipul. Babu mutane da yawa a lokacin.

Past question Was there + suna guda ɗaya...? waz dher + noun? Was there a problem? Waz dher a problem? Shin akwai matsala a lokacin?

Past plural question Were there + suna jam'i...? wer dher + noun? Were there many people? Wer dher meni pipul? Shin akwai mutane da yawa a lokacin?

Future There will be + suna dher wil bi + noun There will be a meeting tomorrow. Dher wil bi a miting tumoro. Za a yi taro gobe.

Future negative There won't be + suna dher wont bi + noun There won't be a meeting tomorrow. Dher wont bi a miting tumoro. Ba za a yi taro gobe ba.

Future question Will there be + suna...? wil dher bi + noun? Will there be a meeting tomorrow? Wil dher bi a miting tumoro? Shin za a yi taro gobe?

Present Perfect There has/have been + suna dher haz/hav bin + noun There has been a mistake. Dher haz bin a misteik. An sami kuskure.

Past Perfect There had been + suna dher had bin + noun There had been a problem. Dher had bin a problem. Akwai matsala kafin lokacin.

Modal There can/may/might/must/should be + suna dher kan/mei/mait/mast/shud bi + noun There may be a problem. Dher mei bi a problem. Wataƙila akwai matsala.

1. Have = Mallaka / Samun abu

Nau'i Tsari Pronunciation na tsarin Misali cikakke Pronunciation na misali Fassara

Tare da I / you / we / they Subject + have + noun dha sabjekt + hav + dha noun I have a car. Ai hav a kar. Ina da mota.

Tare da he / she / it Subject + has + noun dha sabjekt + haz + dha noun She has a car. Shi haz a kar. Tana da mota.

Ana amfani da Have tare da: I, you, we, they

Ana amfani da Has tare da: he, she, it

2. Siffar musantawa tare da have

Nau'i Tsari Pronunciation na tsarin Misali cikakke Pronunciation na misali Fassara

Negative I/you/we/they Subject + do not + have + noun dha sabjekt + du not + hav + dha noun I do not have a car. Ai du not hav a kar. Ba ni da mota.

Negative he/she/it Subject + does not + have + noun dha sabjekt + daz not + hav + dha noun She does not have a car. Shi daz not hav a kar. Ba ta da mota.

Lura: bayan does, ana amfani da have, ba has ba:

She doesn't have a car. ✅

She doesn't has a car. ❌

3. Tambayoyi tare da have

Nau'i Tsari Pronunciation na tsarin Misali cikakke Pronunciation na misali Fassara

Tambaya I/you/we/they Do + subject + have + noun? du + dha sabjekt + hav + dha noun? Do you have a car? Du yu hav a kar? Shin kana da mota?

Tambaya he/she/it Does + subject + have + noun? daz + dha sabjekt + hav + dha noun? Does she have a car? Daz shi hav a kar? Shin tana da mota?

4. Have a matsayin fi'ili mai taimakawa

Have ba koyaushe yake nufin mallaka ba; ana kuma amfani da shi wajen gina Perfect tenses.

Lokaci Tsari Pronunciation na tsarin Misali Fassara

Present Perfect Subject + have/has + V3 dha sabjekt + hav/haz + V3 I have finished. Na gama.

Present Perfect Continuous Subject + have/has + been + fi'ili + ing dha sabjekt + hav/haz + bin + fi'ili + ing I have been working. Na daɗe ina aiki.

Past Perfect Subject + had + V3 dha sabjekt + had + V3 I had finished. Na riga na gama.

Past Perfect Continuous Subject + had + been + fi'ili + ing dha sabjekt + had + bin + fi'ili + ing I had been working. Na daɗe ina aiki kafin lokacin.

Bambancin ma'ana

I have a car.

→ have = mallaka

I have finished.

→ have = fi'ili mai taimakawa wajen gina Present Perfect.

5. Have to = Dole ne / Wajibi ne

Have to yana bayyana larura ko wajibi.

Nau'i Tsari Pronunciation na tsarin Misali cikakke Fassara

I/you/we/they Subject + have to + V1 dha sabjekt + hav tu + V1 I have to work. Dole ne in yi aiki.

he/she/it Subject + has to + V1 dha sabjekt + haz tu + V1 She has to work. Dole ne ta yi aiki.

Past Subject + had to + V1 dha sabjekt + had tu + V1 I had to work. Ya zama dole in yi aiki.

