ARABIC GRAMMAR

1- ARABIC ALPHABET

NOTE: To know how to pronounce a letter or a word or a phrase in the language, try using google translate by copying and pasting the text and clicking on the sound button to listen how it is pronounced.

Arabic starts from right to left instead of left to right like in english and every other language.

Video to pronounce the letters, Credits to @muslimah4lifee for the video

**أ، ب، ت، ث، ج، ح، خ، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ك، ل، م، ن، ه، و، ي**

أ: Alif (Makes the aa sound)

ب: Baa (Makes the b sound)

ت: Taa (Makes the t sound)

ث: Thaa (Makes the sound of a snake)

ج: Jeem (Makes the J sound)

ح: Ha (Makes the h sound but makes it sound like you are taking a breath)

خ: Khaa (Makes the kh sound)

د: Dal (Makes the d sound)

ذ: Thal (Makes the th sound)

ر: Ra (Makes the r sound)

ز: Zaiy (Makes the z sound)

س: Seen (Makes the s sound)

ش: Sheen (Makes the sh sound)

ص: Saad (Makes the s sound but sounds less like an s)

ض: Thaad (Makes the th sound but sounds more like a th)

ط: Taah (Makes the t sound but makes it sound like you are choking)

ظ: Thaah (Makes the th sound but sounds like th the most)

ع: Ayn (Makes the a sound but makes it sound like you are choking on something)

غ: Ghayn (Makes the sound of someone drowning)

ف: Faa (Makes the f sound)

ق: Kaa (Makes the k sound but makes it sound like you are choking)

ك: Kaa (Makes the k sound)

ل: Laam (Makes the l sound)

م: Meem (Makes the m sound)

ن: Noon (Makes the n sound)

ه: Haa (Makes the haa sound)

و: Wow (Makes the oo sound if it is at the end or the middle of a word and makes the woo sound if it is at the beginning of it)

ي: Yaa (Makes the y sound)

Many letters change how they look depending on where it is in the word.

(The first letters of the words are the same letters on the left.)

نشيد ن

باب ب

جمل ج

حمل ح

سند س

شامي ش

نام ن

يلعب ي

هرب ه

مرض م

عين ع

غبي غ

خمر خ

لمع ل

كرم ك

قلق ق

فتح ف

ثمار ث

يسر ي

صلاة ص

ضلال ض

طالب ط

ظلل ظ

(The middle letters of the words are the same letters on the left.)

نشيد ش

جمل م

سند ن

لها ه

يلعب ع

مليك ي

ملل ل

مفتح ف

مقنع ق

نسيت س

يغلب غ

مخبز خ

مجمل ج

محمل ح

مخبز ب

مخترع ت

يضل ض

مصعد ص

مطلب ط

مظلم ظ

مكرم ك

معين ع

We use the regular form of a letter when it is the last letter of a word.

The letter ه has a specific form when it is the last letter.

نشيد د

مريض ض

له ه

Certain letters always have the regular form, no matter where they are in a word.

The letter that comes after one of these letters will use the initial letter form.

The letters are: ر ز و ؤ ا أ د ذ

رأس

موز

دابة

دلع

There is an extra letter in arabic called hamza and this is the letter: ء It makes a glottal stop, it can sometimes be on top of the ا like this أ The aliff has a second form and it is this: ى Words sometimes have this form of aliff in it instead of the first form ا This form can also have a hamza ئ The hamza is also on top of the letter و this is how it looks with it: ؤ

بئر ئ

لؤلؤ ؤ

أَ: 'a (if its at the beginning) / a' (if its at the middle or end)

أُ: 'o (if its at the beginning) / o' (if its at the middle or end)

إ: 'e (if its at the beginning) / e' (if its at the middle or end)

اِ: I

اُ: O

If the letter has any of the following letters before it: ر ز و ؤ ا د ذ, we use the isolated form of the letter instead of the final form (Click link for context, not a virus dont worry)

2- DIACRITICS

A diacritc is something that is above or below a letter or somewhere around it and it makes a change to the letter; especially a sound change:

تَ تُ تِ

تً تٌ تٍ

This diacritic َ makes the a sound (ب [b] -> بَ [ba]) (It is called al fat-ha) When any word has tanween fat-ha, we add the letter alif after the letter that has the diacritic, except if the word ends with ة or

This diacritic ُ makes the o sound (ب [b] -> بُ [bo]) (It is called al dhama)

This diacritic ِ makes the e sound (ب [b] -> بِ [be}) (It is called al kasra)

This diacritic ً makes the an sound (ب [b] -> بً [ban] (It is called tanween al fat'ha)

This diacritic ٌ makes the on sound (ب [b] -> بٌ [bon] (It is called tanween al dhama) T

his diacritic ٍ makes the en sound (ب [b] -> بٍ [ben] (It is called tanween al kasra)

These diacritcs have a lot of rules and a lot of uses. They are above a lot of the letters of a word (but i will not be adding them for the rest of the lessons unless necessary since i am too lazy)

2- WORD ORDER

1 Basic S + V S + V أنا أنام. 'anaa 'anāmp. I sleep

2 Direct object S + V + DO S + V + DO أنا أقرأ الكتاب. 'anaa 'aqraʾo al-kitaaba

3 Indirect object S + V + لـ + IO + DO S + V + li- + IO + DO أنا أعطيه كتابًا. 'anaa uʿṭīhi kitaaban

4 Beneficiary S + V + لـ + Person + DO S + V + li- + Person + DO أنا أشتري له كتابًا. 'anaa 'ashtaree laho kitaaban

5 IO pronoun S + V + IO-pronoun + DO S + V + IO-pronoun + DO أنا أعطيه كتابًا. 'anaa uʿṭīhi kitaaban

6 Adjective N + Adj N + Adj هذا الكتاب كبير. hadhaa al-kitaabo kabeeron

7 Adverb S + V + Adv S + V + Adv هو يقرأ بسرعة. hoowa yaqraʾo besorʿaten

8 DO + adverb S + V + DO + Adv S + V + DO + Adv أنا أقرأ هذا الكتاب بسرعة. 'anaa 'aqraʾo hādhaa al-kitaaba besorʿaten

9 Time S + Time + V S + Time + V أنا أعمل اليوم. 'anaa 'amalo al-yaowma

10 Place S + V + في + Place S + V + fī + Place هو يعيش هناك. hoowa yaʿeesho honaaka

11 Prepositional phrase N + في/على + Location N + fī/ʿalā + Location الكتاب على الطاولة. al-kitaabo ʿalaa aṭ-ṭāwilate

12 DO + location S + V + DO + في/على + Location S + V + DO + fī/ʿalā + Location أضع الكتاب على الطاولة. 'aḍaʿo al-kitaaba ʿalaa aṭ-ṭāwilate

13 Determiner + noun Det + N Det + N هذا الكتاب جديد. hadhaa al-kitaabo jadeedon

14 Det + adjective + noun Det + N + Adj Det + N + Adj هذا الكتاب الكبير جديد. hadhaa al-kitaabo al-kabeero jadeedon

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Num + N كتابان جديدان. kitaabaane jadeedaani

16 Conjunction Clause + و + Clause Clause + wa + Clause أنا أقرأ الكتاب، وهو يكتب رسالة. 'ana aqraʾo al-kitaaba, wa-hoowa yaktubo risaalatan

17 Conjunction + sequence Clause + ثم + Clause Clause + thumma + Clause أنا أقرأ الكتاب، ثم هو يكتب رسالة. 'anaa aqraʾo al-kitaaba, thumma hoowa yaktubo risaalatan

18 Present passive DO + يُـ + V DO + yu- + V يُقرأ الكتاب. yuqraʾo al-kitaabo

19 Passive + agent DO + يُـ + V + مِن قِبَل + Agent DO + yo- + V + men qebal + Agent يُقرأ الكتاب من قِبَلِه. yoqraʾo al-kitaabo men qebalehe

20 Passive + IO DO + يُعطى + لـ + IO DO + yuʿṭā + li- + IO يُعطى الكتاب له. yoʿṭaa al-kitaabu laho

21 Passive + IO + agent DO + V-passive + لـ + IO + مِن قِبَل + Agent DO + V-passive + li- + IO + min qibal + Agent يُعطى الكتاب للطالب من قِبَلِ المعلم. yoʿṭaa al-kitaabu liṭ-ṭaalibi men qebale al-moʿallime

22 Passive + time DO + Time + passive V DO + Time + passive V يُقرأ الكتاب اليوم. yuqraʾu al-kitābu al-yawma

23 Passive + location DO + passive V + في/على + Location DO + passive V + fī/ʿalā + Location وُضع الكتاب على الطاولة. woḍeʿa al-kitaabo ʿalaa aṭ-ṭāwilate

24 Passive + agent + time DO + Time + passive V + مِن قِبَل + Agent DO + Time + passive V + min qibal + Agent يُقرأ الكتاب اليوم من قِبَلِه. yoqraʾo al-kitaabo al-yawma men qebalehe

25 Passive + IO + agent + time DO + Time + passive V + لـ + IO + مِن قِبَل + Agent DO + Time + passive V + li- + IO + min qibal + Agent أُعطي الكتاب اليوم للطالب من قِبَلِ المعلم. 'oṭiya al-kitaabo al-yaoowma liṭ-ṭālibe men qebale al-moʿallime

26 Perfect passive DO + passive past V DO + passive past V قُرئ الكتاب. qoreʾa al-kitaabo

27 Perfect + agent DO + passive past V + مِن قِبَل + Agent DO + passive past V + min qibal + Agent قُرئ الكتاب من قِبَلِه. quriʾa al-kitābu min qibalihi

28 Future passive DO + سـ + passive V DO + sa- + passive V سيُقرأ الكتاب. sa-yuqraʾu al-kitābu

29 Future passive + agent DO + سـ + passive V + مِن قِبَل + Agent DO + sa- + passive V + min qibal + Agent سيُقرأ الكتاب من قِبَلِه. sa-yuqraʾu al-kitābu min qibalihi

30 Modal passive يجب أن + passive V yajibu an + passive V يجب أن يُقرأ الكتاب. yajibu an yuqraʾa al-kitābu

31 Negative S + لا + V S + lā + V أنا لا أقرأ هذا الكتاب. anā lā aqraʾu hādhā al-kitāba

32 Negative passive DO + لا + passive V DO + lā + passive V الكتاب لا يُقرأ. al-kitābu lā yuqraʾu

33 Yes/no question هل + S + V + DO؟ hal + S + V + DO? هل تقرأ هذا الكتاب؟ hal taqraʾu hādhā al-kitāba?

34 Passive question هل + DO + passive V؟ hal + DO + passive V? هل يُقرأ الكتاب؟ hal yuqraʾu al-kitābu?

35 Agent question مَن + V + DO؟ man + V + DO? من يقرأ الكتاب؟ man yaqraʾu al-kitāba?

36 IO question S + V + لـ + مَن + DO؟ S + V + li- + man + DO? لمن تعطي هذا الكتاب؟ liman tuʿṭī hādhā al-kitāba?

37 Imperative Imperative V + DO Imperative V + DO اقرأ هذا الكتاب! iqraʾ hadhaa al-kitaaba!

38 Imperative + IO Imperative V + لـ + IO + DO Imperative V + li- + IO + DO أعطه هذا الكتاب! aʿṭihi hadhaa al-kitaaba!

39 Passive imperative يجب أن + passive V yajibu an + passive V يجب أن يُقرأ الكتاب. yajibo 'an yoqraʾa al-kitaabo

40 Infinitive أن + V 'an + V أن أقرأ الكتاب 'an 'aqraʾa al-kitaaba

41 Infinitive + DO أن + V + DO 'an + V + DO أن أقرأ هذا الكتاب 'an 'aqraʾa hadhaa al-kitaaba

42 Passive infinitive أن + passive V 'an + passive V أن يُقرأ الكتاب 'an yoqraʾa al-kitaabo

43 Purpose S + لـِـ + V S + li- + V آكل لألعب. aakolo le-'alʿaba

44 Relative clause Relative clause + الذي/التي + N Relative clause + alladhī/allatī + N الكتاب الذي قرأته ممتع. al-kitaabo alladhee qaraʾtoho momtiʿon

45 Passive relative N + الذي + passive clause N + alladhī + passive clause الكتاب الذي قُرئ ممتع. al-kitaabo alladhee qoreʾa momtiʿon

46 Conditional إذا + Clause، فـ + Clause idhā + Clause, fa- + Clause إذا كان لدي وقت، فسأقرأ. idhaa kaaana ladayya waqton, fa-sa-'aqraʾo

47 Conditional + passive إذا + DO + passive V، فـ + Clause idhā + DO + passive V, fa- + Clause إذا قُرئ هذا الكتاب، فسيتعلم شيئًا. 'edhaa qoreʾa hadhaa al-kitaabo, fa-sa-yataʿallamo shayʾan

48 Reported speech S + قال + إنّ + Clause S + qāla + inna + Clause قال إنه يقرأ الكتاب. qaala 'ennaho yaqraʾo al-kitaaba

49 Reported question S + سأل + Person + هل + Clause S + saʾala + Person + hal + Clause سألني هل أقرأ الكتاب. saʾalanee hal 'aqraʾo al-kitaaba

50 Reported command S + طلب من + Person + أن + V S + ṭalaba men + Person + 'an + V طلب مني أن أقرأ الكتاب. ṭalaba mennee 'an 'aqraʾa al-kitaaba

ADVERBS:

1 Manner after V / DO S + V + DO + Adv أقرأ الكتاب بسرعة. Aqraʾo al-kitāba bisurʿatin. I read the book quickly.

2 Place after V / DO S + V + DO + Place أقرأ الكتاب في المنزل. Aqraʾo al-kitāba fī al-manzili. I read the book at home.

3 Time end / beginning S + V + DO + Time قرأت الكتاب بالأمس. Qaraʾto al-kitāba bil-amsi. I read the book yesterday.

4 Frequency usually before main V S + Adv + V + DO أنا غالبًا أقرأ الكتب. Anā ghāliban aqraʾo al-kotoba. I often read books.

5 Frequency + be after يكون S + be + Adv + Adj هو دائمًا سعيد. Hoowa dāʾiman saʿīdon. He is always happy.

6 Frequency + auxiliary after first auxiliary S + Aux + Adv + V أنا لم أرَ قط ذلك. Anā lam ara qaṭṭo dhālika. I have never seen that.

7 Degree before Adj / Adv S + V + Adv + Adj/Adv إنه جيد جدًا. Innaho jayyidon jiddan. It is very good.

8 Degree + verb before V S + Adv + V + DO أنا أحب ذلك حقًا. 'anaa oḥibbo dhalika ḥaqqan. I really like it.

9 Sentence adverb beginning / middle / end Adv + Clause لحسن الحظ، فزت. Le-ḥusne al-ḥaẓẓe, fozto. Fortunately, I won.

10 Comment adverb usually beginning Adv + Clause بصراحة، لا أعرف. Beṣaraaḥaten, laa 'arifo. Honestly, I don't know.

11 Linking adverb beginning / middle Clause + Adv + Clause كنت متعبًا؛ ومع ذلك، عملت. Konto mutʿaban; wa-maʿa dhalika, ʿamiltu. I was tired; however, I worked.

12 Direction after V / DO S + V + Direction ذهبت إلى الخارج. Dhahabto 'elaa al-khaarije. I went outside.

13 Definite frequency beginning / end Time expression + Clause أذهب إلى هناك كل يوم. Adhhabo 'elaa honaaka kolla yaowmen. I go there every day.

14 Duration usually end S + V + DO + Duration درست لمدة ساعتين. Darasto lemoddate sāʿatayne. I studied for two hours.

15 Purpose usually end Clause + Purpose ذهبت إلى هناك لكي أدرس. Dhahabto 'elaa honaaka lekay 'adrosa. I went there to study.

INDIRECT OBJECT:

IO noun S + V + IO + DO أُعطي الطالبَ كتابًا. uʿṭī aṭ-ṭāliba kitaaban

IO with لِـ S + V + لِـ [le] + IO + DO أشتري للطالبِ كتابًا. ashtarī liṭ-ṭālibi kitāban (we use two ل if it is definite)

IO pronoun S + V + IO-suffix + DO أُعطيه كتابًا. uʿṭīhi kitāban

IO with لِـ pronoun S + V + لِـ + pronoun + DO أشتري له كتابًا. ashtarī laho kitāban

GENITIVE:

After preposition Prep + GEN في البيتِ fī al-bayte in the house

Iḍāfa N + GEN كتابُ الطالبِ kitābo aṭ-ṭālibe the student's book (we add the kasra diacritic for the genitive noun)

Indefinite iḍāfa N + GEN كتابُ طالبٍ kitābo ṭāliben a student's book

Possessive suffix N + suffix كتابه kitāboho his book

INDEPENDENT:

لِـ + possessive pronoun suffix

English Arabic Transliteration

mine لي lī

yours (m.) لكَ laka

yours (f.) لكِ lake

his له laho

hers لها lahaa

ours لنا lanaa

yours (plural) لكم lakom

theirs لهم lahum

The book is mine. الكتاب لي. al-kitābo lee

The book is yours. الكتاب لكَ. al-kitābo laka

The book is his. الكتاب له. al-kitābo laho

The book is hers. الكتاب لها. al-kitābo lahaa

The book is ours. الكتاب لنا. al-kitābo lanaa

The book is theirs. الكتاب لهم. al-kitābo lahom

The book is for a man الكتابُ لرجلٌ al kitabo lirajulon

The book is for the man الكتابُ للرجلُ al kitabo lilrajulo

WAS GOING TO:

1. Was going to / intended to

Formation

S + كان + أن + V

English Arabic Transliteration

I was going to go. كُنتُ سَأذهبُ. konto sa-adhhabo

You were going to go. (m.) كُنتَ سَتَذهبُ. konta sataḏhabo

You were going to go. (f.) كُنتِ سَتَذهبين. konti sataḏhabīna

He was going to go. كَانَ سَيَذهبُ. kaaana sayaḏhabo

She was going to go. كَانَت سَتَذهبُ. kaaanat sataḏhabo

We were going to go. كُنا سَنَذهبُ. kunnaa sanaḏhabo

They were going to go. كَانوا سَيَذهبون. kaaanoo sayaḏhabona

The most natural pattern for “was going to” is actually:

كان + سـ + present verb

For example:

كان سيذهب.

kāna sayaḏhabu

= He was going to go.

كان = was

سـ = will / going to

يذهب = he goes

Together: “he was going to go.”

2. Full “was going to” table

Person Formation Arabic Transliteration English

I كَانَ + سَـ + V كنتُ سأذهب konto sa-aḏhabo I was going to go

you m. كَانَ + سَـ + V كنتَ ستذهب konta sataḏhabo you were going to go

you f. كَانَ + سَـ + V كنتِ ستذهبين konte sataḏhabīna you were going to go

he كَانَ + سَـ + V كان سيذهب kāna sayaḏhabo he was going to go

she كَانَ + سَـ + V كانت ستذهب kānat sataḏhabo she was going to go

we كَانَ + سَـ + V كنا سنذهب konnā sanaḏhabo we were going to go

you pl. كَانَ + سَـ + V كنتم ستذهبون kontom sataḏhaboona you were going to go

they m. كَانَ + سَـ + V كانوا سيذهبون kāaanoo sayaḏhabona they were going to go

they f. كَانَ + سَـ + V كنّ سيذهبن konna sayadhhabna they were going to go

Or we use سَوفَ [saoowfa] instead of -سَ

3. “Was planning to”

For a stronger meaning of “was planning to,” Arabic can use:

كَانَ يخطط لـِ + verbal noun

or more naturally:

كَانَ يُخططُ أن + verb

Example:

كُنتُ أخطط لِلذهابِ.

kuntu ukhaṭṭiṭu li-dh-dhahābi

= I was planning to go.

كنتُ = I was

أخطط = I plan / am planning

للذهاب = to going

4. “Was intending to”

You can also use كان ينوي أن + verb.

كنتُ أنوي أن أذهب.

kuntu anwī an adh-haba

= I was intending to go.

Pattern:

S + كان + ينوي + أن + V

English Arabic Transliteration

I was intending to go. كنتُ أنوي أن أذهب. kuntu anwī an adh-haba

He was intending to go. كان ينوي أن يذهب. kāna yanwī an yaḏhaba

She was intending to go. كانت تنوي أن تذهب. kānat tanwī an taḏhaba

5. “Was about to”

Be careful: “was going to” can also mean “was about to.”

Arabic commonly uses:

كان على وشك أن + V

كنتُ على وشك أن أذهب.

kuntu ʿalā washki an adh-haba

= I was about to go.