Future Subject + will have to + V1 dha sabjekt + wil hav tu + V1 I will have to work. Zai zama dole in yi aiki.

6. Have got = Mallaka / Samun abu

A Turancin yau da kullum, musamman na Birtaniya, ana iya amfani da:

have got / has got

Tsari Misali Fassara

Subject + have got + noun I have got a car. Ina da mota.

Subject + has got + noun She has got a car. Tana da mota.

Siffar musantawa:

I haven't got a car.

= Ba ni da mota.

Tambaya:

Have you got a car?

= Shin kana da mota?

Imperatives — Umarnin kai tsaye

Nau'i Tsari Pronunciation na tsarin Misali Pronunciation na misali Ma'ana

Tabbataccen umarni Fi'ili V1 Come here. Kam hir. Zo nan.

Umarni tare da abu Fi'ili + object V1 + object Read the book. Rid dha buk. Karanta littafin.

Umarni na musantawa Don't + fi'ili dount + V1 Don't run. Dount ran. Kada ka yi gudu.

Umarni na musantawa na hukuma Do not + fi'ili du not + V1 Do not enter. Du not enter. Kada ka shiga.

Tare da Be Be + sifa bi + adjective Be careful. Bi kerful. Ka yi hankali.

Musantawa tare da Be Don't be + sifa dount bi + adjective Don't be late. Dount bi leit. Kada ka makara.

Tare da Let me Let + me + fi'ili let + mi + V1 Let me help you. Let mi help yu. Ka bar ni in taimake ka.

Tare da Let him/her/them Let + object + fi'ili let + object + V1 Let him go. Let him go. Ka bar shi ya tafi.

Let's Let's + fi'ili lets + V1 Let's go. Lets go. Bari mu tafi.

Let's na musantawa Let's not + fi'ili lets not + V1 Let's not wait. Lets not weit. Kada mu jira.

Umarni cikin ladabi Please + fi'ili pliz + V1 Please sit down. Pliz sit daun. Don Allah, zauna.

Umarni don jaddadawa Do + fi'ili du + V1 Do sit down. Du sit daun. Ka zauna mana.

Umarni mai ƙarfi Never + fi'ili never + V1 Never give up. never giv ap. Kada ka taɓa yanke ƙauna.

Al'ada / shawara Always + fi'ili olweiz + V1 Always be careful. Olweiz bi kerful. Ka kasance mai hankali koyaushe.

Umarni a sigar passive Be + V3 bi + V3 Be prepared. Bi priperd. Ka kasance a shirye.

Umarni + sakamako Fi'ili + and + clause V1 + and + clause Study hard, and you will pass. Stadi hard, and yu wil pas. Yi karatu sosai, kuma za ka ci jarabawa.

Umarni + gargaɗi Fi'ili + or + clause V1 + or + clause Hurry up, or you'll be late. Hari ap, or yul bi leit. Yi sauri, in ba haka ba za ka makara.

Umarni + tambayar tabbatarwa Fi'ili, will you? V1, wil yu? Wait here, will you? Weit hir, wil yu? Jira a nan, ko?

Let's + tambayar tabbatarwa Let's + fi'ili, shall we? lets + V1, shal wi? Let's go, shall we? Lets go, shal wi? Bari mu tafi, ko?

22- Ƙarin Ƙarshe (SUFFIXES)

Prefix Pronunciation in Arabic Ma'ana a Larabci Misali Ma'ana

a- æ / iih ba tare da / ba atypical ba na al'ada ba

ab- ab nesa da abduct sace mutum

ad- ad zuwa / kusa da / har zuwa adjoin haɗuwa da

ambi- ambi kowane bangare / kewaye ambiguous mai ma'anoni da dama

ante- ante kafin antecedent abin da ya gabata

anti- anti anti / gaba da antiwar mai adawa da yaƙi

arch- arch shugaba / babban archbishop babban bishop

auto- auto kai tsaye automatic na atomatik

bi- bai biyu bilingual mai magana da harsuna biyu

circum- sirkam kewaye circumference kewaye

co- ko tare da cooperate haɗin gwiwa

contra- kontra akasin contradict saɓawa

counter- kauntar akasin / mayar da martani counterattack harin ramuwar gayya

de- di cirewa / juyawa deactivate rashin kunnawa

deca- deka goma decade ƙarni na shekaru goma

deci- desi goma ɗaya cikin ɗari decimeter decimita

demi- demi rabi demigod rabin allah

dis- dis rashin / akasin / rabuwa disagree saɓani

dys- dis mara kyau / wahala dysfunction rashin aiki yadda ya kamata

eco- iko muhalli ecosystem tsarin muhalli

ecto- ekto waje ectoderm fatar waje ta amfrayo

endo- endo ciki endoskeleton kwarangwal na ciki

epi- epi sama / a kan epidermis fatar waje

eu- yu mai kyau euphemism kalma mai laushi

ex- eks tsohon / waje ex-president tsohon shugaban ƙasa

extra- ekstra waje / ƙari extraordinary na ban mamaki

fore- for kafin / gaba forecast hasashe

geo- ji'o ƙasa geography geography

hemi- hemi rabi hemisphere rabin duniya

hetero- hetero dabam-dabam heterogeneous marasa kama da juna

homo- homo mai kama / iri ɗaya homogeneous mai kama da juna

hyper- haiper fiye da kima hyperactive matuƙar mai kuzari

hypo- haipo ƙasa da kima / ƙaranci hypothermia ƙarancin zafin jiki

in- in ba / ciki inactive mai rashin aiki

im- im ba / ciki impossible mai yiwuwa ba

il- il ba illegal ba bisa doka ba

ir- ir ba irregular mara tsari

infra- infra ƙasa infrared infrared

inter- inter tsakanin international na ƙasashen duniya

intra- intra ciki intranet cibiyar sadarwa ta cikin gida

intro- intro shiga ciki introduce gabatarwa

iso- aiso daidai isotope irin zarra mai bambancin nauyin nukiliya

macro- makro babba macroeconomics tattalin arzikin ƙasa gaba ɗaya

mal- mal mara kyau / kuskure malfunction rashin aiki yadda ya kamata

mega- mega mai girma megastore babban shago

meta- meta bayan / canji metadata bayanan da ke bayyana wasu bayanai

micro- maikro ƙarami microscope gilashin ƙara girman abu

mid- mid tsakiya midnight tsakar dare

mini- mini ƙarami minibus ƙaramin bas

mono- mono ɗaya monolingual mai magana da harshe ɗaya

multi- multi da yawa multilingual mai magana da harsuna da yawa

neo- neo sabo neologism sabuwar kalma

non- non ba / rashin nonstandard mara bin ƙa'ida

omni- omni duk / kowane omniscient mai sanin komai

out- aut waje / fiye outperform zarcewa a aiki

over- over fiye da kima / sama overcook dafa fiye da kima

paleo- paleo tsoho paleolithic zamanin tsoffin duwatsu

pan- pan duk pan-European na duk Turai

para- para kusa da / kama da paranormal abin da ya wuce abin da aka saba gani

peri- peri kewaye perimeter tsawon kewaye

poly- poli da yawa polyglot mai magana da harsuna da yawa

post- post bayan postwar bayan yaƙi

pre- pre kafin prehistory kafin rubutaccen tarihi

pro- pro mai goyon bayan / gaba pro-democracy mai goyon bayan dimokuraɗiyya

proto- proto farko / asali prototype misalin farko

pseudo- sudo na ƙarya / kama da pseudonym sunan ƙarya

re- ri sake rewrite sake rubutawa

retro- retro baya / na baya retroactive mai aiki a kan abubuwan baya

semi- semi rabi / ɗan semicircle rabin da'ira

sub- sab ƙasa / ƙarƙashi submarine jirgin ruwa mai nutsewa

super- super sama / matuƙa superhuman fiye da ƙarfin ɗan Adam

supra- supra sama supranational mai wuce iyakokin ƙasa

syn- sin tare / haɗe synchronize daidaita lokaci

tele- teli nesa telephone wayar tarho

trans- trans ta ƙetare transport sufuri

tri- trai uku triangle mai kusurwa uku

ultra- altra mai tsanani / fiye da kima ultramodern mai matuƙar zamani

un- an ba / akasin unhappy mara farin ciki

under- ander ƙasa / ƙaranci underpaid mai karɓar albashi kaɗan

uni- yuni ɗaya unilateral na gefe ɗaya

vice- vais mataimaki vice-president mataimakin shugaban ƙasa