This is different from ordinary planned intention:

English Arabic Transliteration

I was going to go. كنتُ سأذهب. kuntu sa-aḏhabu

I was planning to go. كنتُ أخطط للذهاب. kuntu ukhaṭṭiṭu li-dh-dhahābi

I intended to go. كنتُ أنوي أن أذهب. kuntu anwī an adh-haba

I was about to go. كنتُ على وشك أن أذهب. kuntu ʿalā washki an adh-haba

3- PRONOUNS

هوَ Hoowa He

هيَ Heeya She

هما/هُما Homaa They (two)

هُم Hom They (More than two males)

هن/هُن Hin/Hon They (More than two females)

أنتَ 'anta You (male)

أنتِ 'ante You (female)

أنتُما/أنتَما/أنتا 'antomaa/'antamaa/'antaa You (two)

نَحنُ nahno We

أنتُم 'antom You (more than two males)

أنتن/أنتُن 'antin/'anton You (more than two females)

We also use the female pronouns (except for هن, we use هم instead of it) for things that make a light sound, and use the male pronouns for things that make a deep sound

4- VERBS

We add a prefix and a suffix depending on the pronoun and the number of people:

أَلعب (Me) ['Al''ab]

يَلعب (Male / Thing that makes a heavy sound) [Yal'ab]

تَلعب (You / Female / Thing that makes a light sound) [Tal'ab]

تَلعبي/تَلعبينَ (You [Female Singular]) [Tal'abee/Tal'abeena]

نَلعب (We) Another way [Nal'ab]

يَلعبونَ/يَلعبوا (They [More than two nouns]) [Yal'aboon/Yal'aboo]

تَلعبونَ/تَلعبوا (You [More than two nouns]) [Tal'aboon/Tal'aboo]

يَلعبانِ/يَلعبا (They [Two nouns only])

تَلعبانِ/تَلعبا (You [Two nouns only])

تَلعبانِ/تَلعبا (You [Two Female Nouns only])

(The following suffixes are added to usually refer to the thing that the action is done to or to the noun that does the action [They come after the other pronoun suffixes i just mentioned]):

أَلعبهُ (Male/[Thing that makes a heavy sound]) [Al'aboh]

أَلعبها (Her/[Thing that makes a light sound]) [Al'abaha]

يَلعبهُم (Them [Male]) [Yal'abhom]

تَلعبهُن/تَلعبهن(Them [Female]) [Tal'abhen]

تَلعبهُما/تَلعبهما (Them [Two nouns]) [Tal'abhomaa]

نَلعبكُما/تَلعبكما (You [Two nouns]) (The last two letters can sometimes refer to the noun that does the action instead of the noun that the action happens to)

تَلعبكَ (You) (The suffix only refers to the noun that the action is done to and not the noun that does it)

يَلعبني (Me) (The suffix only refers to the noun that the action is done to)

يَلعبكُم (You [Male Plural]) (The last letter can sometimes refer to the noun that does the action instead of the noun that the action happens to)

يَلعبكُن/يَلعبكن (You [Female Plural]) (The last letter can sometimes refer to the noun that does the action instead of the noun that the action happens to)

يَلعبنا (Us) (The suffix only refers to the noun that the action is done to and not the noun that does it)

الأولاد يَأكلونَكُم/يَأكلوكُم (The boys eat you [plural male])

The word "لعبنا (we played / he/she played us [past tense]" can refer to the noun that the action is done to or the noun that does the action.

لَعَبناهُ We played him

لَعَبناها We played her

etc.....

الولد لَعَبَنا (The boy played us)

If a verb doesn't start with ا [I] when its an imperative, we use يُ/تُ/أُ...etc.. [Yo/To/'o]. However, if the word starts with ta', we use ya/ta...etc...

5- THINGS

We add the letter ة to the end of a word that describes a thing

وردَة

متحولَة

A noun becomes female by adding -ة [-a], if a word has it, we put fat-ha over the letter that comes before it, if there is a diacritic over that letter or if there is an object after it (without preposition), it is pronounce as -t, and if there is a letter after it, we replace it with ت

The adjective has the same rule

6- ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS

There are two types of adjectives:

Regular adjectives: adjectives that end with ونَ- or ينَ- if it describes more than two nouns and end with انِ- or ينِ- (we add fat-ha over the letter before the ينِ- suffix) if it describes two nouns only and end with ين- if it describes more than two females but it has to refer to second person pronouns at the same time (second person pronouns such as you, yours and etc.....)

Regular adjectives end with ات- if they are more than two females or more than two things and end with تانِ- or تَينِ- (we add fat-ha over the letter before the تَينِ- suffix) if they are two females only or two things only, some adjectives end with اء-, sometimes (not always) if an adjective has the letter ي before the last letter, then we get rid of the ي in order to make it refer to more than two nouns, some adjectives have the letter alif (ا) after the first letter (for singular only)

Irregular adjectives: adjectives that change differently when they are plural.

there is one thing you need to keep in mind: the letter ة is at the end of every adjective that describes one thing or one female

Its only for regular adjectives though, not irregular.

The nouns have the same roles as the adjectives, but some nouns have the letter ا (alif) somewhere in the middle of the word to refer to more than two males or more than two things, and some have the letter -ئ- before the last letter but its only added if the letters -لا- are in the middle of the word (singular and plural), before we add the ئ, we have to get rid of the ة (what makes it singular) because the ة refers to one thing and we have to make the word refer to more than two males or more than two things, we also use the alif that was mentioned before to make a noun from a verb or adjective or any other type of word, the letter alif has to be somewhere in the middle of the word, we also have to add the ة at the end (we also have to remove letters that make the word a verb or an adjective or etc....), If a noun is singular and has ة at the end but has the letter ي before it (i am not talking about a noun that comes from a verb or adjective, just a regular singular noun), to make it plural, we get rid of the ة and the ي and replace it with ى, some plural nouns have the letter و before the last letter, if the word already has the letter و, then we add the letter ؤ and put it before و, if a noun has the letters -ائ- in the middle of the word, we replace the letters with -لائ- to make it refer to more than two nouns, if the letter alif is in the middle of a noun (not before the last letter), we add the letter ل before the alif to make it plural or add و (for some nouns) before the alif to make it plural. some nouns can have -ائ- before the last letter when they are plural but there are two letters before the ائ. some nouns can be formed from an adjective or verb by removing the verb tense prefix and the pronoun tense prefixes and letters that make the word an adjective, and then add the prefix -ال. A lot of neuter nouns start with the letter alif with hamza (أ) and have the letter alif without hamza (ا) before the last letter of the noun (and we get rid of the ة suffix if the noun has it).

IRREGULAR PLURAL PATTERNS:

أَفْعَال afʿāl قَلَم → أَقْلَام qalam → aqlām Very common with many 3-consonant nouns, especially nouns of the فَعَل / فَعْل type.

أَفْعِلَة afʿila طَعَام → أَطْعِمَة ṭaʿām → aṭʿima Common with certain nouns, especially some short/medial-weak nouns and established lexical plurals.

أَفْعُل afʿul نَفْس → أَنْفُس nafs → anfus One of the traditional plural-of-paucity patterns; also occurs as an established plural of certain nouns.

فِعْلَة fiʿla فَتًى → فِتْيَة fatā → fitya Traditional plural-of-paucity pattern, particularly with certain human nouns.

فُعُل fuʿul كِتَاب → كُتُب kitāb → kutub Very common broken-plural pattern, especially with many nouns of suitable structure.

فُعَل fuʿal غُرْفَة → غُرَف ghurfa → ghuraf Common with certain feminine nouns, especially nouns ending in ـة with a suitable internal structure.

فِعَال fiʿāl رَجُل → رِجَال rajul → rijāl Very common with many 3-consonant nouns, particularly certain human nouns and adjectives.

فُعُول fuʿūl بَيْت → بُيُوت bayt → buyūt Very common with many 3-consonant nouns, especially nouns with suitable consonant/vowel structures.

فُعَلَاء fuʿalāʾ فَقِير → فُقَرَاء faqīr → fuqarāʾ Especially common for human nouns/adjectives describing people, particularly certain adjectives on فَعِيل.

أَفْعِلَاء afʿilāʾ صَدِيق → أَصْدِقَاء ṣadīq → aṣdiqāʾ Common with certain human nouns/adjectives, especially certain words ending in ـيّ / ـيل-type structures.

فَعَلَة faʿala كَاتِب → كَتَبَة kātib → kataba Used with certain agent/occupational nouns, especially some active-participle forms.

فَوَاعِل fawāʿil حَامِل → حَوَامِل ḥāmil → ḥawāmil Common with certain active participles, particularly feminine nouns and some nouns on فَاعِل.

فَعَائِل faʿāʾil رِسَالَة → رَسَائِل risāla → rasāʾil Very common with certain feminine nouns, especially nouns of suitable فَعِيلَة / فَعَالَة families.

مَفَاعِل mafāʿil مَكْتَب → مَكَاتِب maktab → makātib Very common with 4+ consonant nouns, especially nouns beginning with مَـ, including places and derived nouns.

مَفَاعِيل mafāʿīl مِفْتَاح → مَفَاتِيح miftāḥ → mafātīḥ Common with certain instrument nouns and longer nouns, particularly nouns of the مِفْعَال type.

فَعَالِل faʿālil دِرْهَم → دَرَاهِم dirham → darāhim Used especially with many four-consonant nouns and other nouns requiring a four-consonant broken-plural pattern.

فَعَالِيل faʿālīl عُصْفُور → عَصَافِير ʿuṣfūr → ʿaṣāfīr Common with certain four-consonant nouns, especially nouns containing long vowels or weak-letter structures.

تَفَاعِل tafāʿil تَجْرِبَة → تَجَارِب tajriba → tajārib Common with certain derived nouns, especially nouns beginning with تَـ.

تَفَاعِيل tafāʿīl تَفْصِيل → تَفَاصِيل tafṣīl → tafāṣīl Common with certain verbal nouns/abstract nouns, particularly longer nouns beginning with تَـ.

WITH ADJECTIVES:

1 أَفْعَال afʿāl كَبِير kabīr كِبَار kibār kibār Certain adjectives, especially common 3-consonant adjectives

2 أَفْعِلَة afʿila شَدِيد shadīd أَشِدَّة ashidda ashiddah Certain adjectives, especially established lexical plurals

3 أَفْعُل afʿul أَخْضَر akhḍar خُضْر khuḍr khuḍr Certain adjectives, especially colors/physical descriptions

4 فِعَال fiʿāl كَبِير kabīr كِبَار kibār kibār Very common adjective broken-plural pattern

5 فُعُول fuʿūl صَبُور ṣabūr صُبُر ṣubur ṣubur Some adjectives, particularly certain intensive/quality adjectives

6 فُعَلَاء fuʿalāʾ فَقِير faqīr فُقَرَاء fuqarāʾ fuqarāʾ Very common with human adjectives, especially certain فَعِيل adjectives

7 أَفْعِلَاء afʿilāʾ صَدِيق ṣadīq أَصْدِقَاء aṣdiqāʾ aṣdiqāʾ Certain human adjectives/nouns of suitable structure

8 فِعْلَة fiʿla شَابّ shābb شَبَاب shabāb shabāb Some adjectives/noun-adjectives with lexicalized plurals

9 فَوَاعِل fawāʿil حَامِل ḥāmil حَوَامِل ḥawāmil ḥawāmil Certain فَاعِل adjectives/participles, particularly feminine nouns

10 فَعَائِل faʿāʾil جَمِيلَة jamīla جَمَائِل jamāʾil jamāʾil Certain feminine adjective/noun formations

11 فَعَلَة faʿala كَاتِب kātib كَتَبَة kataba kataba Certain human agent adjectives/nouns

12 فَعَالِل faʿālil أَحْمَر aḥmar حُمُر ḥumur ḥumur Some color/physical-description adjectives; highly lexical

13 فُعْل fuʿl أَحْمَر aḥmar حُمْر ḥumr ḥumr Colors and physical characteristics

14 فُعْلَان fuʿlān عَطْشَان ʿaṭshān عِطَاش ʿiṭāsh ʿiṭāsh Certain adjectives expressing states/conditions

15 فِعَال fiʿāl مَرِيض marīḍ مَرْضَى marḍā marḍā Lexical broken plurals of certain adjectives

16 فَعْلَى faʿlā مَرِيض marīḍ مَرْضَى marḍā marḍā Particularly certain adjectives describing conditions

17 فُعْلَى fuʿlā كَبِير kabīr كُبْرَى kubrā kubrā Mostly the feminine singular, not an ordinary plural; important because it can look plural

18 أَفْعَل -> فُعْل afʿal → fuʿl أَخْضَر akhḍar خُضْر khuḍr khuḍr Colors and certain physical adjectives

19 أَفْعَل -> فِعْلَان afʿal → fiʿlān أَسْمَر asmar سُمْرَان sumrān sumrān Certain color adjectives; lexicalized

20 أَفْعَل -> فُعْلَان afʿal → fuʿlān أَحْمَر aḥmar حُمْرَان ḥumrān ḥumrān Some color adjectives in particular lexical usages

Some plural nouns have the letter أ along with adding any of the letters that we just mentioned

A noun can be an adjective by adding ي- [-ee]

7- VERB TENSES

أنا أَكل I am eating / I eat (أكل -> 'a''kol)

ُأنا أَكَلت I ate

أنا سَوفَ أَكل I will eat (أكل -> a''kol)

هوَ يَأكل He eats / He is eating

هوَ أَكَلَ He ate (أكل -> akal)

هوَ سَوفَ يَأكل He will eat (يأكل -> ya'kol)

هيَ تَأكل She ate / She is eating (تأكل -> ta'kol)

هيَ أكَلَت She ate

هيَ سَوفَ تَأكل She will eat

أنتَ تَأكل You eat (Male)

أنتَ أَكَلتُ You ate (Male)

أنتَ سَوفَ تَأكل You will eat (Male)

أنتِ تأكل / أنتِ تأكلين / أنتِ تأكلي You eat (Female)

أنتِ أكَلتِ / أنتِ أَكَلت You ate (Female)

أنتِ سَوفَ تَأكل / أنتِ سَوفَ تأكلي / أنتِ سَوفَ تَأكلين You will eat (Female)

أنتُم تَأكلون / أنتُم تَأكل / أنتُم تَأكلوا You eat (more than two males)

أنتُم أَكَلتوا You ate (more than two males)

أنتُم سَوفَ تَأكلونَ You will eat (more than two males)

أنتُن/أنتن تَأكلون/تَأكلوا (More than two females)

أنتُن/أنتن أكَلتوا You ate (More than two females)

أنتُن/أنتن سَوفَ تَأكلون/تَأكلوا You will eat (More than two females)

أنتُما/أنتَما تَأكلان/تَأكلا You eat (Two People)

أنتُما/أنتَما أَكَلتا You ate (Two People)

أنتُما/أنتَما سَوفَ تَأكلان/تأكلا You will eat (Two People)

هُم يَأكلون/تَأكلوا They are eating / They eat

هُم أَكَلوا They ate

هُم سَوفَ يَأكلون/يَأكلوا They will eat

نَحنُ نَأكل We eat / We are eating

نَحنُ أَكَلنا We ate

نَحنُ سَوفَ نَأكل We will eat

هُما يَأكلانِ/يأكلا They eat (Two Males) / They are eating (Two Males)

هُما/هما أَكَلا They ate (Two Males)

هُما/هما سوف يَأكلانِ/يَأكلا They will eat (Two Males)

هُما/هما يَأكلن They eat (Two Females) / They are eating (Two Females)

هُما/هما أَكَلُن/أَكَلن They ate (Two Females)

هُما/هما سَوفَ يَأكلن They will eat (Two Females)

If the verb does not start with alif:

أنا أَلعب

أنا سَوفَ أَلعب

هوَ يَلعب

هيَ تَلعب

لَعَبَ la'aba He played

لَعَبَت la'abat She played

لَعَبتُ la'abto I played

لَعَبتَ la'abta You played (Male)

لَعَبتِ la'abte You played (Female)

لَعَبوا la'aboo They played (More than two)

لَعَبتوا la'abtoo You played (More than two)

لَعَبَما/لَعَبا la'abamaa/la'abaa They played (Two)

لَعَبتا/لَعَبتَما/لَعَبتٌما la'abtaa/la'abtamaa/la'abtomaa You played (Two)

لَعَبُم la'abom They played (More than two males)

لَعَبُن/لَعَبن la'abon/la'abin They played (More than two females)

لَعَبتُم la'abtom You played (More than two males)

لَعَبتن/لَعَبتُن la'abtin/la'abton You played (More than two females)

لَعَبنا la'abnaa We played

was: كَانَ

كَانَ يَلعب (was playing)

if a verb is 4 letters, then we add the prefix ا to make it past tense and the fatha diacritic on the letter this before the last letter, if the verb has the letter alif, then we just add the fatha diacritic without the alif prefix:

استمَع (He Listened)

استمعَت (She listened)

هاجَمَ (He Attacked)

هاجَمَت (She attacked)

some verbs can have the letter ت after the verb gender prefix and have the fat-ha diacritic above the letter that is before the last letter, however this is not necessary and we can use the verb without ت:

تتمارَس She Exercises

تمارَس He exercised

etc....

if a verb ends with ي or و or ا or ى, to make it past tense, we get rid of the present tense prefix and replace ي with ى but its only for male, for female, we get rid of the ي:

يصلي -> صَلَى/صَلَت/صَلَيت

صلى (Male) (We do not add the fat-ha diacritic)

صلت (Female)

صليت (Me/You)

if its plural, we get rid of the ى and replace it with the plural suffix

يصلانِ

يصلونَ

يصلوا

When a verb refers to a bunch of nouns doing something to each other, we add the letter ت after the verb tense prefix and add the letter alif:

يَتَضارَب (Hits with)

تَضارَبَ (Hit with [Male Past])

تَضارَبت (Hit with [Female Past])

تَضارَب (Hit with [Imperative])

الولد تَضارَب مع اخوه (The boy hit with his brother)

الرجل تَناقَش مع اخوه (The man talked with his brother)

If a verb has the letter و before the last letter, to make it past tense, we replace و with ا:

يَقول (He Says)

َقَال (He said)

If a verb has the letter ى as the last letter, if we want to put a pronoun suffix, we have to replace ى with ا:

يرى (sees)

يراك (sees you)

(The rest is the same structure)

كَانَ kaaana He was

كَانَت kaaanat She was

كُنتُ konto I was

كُنتَ konta You were

كُنتِ konte You were (Female)

كَانوا kaaanoo They were

كَانا/كَانُما/كَانَما kaaanaa/kaaanomaa/kaaanamaa They were (two)

كُنتوا kontoo You were (more than two)

كُنتا/كُنتُما/كُنتَما kontaa/kontomaa/kontamaa You were (Two)

كَانُم kaaanom They were (more than two males)

كَانن/كَانُن kaaanin/kaaanon They were (more than two females)

كُنتُم kontom You were (more than two males)

كُنتن/كُنتُن kontin/konton You were (more than two females)

كُنا/كُنَنا konaa/konanaa We were

مشَيتُ I walked

مشَت She walked

مشَيتَ You walked (Male)

مشَيتِ You walked (Female)

etc.....