with- with nesa da / cirewa withdraw janyewa

Suffixes — Ƙarin Ƙarshe

Suffix Pronunciation in Arabic Aiki Misali Ma'ana

-er er mutum mai yin aiki teacher malami

-or or mutum mai yin aiki actor dan wasan kwaikwayo

-ar ar mutum mai alaƙa da aiki beggar mabaraci

-ist ist mutum mai ƙwarewa artist mai fasaha

-ian ian mutum mai alaƙa da fanni musician mawaƙi

-ant ant mutum ko abin da ke yin aiki assistant mataimaki

-ent ent mutum mai yin aiki student ɗalibi

-ee i mutum da aka yi wa aiki employee ma'aikaci

-ess es siffar mace actress 'yar wasan kwaikwayo

-ness ness yanayi / suna daga sifa happiness farin ciki

-ity iti yanayi / suna daga sifa activity aiki

-ty ti yanayi / suna daga sifa safety aminci

-ship ship yanayi / dangantaka friendship abota

-hood hud yanayi / mataki childhood yaran mutum

-dom dom yanayi / yanki kingdom mulki

-th th yanayi / suna daga sifa warmth dumi

-ment ment sakamako / aiki development ci gaba

-tion shan aiki / sakamako education ilimi

-sion zhun / shan aiki / sakamako decision shawara

-ion yan / shan aiki / sakamako action aiki

-ation eishan aiki organization ƙungiya

-al al aiki / sakamako arrival isowa

-ance ans yanayi / aiki appearance bayyanar fuska

-ence ans yanayi existence wanzuwa

-ancy ansi yanayi expectancy tsammani

-ency ansi yanayi efficiency inganci

-age ij sakamako / aiki marriage aure

-ure er sakamako / yanayi failure rashin nasara

-ing ing sanya kalma ta zama suna / aiki swimming iyo

-ism izm ra'ayi / akida capitalism jari-hujja

-cracy krasi tsarin mulki democracy dimokuraɗiyya

-crat krat mutum mai goyon bayan tsarin mulki democrat mai goyon bayan dimokuraɗiyya

-archy arki tsarin mulki monarchy sarauta

-arch ark shugaba / mai mulki monarch sarki

-logy loji ilimi / nazari biology ilimin halittu

-graphy grafi rubutu / bayani geography geography

-graph graf kayan aiki / alamar rubutu autograph sa hannun mutum

-meter mitar kayan auna abu thermometer ma'aunin zafi

-metry mitri aikin aunawa geometry lissafin siffofi

-scope skop kayan dubawa telescope gilashin kallon abubuwan nesa

-scopy skopi duba da kayan aiki microscopy duba abubuwa ta na'urar microscope

-nomy nomi tsari / doka astronomy ilimin taurari

-phobia fobiya tsoro arachnophobia tsoron gizo-gizo

-phile fail mai son abu bibliophile mai son littattafai

-philia filia soyayya / sha'awa audiophilia son sauti mai kyau

-phone fon sauti / kayan sauti telephone wayar tarho

-phony foni sauti / tsarin sauti symphony kidan makaɗa da yawa

-path path mutum mai wata matsala ko halayya psychopath mutum mai matsalar halayyar tunani

-pathy pathi yanayi / cuta neuropathy cutar jijiyoyi

-itis aitis kumburi arthritis kumburin gaɓoɓi

-osis osis yanayi / cuta diagnosis gano cuta

-emia imia yanayin jini anemia rashin isasshen jini

-oma oma ƙari / kumburi carcinoma ciwon daji

-ectomy ektomi cirewa ta tiyata appendectomy cire appendix ta tiyata

-otomy otomi yankewa ta tiyata tracheotomy yanke bututun numfashi ta tiyata

-plasty plasti gyara ta tiyata rhinoplasty gyaran hanci ta tiyata

-let let ƙarami booklet ƙaramin littafi

-ling ling ƙarami / ɗan duckling ɗan agwagwa

-ette et ƙarami kitchenette ƙaramin ɗakin girki

-kin kin ƙarami manikin ƙaramin mutum-mutumi

-oid oid mai kama da humanoid mai kama da mutum

-esque esk mai kama da / mai salo picturesque mai kyau kamar hoto

-like laik mai kama da childlike mai kama da yaro

-ish ish mai kama da / ɗan greenish mai ɗan kore

-ster ster mutum mai alaƙa da aiki youngster saurayi ko budurwa

-eer ir mutum mai alaƙa da aiki auctioneer mai gudanar da gwanjo

-ard ard mutum mai wata sifa coward matsoraci

-some som mai jawo / cike da troublesome mai kawo matsala

-worthy worthy mai cancanta trustworthy abin dogaro

-proof proof mai jurewa waterproof mai hana ruwa shiga

-free fri ba tare da wani abu ba sugar-free ba tare da sukari ba

-wide waid a duk faɗin worldwide a duk duniya

-ward ward a wata hanya backward zuwa baya

-wise waiz ta wata hanya / bisa wani tsari clockwise a hanyar da agogo ke bi

-fold fold da ninki threefold ninki uku

23- Fi'illan Haɗe-haɗe (PHRASAL VERBS)

Phrasal verb = fi'ili da aka haɗa da wata kalma, kuma galibi yana ƙunshe da fi'ili tare da kalmomi kamar up, out, off, on, away, back, in, over.

Misali:

give + up → give up = miƙa wuya / daina wani abu

Lura: Ba dukkan haɗin fi'ili da preposition/adverb ne suke da ma'ana iri ɗaya ba; wasu phrasal verbs ne, wasu prepositional verbs ne, wasu kuma phrasal-prepositional verbs ne.

1. Muhimman Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verb Furuci Ma'ana Misali cikakke Furucin misalin Turanci

add up Ad ap haɗawa / zama mai ma'ana The numbers add up. Da lambobin sun yi daidai.

ask for Ask for nema She asked for help. Ta nemi taimako.

back up Bak ap tallafa / yin kwafin ajiyar bayanai Please back up your files. Don Allah, yi wa fayilolinka kwafin ajiya.

break down Breik daun lalacewa / rugujewa My car broke down. Mota ta ta lalace.

break in Breik in shiga da ƙarfi / kutsa kai Someone broke in last night. Wani ya kutsa kai a daren jiya.

break out Breik aut fashewa / ɓarkewa A fire broke out. Wuta ta tashi.

break up Breik ap rabuwa / yanke dangantaka They broke up last year. Sun rabu a bara.

bring back Bring bak mayarwa Please bring back my book. Don Allah, dawo min da littafina.

bring in Bring in shigo da / kawo They brought in a new manager. Sun kawo sabon manaja.

bring up Bring ap tattauna / reno She brought up an important issue. Ta kawo wani muhimmin batu.

call back Kol bak sake kira I'll call you back later. Zan sake kiranka daga baya.

call off Kol of soke They called off the meeting. Sun soke taron.

carry on Kari on ci gaba Please carry on working. Don Allah, ci gaba da aiki.

carry out Kari aut aiwatarwa They carried out the plan. Sun aiwatar da shirin.

catch up Kach ap samu wanda ya riga ka / kai matsayin wani I need to catch up with you. Ina bukatar in riske ka.

check in Chek in yi rajistar isowa We checked in at the hotel. Mun yi rajistar isowa a otal ɗin.

check out Chek aut fita daga otal / bincika We checked out at noon. Mun fita daga otal ɗin da tsakar rana.

clean up Klin ap tsaftace Clean up your room. Tsaftace ɗakinka.

come back Kam bak dawowa He came back yesterday. Ya dawo jiya.

come in Kam in shiga Come in, please. Shigo, don Allah.

come out Kam aut fitowa / bugawa The new book came out yesterday. Sabon littafin ya fito jiya.

come over Kam over zuwa ziyara Come over tonight. Zo ka ziyarce ni yau da dare.

cut down Kat daun ragewa I'm trying to cut down on sugar. Ina ƙoƙarin rage sukari.

cut off Kat of yanke / katse They cut off the electricity. Sun katse wutar lantarki.

deal with Dil with mu'amala da / magance We need to deal with this problem. Muna bukatar mu magance wannan matsalar.

do without Du without jurewa ba tare da wani abu ba We can do without a car. Za mu iya rayuwa ba tare da mota ba.

drop off Drap of saukarda wani / kai wani I'll drop you off at school. Zan sauke ka a makaranta.

end up End ap ƙarewa a wani yanayi We ended up staying home. A ƙarshe mun zauna a gida.

fall apart Fol apart rugujewa / tarwatsewa The old chair fell apart. Tsohuwar kujera ta tarwatse.

fall behind Fol bihaind ja baya / yin jinkiri He fell behind in class. Ya koma baya a ajin.

figure out Figyar aut fahimta / gano mafita I can't figure it out. Ban iya fahimtarsa ba.

fill in Fil in cika / shigar da bayani Please fill in this form. Don Allah, cika wannan fom ɗin.

fill out Fil aut cika fom Fill out the application. Cika fom ɗin neman aiki.

find out Faind aut gano / sanin gaskiya I found out the truth. Na gano gaskiyar.

get back Get bak dawowa I'll get back home soon. Zan dawo gida ba da daɗewa ba.