لَيسَت Laysat She is not

لَستَ Lasta You are not (Male)

لَستِ Laste You are not (Female)

لَيسَ Laysa He is not

لَيسوا Laysoo He/She is not (Plural)

لَسنا Lasna We are not

لَستُم Lastom You are not (More than two male)

لَستُن Laston You are not (More than two female)

لَستُما Lastomaa You are not (Two)

etc.... (behaves like كان)

For past verbs that have a vowel:

قَالَ Qaaala He said

قَالَت Qaaalat She said

قلتُ Qolto (This past verb has the same diacritics as the verb's present; it behaves like it) I said

قلتَ Qolta (Same with previous) You said (Male)

قلتِ Qolte You said (Female)

قَالوا Qaaaloo They said

قَالا Qaaalaa They said (Two)

قلتوا Qoltoo You said (More than two)

قلتا Qoltaa You said (Two)

قلنا Qolnaa We said

For past verbs that end with a vowel:

مَشَى Mashaaa He walked

مَشَت Mashat She walked

مَشَيتُ Mashayto I walked

مَشَيتَ Mashayta You walked (Male)

مَشَيتِ Mashayte You walked (Female)

مَشوا Mashoo They walked

مَشا/مَشُما/مَشَما Mashaa/Mashomaa/Mashamaa They walked (Two)

مَشَيتوا Mashaytoo You walked (More than two)

مَشَيتا/مَشَيتُما/مَشَيتَما Mashaytaa/Mashaytomaa/Mashaytamaa You walked (Two)

مَشَينا Mashaynaa We walked

مَشُم Mashom They walked (More than two males)

مَشن/مَشُن Mashin/Mashon They walked (More than two females)

مَشَيتُم Mashaytom You walked (More than two males)

مَشَيتن/مَشَيتُن Mashaytin/Mashayton You walked (More than two females)

some verbs can have the letter ت after the verb gender prefix and have the fat-ha diacritic above the letter that is before the last letter, however this is not necessary and we can use the verb without ت:

تتمارَس She Exercises

تمارَس He exercised

etc....

if a verb ends with ي or و or ا or ى, to make it past tense, we get rid of the present tense prefix and replace ي with ى but its only for male, for female, we get rid of the ي:

يصلي -> صلى/صلت/صليت

صَلَى (Male) (We do not add the fat-ha diacritic)

صَلَت (Female)

صَلَيت (Me/You)

if its plural, we get rid of the ى and replace it with the plural suffix

يُصلان

يُصلونَ

يُصلوا

When a verb refers to a bunch of nouns doing something to each other, we add the letter ت after the verb tense prefix and add the letter alif:

يَتضارَب (Hits with)

تَضارَب (Hit with [Male Past])

تَضارَبت (Hit with [Female Past])

تَضارَب (Hit with [Imperative])

الولد تضارَب مع اخوه (The boy hit with his brother)

الرجل تناقَش مع اخوه (The man talked with his brother)

If a verb has the letter و before the last letter, to make it past tense, we replace و with ا:

يقول (He Says)

َقال (He said)

If a verb has the letter ى as the last letter, if we want to put a pronoun suffix, we have to replace ى with ا:

يرى (sees)

يراك (sees you)

تَأكلنهن (They eat them [more than two females])

تَأكلوهن (You eat them [more than two females])

يَأكلونَك (They eat you) (Used if nominative) (Used for more than two people or two people)

يَأكلوك (They eat you) (Used if accusative or jazm) (Used for more than two people or two people)

Same with other pronoun suffixes

َقال (He said)

ُقلت (I said)

قلتَ (You said [singular male])

قلتِ (You said [singular female])

قالت (She said)

---

مشى (He walked)

مشت (She walked)

مشيت (I walked / You walked)

For verb tenses, you usually have to know the root of a verb in order to form a tense:

كَانَ kaaana He was

كَانَت kaaanat She was

كُنتُ konto I was

كُنتَ konta You were

كُنتِ konte You were (Female)

كَانوا kaaanoo They were

كَانا/كَانُما/كَانَما kaaanaa/kaaanomaa/kaaanamaa They were (two)

كُنتوا kontoo You were (more than two)

كُنتا/كُنتُما/كُنتَما kontaa/kontomaa/kontamaa You were (Two)

كَانُم kaaanom They were (more than two males)

كَانن/كَانُن kaaanin/kaaanon They were (more than two females)

كُنتُم kontom You were (more than two males)

كُنتن/كُنتُن kontin/konton You were (more than two females)

كُنا/كُنَنا konaa/konanaa We were

مَشَيتُ I walked

مَشَت She walked

مَشَيتَ You walked (Male)

مَشَيتِ You walked (Female)

etc.....

If a verb already has the fat-ha on the letter before the last one, we either keep it for past verb or replace it with kasra to make it more formal:

كسَرَ (Broke)

كسِرَ (Broke) (More formal)

If a verb has two vowels, we treat it like a verb that doesn't have one

A verb that has a vowel can have its vowel removed unless if it has more than one

(Present) -> (Past)

يأكل Ya'kul -> a'kala أكل (replace the letter before the last letter with a and add the -a because of the diacritic)

يلعب Yala'b -> la'ba لعب (add the -a because of the diacritic)

Yaktub -> kataba (add the letter A after the first letter and the third one and add the -a because of the diacritic)

تأكل -> Ta'kul

It is advised to learn the alphabet to form the tenses correctly, or simply memorize them (First option is better)

If a verb has a kasra under the letter before the last one, to make it past, we add the prefix وَ [wa-], and to make it imperative, we just get rid of the present prefix (IMPORTANT: every imperative has sukoon over the last letter)

وَعَدَ waʿada يَعِدُ yaʿidu عِدْ ʿid promise

وَجَدَ wajada يَجِدُ yajidu جِدْ jid find

وَصَفَ waṣafa يَصِفُ yaṣifu صِفْ ṣif describe

وَقَفَ waqafa يَقِفُ yaqifu قِفْ qif stand / stop

وَزَنَ wazana يَزِنُ yazinu زِنْ zin weigh

Some verbs can be past simple with أ:

نَقَظَ nakadha-> أنقَظَ 'ankadha

If a verb has more than 3 letters, we only add fat-ha over the last letter and the one before it:

استمتع 'Istamti' -> استمتَعَ'Istamta'a

استمع 'Istami' -> استمَعَ 'Istama'a

البنتُ استمَعَت لَلقرانِ Al-binto istama'at lal-qurane

يَسمَع Yasma' -> يُسَّمع Yossami' makes him listen/helps him listen

يَلعَب Yal'ab -> يُلَّعب Yolla'ib makes him play/helps him play

يَركُض Yarkodh -> يُرَّكض Yorrakidh makes him run/helps him run

يَجد Yajid -> يُجّد Yojjid makes him find/helps him find

If a verb has the fat-ha diacritc over the first letter or has the letter alif after it, we use the prefix -يُ-/تُ-/أُ (Yo-/To-/O-): يُهاجم Yohaajim

8- PERFECT TENSE

لَقَد كان <- have been/had been

لَقَد <- had/have

لَقَد أصبح -> have become

ُلَقَد لَعِبت i have played

we use a verb tense suffix for أصبح depending on the pronoun

9- PRONOUNS OF POSSESSION

كتابي My book

كتابك Your book

كتابنا Our Book

كتابه His Book / Its book (must have a heavy sound)

كتابها Her book / Its book (must have a light sound)

كتابهُم Their book (Male)

كتابهُن Their book (Female)

كتابهُما Their book (Two People)

كتابكما Your book (Two People)

كتابكُم Your book (More than two males)

كتابكن Your book (More than two females)

كتاب أحمدٍ The book of ahmed / Ahmed's book

ٍكتاب شخص The book of a person / A person's book [We add the kasra diacritic over the last letter of the noun that has the possession, but if the noun is a name of person, we do not add it, and if it ends with ا, و, ي, the kasra does exist but we do not add it]

كتاب صديقي

ِكتاب الرجل The book of the man / The man's book

كتاب هَذا الرجلِ The book of this man

هَذا لي That/This is mine

هَذا له That/This is his

هَذا لهم That/This is theirs

GENITIVE: The noun that is possessed ends with a regular version of the diacritic instead of the tanween even when its indefinite, when its definite, we do not add al-. The possessor has the kasra diacritic [-e] at the end if its definite and has tanween al kasra [-en] if its indefinite, this applies for names:

كتابُ رجلٍ Kitabo al-rajulen Book of a man

كتابُ الرجلِ Kitabo al-rajule Book of the man

If the possessor ends in ي, ا, the diacritic isn't visible or pronounced:

كتابُ القاضي Kitabo al-qadhee Book of the judge

CASE ENDING: If a word ends in the letter alif, the the diacritic isn't visible or pronounced:

الدينا جيدةٌ Al-dunyaa jayyedaton The world is good

DEFECTIVE NOUN: When a noun ends in ي: It has different case ending rules:

Nominative/Accusative: Same as a regular noun: قاضيُ/قاضيَ qadheeo/qadheea

Genitive/Preposition followed: the diacritic isn't visible or pronounced: قاضي qadhee

INDEFINITE:

Nominative/Genitive/Preposition followed: Get rid of the ي and add the tanween al kasra over the letter that becomes last: قاضٍ qadhen

Accusative: Add alif and add tanween al fat-ha over the letter before it: قاضيًا qadheean

(Pronoun Suffix)ل

If a genitive phrase has an adjective, it comes to the end of the phrase:

كتابُ الرجلِ السعيدُ Kitabo ar-rajule al-saeedo The happy book of the man

كتابُ الرجلِ السعيدَ Kitabo ar-rajule al-saeede The book of the happy man

10- HAVE/HAS

have/had -> لَدَي

أنا لَدَي I have

هيَ لَدَيها She has

هوَ لَدَيهِ He has

هما لَدَيهُما They have (Two males)

لَدَيهما They have (Two females)

هُم لَدَيهُم/لهُم They have (More than two males)

هن لَدَيهن/لِهن They have (More than two females)

نَحنُ لَدَينا We have

أنتَ لَدَيكَ You have (Male)

أنتِ لَدَيكِ You have (Female)

أنتم لَدَيكُم You have (More than two males)

أنتن لَدَيكُن/لَدَيكن You have (More than two females)

أنتما لَدَيَكُما You have (Two males)

أنتما لَدَيَكما You have (Two females)

لَيسَ لَدَي [Laysa Laday] (I don't have) (Use ليس [Laysa] for have when negative)

Past of I had is كَانَ لَدَي kaaana laday

11- THE

We add the prefix ال- to a word to mean "the"

الشخض (The person)

للشخص (For the person)

If a definite article has the following letters after it, the -l is silent:

ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن

ت تاء التُّفَّاح at-tuffāḥ

ث ثاء الثَّوْب ath-thawb

د دال الدَّرْس ad-dars

12- PASSIVE VOICE

There are 3 ways to make a passive voice sentence in arabic

The cake is eaten by him:

1- We add a prefix and a suffix referring to the person doing the action:

الكعكة يأكله الرجل (The cake is eaten by the man)

2- We add a prefix referring to the person doing the action but we add a suffix referring to the thing that the action was done to:

الكعكة يأكلها الرجل (The cake is eaten by the man)

3- We add the letter م to the beginning of the passive verb and add the letter و before the last letter of the word:

الكعكة مأكولة من الرجل (The cake is eaten by the man)

Some verbs do not have و when they are passive:

البيت مبني (The house is built)

4- We add the letter ن to the beginning of the verb

يضرَب (Hits)

الولد يَنَضَرب (The boy is hit) (Use If it happens for a long time)

الولد انضَرَب (The boy is hit) (Use If it happens only now)

الولد انضرَب (The boy was hit)

الولد كَانَ يَنضَرب (The boy was being hit)

الولد يَنضَرب (The boy is being hit)

الولد لقد انضَرَب (The boy has been hit) (Used if it only happens now)

الولد لقد يَنضَرب (The boy has been hit) (Used if it continues to happen)

الولد لقد يَنضَرب (The boy has been being hit)

الولد لقد كان انضرَب (The boy had been hit)

الولد لقد كان يَنضَرب (The boy has been hit) (Used if it continues to happen)

الولد لقد كان يَنضَرب (The boy has been being hit)

الولد سوف يَنضَرب (The boy will be hit)

الولد لقد سوف يَنضَرب (The boy will have been hit)

الولد كان سوف يَنضَرب (The boy was going to be hit)

الولد لقد كان سوف يَنضَرب (The boy was going to be hit [but in perfect tense])

كُن مَضروب / مَضروباً (Be hit)

!انضَرب (Be hit!)

البنت تَنضَرب (The girl gets hit)

يَضرَب Yadhrab - يَنضَرب Yandharib

يَأكُل Ya'kol - يَنأَكل Yan'akil

Pronounciation of !انضرب (Be hit!): [Indhareb!]

Pronounciation of انضرَب (Got hit): [Indharab]

We add a diacritic on the letter.

a little bit of passive verbs can have two ت to replace the ن prefix when the passive verb is present tense and refers to feminine or things that make a light sound (you have to memorize the words in order to know if it is nomative or accusative [passive]), however this is not necessary:

تتاكل

5- Same word but with different diacritics

ضُرِب (Is hit) (Used if it happens only now)

يُضرَب (Is hit) (Used if it happens for a long time)

يُضرَب (Is being hit)

ضُرِب (Was hit)

كَانَ يُضرَب (Was being hit)

لَقَد ضُرب (has been hit) (Used if it only happens now)

لَقَد يُضرَب (has been hit) (Used if it continues to happen)

لَقَد يُضرَب (has been being hit)

لَقَد كَانَ يُضرَب (has been being hit)

سَوفَ يُضرَب (will be hit)

لَقدَ سَوفَ يُضرَب (will have been hit)

كَانَ سَوفَ يُضرَب (was going to be hit)

لَقَد كَانَ سَوفَ يُضرَب (was going to be hit [but in perfect tense])

PASSIVE VERB TENSES:

مَبني (is built)

كَانَ مَبني (was built)

يُصبح مَبني (becomes built)

اصبح مَبني (became built)

يَكون مَبني (is being built)

كَانَ يَكون مَبني (was being built)

لَقَد كَانَ مَبني (has been built)

لَقَد كَانَ يَكون مَبني (has been being built)

سَوفَ يَكون مَبني (will be built)

لَقَد سَوفَ يَكون مَبني (will have been built)

كَانَ سَوفَ يَكون مَبني (was going to be built)

لَقَد كَانَ سَوفَ يَكون مَبني (was going to be built [but in perfect tense])

كُن مَبني (Be built)

الكعكة لَقَد كَانَت مَأكولَة (The cake has been eaten)

We also use the phrases above for adjectives and nouns, not just passive voice

الكعكة لَقَد كَانَت تَكون سعيدَة (The cake has been being happy)

الكعكة يَأكلها الرجل (The cake is eaten by the man / The cake is being eaten by the man)

الكعكة كَانَ يَأكلها الرجل (The cake was eaten by the man / The cake was being eaten by the man)

الكعكة لَقَد يَأكلها الرجل (The cake has been eaten by the man / The cake has been being eaten by the man)

الكعكة لَقَد كَانَ يَأكلها الرجل (The cake has been eaten by the man / The cake has been being eaten by the man)

الكعكة سَوفَ يَأكلها الرجل (The cake will be eaten by the man)

الكعكة كَانَ سَوفَ يَأكلها الرجل (The cake was going to be eaten by the man)

الكعكة لَقَد سَوفَ يَأكلها الرجل (The cake will have been eaten by the man)

الكعكة لَقَد كَانَ سَوفَ يَأكلها الرجل (The cake was going to be eaten by the man [but with perfect tense])

(The structure is the same for when the verb refers to the noun doing the action)

If there is a modal word in the passive sentence, then we add the word يكون before the passive verb:

يَجب أن تَكونَ مَأكولة (She must be eaten)

يَجب أن يَكونوا مَأكولين (They must be eaten)

يَجب أن تَكونَ لَيسَ مَأكولة (She must not be eaten)

We will talk about modal words in arabic later in this post.

يراك تنأكل (He sees you be eaten)

يراك تكون مأكول (He sees you be eaten)

اُضرَب (Get hit)

البنت تُضرَب The girl is hit (Use ت for female)

I فَعَلَ faʿala فُعِلَ foʿela كَتَبَ → كُتِبَ kataba → koteba

II فَعَّلَ faʿʿala فُعِّلَ foʿʿela عَلَّمَ → عُلِّمَ ʿallama → ʿollema

III فَاعَلَ fāʿala فُوعِلَ foʿela قَاتَلَ → قُوتِلَ qātala → qotela

IV أَفْعَلَ ʾafʿala أُفْعِلَ ʾofʿela أَكْرَمَ → أُكْرِمَ ʾakrama → ʾokrema

V تَفَعَّلَ tafaʿʿala تُفُعِّلَ tofoʿʿela تَعَلَّمَ → تُعُلِّمَ taʿallama → toʿollema

VI تَفَاعَلَ tafāʿala تُفُوعِلَ tofoʿela تَقَاتَلَ → تُقُوتِلَ taqātala → toqotela

VII اِنْفَعَلَ infaʿala اِنْفُعِلَ infoʿela اِنْكَسَرَ → اِنْكُسِرَ inkasara → inkosera

VIII اِفْتَعَلَ iftaʿala اُفْتُعِلَ oftoʿela — —

IX اِفْعَلَّ ifʿalla اُفْعُلَّ ofʿolla اِحْمَرَّ → اُحْمُرَّ iḥmarra → oḥmurra

X اِسْتَفْعَلَ istafʿala اُسْتُفْعِلَ ostofʿela اِسْتَخْرَجَ → اُسْتُخْرِجَ istakhraja → ostokhreja

13- GERUNDS

If the noun came from the verb:

العَب 'il''ab Play ->اللَعب al-la''ib Playing

انقُش 'inqosh -> النَقش an-naqish

If the verb came from the noun:

امرَح ''Imrah -> المَرَح Al-marah

الظُلُم ''Idhlom -> الظُلُم Adh-dholom

Another way to make a gerund:

ya'mal يَعمل -> mo'aamalat مُعامَلَة

yojaamil يُجامل -> mojaamalat مُجامَلَة

ألعبُ لِمُجامَلَةَ الأخرينَ 'alabo le-mojaamalata al-'akhareena I play to be sarcastic with others (lieral: I play for being sarcastic with the others [the arabic sentence doesn't have the preposition]

If the gerund is plural, we use ات [-aat] instead of ة [-a]

To talk about someone doing something, Another way to make a gerund is by putting the prefix -مُ [mo-] and add alif after the letter that is after مُ [sometimes we don't], unless if it already has one, and we get rid of the diacritic of the letter before the last one

If a gerund has an object after it, we get rid of the definite article along with getting rid of the diacritic of the letter before the last one: لعب الكرة la'ib al kora playing the ball

But if the object has a preposition or if the gerund has a preposition after it, we keep the definite article

We can add the prefix بِ- [-be] to make a gerund sound more formal

Another way to make a gerund: يعزل Yo'azil -> تَعزيل ta'zeel (Add تَ before the word and ي before the last letter)

Another way to make a gerund is: يَذهب Yadhhab -> ذَهاب Dhahaaab

يَذهب Yadhhab -> ذُهوب Dhohoob

أُحبُ الذَهابَ 'ohibo adh-dhhaaba I love going

If a verb has the letter ى at the end, we replace the letter with ي to make a gerund:

تمنى

التمني

Some gerunds have the letter alif before the last letter:

احترم (Respect [Verb])

احترام/الاحترام (Respect [Noun])

بإحترام (With Respect [If there is a preposition before the word, the we add the hamza diacritic below the alif BUT ONLY if the preposition is a prefix)

صديق (Friend)

صداقة/الصداقة (Friendship

يَحتَفل Yahtafil -> احتفال Ihtifaal

يَلعَب Yal'ab -> العاب Il'aab

يَنشَقق Yanshaqiq ->D انشقاق Inshiqaaq

Some gerunds have the letter alif before the last letter and have the same letter but with a hamza below the alif, if the word has a vowel or more, we get rid of them before putting the alif:

إيقاف

بِإيقاف (with a prepositon)

IMPORTANT: A noun or adjective can be formed into a verb by adding a verb tense prefix and a verb tense suffix

مَرح (Fun)

يَمرح (Has fun [Verb])

سجن (Jail)

يَسجن (Jail [Verb])

حَزين (Sad)

يَحزن (Becomes Sad)

!اسجنه (Jail him!)

14- INFINITIVES

To make an infinitive, just add the prefix ل- before any prefix.

If a verb is followed by it, we just add the word أن after the verb and not add a prefix, but that is only if it does not refer to a reason:

أنا ألعب لِأمرح (I play to have fun)

أنا أحب أن ألعب (I love to play)

لِتَلعب, يَجب أن تمرح (To play, you must have fun)

أنا أسمعه يركض (I hear him run)

أنا أكل لِألعبَ Ana 'akol le'ala'aba I eat to play (Reason)

أنا أكل لِأن ألعبَ Ana 'akol le'aan 'ala'aba I eat to play (Reason)

أنا أكل لِللعبِ Ana 'akol lella'ibe I eat to play (Reason)

أنا أكل لِلعبِ الكرة Ana 'akol lela'ibe I eat to play the ball (Reason)

أنا أكل كَي ألعبَ Ana 'akol kay 'ala'aba I eat to play (Reason)

أنا أكل كَي أن ألعبَ Ana 'akol kay 'aan 'ala'aba I eat to play (Reason)

أنا أكل كَي اللعبَ Ana 'akol kay 'alla'iba I eat to play (Reason)

أنا أكل كَي لعبَ الكرة Ana 'akol kay la'iba al kora I eat to play the ball (Reason)

أنا أكل مِن أجلِ أن ألعبَ Ana 'akol min ajile 'aan 'ala'aba I eat to play (Reason)

أنا أكل مِن أجلِ اللعبِ Ana 'akol min ajile alla'ibe I eat to play (Reason)

أنا أكل مِن أجلِ لعبِ الكرة Ana 'akol min ajile la'ibe al kora I eat to play the ball (Reason)

Example : أنا أكلُ مِن أجلِ لعبِ الكرةَ Ana 'akolo min ajile la'ibe al korata I eat to play the ball (Reason)

لِألعبَ le'ala'aba (I do the action) to play

لِيَلعبَ leyala'aba (He does the action) to play

etc...

For object with preposition, we add definite article to the gerund just like with the sentence without a word after it

15- ABROGATING STATEMENTS

A sentence that describes a noun. There are two types of these statements:

Abrogating letters: Prepositions or conjunctions in a sentence.

Abrogating Verbs: Verbs in a sentence.

Abrogating letters:

إنَ: Is

أن/أنَ: That (Relative Pronoun)

كَأنَ: As if

لَكنَ: But

لَعل: Perhaps

لَيتَ: I wish

The noun that is described in the sentence has the fatha diacritic above the last letter of it. The word that describes it has the tanween al dhama above the last letter of it.