get in Get in shiga Get in the car. Shiga motar.

get off Get of sauka daga abin hawa Get off the bus. Sauka daga bas ɗin.

get on Get on hawa / shiga abin hawa Get on the bus. Hau bas ɗin.

get out Get aut fita Get out of the room. Fita daga ɗakin.

get over Get over shawo kan / warkewa She got over her fear. Ta shawo kan tsoronta.

get up Get ap tashi daga barci I get up at seven. Ina tashi da ƙarfe bakwai.

give back Giv bak mayarwa Give me back my phone. Mayar mini da wayata.

give in Giv in miƙa wuya He finally gave in. A ƙarshe ya miƙa wuya.

give up Giv ap daina / miƙa wuya Don't give up. Kada ka karaya.

go ahead Go ahed ci gaba / fara Go ahead and start. Ka ci gaba ka fara.

go back Go bak dawowa / komawa We went back home. Mun koma gida.

go on Go on ci gaba Please go on. Don Allah, ci gaba.

go out Go aut fita We went out last night. Mun fita a daren jiya.

grow up Gro ap girma I grew up in Kuwait. Na girma a Kuwait.

hand in Hand in mika / gabatarwa Hand in your homework. Mika aikin gida.

hang on Hang on jira / riƙe Hang on a minute. Jira na minti ɗaya.

hang out Hang aut shafe lokaci tare We hang out together. Muna shafe lokaci tare.

hold on Hold on jira / riƙe Hold on, please. Don Allah, jira.

keep on Kip on ci gaba da Keep on trying. Ka ci gaba da ƙoƙari.

keep up Kip ap ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin da ake buƙata Keep up the good work. Ka ci gaba da kyakkyawan aiki.

kick out Kik aut fitar da wani They kicked him out. Sun kore shi.

look after Luk after kula da She looks after her children. Tana kula da yaranta.

look for Luk for nema I'm looking for my keys. Ina neman makullaina.

look into Luk intu bincike We'll look into the problem. Za mu binciki matsalar.

look out Luk aut yi hattara Look out! Ka yi hattara!

look up Luk ap neman bayani Look up the word. Nemi ma'anar kalmar.

make up Meik ap sasantawa / ƙirƙira They made up after the argument. Sun sasanta bayan gardamar.

move on Muv on ci gaba da rayuwa / matsawa gaba It's time to move on. Lokaci ya yi da za a ci gaba.

pick up Pik ap ɗauka / ɗauko Pick up the phone. Ɗauki wayar.

point out Point aut nuna / bayyana She pointed out a mistake. Ta nuna kuskure.

put away Put awey ajiye / saka a wurinsa Put your clothes away. Ajiye tufafinka.

put down Put daun sauke / ajiye Put the book down. Ajiye littafin.

put off Put of jinkirta Don't put it off. Kada ka jinkirta shi.

put on Put on saka / kunna Put on your jacket. Saka jaket ɗinka.

put out Put aut kashe / fitarwa Put out the fire. Kashe wutar.

put up Put ap ratayawa / ɗagawa Put up the picture. Rataya hoton.

run into Ran intu haɗuwa da ba zato ba tsammani I ran into an old friend. Na haɗu da wani tsohon aboki ba zato ba tsammani.

run out Ran aut ƙarewa We ran out of milk. Madararmu ta ƙare.

set up Set ap kafa / shirya They set up a new company. Sun kafa sabon kamfani.

show up Show ap bayyana / halarta He didn't show up. Bai zo ba.

shut down Shat daun rufewa / dakatar da aiki The factory shut down. An rufe masana'antar.

sit down Sit daun zama Please sit down. Don Allah, zauna.

stand up Stand ap tashi tsaye Please stand up. Don Allah, tashi tsaye.

take back Teik bak janye magana / mayarwa I take back what I said. Na janye abin da na faɗa.

take off Teik of cirewa / tashin jirgi The plane took off. Jirgin sama ya tashi.

take on Teik on karɓar aiki / ɗaukar nauyi She took on a new job. Ta karɓi sabon aiki.

take out Teik aut fitarwa / ɗauka zuwa waje Take out the trash. Fitar da shara.

take over Teik over karɓar iko She took over the company. Ta karɓi ragamar kamfanin.

take up Teik ap fara wani aiki He took up swimming. Ya fara koyon iyo.

throw away Thro awey jefarwa Don't throw it away. Kada ka jefar da shi.

try on Trai on gwada tufafi Try on this shirt. Gwada wannan rigar.

turn down Tern daun ƙin amincewa / ragewa She turned down the offer. Ta ƙi amincewa da tayin.

turn off Tern of kashewa Turn off the light. Kashe fitilar.

turn on Tern on kunnawa Turn on the TV. Kunna talabijin.

turn up Tern ap ƙara sauti / bayyana Turn up the volume. Ƙara sautin.

wake up Weyk ap farkawa I woke up early. Na farka da wuri.

work out Werk aut motsa jiki / warware matsala I work out every day. Ina motsa jiki kowace rana.

write down Rait daun rubutawa Write down the answer. Rubuta amsar.