Abrogating Verbs:

كَانَ: was

أصبَحَ: became

صَارَ: became

مازال: still

لَيسَ: is not

ظَل: remained

The noun that is described in the sentence has the dhama diacritic above the last letter of it. The word that describes it has the tanween al fatha above the letter ا (alif) which is added after the last letter.

إنَ الولدَ سعيدٌ 'Ina al-walada sa'eedon The boy is happy

كَانَ الولدُ سعيداً Kaaana al-walado saeedan The boy was happy

الولدُ سعيدٌ Al-walado saeedon The boy is happy

الولدُ اختباراً لِرجلٍ Al-walado ikhtibaaran le-rajulen The boy is a test for/of a man

الولدُ اختباراً لِلرجلِ Al-walado ikhtibaaran lel-rajule The boy is a test for/of the man

إنَ الولدَ اختبارٌ لِرجلٍ 'Ina al-walada ikhtibaron le-rajulen The boy is a test for/of a man

إنَ الولدَ اختبارٌ لِلرجلِ 'Ina al-walada ikhtibaron lel-rajule The boy is a test for/of the man

إنكَ سعيدٌ 'Inaka saeedon You are happy

إن ولدً اختبارٌ لِرجلٍ 'Ina waladan ikhtibaaron le-rajule (A boy is a test for a man) If the noun that is described is indefinite [meaning without "ال" or "the" in english], then we use the tanween instead of regular, if it is tanween al fat'ha, we do not add alif and just put the tanween over the last letter)

16- ADJECTIVES

The winter is very cold:

1- Add a suffix that refers to the noun that is described:

الشتاءُ بردُهُ شديدٌ (The winter's cold is strong)

الشتاءُ: The winter

بردُهُ: It's cold

شديدٌ: Strong

2- A normal sentence:

الشتاء بارد جدا (The winter is very cold)

الشتاء: The Winter

بارد: Cold

جدًا: Very

We can also put a pronoun that refers to the noun before it when there is an adjective:

الكعكة هي لذيذة (The cake is tasty [If a noun ends with ة, the adjective also ends with ة])ٌ

ٌشخضٌ سعيد (A happy person / A person is happy / A person that is happy)

ُالشخصُ السعيد (The happy person)

الشخصُ سعيدٌ (The person is happy)

If an adjective ends in a vowel (ي, و, ا), we can pronounce it without the diacritic:

الوطنُ العربي [Al wauhtano al arabi] The arabic pensinela

17- QUESTION WORDS

What -> ماذا/ما maa/maadhaa

Who -> من man

When -> متى mataa

Where -> أينَ ayna

Why -> لِماذا/لِما lemaadhaa/lemaa

How -> كَيفَ kayfa

Does/Are/Is -> هَل hal

Doesn't/Aren't/Isn't -> ألَيسَ

لِمَن whose

مَن (comes after the thing being questioned)

Will -> (Verb)هل سوف/(Verb)هل س

اي تفاحة؟ (What apple?)

ما هو يأكل (What he eats)

نعم -> Yes

لا -> No

هل ستلعبي أم لا؟ (Are you [Female] going to play or not)

هل تركضي أم لا؟ (Do you [Female] run or no?)

هل ستلعب أم لا؟ (Are you [Male] going to play or not?)

لماذا يأكل (Why does he eat? / Why he eats)

Same structure for rest

هل ستلعبي أم لا؟ (Are you [Female] going to play or not)

هل تركضي أم لا؟ (Do you [Female] run or no?)

هل can be -أ:

?هَل لَدَيكَ -> ألَدَيكَ Do you have?

?هَل تَأكل -> أتَأكل Do you eat?

How many/How much -> كَم

كم هذا؟ Kam hadha? How much is this?

كَم كتب لَدَيكَ؟ Kam kutub ladayk How many books do you have

كَم هو جميل Kam huwa jameel How beautiful is he

Whose -> مَن (after the noun)

كتابُ مَن؟ Whose book? / Whose book is it?

كتأبُ مَن يلعب؟ Kitabu man yal'ab? Whose book plays?

OR: لِمن

لِمن هَذا الكتاب Leman hadha al kitab Whose book is this? (Only one use and it is this one)

18- NEGATIVE

Does not / Do not -> لا Did not -> لم Will not -> لن Is not -> ليس

لَيسَت Laysat She is not

لَستَ Lasta You are not (Male)

لَستِ Laste You are not (Female)

لَيسَ Laysa He is not

لَيسوا Laysoo He/She is not (Plural)

لَسنا Lasna We are not

لَستُم Lastom You are not (More than two male)

لَستُن Laston You are not (More than two female)

لَستُما Lastomaa You are not (Two)

etc.... (behaves like كان [kaaana])

لن ألعبَ Lan al'ab I will not play

لَيسَ laysa is not

لَيسَ كَانَ / كَانَ لَيسَ laysa kaaana / kaaana laysa was not

لَيسَ سَوفَ يَكون / لَيسَ سَيَكون laysa soufa yakoon / laysa sayakoon will not be

هيَ لَيسَت سَوفَ تَكون heeya laysat soufa takoon will not be (female) (we can use any verb about being)

هيَ كَانَت لَيسَ سعيدةٌ Heeya kaaanat laysat sa'eedaton She was not happy

etc...

19- CASES

A case is something that shows the role of a noun in a sentence

In arabic, a case shows the role of a noun by using a verb (and also with a noun but we will get to that later). There are 3 cases:

Nominative: Relating to or denoting a case of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that perform the action.

Accusative: Denoting a case of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives which expresses the object of an action or the goal of motion.

Jazm: A grammatical state in Arabic that makes a verb silent or modifies its ending

A verb in a nomative sentence has the dhama diacritic at the last letter. However if it ends with ي ,و or ا/ى, then we keep the verb as it is however it has a invisible dhama that we do not add. A verb in a accusative sentence has the fat-ha diacritic at the last letter. However if it ends with و or ي then we keep the verb as it is however it has an invisible fat-ha that we do not add. A verb in a jazm sentence has the sukoon diacritic (ْ) at the last letter. However if it ends with ي ,و or ا/ى, then we get rid of the last letter and put a diacritic over the letter before it, If the letter ends with و, we put the al dhama diacritic. if the letter ends with ي, we put the al kasra diacritic. If the letter ends with ا, we put the al fatha diacritic.

A sentence is accusative if it contains these words:

أن: that (Relative Pronoun)

لَن: will not

كَي: to

حَتى: even/until

Infinitive:

فاء السببية: Adding فَ to indicate a reason of something

A sentence is jazm if it contains these words:

لَم: did not

لَما: when (Relative Pronoun)

لا الناهية: Negative Imperative

لام الأمر: prefix ل Imperatives With

َالولدُ يأكلُ الكرة (The boy eats the ball [ball is accusative] [boy is nominative]) (الكرة is accusative and الولد is nominative)

The sukoon diacritic is a diacritic that makes a pronounciation stop earlier

NOTE: in passive voice, the noun that is an object is nominative instead of accusative, unless it has a word that makes the case different before the noun

الولدُ يَأكلُ كرةً Al-walado ya'akolo koratan (The boy eats a ball) (If a singular noun [not plural] is indefinite, we add the tanween)

ولدٌ يَأكلُ كرةً Waladon ya'akol koratan (A boy eats a ball) (A boy eating a ball)

الولدُ يركضُ كَي يَأكلَ كرةً Al-walado yarkudtho kay ya'akola koratan (The boy runs so that he eats a ball)

20- CASES 2

If the verb is nomative, we add ونَ- to the end of a verb verb that refers to more than two people

If the verb is accusative or jazm, we add وا- to the end of a verb that refers to more than two people

If the verb is nomative, we add ان- to the end of a verb that refers to two people only

If the verb is accusative or jazm, we add ا- to the end of a verb that refers to two people only

If the verb is nomative, we add ينَ to the end of a verb that is female singular

If the verb is accusative or jazm, we add ي to the end of a verb that is female singular

21- ABROGATING STATEMENTS 2

If a noun is nomative and refer to more than two males, we use the ونَ- suffix to the noun and the adjective and if they refer to two males only, we add انِ- suffix to the noun and the adjective, we use the ات- suffix to the noun and the adjective that refer to more than two females or more than two things and we add the al dhama diacritic over the last letter, and we add the تان- suffix to the noun and the adjective if they refer to two females or two things only.

If a noun is accusative and refer to more than two males, we use the ينَ- suffix to the noun and the adjective and if they refer to two males only, we add ين- suffix to the noun and the adjective, we use the ات- suffix to the noun and the adjective that refer to more than two females or more than two things and we add the al fatha diacritic over the last letter, and we add the تين- suffix to the noun and the adjective if they refer to two females or two things only.

A female noun that refers to two people has the suffix تانِ- if it is nominative and has the the suffix تَينِ- if it is accusative or jazm

The jazm has the same roles except that we add al sukoon diacritic over the last letter of the ات- suffix instead of al fatha

A plural noun/adjective that refers to two:

انِ- [-aane] (male) (nominative)

مسلمانِ

تانِ- [-taane] (female) (nominative)

مسلمتانِ

ينِ َ [-ayne] (male) (other than nominative)

مسلمَينِ

تينِ َ - [-tayne] (female) (other than nominative)

مسلمَتين

A plural noun/adjective that refers to more than two:

ونَ- [-oona] (male) (nominative)

مسلمونَ

ات- [-aat] (female) (any case, we apply the case ending)

مسلماتٌ

ينَ- [-eena] (male) (other than nominative)

مسلمينَ

22- ADVERBS

We either add the tanween diacritic over the last letter of an adjective to make an adverb, However, when we add the tanween al fatha, we have to add the letter ا to the end of the adjective and then put the tanween al fatha over that letter, or add the -ب prefix to a noun to mean "with/by", or we use the same case that was mentioned first (the one where i said you put tanween) but we add the prefix -م to the noun

# العربية Transliteration English meaning / function Example

1 الآن al-ʾāna now أَذْهَبُ الآنَ. — adhhabu al-ʾāna — I am going now.

2 حَالًا ḥālan immediately / right now سَأَذْهَبُ حَالًا. — sa-adhhabu ḥālan — I will go immediately.

3 فَوْرًا fawran immediately عَادَ فَوْرًا. — ʿāda fawran — He returned immediately.

4 حَالِيًّا ḥāliyyan currently أَعْمَلُ حَالِيًّا. — aʿmalu ḥāliyyan — I currently work.

5 مُؤَخَّرًا muʾakhkharan recently رَأَيْتُهُ مُؤَخَّرًا. — raʾaytuhu muʾakhkharan — I saw him recently.

6 سَابِقًا sābiqan previously / formerly كُنْتُ هُنَا سَابِقًا. — kuntu hunā sābiqan — I was here previously.

7 قَبْلَ qabla before جَاءَ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ. — jāʾa qabla dhālika — He came before that.

8 بَعْدَ baʿda after جَاءَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ. — jāʾa baʿda dhālika — He came after that.

9 مُبَكِّرًا mubakkiran early جَاءَ مُبَكِّرًا. — jāʾa mubakkiran — He came early.

10 مُتَأَخِّرًا mutaʾakhkhiran late وَصَلَ مُتَأَخِّرًا. — waṣala mutaʾakhkhiran — He arrived late.

11 غَدًا ghadan tomorrow سَأَذْهَبُ غَدًا. — sa-adhhabu ghadan — I will go tomorrow.

12 أَمْسِ ʾamsi yesterday جَاءَ أَمْسِ. — jāʾa ʾamsi — He came yesterday.

13 الْيَوْمَ al-yawma today أَعْمَلُ الْيَوْمَ. — aʿmalu al-yawma — I work today.

14 بَعْدَ غَدٍ baʿda ghadin the day after tomorrow سَأَذْهَبُ بَعْدَ غَدٍ. — sa-adhhabu baʿda ghadin — I will go the day after tomorrow.

15 أَوَّلًا awwalan first / firstly سَأَشْرَحُ أَوَّلًا. — sa-ashraḥu awwalan — I will explain first.

16 أَخِيرًا ʾakhīran finally / lastly وَصَلَ أَخِيرًا. — waṣala ʾakhīran — He finally arrived.

17 دَائِمًا dāʾiman always أَدْرُسُ دَائِمًا. — adrusu dāʾiman — I always study.

18 أَبَدًا abadan ever / never لَا أَفْعَلُ ذَلِكَ أَبَدًا. — lā afʿalu dhālika abadan — I never do that.

19 أَحْيَانًا aḥyānan sometimes أَذْهَبُ إِلَيْهِ أَحْيَانًا. — adhhabu ilayhi aḥyānan — I sometimes go to him.

20 غَالِبًا ghāliban usually / often أَذْهَبُ غَالِبًا. — adhhabu ghāliban — I usually go.

21 نَادِرًا nādiran rarely أَذْهَبُ نَادِرًا. — adhhabu nādiran — I rarely go.

22 أَحْيَانًا مَا aḥyānan mā sometimes أَفْعَلُ ذَلِكَ أَحْيَانًا مَا. — afʿalu dhālika aḥyānan mā — I sometimes do that.

23 مُنْذُ mundhu since أَعْرِفُهُ مُنْذُ زَمَنٍ. — aʿrifuhu mundhu zamanin — I have known him for a long time.

24 مُنْذُ قَلِيلٍ mundhu qalīlin a short while ago جَاءَ مُنْذُ قَلِيلٍ. — jāʾa mundhu qalīlin — He came a short while ago.

25 مُنْذُ ذَلِكَ الْوَقْتِ mundhu dhālika al-waqti since then لَمْ أَرَهُ مُنْذُ ذَلِكَ الْوَقْتِ. — lam arahū mundhu dhālika al-waqti — I have not seen him since then.

26 لِلْآنِ lil-ʾāni until now / so far لَمْ يَصِلْ لِلْآنِ. — lam yaṣil lil-ʾāni — He has not arrived yet.

27 بَعْدُ baʿdu yet / still لَمْ يَصِلْ بَعْدُ. — lam yaṣil baʿdu — He has not arrived yet.

28 مُجَدَّدًا mujaddadan again حَاوَلَ مُجَدَّدًا. — ḥāwala mujaddadan — He tried again.

29 مَرَّةً أُخْرَى marratan ukhrā again / another time حَاوِلْ مَرَّةً أُخْرَى. — ḥāwil marratan ukhrā — Try again.

30 مُسْبَقًا musbaqan beforehand / in advance أَعْرِفُ ذَلِكَ مُسْبَقًا. — aʿrifu dhālika musbaqan — I know that beforehand.

2. Frequency adverbs

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

31 دَائِمًا dāʾiman always

32 أَبَدًا abadan ever / never

33 أَحْيَانًا aḥyānan sometimes

34 غَالِبًا ghāliban often / usually

35 عَادَةً ʿādatan usually / habitually

36 نَادِرًا nādiran rarely

37 كَثِيرًا kathīran often / a lot

38 قَلِيلًا qalīlan rarely / little

39 مَرَّارًا mirāran repeatedly

40 مَرَارًا mirāran repeatedly

41 مَرَّةً marratan once

42 مَرَّتَيْنِ marratayn twice

43 يَوْمِيًّا yawmiyyan daily

44 أُسْبُوعِيًّا usbūʿiyyan weekly

45 شَهْرِيًّا shahriyyan monthly

46 سَنَوِيًّا sanawiyyan annually

47 مَرَّةً فِي الْأُسْبُوعِ marratan fī al-usbūʿi once a week

48 مِنْ حِينٍ لِآخَرَ min ḥīnin li-ākhara from time to time

49 مِنْ وَقْتٍ لِآخَرَ min waqtin li-ākhara from time to time

50 فِي أَغْلَبِ الْأَحْيَانِ fī aghlabi al-aḥyāni most of the time

3. Place adverbs

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

51 هُنَا hunā here

52 هُنَاكَ hunāka there

53 هُنَالِكَ hunālika there / over there

54 أَيْنَ ayna where

55 حَيْثُ ḥaythu where / wherever

56 حَيْثُمَا ḥaythumā wherever

57 فَوْقَ fawqa above / over

58 تَحْتَ taḥta below / under

59 أَمَامَ amāma in front / ahead

60 خَلْفَ khalfa behind

61 دَاخِلَ dākhila inside

62 خَارِجَ khārija outside

63 بَيْنَ bayna between

64 حَوْلَ ḥawla around

65 قُرْبَ qurba near

66 بَعِيدًا baʿīdan far away

67 يَمِينًا yamīnan to the right

68 يَسَارًا yasāran to the left

69 شَمَالًا shimālan north / to the north

70 جَنُوبًا janūban south / to the south

71 شَرْقًا sharqan east / to the east

72 غَرْبًا gharban west / to the west

73 إِلَى الْأَمَامِ ilā al-amāmi forward

74 إِلَى الْخَلْفِ ilā al-khalfi backward

75 فِي كُلِّ مَكَانٍ fī kulli makānin everywhere

76 فِي أَيِّ مَكَانٍ fī ayyi makānin anywhere

77 لَا مَكَانَ lā makāna nowhere

4. Manner adverbs

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

78 بِسُرْعَةٍ bi-surʿatin quickly

79 بِبُطْءٍ bi-buṭʾin slowly

80 بِهُدُوءٍ bi-hudūʾin quietly / calmly

81 بِصَوْتٍ عَالٍ bi-ṣawtin ʿālin loudly

82 بِصَمْتٍ bi-ṣamtin silently

83 بِجِدِّيَّةٍ bi-jiddiyyatin seriously

84 بِسُهُولَةٍ bi-suhūlatin easily

85 بِصُعُوبَةٍ bi-ṣuʿūbatin with difficulty

86 جَيِّدًا jayyidan well

87 سَيِّئًا sayyiʾan badly

88 حَسَنًا ḥasanan well / okay

89 تَمَامًا tamāman completely / exactly

90 مَعًا maʿan together

91 وَحْدَهُ waḥdahu alone

92 سَرِيعًا sarīʿan quickly

93 بَطِيئًا baṭīʾan slowly

94 عَمْدًا ʿamdan deliberately / intentionally

95 خَطَأً khaṭaʾan accidentally / by mistake

96 سِرًّا sirran secretly

97 عَلَنًا ʿalanan publicly / openly

98 مَجَّانًا majjānan for free

99 سَوِيًّا sawiyyan together

100 فَرْدِيًّا fardiyyan individually

5. Degree and intensity

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

101 جِدًّا jiddan very

102 كَثِيرًا kathīran very much / a lot

103 قَلِيلًا qalīlan a little

104 قَلِيلًا جِدًّا qalīlan jiddan very little

105 تَمَامًا tamāman completely

106 كُلِّيًّا kulliyyan completely

107 جُزْئِيًّا juzʾiyyan partially

108 تَقْرِيبًا taqrīban approximately

109 تَقْرِيبًا جِدًّا taqrīban jiddan approximately / roughly

110 لِلْغَايَةِ lil-ghāyati extremely / to the utmost

111 لِلْحَدِّ الْأَقْصَى lil-ḥaddi al-aqṣā to the maximum extent

112 لِلْحَدِّ الْأَدْنَى lil-ḥaddi al-adnā to the minimum extent

113 أَكْثَرَ akthara more

114 أَقَلَّ aqalla less

115 أَشَدَّ ashadda more strongly

116 أَكْثَرَ فَأَكْثَرَ akthara fa-akthara more and more

117 قَلِيلًا فَقَلِيلًا qalīlan fa-qalīlan little by little

118 تَقْرِيبًا taqrīban roughly / about

119 نِهَائِيًّا nihāʾiyyan completely / finally

120 إِلَى حَدٍّ كَبِيرٍ ilā ḥaddin kabīrin to a large extent

6. Affirmation and certainty

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

121 نَعَمْ naʿam yes

122 أَجَلْ ajal yes / indeed

123 بَلَى balā yes, indeed

124 فِعْلًا fiʿlan indeed / actually

125 حَقًّا ḥaqqan truly / really

126 بِالتَّأْكِيدِ bi-t-taʾkīd certainly

127 بِالتَّحْدِيدِ bi-t-taḥdīd specifically / exactly

128 قَطْعًا qaṭʿan definitely

129 يَقِينًا yaqīnan certainly

130 حَتْمًا ḥatman definitely / inevitably

131 بِلَا شَكٍّ bilā shakkin without doubt

132 دُونَ شَكٍّ dūna shakkin without doubt

133 لَا شَكَّ lā shakka undoubtedly

134 بِلا رَيْبٍ bilā raybin without a doubt

135 مُؤَكَّدًا muʾakkadan certainly / assuredly

136 حَقِيقَةً ḥaqīqatan truly / in reality

137 بِالطَّبْعِ bi-ṭ-ṭabʿ of course / naturally

138 طَبْعًا ṭabʿan of course

139 بِالتَّأْكِيدِ bi-t-taʾkīd definitely

140 لَا رَيْبَ lā rayba without doubt

7. Possibility and uncertainty

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

141 رُبَّمَا rubbamā perhaps / maybe

142 لَعَلَّ laʿalla perhaps / hopefully

143 قَدْ qad may / might

144 مِنَ الْمُمْكِنِ mina al-mumkini possibly

145 مِنَ الْمُحْتَمَلِ mina al-muḥtamali probably / possibly

146 عَلَى الْأَرْجَحِ ʿalā al-arjaḥ probably / most likely

147 لَعَلَّهُ laʿallahu perhaps he

148 لَعَلَّهَا laʿallahā perhaps she

149 لَعَلَّهُمْ laʿallahum perhaps they

150 يُمْكِنُ yumkinu possibly / it is possible

151 مُحْتَمَلٌ muḥtamalun probable / possible

152 رَجَحَ أَنْ rajaḥa an it is more likely that

153 ظَاهِرًا ẓāhiran apparently

154 عَلَى مَا يَبْدُو ʿalā mā yabdū apparently / as it seems

155 فِي الظَّاهِرِ fī aẓ-ẓāhiri apparently

8. Negation and restriction

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

156 لَا lā not / no

157 مَا mā not

158 لَمْ lam did not

159 لَنْ lan will not

160 لَيْسَ laysa is not

161 لَمَّا lammā not yet

162 لَا أَبَدًا lā abadan never

163 لَا قَطُّ lā qaṭṭu never / not ever

164 قَطُّ qaṭṭu ever / at all, normally with negation

165 إِلَّا illā only / except

166 فَقَطْ faqaṭ only

167 حَصْرًا ḥaṣran exclusively

168 وَحْدَهُ waḥdahu only / alone

169 لَا سِيَّمَا lā siyyamā especially / particularly

170 لَا بُدَّ lā budda inevitably / necessarily

9. Question adverbs

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

171 أَيْنَ ayna where

172 مَتَى matā when

173 كَيْفَ kayfa how

174 لِمَاذَا limādhā why

175 لِمَ lima why

176 أَنَّى annā how / whence / where

177 أَيْنَما aynamā wherever

178 مَهْمَا mahmā however much / whatever

179 كَيْفَمَا kayfamā however / in whatever way

180 مَتَى مَا matā mā whenever

10. Relative / connecting adverbial expressions

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

181 حَيْثُ ḥaythu where

182 حَيْثُمَا ḥaythumā wherever

183 كَيْفَمَا kayfamā however

184 أَيْنَمَا aynamā wherever

185 مَتَى مَا matā mā whenever

186 كُلَّمَا kullamā whenever / every time

187 بَيْنَمَا baynamā while / whereas

188 بَيْنَمَا baynamā while

189 حِينَ ḥīna when

190 حِينَئِذٍ ḥīnaʾidhin at that time / then

191 يَوْمَئِذٍ yawmaʾidhin on that day

192 سَاعَتَئِذٍ sāʿataʾidhin at that time

193 إِذْ idh when / as

194 إِذَا idhā when / if

195 لَمَّا lammā when / when...then

11. Logical / discourse adverbs

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

196 لِذَلِكَ li-dhālika therefore

197 لِهَذَا li-hādhā therefore / for this reason

198 لِذَلِكَ السَّبَبِ li-dhālika as-sababi for that reason

199 إِذَنْ idhan therefore / then

200 إِذًا idhan then / therefore

201 أَيْضًا ayḍan also

202 كَذَلِكَ kadhālika likewise / also

203 أَيْضًا كَذَلِكَ ayḍan kadhālika likewise / also

204 أَمَّا ammā as for

205 خُصُوصًا khuṣūṣan especially

206 تَحْدِيدًا taḥdīdan specifically

207 خَاصَّةً khāṣṣatan especially

208 عُمُومًا ʿumūman generally

209 عَامَّةً ʿāmatan generally

210 أَسَاسًا asāsan basically

211 مَبْدَئِيًّا mabdaʾiyyan initially / basically

212 فِي الْأَسَاسِ fī al-asāsi basically

213 بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ baʿda dhālika after that / then

214 ثُمَّ thumma then

215 أَوَّلًا awwalan firstly

216 ثَانِيًا thāniyan secondly

217 أَخِيرًا ʾakhīran finally

12. Contrast and concession

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

218 مَعَ ذَلِكَ maʿa dhālika nevertheless / however

219 وَمَعَ ذَلِكَ wa-maʿa dhālika nevertheless

220 عَلَى أَيِّ حَالٍ ʿalā ayyi ḥālin anyway / in any case

221 عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ ʿalā kulli ḥālin in any case

222 بِالرَّغْمِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ bi-r-raghmi min dhālika despite that

223 مَعَ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ maʿa dhālika kullihi despite all that

224 حَتَّى ḥattā even / until

225 حَتَّى الآنَ ḥattā al-ʾāna even now / until now

226 عَلَى الرَّغْمِ مِنْ ʿalā r-raghmi min despite

227 رَغْمَ ذَلِكَ raghma dhālika despite that

13. Result and consequence

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

228 لِذَلِكَ li-dhālika therefore

229 إِذًا idhan therefore / then

230 وَبِالتَّالِي wa-bi-t-tālī consequently / therefore

231 بِالتَّالِي bi-t-tālī consequently

232 نَتِيجَةً لِذَلِكَ natījatan li-dhālika as a result

233 بِنَاءً عَلَى ذَلِكَ bināʾan ʿalā dhālika accordingly / based on that

234 لِهَذَا السَّبَبِ li-hādhā as-sababi for this reason

235 وَمِنْ ثَمَّ wa-min thamma hence / therefore

236 ثُمَّ thumma then / subsequently

14. Approximation

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

237 تَقْرِيبًا taqrīban approximately

238 نَحْوَ naḥwa approximately / about

239 حَوَالَيْ ḥawālay around / approximately

240 نَحْوَ ذَلِكَ naḥwa dhālika approximately that

241 تَقْرِيبًا مَا taqrīban mā approximately

242 قُرَابَةَ qurābata approximately / around

243 نَحْوَ naḥwa about / roughly

244 حَوَالِي ḥawālī approximately / around

15. Comparison

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

245 أَكْثَرُ aktharu more

246 أَقَلُّ aqallu less

247 أَكْثَرَ akthara more

248 أَقَلَّ aqalla less

249 كَثِيرًا kathīran much

250 قَلِيلًا qalīlan little

251 بِالمِثْلِ bi-l-mithli similarly

252 كَذَلِكَ kadhālika similarly / likewise

253 بِالْقَدْرِ نَفْسِهِ bi-l-qadri nafsihi equally

254 عَلَى نَحْوٍ مُمَاثِلٍ ʿalā naḥwin mumāthilin similarly

16. Certainty, appearance and evidence

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

255 يَبْدُو yabdū apparently / seemingly

256 ظَاهِرًا ẓāhiran apparently

257 عَلَى مَا يَبْدُو ʿalā mā yabdū apparently

258 عَلَى مَا يَظْهَرُ ʿalā mā yaẓharu apparently

259 فِي الظَّاهِرِ fī aẓ-ẓāhiri apparently

260 وَاضِحًا wāḍiḥan clearly

261 جَلِيًّا jaliyyan clearly / evidently

262 بِوُضُوحٍ bi-wuḍūḥin clearly

263 بِدُونِ شَكٍّ bi-dūni shakkin undoubtedly

264 عَلَى الْيَقِينِ ʿalā al-yaqīn certainly

17. Intention and purpose

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

265 عَمْدًا ʿamdan intentionally

266 قَصْدًا qaṣdan intentionally / deliberately

267 مُتَعَمِّدًا mutaʿammidan deliberately

268 عَنْ قَصْدٍ ʿan qaṣdin intentionally

269 خُصُوصًا khuṣūṣan especially / specifically

270 لِهَذَا الْغَرَضِ li-hādhā al-gharaḍ for this purpose

271 لِذَلِكَ الْغَرَضِ li-dhālika al-gharaḍ for that purpose

18. Unexpectedness / surprise

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

272 فَجْأَةً fajʾatan suddenly

273 بَغْتَةً baghtatan suddenly / unexpectedly

274 عَلَى غِرَّةٍ ʿalā ghirratin unexpectedly / by surprise

275 دُونَ مُقَدِّمَاتٍ dūna muqaddimātin without warning

276 عَلَى نَحْوٍ مُفَاجِئٍ ʿalā naḥwin mufājiʾin surprisingly / unexpectedly

19. Sufficiency and excess

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

277 بِكَفَايَةٍ bi-kifāyatin sufficiently

278 كَفَايَةً kifāyatan sufficiently / enough

279 بِشَكْلٍ كَافٍ bi-shaklin kāfin sufficiently

280 زِيَادَةً ziyādatan additionally / excessively

281 أَكْثَرَ مِنَ اللَّازِمِ akthara mina al-lāzimi more than necessary

282 بِشَكْلٍ مُفْرِطٍ bi-shaklin mufriṭin excessively

283 إِلَى حَدٍّ مُفْرِطٍ ilā ḥaddin mufriṭin excessively

20. Restriction / exclusivity

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

284 فَقَطْ faqaṭ only

285 حَصْرًا ḥaṣran exclusively

286 وَحْدَهُ waḥdahu alone / only

287 وَحْدَهَا waḥdahā alone / only

288 وَحْدَهُمْ waḥdahum alone / only

289 لَوْحَدَهُ li-waḥdihi by itself / alone

290 لَا غَيْرُ lā ghayru only / nothing else

291 لَا سِوَى lā siwā nothing except / only

292 حَصْرًا فَقَطْ ḥaṣran faqaṭ exclusively / only

21. “Almost / barely”

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

293 كَادَ kāda almost

294 كَادَ أَنْ kāda an almost

295 أَوْشَكَ أَنْ awshaka an was about to / almost

296 بِالْكَادِ bil-kād barely / hardly

297 لِلْكَادِ lil-kād barely / hardly

298 تَقْرِيبًا taqrīban approximately / almost, depending context

22. Sequence / order

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

299 أَوَّلًا awwalan first / firstly

300 ابْتِدَاءً ibtidāʾan initially / beginning with

301 بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ baʿda dhālika afterwards

302 ثُمَّ thumma then

303 بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ مُبَاشَرَةً baʿda dhālika mubāsharatan immediately afterwards

304 أَخِيرًا ʾakhīran finally

305 فِي النِّهَايَةِ fī an-nihāyati finally / in the end

306 فِي الْبِدَايَةِ fī al-bidāyati initially / at the beginning

307 فِي الْأَوَّلِ fī al-awwali at first

308 فِي النِّهَايَةِ fī an-nihāyati in the end

23. General / broad scope

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

309 عُمُومًا ʿumūman generally

310 عَامَّةً ʿāmatan generally

311 بِشَكْلٍ عَامٍّ bi-shaklin ʿāmmin generally

312 إِجْمَالًا ijmālan generally / in summary

313 إِجْمَالِيًّا ijmāliyyan overall / in total

314 أَسَاسًا asāsan basically

315 عَادَةً ʿādatan usually

316 فِي الْغَالِبِ fī al-ghālibi generally / usually

317 فِي الْعَادَةِ fī al-ʿādati usually

318 بِصُورَةٍ عَامَّةٍ bi-ṣūratin ʿāmmah generally

24. “Indeed / actually / really”

# العربية Transliteration English meaning

319 فِعْلًا fiʿlan indeed / actually

320 حَقًّا ḥaqqan truly / really

321 حَقِيقَةً ḥaqīqatan really / in reality

322 فِي الْحَقِيقَةِ fī al-ḥaqīqati actually / in fact

323 فِي الْوَاقِعِ fī al-wāqiʿi in reality / actually

324 وَاقِعِيًّا wāqiʿiyyan realistically / in reality

325 بِالْفِعْلِ bi-l-fiʿli actually / indeed

326 بِالْفِعْلِ حَقًّا bi-l-fiʿli ḥaqqan really / indeed

only فَقَط

ever أبَداً

Forever للأبَد

لَن يَلعبَ أبداً

23- IMPERATIVES (VERBS TO ORDER SOMEONE)

add the prefix -ا or -لت to the verb (replace it with any verb tense prefix or pronoun prefix) to make an imperative), if the imperative is negative, we add the word لا before the verb, we sometimes get rid of the pronoun suffix to make an imperative for some words.

ألعب I play

اِلعبْ Il'ab Play (Imperative)

لِتَلعبْ Play (Imperative)

لا تَلعبْ Don't Play

مارسْ Exercise

َمارَس Exercise (Past Verb)

لِتمارسْ Exercise (Imperative) (We can use لت for every imperative verb)

أمارس (I exercise)

َاستمَع (Listened)

استمعْ (Listen [Imperative)

لِتستمعْ (Listen [Imperative])

قال (Said)

يقول (Says)

قلْ (We get rid of the vowel in the middle or beginning (except for alif) to make a verb an imperative, but if the fat-ha diacritic is over the letter before the vowel or if has the plural suffix وا-, we keep everything the same except we get rid of the present pronoun prefix, we can choose to get rid of it for regular verbs too or keep it)

لِتَقلْ (Say [Imperative])

لِيَقلْ (He must say [Imperative])

لِنَقلْ (Let's say [Imperative])

لِتَقلوا (Say [More than two imperative])

لِنُهاجمْ (Attack [Imperative])

etc...

If an imperative sounds a lot like a verb that has the prefix أ or if it has the letter و before the last letter, then we do not add the prefix ا

العبي (Play [an order for a female])

العبوا (Play [an order for more than two males])

العبن (Play [an order for more than two females])

If a verb has the letter ي, و, ا (except when it is at the end), we get rid of the letter when imperative

العبي (Play [an order for a female])

العبوا (Play [an order for more than two males])

العبن (Play [an order for more than two females])

For verbs with vowel, we get rid of it unless if it refers to more than two

A formal way to make a negative imperative:

إياكَ 'Iyaaka Don't..... (To male)

إياكِ 'Iyaake Don't...... (To female)

إياه 'Iyaah He mustn't........

إياها 'Iyaahaa She mustn't.....

إياي 'Iyaay I mustn't.....

إياهُم 'Iyaahom They mustn't..... (More than two males)

إياهن/إياهُن 'Iyaahin/'Iyaahin They mustn't...... (More than two females)

إياهُما 'Iyaahomaa They mustn't....... (Two males)

إياهما 'Iyaahimaa They mustn't...... (Two females)

إياكُم 'Iyaakom Don't....... (To more than two males)

إياكن/إياكُن 'Iyaakin/'Iyaakon Don't...... (To more than two females)

إياكُما 'Iyaakomaa Don't....... (Two males)

إياكما 'Iyaakimaa Don't....... (Two females)

إيانا 'Iyaanaa Let's not.......

24- PRONOUN SUFFIXES FOR PREPOSITIONS (REFERS TO THE OBJECT)

ك- You (One Male)

ي- Me/I

كُم- [-kom] You (More than two males)

كن-/كُن [-kin/kon] You (More than two females)

هُ- [-oh] He/(Things that make a deep sound)

ها- [-haa] She/(Things that make a light sound)

هُما- [-homaa] They/Them (Two Males)/It (Two Things)

هما- [-himaa] They/Them (Two Females)/It (Two Things)

كُما- [-komaa] You (Two Males)

كما- [-komaa] You (Two Females)

نا- [Naa] We/Us

هُم- [-Hom] They/Them (More than two males)/It

هن/-هُن- [-Hin/-Hon]They/Them (More than two females)

25- DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

هَذا this (male/something that makes a heavy sound)

هَذِهِ this (female/something that makes a light sound)

هَؤلاء these

ذَلكَ that (male/things that make a heave sound/plural for male and things that make a heavy sound)

تلكَ that (female/things that make a light sound/plural for female and things that make a light sound)

هَذا الكتاب (This book / This is the book)

هَذا كتاب (This is a book)

26- REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

نَفسَه Himself

نَفسَها Herself

نَفسَهُم Themselves (Male)

نَفسَهن Themselves (Female)

نَفسَهما Themselves (Two Nouns)

نَفسَك Yourself

نَفسي Myself

نَفسَنا Ourselves

نَفسَكما Yourselves (Two Nouns)

نَفسَكم Yourselves (Male)

نَفسَكن Yourselves (Female)

27- RELATIVE PRONOUNS

الَذي (For male and for something that makes a heavy sound)

الَتي (For female and for something that makes a light sound)

الَذين (Plural for male and for things that make a heavy sound)

اللَواتي/اللاتي (Plural for female and things that make a light sound)

الشخص الذي يأكل (The person that eats)

We use these for everything

We can also use without the relative pronoun:

الشخص يأكل (The boy eating)

الكتاب أنا أقرأ (The book I read)

الكتاب الذي أنا أقرأ (The book that I read) (With a relative pronoun)

الشخص الذي يأكل (The person that eats)

28- PAST CONTINUOUS

While -> بَينَما

When -> حينَ/لَما

(When i ate, i was happy) لما أكلت, كنت سعيد

(While i was eating, i drank) بينما كنت أكل, شربت

29- WORD WE WE USE TO CALL SOMETHING

To call someone, use the يا word and put the word before the thing or person that is called

Another way to call someone is adding يأيها or أيها before the noun you are calling:

أيُها الكتاب/يَأيُها الكتاب Oh, book!

Adding a marker before a noun that is called in the sentence is not necessary, it is just used to sound more formal

30- THERE/THERE IS

There/There is -> هُناك/ (male) يوجَد (female) /توجَد

32- WILL

will -> َسَوف

we can use the prefix -سَ to mean will

سَوفَ تلعب / سَتلعب

was going to -> -كَانَ سَوفَ / كَانَ سَ

أنا كُنتُ سَوفَ ألعب (I was going to play)

33- ANOTHER WAY TO MAKE A VERB SENTENCE

You can put the verb before the noun to make a sentence, it is not necessary though

We put the dhama diacritic on the noun

يَأكلُ الولدُ (The boy eats / The boy is eating)

We put the fatha diacritic on the noun:

يَأكلُ الولدَ (He eats the boy)

34- CASES 3

The case relies on the noun and the adjective (if it contains an adjective), not just the verb. however, it is the same changes:

An adjective is accusative if the noun is accusative, and the adjective is nominative if the noun is nominative and etc....

If a word has a preposition before it, we add tanween al kasra if it is indefinite and normal kasra if it is definite, no matter if it is nominative or accusative

أنا أكلُ الولدَ ana 'akolo al-walada I eat the boy

وَلدٌ يَأكلُ ولدً waladon ya'akolo waladan A boy eats a boy

الولدُ يأكلُ الولدَ al-walado ya'akolo al-walada The boy eats the boy

أنا أمشي حَتى الولدْ يأكلُ الولدَ ana 'amshee hataa al-walad ya'akolo al-walada I walk until the boy eats the boy

35- IMPORTANT NOTE

If a word ends with ى (which is the same as ا), we replace that letter with ي before putting the pronoun suffix.

36- ى and ا

We use the letter ى at the end of the word if:

- The word has the letter ي at the end of its present tense

- The word is 4 letters or more. (If the word is a verb then we use the present tense of the verb to count the letters and decide if we put ى or ا)

We use the letter ا at the end of the word if:

- The word has the letter ي before the ا

- The word is 3 letters or less

- The word has the letter و at the end of its present tense

37- IF CONDITONAL

If -> إذا

If conditional with "would"

(Present Verb) سَوفَ ,(Past Verb) (Pronoun/noun) لَو/إذا

If conditional with "will"

(Present Verb) سَوفَ ,(Present Verb) (Pronoun/Noun) لَو/إذا

ماذا لَو / ماذا إذا What if

حتى لَو / حتى إذا Even if

فقط لو / فقط إذا Only if

حتى لو يلعب even if he plays

38- MODAL WORDS AND VERBS/ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS/INFINITIVES

we use an infinitve or gerund or a regular verb after the modal word/verbs/adjectives followed by gerunds/infinitves

أنا أحب أن ألعب (I love to play)

انا أحب اللعب/ألعب (I love playing)

انا حبيت اللعب/ألعب (I loved playing)

انا حبيت أن ألعب (I loved to play)

أنا أسمعه يركض (I hear him running)

هو يركض (him running/he runs/he is running)

أنا سعيد أن أراك (I am happy to see you)

أنا سعيد لأراك (I am happy seeing you / I am happy to see you)

سوف (will) and لن (will not) and لم (will not [past]) and don't (لا) are the only modal words that we do not add أن before them.