2. Manyan Nau'o'i

Nau'i Tsari Furuci Misali Ma'ana

Phrasal verb mai iya rabuwa Fi'ili + adverb + abin aikatawa Verb + adverb + object Turn off the light. Kashe fitilar.

Tare da wakilin suna Fi'ili + wakilin suna + adverb Verb + pronoun + adverb Turn it off. Kashe shi.

Phrasal verb marar iya rabuwa Fi'ili + adverb/preposition + abin aikatawa Verb + adverb/preposition + object Look after the child. Kula da yaron.

Marar buƙatar abin aikatawa Fi'ili + adverb Verb + adverb The plane took off. Jirgin sama ya tashi.

Phrasal-prepositional Fi'ili + adverb + preposition + abin aikatawa Verb + adverb + preposition + object I look forward to the trip. Ina ɗokin tafiyar.

3. Muhimmin Ƙa'ida: Shin za a iya raba phrasal verb?

Turn off yana iya rabuwa:

Turn off the light.

Turn the light off.

Turn it off. ✅

Turn off it. ❌

Amma look after ba ya iya rabuwa:

Look after the child. ✅

Look the child after. ❌

Look after him. ✅

24- Taƙaitattun Kalmomi

Contraction wata gajeriyar siga ce ta kalmomi biyu ko fiye. Ana yawan amfani da ita a Turanci, musamman a magana da rubutu marar tsari.

Misalai:

I am → I'm → aim → Ni ne / ina

I have → I've → aiv → Ina da / na riga na

I will → I'll → ail → Zan

I would → I'd → aid → Zan yi / da na yi (gwargwadon mahallin magana)

1- Taƙaita BE

am → 'm

I am → I'm → aim → Ni ne / ina

Misali: I'm happy. → Aim hapi. → Ina farin ciki.

are → 're

You are → You're → yor → Kai ne / ke ce

Misali: You're right. → Yor rait. → Kana da gaskiya.

We are → We're → wir → Mu ne

Misali: We're ready. → Wir redi. → Mun shirya.

They are → They're → dheir → Su ne

Misali: They're here. → Dheir hir. → Suna nan.

is → 's

He is → He's → hiz → Shi ne

Misali: He's tired. → Hiz taiyard. → Ya gaji.

She is → She's → shiz → Ita ce

Misali: She's happy. → Shiz hapi. → Tana farin ciki.

It is → It's → its → Shi / ita / wannan abu ne, gwargwadon mahallin magana

Misali: It's cold. → Its kold. → Akwai sanyi.

2- Taƙaita HAVE

have → 've

I have → I've → aiv → Ina da / na riga na

Misali: I've finished. → Aiv finisht. → Na gama.

You have → You've → yuv → Kana da / ka riga ka

Misali: You've changed. → Yuv cheinjd. → Ka canza.

We have → We've → wiv → Muna da / mun riga mun

Misali: We've arrived. → Wiv araivd. → Mun iso.

They have → They've → dheiv → Suna da / sun riga sun

Misali: They've left. → Dheiv left. → Sun tafi.

He has → He's → hiz → Yana da / ya riga ya

Misali: He's finished. → Hiz finisht. → Ya gama.

She has → She's → shiz → Tana da / ta riga ta

Misali: She's gone. → Shiz gon. → Ta tafi.

3- Taƙaita WILL

will → 'll

I will → I'll → ail → Zan

Misali: I'll help you. → Ail help yu. → Zan taimake ka.

You will → You'll → yul → Za ka / za ki

Misali: You'll understand. → Yul anderstand. → Za ka fahimta.

He will → He'll → hil → Zai

Misali: He'll come tomorrow. → Hil kam tumorow. → Zai zo gobe.

She will → She'll → shil → Za ta

Misali: She'll call you. → Shil kol yu. → Za ta kira ka.

We will → We'll → wil → Za mu

Misali: We'll see. → Wil si. → Za mu gani.