The nominative, accusative and jazm have the same affect on modal words as verbs

MODAL WORDS TO KNOW (more will be added):

يَجب (must)

لازم (have to) (we do not add أن after it)

أريد (want to)

أستَطيع (can)

يجب أن ألعب (I must play)

يجب أن أكون مبني (I have to be built)

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يستطيع yastaṭīʿu he can / is able to

أستطيع astaṭīʿu I can

تستطيع tastaṭīʿu you can / she can

نستطيع nastaṭīʿu we can

تستطيعون tastaṭīʿūna you can (plural)

يستطيعون yastaṭīʿūna they can

يقدر yaqdiru he can / is capable of

أقدر aqdiru I can

تقدر taqdiru you can / she can

نقدر naqdīru we can

يقدرون yaqdirūna they can

Pattern:

يستطيع + أنْ + verb

yastaṭīʿu + an + verb

أستطيع أن أكتب.

astaṭīʿu an aktuba

= I can write.

2. Could — could / was able to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

استطاع istaṭāʿa he could / was able to

استطعت istaṭaʿtu I could / was able to

استطعتَ istaṭaʿta you could (m.)

استطعتِ istaṭaʿti you could (f.)

استطعنا istaṭaʿnā we could

استطاعوا istaṭāʿū they could

كان يستطيع kāna yastaṭīʿu he was able to / could

كان يقدر kāna yaqdiru he could

3. Permission — may / be allowed to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يجوز yajūzu it is permissible / may

يجوز لك yajūzu laka you may / you are allowed to

يجوز لي yajūzu lī I may / I am allowed to

يُسمح yusmaḥu it is allowed

مسموح masmūḥ allowed / permitted

مسموح لك masmūḥ laka you are allowed to

أَذِنَ adhina he permitted

يسمح yasmaḥu he allows

يمكن yumkinu can / may / it is possible

يجوز لك أن تدخل.

yajūzu laka an tadkhula

= You may enter.

4. Possibility — may / might / might be

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

قد qad may / might / sometimes

ربما rubbamā perhaps / maybe

لعلّ laʿalla perhaps / hopefully / may

يمكن أن yumkinu an it is possible that / may

من الممكن أن min al-mumkin an it is possible that

من المحتمل أن min al-muḥtamal an it is probable that

يحتمل أن yaḥtamilu an it is possible/probable that

قد يكون qad yakūnu may be / might be

قد يحدث qad yaḥduthu it may happen

ربما يكون rubbamā yakūnu it may/might be

لعلّه laʿallahu perhaps he / he may

لعلها laʿallahā perhaps she / she may

قد يأتي غدًا.

qad yaʾtī ghadan

= He may come tomorrow.

ربما يأتي غدًا.

rubbamā yaʾtī ghadan

= He might come tomorrow.

5. Necessity — must / have to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يجب yajibu must / should / have to

يجب أن yajibu an must / have to

ينبغي yanbaghī should / ought to

لا بدّ من lā budda min must / there is no avoiding

لا بدّ أن lā budda an must / inevitably

يتعيّن yataʿayyan must / is required

يتعيّن أن yataʿayyan an it is necessary that

من الضروري أن min aḍ-ḍarūrī an it is necessary to

من اللازم أن min al-lāzim an it is necessary to

ضروري ḍarūrī necessary

لازم lāzim necessary / must

يجب أن أذهب.

yajibu an adhhab

= I must go.

لا بدّ أن أذهب.

lā budda an adhhab

= I must go / I have no choice but to go.

6. Should / ought to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

ينبغي أن yanbaghī an should / ought to

يجب أن yajibu an should / must

من الأفضل أن min al-afḍal an it would be better to / should

الأفضل أن al-afḍal an it is better to

يستحسن أن yustaḥsanu an it is advisable to

يُفضَّل أن yufaḍḍalu an it is preferable to

من المستحسن أن min al-mustaḥsan an it is advisable to

ينبغي أن تدرس.

yanbaghī an tadrusa

= You should study.

7. Need / need to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يحتاج إلى yaḥtāju ilā needs

أحتاج إلى aḥtāju ilā I need

تحتاج إلى taḥtāju ilā you/she need(s)

نحتاج إلى naḥtāju ilā we need

يحتاجون إلى yaḥtājūna ilā they need

من الضروري min aḍ-ḍarūrī it is necessary

من اللازم min al-lāzim it is necessary

بحاجة إلى bi-ḥājah ilā in need of

أحتاج إلى أن أذهب.

aḥtāju ilā an adhhab

= I need to go.

8. Needn't / do not have to

Arabic normally expresses this with ليس من الضروري or لا حاجة إلى rather than a special modal verb.

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

ليس من الضروري أن laysa min aḍ-ḍarūrī an need not / it is not necessary to

لا حاجة إلى أن lā ḥājata ilā an there is no need to

لا يلزم أن lā yalzamu an it is not necessary to

لا داعي لأن lā dāʿiya li-an there is no need to

لا يجب أن lā yajibu an do not have to / must not*

* لا يجب أن can be ambiguous in English translation. Depending on context it can mean “must not” or “does not have to,” so ليس من الضروري أن is clearer for “needn't.”

9. Obligation — be obliged / be required to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يجب أن yajibu an must

يُلزم yulzamu is obliged / required

يُلزَم بـ yulzamu bi- is required to

يلزم yalzamu is necessary / must

يتعيّن yataʿayyan is required / must

مُلزَم بـ mulzam bi- obliged to

مُجبَر على mujbar ʿalā forced to

مُضطر إلى muḍṭarr ilā forced/compelled to

إجباري ijbārī compulsory

إلزامي ilzāmī mandatory

10. Prohibition — must not / may not

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

لا يجوز أن lā yajūzu an must not / may not

يُمنع yumnaʿu it is prohibited

ممنوع mamnūʿ forbidden

محظور maḥẓūr prohibited

لا يُسمح بـ lā yusmaḥu bi- it is not permitted

لا يُسمح لك أن lā yusmaḥu laka an you are not allowed to

يحظر yaḥẓuru prohibits

يُحظَر أن yuḥẓaru an it is prohibited to

لا يجوز أن تدخل.

lā yajūzu an tadkhula

= You must not / may not enter.

11. Advice

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

ينبغي أن yanbaghī an should

يجب أن yajibu an should / must

من الأفضل أن min al-afḍal an it is better to

الأفضل أن al-afḍal an you had better / it is better to

يستحسن أن yustaḥsanu an it is advisable to

أنصحك أن anṣaḥuka an I advise you to

أنصح بـ anṣaḥu bi- I recommend

أقترح أن aqtarḥu an I suggest that

يُستحسن yustaḥsanu it is advisable

أنصحك أن تذهب.

anṣaḥuka an tadhhaba

= I advise you to go.

12. Had better

There is no single Arabic modal equivalent. Common constructions are:

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

من الأفضل أن min al-afḍal an had better

الأفضل أن al-afḍal an had better

من الأحسن أن min al-aḥsan an it would be better to

الأحسن أن al-aḥsan an it is better to

من الأفضل أن تذهب الآن.

min al-afḍal an tadhhaba al-ān

= You had better go now.

13. Will / shall — future

Arabic does not have separate English-style will and shall. Future is normally marked with:

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

سـ sa- will

سوف sawfa will

سيـ sa- + verb will

سوف + verb sawfa + verb will

سأذهب.

sa-adhhabu

= I will go.

سوف أذهب.

sawfa adhhabu

= I will go.

14. Would

Arabic does not have one universal word equivalent to English would.

Conditional “would”

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

سوف sawfa would, in some reported/future-in-the-past contexts

سـ sa- would, in some contexts

كان سيـ kāna sa- was going to / would

لو law if

لَـ la- would / then would

لو درستَ لنجحتَ.

law darasta la-najaḥta

= If you studied, you would succeed.

Habitual “would”

كان يفعل

kāna yafʿalu

= he would / used to do

15. Would have

Arabic commonly uses لو + past verb and the result with لـ.

لو درستَ لنجحتَ.

law darasta la-najaḥta

= If you had studied, you would have succeeded.

لو ذهبتُ، لرأيته.

law dhahabtu, la-raʾaytuhu

= If I had gone, I would have seen him.

16. Was going to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

كان سيـ kāna sa- was going to

كان سوف kāna sawfa was going to

كان ينوي أن kāna yanwī an intended to

كان يعتزم أن kāna yaʿtazimu an intended/planned to

كان على وشك أن kāna ʿalā wushki an was about to

كنت سأذهب.

kuntu sa-adhhabu

= I was going to go.

17. About to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

على وشك أن ʿalā wushki an be about to

أوشك أن awshaka an be about to

كاد أن kāda an almost / came close to

أنا على وشك أن أخرج.

anā ʿalā wushki an akhruja

= I am about to leave.

18. Almost

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

كاد kāda almost

كاد أن kāda an almost

تقريبًا taqrīban approximately / almost

أوشك أن awshaka an was almost about to

كدتُ أسقط.

kidtu asquṭu

= I almost fell.

19. Intention — intend / plan to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

ينوي أن yanwī an intends to

أعتزم أن aʿtazimu an I intend to

يعتزم أن yaʿtazimu an intends to

أخطط لـ ukhaṭṭiṭu li- I plan to

يخطط لـ yukhaṭṭiṭu li- plans to

أنوي anwī I intend

أريد أن urīdu an I want to

20. Desire / want

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يريد yurīdu wants

أريد urīdu I want

تريد turīdu you/she want(s)

نريد nurīdu we want

يريدون yurīdūna they want

يرغب في yarghabu fī desires / wishes

يشتهي yashtahī desires / craves

يتمنى yatamannā wishes

يتطلع إلى yataṭallaʿu ilā looks forward to / hopes for

أريد أن أتعلم العربية.

urīdu an ataʿallama al-ʿarabiyya

= I want to learn Arabic.

21. Would like

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

أودّ أن awaddu an I would like to

أريد أن urīdu an I would like to / I want to

أرغب في أن arghabu fī an I would like to

يودّ أن yawaddu an he would like to

تودّ أن tawaddu an she/you would like to

نودّ أن nawadd(u) an we would like to

أودّ أن أتعلم العربية.

awaddu an ataʿallama al-ʿarabiyya

= I would like to learn Arabic.

22. Willingness

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

مستعدّ لـ mustaʿidd li- ready/willing to

مستعدّ أن mustaʿidd an willing to

يرغب في yarghabu fī is willing/desires

يوافق على yuwāfiqu ʿalā agrees to

يقبل أن yaqbalu an agrees/accepts to

لا يمانع في lā yumāniʿu fī does not mind

23. Refusal — refuse to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يرفض أن yarfuḍu an refuses to

يرفض yarfuḍu refuses

يمتنع عن يمتنع ʿan refrains from / refuses to

يأبى أن yaʾbā an refuses to

لا يريد أن lā yurīdu an does not want to

24. Dare

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يجرؤ على yajruʾu ʿalā dare to

يتجرأ على yatajarraʾu ʿalā dare to

يجرؤ أن yajruʾu an dare to

يملك الجرأة على yamliku al-jurʾata ʿalā have the courage to

لا أجرؤ على فعل ذلك.

lā ajruʾu ʿalā fiʿli dhālik

= I don't dare to do that.

25. Manage / succeed in

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

استطاع أن istaṭāʿa an managed to

تمكّن من tamakkana min managed to

نجح في najaḥa fī succeeded in

قدر على qadara ʿalā was able to

تمكّن من أن tamakkana min an managed to

تمكّنتُ من حلّ المشكلة.

tamak­kantu min ḥalli al-mushkila

= I managed to solve the problem.

26. Try / attempt to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يحاول أن yuḥāwilu an tries to

حاول أن ḥāwala an tried to

يسعى إلى yasʿā ilā seeks/tries to

يبذل جهده لـ yabdhulu juhdahu li- makes an effort to

يجتهد في yajtahidu fī strives to

27. Hope

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يأمل أن yaʾmalu an hopes to

أرجو أن arjū an I hope that

نرجو أن narjū an we hope that

آمل أن āmulu an I hope that

أتمنى أن atamannā an I wish/hope that

لعلّ laʿalla hopefully / perhaps

آمل أن تنجح.

āmulu an tanjaḥa

= I hope you succeed.

28. Expectation / supposed to

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

من المفترض أن min al-muftaraḍ an be supposed to

يُفترض أن yufṭaraḍu an be supposed to

متوقّع أن mutawaqqaʿ an expected to

من المتوقّع أن min al-mutawaqqaʿ an expected to

يُتوقّع أن yutawaqqaʿu an is expected to

من المفترض أن يصل اليوم.

min al-muftaraḍ an yaṣila al-yawm

= He is supposed to arrive today.

29. Probability / likelihood

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

ربما rubbamā perhaps / maybe

قد qad may / might

من المحتمل أن min al-muḥtamal an likely/probable

يحتمل أن yaḥtamilu an is likely to

من المرجح أن min al-murajjaḥ an is likely to

يُرجَّح أن yurajjaḥu an is likely that

على الأرجح ʿalā al-arjaḥ most likely

غالبًا ghāliban probably / usually

على الأرجح أن ʿalā al-arjaḥ an most likely

30. Certainty

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

بالتأكيد bi-t-taʾkīd certainly

بالتأكيد سوف bi-t-taʾkīd sawfa certainly will

حتمًا ḥatman definitely

قطعًا qaṭʿan definitely

حتماً ḥatman certainly

لا شكّ أن lā shakka an there is no doubt that

من المؤكد أن min al-muʾakkad an it is certain that

بالتأكيد أن bi-t-taʾkīd an certainly

يقينًا yaqīnan certainly

بلا شك bilā shakk without doubt

31. Deduction — must be

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

لا بدّ أن lā budda an must

لا بدّ من أن lā budda min an must

لا شكّ أن lā shakka an must / there is no doubt

من المؤكد أن min al-muʾakkad an must certainly

من الواضح أن min al-wāḍiḥ an clearly / must be

يبدو أن yabdū anna it seems that

من المرجح أن min al-murajjaḥ an is likely to

لا بدّ أنه في البيت.

lā budda annahu fī al-bayt

= He must be at home.

32. Seem / appear

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

يبدو أن yabdū anna it seems that

يبدو yabdū seems

يظهر أن yaẓharu anna it appears that

من الواضح أن min al-wāḍiḥ an it is clear that

كأنّ kaʾanna as if / as though

يبدو وكأنّ yabdū wa-kaʾanna it seems as if

33. Used to

Arabic usually expresses habitual past with كان + imperfect verb.

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

كان يفعل kāna yafʿalu he used to do

كنت أفعل kuntu afʿalu I used to do

كنتَ تفعل kunta tafʿalu you used to do

كانت تفعل kānat tafʿalu she used to do

كنا نفعل kunnā nafʿalu we used to do

كانوا يفعلون kānū yafʿalūna they used to do

كنت أذهب إلى المدرسة.

kuntu adhhabu ilā al-madrasah

= I used to go to school.

34. Impossible / cannot

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

لا يمكن lā yumkinu cannot / it is impossible

لا يمكن أن lā yumkinu an cannot

يستحيل أن yastaḥīlu an it is impossible to

من المستحيل أن min al-mustaḥīl an it is impossible to

لا يستطيع lā yastaṭīʿu cannot / is unable to

لا يقدر على lā yaqduru ʿalā cannot

لا يمكن أن يحدث ذلك.

lā yumkinu an yaḥdutha dhālik

= That cannot happen.

35. Permission vs possibility: يمكن

يمكن is particularly important because it can express several kinds of modality.

Construction Transliteration Meaning

يمكن أن أفعل yumkinu an afʿala I can/may do

يمكنني أن أفعل yumkinunī an afʿala I can do

يمكنك أن تفعل yumkinuka an tafʿala you can do

يمكنه أن يفعل yumkinuhu an yafʿala he can do

يمكننا أن نفعل yumkinunā an nafʿala we can do

من الممكن أن يحدث min al-mumkin an yaḥdutha it may happen

36. Conditional modality

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

لو law if / if ... would

إذا idhā if / when

إنْ in if

لَـ la- would / then

لولا lawlā if it were not for

لو كان law kāna if it were

لو كنت law kunta if you were

لو كنتُ غنيًا لسافرتُ.

law kuntu ghaniyyan la-sāfartu

= If I were rich, I would travel.

37. Wish / hypothetical

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

ليت layta if only / I wish

ليتني laytanī I wish I

ليتك laytaka I wish you

ليتنا laytanā I wish we

أتمنى لو atamannā law I wish that

يا ليت yā layta if only / I wish

ليتني أستطيع السفر.

laytanī astaṭīʿu as-safar

= I wish I could travel.

38. Necessity / inevitability

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

لا بدّ lā budda must / inevitably

حتمًا ḥatman inevitably

لا مفرّ من lā mafarra min there is no escape from

لا مفرّ من أن lā mafarra min an cannot avoid having to

لا مناص من lā manāṣṣa min there is no alternative but

حتمي ḥatmī inevitable

حتميّة ḥatmiyya inevitability

39. Volition

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

أراد أن arāda an wanted to

يريد أن yurīdu an wants to

يرغب في أن yarghabu fī an wishes to

شاء أن shāʾa an willed/wanted to

يشاء أن yashāʾu an wills/wishes to

اختار أن ikhtāra an chose to

40. Modal adverbs

These frequently express modality without being modal verbs:

Arabic Transliteration Meaning

ربما rubbamā perhaps

قد qad may/might

لعلّ laʿalla perhaps/hopefully

بالتأكيد bi-t-taʾkīd certainly

حتمًا ḥatman definitely

قطعًا qaṭʿan certainly

غالبًا ghāliban probably / often

عادةً ʿādatan usually

تقريبًا taqrīban approximately

فعلاً fiʿlan really / actually

حقًا ḥaqqan truly

حتمًا ḥatman inevitably

ربما rubbamā maybe

بالكاد bil-kād barely

تقريبًا taqrīban almost/about

39- DETERMINERS

# Arabic Transliteration English meaning / function

1 الـ al- the; definite article

2 هَذَا hādhā this (masculine singular)

3 هَذِهِ hādhihi this (feminine singular)

4 هَذَانِ hādhāni these two (masculine)

5 هَاتَانِ hātāni these two (feminine)

6 هَؤُلَاءِ hāʾulāʾi these

7 ذَلِكَ dhālika that (masculine singular)

8 تِلْكَ tilka that (feminine singular)

9 ذَانِكَ dhānika those two (masculine)

10 تَانِكَ tānika those two (feminine)

11 أُولَئِكَ ulāʾika those

12 هُنَا hunā here; this place

13 هُنَالِكَ hunālika there; that place

14 هُنَالِكَ hunālika there

15 أَيُّ ayyu which; what kind of

16 أَيَّةُ ayyatu which; what kind of (feminine)

17 أَيٌّ ayy any/which

18 أَيَّ ayya which/any (accusative)

19 كُلُّ kullu every; all

20 كُلَّ kulla every; all

21 كُلٌّ kullun every/all

22 كُلَّةُ kullatu the whole/entirety

23 جَمِيعُ jamīʿu all; whole

24 جَمِيعَ jamīʿa all; whole

25 عَامَّةُ ʿāmmatu all; generality of

26 عَامَّةَ ʿāmmata all; generality of

27 كَافَّةُ kāffatu all; entire

28 كَافَّةَ kāffata all; entire

29 بَعْضُ baʿḍu some; part of

30 بَعْضَ baʿḍa some; part of

31 بَعْضٌ baʿḍun some

32 كِلَا kilā both (masculine)

33 كِلْتَا kiltā both (feminine)

34 كِلَاهُمَا kilāhumā both of them (masculine)

35 كِلْتَاهُمَا kiltāhumā both of them (feminine)

36 كِلَاهُمَا kilāhumā both

37 نَفْسُ nafsu same; very/own

38 نَفْسَ nafsa same; very/own

39 عَيْنُ ʿaynu very same; exact

40 عَيْنَ ʿayna very same; exact

41 أَحَدُ aḥadu any one; either one

42 أَحَدٌ aḥadun anyone/any one

43 أَيٌّ ayy any; whichever

44 أَيَّةٌ ayyatun any; whichever (feminine)

45 مَنْ man whoever; anyone who

46 مَا mā whatever; anything that

47 مَنْ man who; the one who

48 مَا mā what; that which

49 الَّذِي alladhī the one who; which (masculine singular)

50 الَّتِي allatī the one who; which (feminine singular)

51 اللَّذَانِ alladhāni the two who/which (masculine)

52 اللَّتَانِ allatāni the two who/which (feminine)

53 الَّذِينَ alladhīna those who/which (masculine plural)

54 اللَّاتِي allātī those who/which (feminine plural)

55 اللَّائِي allāʾī those who/which (feminine plural)

56 اللَّوَاتِي allawātī those who/which (feminine plural)

57 كُلُّهُ kulluhu all of it; the whole of it

58 كُلُّهَا kulluhā all of it/her

59 كُلُّهُمْ kulluhum all of them

60 كُلُّهُنَّ kulluhunna all of them (feminine)

61 كُلُّهُمَا kulluhumā both of them; both

62 جَمِيعُهُ jamīʿuhu all of it

63 جَمِيعُهَا jamīʿuhā all of it/her

64 جَمِيعُهُمْ jamīʿuhum all of them

65 جَمِيعُهُنَّ jamīʿuhunna all of them (feminine)

66 كَثِيرٌ kathīrun many; much

67 كَثِيرَةٌ kathīratun many; much (feminine)

68 قَلِيلٌ qalīlun few; little

69 قَلِيلَةٌ qalīlatun few; little (feminine)

70 عَدِيدٌ مِنْ ʿadīdun min numerous; many

71 عِدَّةُ ʿiddatu several; a number of

72 عِدَّةَ ʿiddāta several; a number of

73 بَضْعُ biḍʿu several; a few

74 بَضْعَةُ biḍʿatu several; a few

75 نَحْوُ naḥwu about; approximately

76 حَوَالَيْ ḥawālay about; approximately

77 نَحْوَ naḥwa approximately

78 مُعْظَمُ muʿẓamu most; majority of

79 مُعْظَمَ muʿẓama most; majority of

80 أَغْلَبُ aghlabu most; majority

81 أَغْلَبَ aghlaba most

82 أَكْثَرُ aktharu most; more

83 أَكْثَرَ akthara most; more

84 أَقَلُّ aqallu least; less

85 أَقَلَّ aqalla least; less

86 كُلُّ kullu every; each; all

87 كُلَّمَا kullamā whenever; every time

88 لِكُلِّ li-kulli for every; for each

89 بِكُلِّ bi-kulli with every; with all

90 فِي كُلِّ fī kulli in every

91 مِنْ كُلِّ min kulli from every

92 أَيُّ ayyu any; whichever

93 أَيًّا ayyan any; whichever

94 أَيَّةُ ayyatu any/which (feminine)

95 أَيَّةً ayyatan any/which (feminine)

96 أَيُّ شَيْءٍ ayyu shayʾin any thing; whatever

97 أَيُّ شَخْصٍ ayyu shakhṣin any person

98 أَيُّ وَاحِدٍ ayyu wāḥidin any one

99 أَيُّ وَاحِدَةٍ ayyu wāḥidatin any one (feminine)

100 أَيُّهَا ayyuhā O...; you (addressing masculine)

101 أَيَّتُهَا ayyatuhā O...; you (addressing feminine)

102 ذُو dhū possessing; having

103 ذَا dhā possessing (accusative/genitive forms vary)

104 ذَوُو dhawū those possessing; possessors of

105 ذَوِي dhawī those possessing; possessors of

106 أُولُو ulū those possessing; people with

107 أُولِي ulī those possessing; people with

108 صَاحِبُ ṣāḥibu one possessing; person with

109 صَاحِبَةُ ṣāḥibatu female possessing; one with

110 مَالِكُ māliku owner of; possessor of

111 مَالِكَةُ mālikatu female owner of

112 ذَاتُ dhātu possessing; having; one characterized by

113 ذَاتَ dhāta possessing; having

114 نَفْسُهُ nafsuhu himself; the same; his own

115 نَفْسُهَا nafsuhā herself; the same; her own

116 نَفْسُهُمْ nafsuhum themselves; their own

117 نَفْسِي nafsī my own; myself

118 نَفْسُكَ nafsuka your own; yourself

119 نَفْسُكِ nafsuki your own; yourself (feminine)

120 نَفْسُنَا nafsunā our own; ourselves

121 بَعْضُهُمْ baʿḍuhum some of them

122 بَعْضُهَا baʿḍuhā some of it/her

123 بَعْضُهُمَا baʿḍuhumā some of the two

124 بَعْضُهُنَّ baʿḍuhunna some of them (feminine)

125 أَيٌّ مِنْ ayyun min any of

126 أَيُّ مِنْ ayyu min any of

127 كُلُّ مِنْ kullu min every one of

128 أَحَدٌ مِنْ aḥadun min any one of

129 وَاحِدٌ مِنْ wāḥidun min one of

130 وَاحِدَةٌ مِنْ wāḥidatun min one of (feminine)

131 لَا أَحَدَ lā aḥada no one; nobody

132 لَا شَيْءَ lā shayʾa nothing

133 لَا شَخْصَ lā shakhṣa no person

134 لَا وَاحِدَ lā wāḥida not a single one

135 أَيُّ شَيْءٍ ayyu shayʾin anything; whatever

136 أَيُّ شَخْصٍ ayyu shakhṣin anyone; any person

137 كُلُّ شَيْءٍ kullu shayʾin everything

138 كُلُّ شَخْصٍ kullu shakhṣin everyone

139 لَا شَيْءٌ lā shayʾun nothing

140 شَيْءٌ مِنْ shayʾun min something of

141 بَعْضُ مَنْ baʿḍu man some of those who

142 بَعْضُ مَا baʿḍu mā some of what

143 كُلُّ مَنْ kullu man everyone who

144 كُلُّ مَا kullu mā everything that

145 أَيُّ مَنْ ayyu man whoever/anyone who

146 أَيُّ مَا ayyu mā whatever/anything that

147 أَيٌّ مَا ayyum mā whatever

148 مَا مِنْ mā min not any; no

149 لَا مِنْ lā min none of

150 غَيْرُ ghayru other; another; non-

151 غَيْرَ ghayra other than; non-

152 سِوَى siwā other than; except

153 سِوَاءُ siwāʾu equal/same; either

154 آخَرُ ākharu another; other

155 آخَرَ ākhara another; other

156 أُخْرَى ukhrā another; other (feminine)

157 آخَرُونَ ākh arūna others (masculine)

158 أُخَرُ ukharu others (feminine/non-human plural)

159 نَفْسُ nafsu same; very; own

160 ذَاتُ dhātu same; very; own

161 كِلَا kilā both

162 كِلْتَا kiltā both

163 كُلَاهُمَا kilāhumā both of them

164 كِلْتَاهُمَا kiltāhumā both of them (feminine)

165 بَعْضٌ baʿḍun some

166 أَيٌّ ayy any/which

167 أَحَدٌ aḥadun anyone; any one

168 غَيْرُ ghayru another; other

169 آخَرُ ākharu another

170 أُخْرَى ukhrā another (feminine)

Possessive/genitive determiners

Arabic does not have separate words equivalent to my, your, his, her, our, their that behave exactly like English determiners. Possession is normally expressed with attached possessive suffixes or an iḍāfa construction.

Arabic Transliteration English

ـِي -ī my

ـكَ -ka your (masculine)

ـكِ -ki your (feminine)

ـهُ -hu his

ـهَا -hā her/its

ـنَا -nā our

ـكُمْ -kum your (plural masculine/mixed)

ـكُنَّ -kunna your (plural feminine)

ـهُمْ -hum their (masculine/mixed)

ـهُنَّ -hunna their (feminine)

ـهُمَا -humā their (dual)

For example:

Arabic Transliteration English

كِتَابِي kitābī my book

كِتَابُكَ kitābuka your book

كِتَابُكِ kitābuki your book

كِتَابُهُ kitābuhu his book

كِتَابُهَا kitābuhā her book

كِتَابُنَا kitābunā our book

كِتَابُهُمْ kitābuhum their book

بعض من الماء ليس جيدة Ba'du min al maa laisa jayida Some of the water is not good

الولد والبنت كلا سعيدان Al waladu wal bintu killa saa'eedan The boy and the girl are both happy

DETERMINER WORD ORDER:

Determiners behave like adjectives

(Determiner) + (Noun) OR: (Noun) + (Determiner)

ثلاثَةُ ثيرانٌ thalaathato theeraanon Three bulls

ثيرانٌ ثلاثَةٌ theeraanon thalaathaton Three bulls

DEFINITE: al+(Noun) + al+(Determiner)

الثيرانُ الثلاثَةُ ath-theeraanon ath-thalaathato The three bulls

Definite article الـ Before noun الْكِتَابُ the book

Demonstrative هذا/هذه Usually before noun هَذَا الْكِتَابُ this book

Possessive pronoun ـي، ـكَ، ـهُ etc. After noun, attached كِتَابِي my book

Possessor noun After noun كِتَابُ الطَّالِبِ the student's book

Adjective After noun الْكِتَابُ الْجَدِيدُ the new book

Relative clause After noun الْكِتَابُ الَّذِي قَرَأْتُهُ the book that I read

40- PREPOSITIONS

# Arabic Transliteration English meaning / function

1 مِنْ min from; out of; of

2 إِلَى ilā to; toward; until

3 عَنْ ʿan about; from; away from

4 عَلَى ʿalā on; upon; over

5 فِي fī in; inside; at

6 البَاءُ / بِـ al-bāʾ / bi- with; by; in; through

7 الكَافُ / كَـ al-kāf / ka- like; as

8 اللَّامُ / لِـ al-lām / li- for; to; belonging to

9 رُبَّ rubba many a; often; perhaps

10 مُذْ mudh since; for (time)

11 مُنْذُ mundhu since; for (time)

12 حَتَّى ḥattā until; up to

13 وَ wa- by (oath)

14 تَـ ta- by (oath)

15 خَلَا khalā except; apart from

16 عَدَا ʿadā except; apart from

17 حَاشَا ḥāshā except; apart from

18 قَسَمًا qasaman by; I swear by

19 لَعَمْرُ la-ʿamru by the life of

20 لَدَى ladā at; with; in the possession of

21 لَدُنْ ladun from; with; in the presence of

22 لَدُنْ ladun from the time/place of

23 بَيْنَ bayna between; among

24 فَوْقَ fawqa above; over

25 تَحْتَ taḥta under; below

26 أَمَامَ amāma in front of; before

27 خَلْفَ khalfa behind

28 وَرَاءَ warāʾa behind; beyond

29 دَاخِلَ dākhila inside; within

30 خَارِجَ khārija outside

31 حَوْلَ ḥawla around; about

32 قُرْبَ qurba near

33 بِجَانِبِ bi-jānibi beside; next to

34 جَانِبَ jāniba beside

35 وَسَطَ wasaṭa in the middle of; among

36 بَيْنَ bayna between; among

37 قُدَّامَ quddāma in front of

38 تِلْقَاءَ tilqāʾa toward; opposite; facing

39 إِزَاءَ izāʾa opposite; facing

40 حِيَالَ ḥiyāla opposite; toward

41 تُجَاهَ tujāha toward; facing

42 نَحْوَ naḥwa toward; approximately

43 صَوْبَ ṣawba toward; in the direction of

44 قِبَلَ qibala toward; in the direction of

45 قِبَالَ qibāla opposite; facing

46 نَاحِيَةَ nāḥiyata toward the side/direction of

47 مُقَابِلَ muqābila opposite; across from

48 بِمُقَابِلِ bi-muqābili in exchange for; opposite

49 قُرْبَ qurba near

50 بَعِيدًا عَنْ baʿīdan ʿan far from

51 بِجِوَارِ bi-jiwāri beside; next to

52 بِحِذَاءِ bi-ḥidhāʾi alongside; beside

53 حَوَالَيْ ḥawālay around; approximately

54 قَرِيبًا مِنْ qarīban min close to

55 بَعْدَ baʿda after

56 قَبْلَ qabla before

57 أَثْنَاءَ athnāʾa during

58 خِلَالَ khilāla during; throughout

59 فِي أَثْنَاءِ fī athnāʾi during

60 عِنْدَ ʿinda at; by; when

61 حِينَ ḥīna at the time of; when

62 وَقْتَ waqta at the time of

63 إِبَّانَ ibbāna during; at the time of

64 عَقِبَ ʿaqiba after; following

65 بَعْدَ baʿda after

66 إِثْرَ ithra after; following

67 مُنْذُ mundhu since

68 مُذْ mudh since

69 إِلَى حِينِ ilā ḥīni until the time of

70 إِلَى غَايَةِ ilā ghāyati up to; until

71 حَتَّى ḥattā until; up to

72 طَوَالَ ṭawāla throughout; all through

73 طِوَالَ ṭiwāla throughout

74 عَلَى مَدَى ʿalā madā over the course of; throughout

75 فِي مُدَّةِ fī muddati during the period of

76 مِنْ خِلَالِ min khilāli through; by means of

77 بِوَاسِطَةِ bi-wāsiṭati by means of; through

78 عَبْرَ ʿabra across; through; via

79 مِنْ خِلَالِ min khilāli through

80 عَنْ طَرِيقِ ʿan ṭarīqi through; by way of

81 عَنْ طَرِيقِ ʿan ṭarīqi via; by means of

82 بِسَبَبِ bi-sababi because of

83 نَظَرًا لِـ naẓaran li- in view of; considering

84 بِفَضْلِ bi-faḍli thanks to; owing to

85 بِنَاءً عَلَى bināʾan ʿalā based on; according to

86 اِسْتِنَادًا إِلَى istinādan ilā based on; relying on

87 بِمُوجَبِ bi-mūjabi pursuant to; under; by virtue of

88 بِحُكْمِ bi-ḥukmi by virtue of; under

89 بِفَضْلِ bi-faḍli thanks to

90 بِسَبَبِ bi-sababi because of

91 نَتِيجَةً لِـ natījatan li- as a result of

92 مِنْ جَرَّاءِ min jarrāʾi because of; as a result of

93 جَرَّاءَ jarrāʾa because of; due to

94 بِدُونِ bi-dūni without

95 دُونَ dūna without; below; short of

96 مِنْ دُونِ min dūni without; apart from

97 بَدَلَ badala instead of

98 عِوَضَ ʿiwaḍa instead of; in place of

99 عِوَضًا عَنْ ʿiwaḍan ʿan instead of

100 بَدَلًا مِنْ badalan min instead of

101 عِلَاوَةً عَلَى ʿilāwatan ʿalā in addition to

102 إِضَافَةً إِلَى iḍāfatan ilā in addition to

103 فَضْلًا عَنْ faḍlan ʿan besides; in addition to

104 إِلَى جَانِبِ ilā jānibi in addition to; beside

105 بِالإِضَافَةِ إِلَى bi-l-iḍāfati ilā in addition to

106 فَوْقَ fawqa above; in addition to

107 مَعَ maʿa with

108 بَدَلَ badala instead of

109 ضِمْنَ ḍimna within; among

110 ضِمْنَ إِطَارِ ḍimna iṭāri within the framework of

111 فِي إِطَارِ fī iṭāri within the framework of

112 فِي سِيَاقِ fī siyāqi in the context of

113 بِمُحَاذَاةِ bi-muḥādhāti alongside; parallel to

114 بِشَأْنِ bi-shaʾni concerning; regarding

115 بِخُصُوصِ bi-khuṣūṣi regarding; concerning

116 فِيمَا يَخُصُّ fīmā yakhuṣṣu concerning; regarding

117 بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى bi-n-nisbati ilā with regard to; relative to

118 بِالْقِيَاسِ إِلَى bi-l-qiyāsi ilā compared with; relative to

119 مُقَارَنَةً بِـ muqāranatan bi- compared with

120 خِلَافَ khilāfa contrary to; unlike

121 بِخِلَافِ bi-khilāfi unlike; contrary to

122 ضِدَّ ḍidda against; opposite

123 تَحْتَ taḥta under; subject to

124 فَوْقَ fawqa above

125 دُونَ dūna below; beneath; short of

126 خَلْفَ khalfa behind

127 وَرَاءَ warāʾa behind; beyond

128 أَمَامَ amāma in front of

129 قُدَّامَ quddāma in front of

130 دَاخِلَ dākhila inside

131 خَارِجَ khārija outside

132 وَسَطَ wasaṭa in the middle of

133 بَيْنَ bayna between; among

134 حَوْلَ ḥawla around

135 تَحْتَ taḥta beneath

136 أَسْفَلَ asfala below

137 أَعْلَى aʿlā above; higher than

138 أَدْنَى adn nearer; lower than

139 عِنْدَ ʿinda at; with

140 لَدَى ladā at; with; in possession of

141 لَدُنْ ladun from; at

142 قِبَلَ qibala toward; in the direction of

143 إِزَاءَ izāʾa opposite; facing

144 حِيَالَ ḥiyāla toward; opposite

145 تُجَاهَ tujāha toward; facing

146 نَحْوَ naḥwa toward; approximately

147 صَوْبَ ṣawba toward

148 قِبَالَ qibāla opposite; facing

149 قُرْبَ qurba near

150 بَعِيدًا عَنْ baʿīdan ʿan far from

151 بِجِوَارِ bi-jiwāri next to

152 بِحِذَاءِ bi-ḥidhāʾi alongside

153 عَلَى يَمِينِ ʿalā yamīni to the right of

154 عَلَى يَسَارِ ʿalā yasāri to the left of

155 إِلَى يَمِينِ ilā yamīni to the right of

156 إِلَى يَسَارِ ilā yasāri to the left of

157 بِاتِّجَاهِ bi-ittijāhi toward; in the direction of

158 فِي اتِّجَاهِ fī ittijāhi toward; in the direction of

159 نَحْوَ naḥwa toward

160 صَوْبَ ṣawba toward

161 مِنْ أَجْلِ min ajli for; because of; for the sake of

162 لِأَجْلِ li-ajli for; because of; for the sake of

163 مِنْ أَجْلِ أَنْ min ajli an in order to

164 لِكَيْ li-kay in order to; so that

165 كَيْ kay in order to; so that

166 لِـ li- for; in order to

167 حِفَاظًا عَلَى ḥifāẓan ʿalā in order to preserve

168 تَجَنُّبًا لِـ tajannuban li- to avoid; for the avoidance of

169 بِهَدَفِ bi-hadafi with the aim of

170 بِقَصْدِ bi-qaṣdi with the intention of

171 قَصْدَ qaṣda toward; with the purpose of

172 تَحْقِيقًا لِـ taḥqīqan li- in order to achieve

173 سَعْيًا إِلَى saʿyan ilā seeking; in pursuit of

174 رَغْبَةً فِي raghbatan fī out of desire for

175 بِغْيَةَ bighyata for the purpose of

176 ابْتِغَاءَ ibtighāʾa seeking; for the sake of

177 طَلَبًا لِـ ṭalaban li- seeking; in order to obtain

178 مِنْ قِبَلِ min qibali by; on the part of

179 مِنْ طَرَفِ min ṭarafi from the side of; by

180 بِوَاسِطَةِ bi-wāsiṭati by means of

181 عَنْ طَرِيقِ ʿan ṭarīqi by way of

182 مِنْ قِبَلِ min qibali by; from

183 عَلَى يَدِ ʿalā yadi by the hand of; through

184 بِاسْمِ bi-smi in the name of

185 بِفَضْلِ bi-faḍli thanks to

186 بِدُونِ bi-dūni without

187 مِنْ غَيْرِ min ghayri without; other than

188 غَيْرَ ghayra other than; except

189 سِوَى siwā other than; except

190 عَدَا ʿadā except

191 خَلَا khalā except

192 حَاشَا ḥāshā except

193 بِاسْتِثْنَاءِ bi-istithnāʾi except for

194 فِيمَا عَدَا fīmā ʿadā except for

195 فِيمَا خَلَا fīmā khalā except for

196 فِيمَا سِوَى fīmā siwā except for

197 بِاسْتِثْنَاءِ bi-istithnāʾi with the exception of

198 بَدَلًا مِنْ badalan min instead of

199 عِوَضًا عَنْ ʿiwaḍan ʿan instead of

200 بِدَلًا مِنْ bidalan min instead of

201 مَعَ maʿa with

202 مَعَ ذَلِكَ maʿa dhālika despite that; nevertheless

203 بِالرَّغْمِ مِنْ bi-r-raghmi min despite

204 عَلَى الرَّغْمِ مِنْ ʿalā ar-raghmi min despite

205 رَغْمَ raghma despite

206 خِلَافَ khilāfa unlike; contrary to

207 بِخِلَافِ bi-khilāfi unlike

208 عَلَى الرَّغْمِ مِنْ أَنَّ ʿalā ar-raghmi min anna despite the fact that

209 بِالرَّغْمِ مِنْ أَنَّ bi-r-raghmi min anna despite the fact that

210 مَعَ أَنَّ maʿa anna although

211 مِنْ أَنَّ min anna from the fact that

212 فِي حَالِ fī ḥāli in the case of

213 فِي حَالَةِ fī ḥālati in the case of

214 فِي صَدَدِ fī ṣadadi in the process of; about to

215 بِصَدَدِ bi-ṣadadi about to; concerning

216 بِشَأْنِ bi-shaʾni concerning

217 بِخُصُوصِ bi-khuṣūṣi concerning

218 فِيمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِـ fīmā yataʿallaqu bi- regarding; concerning

219 فِيمَا يَخُصُّ fīmā yakhuṣṣu concerning

220 بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى bi-n-nisbati ilā regarding; with respect to

221 بِالْقِيَاسِ إِلَى bi-l-qiyāsi ilā in comparison with

222 بِالنَّسْبَةِ لِـ bi-n-nisbati li- with respect to

223 بِمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِـ bimā yataʿallaqu bi- concerning