They will → They'll → dheil → Za su

Misali: They'll arrive soon. → Dheil araiv sun. → Za su iso ba da daɗewa ba.

4- Taƙaita WOULD

would → 'd

I would → I'd → aid → Zan yi / da na yi

Misali: I'd help you. → Aid help yu. → Zan taimake ka.

You would → You'd → yud → Za ka / da za ka

Misali: You'd like it. → Yud laik it. → Za ka so shi.

He would → He'd → hid → Zai / da zai

Misali: He'd come. → Hid kam. → Zai zo.

She would → She'd → shid → Za ta / da za ta

Misali: She'd help us. → Shid help as. → Za ta taimake mu.

We would → We'd → wid → Za mu / da za mu

Misali: We'd go. → Wid go. → Za mu tafi.

They would → They'd → dheyd → Za su / da za su

Misali: They'd agree. → Dheyd agri. → Za su yarda.

5- Taƙaita HAD

had → 'd

I had → I'd → aid → Na riga na / na yi

Misali: I'd finished before he arrived. → Aid finisht bifor hi araivd. → Na riga na gama kafin ya iso.

You had → You'd → yud → Ka riga ka / kin riga kin

Misali: You'd already left. → Yud olredi left. → Ka riga ka tafi.

He had → He'd → hid → Ya riga ya

Misali: He'd eaten. → Hid iten. → Ya riga ya ci abinci.

She had → She'd → shid → Ta riga ta

Misali: She'd finished. → Shid finisht. → Ta riga ta gama.

6- Muhimmin Bambanci: 'd na iya samun ma'anoni biyu

I'd = I would ko I had

I'd go. → Aid go. → Zan tafi / da na tafi.

I'd gone. → Aid gon. → Na riga na tafi.

Yawanci sauran kalmomin jimla ne suke bayyana ma'anar da ake nufi.

7- Taƙaita NOT

not → n't

is not → isn't → iznt → ba ... ba

Misali: He isn't here. → Hi iznt hir. → Ba ya nan.

are not → aren't → arnt → ba ... ba

Misali: They aren't ready. → Dheiy arnt redi. → Ba su shirya ba.

was not → wasn't → woznt → bai kasance ba / ba ta kasance ba

Misali: He wasn't there. → Hi woznt dheir. → Bai kasance a can ba.

were not → weren't → wernt → ba mu kasance ba / ba su kasance ba

Misali: We weren't late. → Wi wernt leit. → Ba mu makara ba.

have not → haven't → havnt → ba ... ba / ban riga na ... ba

Misali: I haven't finished. → Ai havnt finisht. → Ban gama ba.

has not → hasn't → haznt → bai riga ya ... ba / ba ta riga ta ... ba

Misali: She hasn't arrived. → Shi haznt araivd. → Ba ta iso ba.

had not → hadn't → hadnt → bai riga ya ... ba

Misali: He hadn't eaten. → Hi hadnt iten. → Bai riga ya ci abinci ba.

do not → don't → dont → ba ... ba

Misali: I don't know. → Ai dont no. → Ban sani ba.

does not → doesn't → daznt → ba ... ba

Misali: He doesn't know. → Hi daznt no. → Bai sani ba.

did not → didn't → didnt → bai yi ba / ban yi ba

Misali: I didn't see him. → Ai didnt si him. → Ban gan shi ba.

8- Sauran Taƙaitattun Kalmomi

cannot → can't → kant → ba zai iya ba / ba za a iya ba

could not → couldn't → kudnt → bai iya ba / ba zai iya ba

should not → shouldn't → shudnt → bai kamata ba

would not → wouldn't → wudnt → ba zai yi ba / da ba zai yi ba

must not → mustn't → masnt → bai kamata ya yi ba / an hana

will not → won't → wont → ba zai yi ba

Misali: I won't go. → Ai wont go. → Ba zan tafi ba.

9- Muhimmin Lura

Waɗannan taƙaitattun kalmomi ba suffixes ba ne a ma'anar nahawun gina kalma. Su haɗaɗɗun taƙaitattun kalmomi ne da ake rubutawa ta hanyar haɗa kalmomi da amfani da alamar apostrophe (').

Misalai:

I + will → I'll

You + have → You've

He + is → He's

They + are → They're

Do + not → Don't

Can + not → Can't

Saboda haka, ana kiran su Contractions = taƙaitattun kalmomi, ba Suffixes = ƙarin ƙarshe ba.