224 وَفْقَ wafqa according to

225 وَفْقًا لِـ wafqan li- according to

226 حَسَبَ ḥasaba according to; depending on

227 بِحَسَبِ bi-ḥasabi according to; depending on

228 طِبْقًا لِـ ṭibqan li- according to; in accordance with

229 بِمُوجَبِ bi-mūjabi according to; pursuant to

230 اِسْتِنَادًا إِلَى istinādan ilā based on

231 بِنَاءً عَلَى bināʾan ʿalā based on

232 اِعْتِمَادًا عَلَى iʿtimādan ʿalā relying on; based on

233 اِعْتِبَارًا لِـ iʿtibāran li- taking into consideration

234 بِمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِـ bimā yataʿallaqu bi- regarding

235 فِي ضَوْءِ fī ḍawʾi in light of

236 عَلَى ضَوْءِ ʿalā ḍawʾi in light of

237 عَلَى أَسَاسِ ʿalā asāsi on the basis of

238 بِالِاسْتِنَادِ إِلَى bi-l-istinādi ilā based on

239 بِالاعْتِمَادِ عَلَى bi-l-iʿtimādi ʿalā based on; relying on

240 بِخُصُوصِ bi-khuṣūṣi regarding

241 فِيمَا يَخُصُّ fīmā yakhuṣṣu concerning

242 عَنْ ʿan about; concerning

243 حَوْلَ ḥawla about; concerning

244 فِي fī in; concerning

245 بِـ bi- with; by; using

246 كَـ ka- like; as

247 لِـ li- for; to

248 مِنْ min from; of

249 إِلَى ilā to; toward

250 عَنْ ʿan from; about

251 عَلَى ʿalā on; upon

252 فِي fī in; at

253 رُبَّ rubba many a

254 مُذْ mudh since

255 مُنْذُ mundhu since

256 حَتَّى ḥattā until

257 وَ wa- by (oath)

258 تَـ ta- by (oath)

259 خَلَا khalā except

260 عَدَا ʿadā except

261 حَاشَا ḥāshā except

هذه الهدية مني (This present is from me)

41- CONJUNCTIONS

# Arabic Transliteration English meaning / function

1 وَ wa and

2 فَـ fa- so, then, therefore; and then

3 ثُمَّ thumma then, afterwards

4 أَوْ aw or

5 أَمْ am or (in questions)

6 أَمَّا ammā as for; but as for

7 بَلْ bal rather; but rather

8 لَكِنْ lākin but; however

9 لَكِنَّ lākinna but; however

10 بَيْدَ أَنَّ bayda anna however; nevertheless

11 بَلْ إِنَّمَا bal innamā rather; instead

12 حَتَّى ḥattā until; even; so that

13 أَمْ am or / alternatively

14 إِمَّا immā either

15 إِمَّا...أَوْ immā...aw either...or

16 لَا...وَلَا lā...wa-lā neither...nor

17 لَيْسَ...وَلَا laysa...wa-lā neither...nor

18 سَوَاءٌ...أَمْ sawāʾun...am whether...or

19 سَوَاءٌ...أَوْ sawāʾun...aw whether...or

20 لَا سِيَّمَا lā siyyamā especially; particularly

21 أَيْ ay that is; namely

22 أَيْضًا ayḍan also; furthermore

23 كَذَلِكَ ka-dhālika likewise; also

24 وَكَذَلِكَ wa-ka-dhālika and likewise

25 فَضْلًا عَنْ faḍlan ʿan in addition to; besides

26 كَمَا kamā as; just as; also

27 كَذَلِكَ ka-dhālika similarly

28 مِثْلَمَا mithlamā just as

29 كَمَا أَنَّ kamā anna just as; as also

30 لَا بَلْ lā bal no, rather

31 بَلْ عَلَى الْعَكْسِ bal ʿalā al-ʿaks on the contrary

32 وَإِلَّا wa-illā otherwise; or else

33 أَمَّا...فَـ ammā...fa- as for...then/as for...

34 فَأَمَّا fa-ammā as for...

35 وَإِمَّا wa-immā or alternatively

36 فَـ fa- therefore; consequently; then

37 لِذَلِكَ li-dhālika therefore; for that reason

38 لِهَذَا li-hādhā therefore; for this reason

39 لِذَلِكَ فَإِنَّ li-dhālika fa-inna therefore

40 وَبِالتَّالِي wa-bi-t-tālī consequently

41 وَمِنْ ثَمَّ wa-min thamma hence; therefore

42 وَمِنْ ثَمَّةَ wa-min thammata consequently; hence

43 إِذَنْ / إِذًا idhan / idhan then; therefore

44 فَبِالتَّالِي fa-bi-t-tālī thus; consequently

45 نَتِيجَةً لِذَلِكَ natījatan li-dhālika as a result

46 بِنَاءً عَلَى ذَلِكَ bināʾan ʿalā dhālika accordingly; based on that

47 وَبِنَاءً عَلَى ذَلِكَ wa-bināʾan ʿalā dhālika accordingly

48 لِهَذَا السَّبَبِ li-hādhā as-sabab for this reason

49 لِكَيْ li-kay so that; in order that

50 كَيْ kay so that; in order that

51 لِئَلَّا li-allā so that...not; in order not to

52 كَيْلَا kaylā so that...not

53 حَتَّى ḥattā so that; until

54 أَنْ an to; that

55 أَنَّ anna that

56 إِنَّ inna indeed; that (in subordinate clauses)

57 لِأَنَّ li-anna because

58 بِمَا أَنَّ bimā anna since; given that

59 حَيْثُ إِنَّ ḥaythu inna since; given that

60 إِذْ idh when; as; since

61 إِذَا idhā if; when

62 إِذْ إِنَّ idh inna since

63 لَمَّا lammā when; when...then

64 لَمَّا كَانَ lammā kāna since; given that

65 عِنْدَمَا ʿindamā when

66 عِنْدَمَا كَانَ ʿindamā kāna when

67 حِينَ ḥīna when

68 حِينَئِذٍ ḥīnaʾidhin at that time; then

69 حِينَمَا ḥīnamā when

70 كُلَّمَا kullamā whenever; every time

71 بَيْنَمَا baynamā while; whereas

72 فِيمَا fīmā while; whereas; in what

73 رَيْثَمَا raythamā while; until

74 مَا دَامَ mā dāma as long as

75 مَا بَرِحَ mā bariḥa still; continues to

76 طَالَمَا ṭālamā as long as; since

77 مَا لَمْ mā lam unless; as long as...not

78 مَا إِنْ mā in no sooner...than

79 إِذْ إِنْ idh in since/if

80 إِنْ in if

81 إِذَا idhā if; when

82 لَوْ law if; would; hypothetical condition

83 لَوْلَا lawlā if it were not for; unless

84 لَوْلَمْ law lam if...had not

85 لَوْ أَنَّ law anna if; if only

86 لَوْ أَنَّهُ law annahu if he/it had

87 إِنْ لَمْ in lam if...not

88 إِنْ لَمَّا in lammā if not yet

89 إِلَّا إِنْ illā in unless

90 إِلَّا إِذَا illā idhā unless/except when

91 مَهْمَا mahmā whatever; no matter what

92 مَنْ man whoever; whoever that

93 مَا mā whatever; what; that which

94 مَتَى matā when; whenever

95 أَيْنَمَا aynamā wherever

96 حَيْثُمَا ḥaythumā wherever

97 أَيًّا مَا ayyan mā whatever; whichever

98 كَيْفَمَا kayfamā however; in whatever way

99 أَنَّى annā wherever; however; from wherever

100 أَيَّانَ ayyāna whenever

101 كُلَّمَا kullamā whenever

102 حَيْثُ ḥaythu where; wherever

103 حَيْثُ إِنَّ ḥaythu inna since; given that

104 حَيْثُ أَنَّ ḥaythu anna since; given that

105 كَمَا kamā as; just as

106 مِثْلَمَا mithlamā just as

107 كَمَا لَوْ kamā law as if

108 كَأَنَّ ka-anna as if; as though

109 كَأَنَّمَا ka-annamā as if; as though

110 كَمَا لَوْ أَنَّ kamā law anna as if

111 لَوْ كَانَ law kāna if it were/was

112 لَوْ كُنْتُ law kuntu if I were/had been

113 حَتَّى إِنَّ ḥattā inna even that; even so

114 حَتَّى لَوْ ḥattā law even if

115 وَإِنْ wa-in even if; and if

116 وَإِنْ كَانَ wa-in kāna even though; although

117 وَإِنْ كُنْتُ wa-in kuntu even though I was

118 وَإِنْ لَمْ wa-in lam even if...not

119 مَعَ أَنَّ maʿa anna although; despite the fact that

120 رَغْمَ أَنَّ raghma anna although; despite the fact that

121 عَلَى الرَّغْمِ مِنْ أَنَّ ʿalā ar-raghmi min anna although; despite the fact that

122 بِالرَّغْمِ مِنْ أَنَّ bir-raghmi min anna although; despite the fact that

123 مَعَ ذَلِكَ maʿa dhālika nevertheless; however

124 وَمَعَ ذَلِكَ wa-maʿa dhālika nevertheless; however

125 عَلَى الرَّغْمِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ʿalā ar-raghmi min dhālika nevertheless; despite that

126 بِالرَّغْمِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ bir-raghmi min dhālika despite that

127 عَلَى أَيِّ حَالٍ ʿalā ayyi ḥāl in any case

128 عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ ʿalā kulli ḥāl in any case

129 فِي حِينِ أَنَّ fī ḥīni anna whereas; while

130 فِي حِينَ أَنَّ fī ḥīni anna whereas

131 بَيْدَ أَنَّ bayda anna however; nevertheless

132 غَيْرَ أَنَّ ghayra anna except that; however

133 إِلَّا أَنَّ illā anna except that; however

134 سِوَى أَنَّ siwā anna except that

135 عِلَاوَةً عَلَى ذَلِكَ ʿilāwatan ʿalā dhālika furthermore

136 إِضَافَةً إِلَى ذَلِكَ iḍāfatan ilā dhālika in addition to that

137 فَوْقَ ذَلِكَ fawqa dhālika moreover; furthermore

138 كَذَلِكَ أَيْضًا ka-dhālika ayḍan likewise; also

139 مِنْ جِهَةٍ أُخْرَى min jihatin ukhrā on the other hand

140 مِنْ نَاحِيَةٍ أُخْرَى min nāḥiyatin ukhrā on the other hand

141 فِي الْمُقَابِلِ fī al-muqābil on the other hand; in contrast

142 بَيْنَمَا baynamā whereas; while

143 فِي حِينِ fī ḥīni whereas; while

144 أَمَّا...فَأَمَّا ammā...fa-ammā as for...

145 أَوْ...أَوْ aw...aw either...or

146 إِمَّا...وَإِمَّا immā...wa-immā either...or

147 لَا...أَمْ lā...am not...or

148 سَوَاءٌ...أَوْ sawāʾun...aw whether...or

149 سَوَاءٌ...أَمْ sawāʾun...am whether...or

150 لَا...وَلَا lā...wa-lā neither...nor

151 لَا...وَلَكِنْ lā...wa-lākin not...but

152 لَيْسَ...بَلْ laysa...bal not...rather

153 لَيْسَ...وَلَكِنْ laysa...wa-lākin not...but

154 إِنْ...فَـ in...fa- if...then

155 إِذَا...فَـ idhā...fa- if/when...then

156 لَوْ...لَـ law...la- if...would

157 لَوْلَا...لَـ lawlā...la- if it were not for...

158 كُلَّمَا...فَـ kullamā...fa- whenever...then

159 مَهْمَا...فَـ mahmā...fa- whatever/no matter what...then

160 مَنْ...فَـ man...fa- whoever...then

161 أَيْنَمَا...فَـ aynamā...fa- wherever...then

162 كَيْفَمَا...فَـ kayfamā...fa- however...then

163 أَيًّا مَا...فَـ ayyan mā...fa- whichever...then

164 إِذَا مَا idhā mā whenever/if

165 إِنْ مَا in mā if only/if

166 إِنَّمَا innamā only; merely; rather

167 لَا سِيَّمَا lā siyyamā especially; particularly

168 إِلَّا أَنَّ illā anna except that; however

169 إِلَّا إِذَا illā idhā unless; except when

170 إِلَّا إِنْ illā in unless

171 مَا لَمْ mā lam unless; provided that...not

172 شَرْطَ أَنْ sharṭa an provided that

173 بِشَرْطِ أَنْ bi-sharṭi an on condition that

174 عَلَى شَرْطِ أَنْ ʿalā sharṭi an provided that

175 بِمَا أَنَّ bimā anna since; given that

176 طَالَمَا أَنَّ ṭālamā anna as long as; since

177 مَا دَامَ أَنَّ mā dāma anna as long as

178 مِنْ حَيْثُ min ḥaythu in that; insofar as

179 مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّ min ḥaythu inna insofar as; since

180 بَدَلًا مِنْ أَنْ badalan min an instead of

181 عِوَضًا عَنْ أَنْ ʿiwaḍan ʿan an instead of

182 عَوَضًا عَنْ ʿiwaḍan ʿan instead of

183 دُونَ أَنْ dūna an without

184 مِنْ دُونِ أَنْ min dūni an without

185 قَبْلَ أَنْ qabla an before

186 بَعْدَ أَنْ baʿda an after

187 بَعْدَمَا baʿdamā after

188 قَبْلَمَا qablāmā before

189 رَيْثَمَا raythamā while; until

190 فَوْرَ أَنْ fawra an as soon as

191 بِمُجَرَّدِ أَنْ bi-mujarradi an as soon as; merely by

192 مَا إِنْ mā in no sooner...than

193 مَا إِنْ...حَتَّى mā in...ḥattā no sooner...than

194 مَا لَبِثَ أَنْ mā labitha an hardly...when

195 مَا كَادَ...حَتَّى mā kāda...ḥattā hardly...when

196 حَتَّى إِذَا ḥattā idhā until/when

197 إِذَا مَا idhā mā whenever; if

198 كُلَّمَا kullamā whenever

199 كُلَّمَا كَانَ kullamā kāna whenever it was

200 مَتَى مَا matā mā whenever

201 أَيْنَمَا aynamā wherever

202 حَيْثُمَا ḥaythumā wherever

203 كَيْفَمَا kayfamā however

204 مَهْمَا mahmā whatever; no matter what

205 مَنْ مَا man mā whoever/whatever

206 أَيًّا كَانَ ayyan kāna whatever/whichever it may be

207 أَيًّا كَانَتْ ayyan kānat whatever/whichever it may be

208 سَوَاءٌ كَانَ...أَمْ sawāʾun kāna...am whether...or

209 سَوَاءٌ أَكَانَ...أَمْ sawāʾun akāna...am whether...or

210 سَوَاءٌ أَكَانَ...أَوْ sawāʾun akāna...aw whether...or

211 كَأَنَّ ka-anna as if; as though

212 كَأَنَّمَا ka-annamā as if; as though

213 كَمَا لَوْ kamā law as if

214 كَمَا إِذَا kamā idhā as if/when

215 لَوْ أَنَّ law anna if; if only

216 لَيْتَ layta if only; I wish that

217 لَعَلَّ laʿalla perhaps; hopefully; may

218 لَعَلَّمَا laʿallamā perhaps; maybe

219 لَكِنْ lākin but

220 لَكِنَّ lākinna but/however

221 غَيْرَ أَنَّ ghayra anna however; except that

222 إِلَّا أَنَّ illā anna however; except that

223 بَيْدَ أَنَّ bayda anna however; nevertheless

224 عَلَى أَنَّ ʿalā anna provided that; with the understanding that

225 عَلَى أَنَّ ʿalā anna although; on the condition that

226 عَلَى الرَّغْمِ مِنْ أَنَّ ʿalā ar-raghmi min anna although

227 بِالرَّغْمِ مِنْ أَنَّ bir-raghmi min anna although

228 مَعَ أَنَّ maʿa anna although

229 وَإِنْ wa-in even if; although

230 وَإِنْ كَانَ wa-in kāna although; even though

231 وَإِنْ لَمْ wa-in lam even if...not

232 حَتَّى لَوْ ḥattā law even if

233 حَتَّى وَإِنْ ḥattā wa-in even if

234 إِلَى أَنْ ilā an until

235 إِلَى حِينَ أَنْ ilā ḥīni an until

236 مِنْ أَجْلِ أَنْ min ajli an in order that

237 مِنْ شَأْنِ أَنْ min shaʾni an such that

238 بِحَيْثُ bi-ḥaythu so that; such that

239 بِحَيْثُ إِنَّ bi-ḥaythu inna such that; so that

240 لِذَلِكَ li-dhālika therefore

241 وَمِنْ ثَمَّ wa-min thamma therefore; hence

242 وَبِالتَّالِي wa-bi-t-tālī consequently

243 وَمِنْ هُنَا wa-min hunā hence; from this

244 وَعَلَيْهِ wa-ʿalayhi accordingly; therefore

245 عَلَيْهِ ʿalayhi accordingly; therefore

246 إِذَنْ idhan therefore; then

247 فَإِذَنْ fa-idhan therefore then

248 لِذَلِكَ فَـ li-dhālika fa- therefore

249 وَبِنَاءً عَلَيْهِ wa-bināʾan ʿalayhi accordingly

250 وَنَظَرًا لِـ wa-naẓaran li- considering that; in view of

251 نَظَرًا لِـ naẓaran li- considering; given

252 بِسَبَبِ أَنَّ bi-sababi anna because

253 نَتِيجَةً لِأَنَّ natījatan li-anna as a result of the fact that

254 بِفَضْلِ أَنَّ bi-faḍli anna thanks to the fact that

255 لِكَوْنِ li-kawni because of being

256 لِكَوْنِ أَنَّ li-kawni anna because

257 حَيْثُ أَنَّ ḥaythu anna since; given that

258 إِذْ إِنَّ idh inna since

259 إِذْ أَنَّ idh anna since

260 إِنَّمَا innamā only; rather

261 بَلْ إِنَّمَا bal innamā rather; instead

262 إِنَّمَا...لَا innamā...lā only...not

263 لَا بَلْ lā bal no, rather

264 بَلْ لَا bal lā rather not

265 لَيْسَ بَلْ laysa bal not...rather

266 إِلَّا illā except; but

267 إِلَّا أَنَّ illā anna except that

268 إِلَّا أَنْ illā an unless; except to

269 إِلَّا إِذَا illā idhā unless; except when

270 سِوَى أَنَّ siwā anna except that

271 غَيْرَ أَنَّ ghayra anna however

272 أَمَّا ammā as for

273 فَأَمَّا fa-ammā as for

274 أَمَّا بَعْدُ ammā baʿdu now then; thereafter

275 وَأَمَّا wa-ammā and as for

276 أَمَّا...فَـ ammā...fa- as for...then

277 وَأَمَّا...فَـ wa-ammā...fa- and as for...then

278 ثُمَّ thumma then; furthermore

279 فَـ fa- then; so; consequently

280 وَ wa and

281 أَوْ aw or

282 أَمْ am or

283 بَلْ bal rather

284 لَكِنْ lākin but

285 لَكِنَّ lākinna but

286 حَتَّى ḥattā until; even

287 وَإِلَّا wa-illā otherwise

288 وَإِذًا wa-idhan and therefore

289 وَكَذَلِكَ wa-ka-dhālika and likewise

290 وَأَيْضًا wa-ayḍan and also

291 كَذَلِكَ ka-dhālika likewise

292 أَيْضًا ayḍan also

293 كَمَا kamā as; also

294 مِثْلَمَا mithlamā just as

295 لِأَنَّ li-anna because

296 أَنَّ anna that

297 أَنْ an that; to

298 كَيْ kay so that

299 لِكَيْ li-kay so that

300 لِئَلَّا li-allā so that not

301 كَيْلَا kaylā so that not

302 إِذَا idhā if; when

303 إِنْ in if

304 لَوْ law if

305 لَوْلَا lawlā if it were not for

306 لَمَّا lammā when

307 عِنْدَمَا ʿindamā when

308 حِينَ ḥīna when

309 حِينَمَا ḥīnamā when

310 كُلَّمَا kullamā whenever

311 بَيْنَمَا baynamā while; whereas

312 مَا دَامَ mā dāma as long as

313 طَالَمَا ṭālamā as long as

314 مَا لَمْ mā lam unless

315 مَهْمَا mahmā whatever

316 مَنْ man whoever

317 مَا mā whatever; that which

318 مَتَى matā whenever

319 أَيْنَمَا aynamā wherever

320 حَيْثُمَا ḥaythumā wherever

321 كَيْفَمَا kayfamā however

322 أَيَّانَ ayyāna whenever

323 كَأَنَّ ka-anna as if

324 كَأَنَّمَا ka-annamā as though

325 مَعَ أَنَّ maʿa anna although

326 رَغْمَ أَنَّ raghma anna although

327 وَإِنْ wa-in even if; although

328 حَتَّى لَوْ ḥattā law even if

329 مَعَ ذَلِكَ maʿa dhālika nevertheless

330 عَلَى الرَّغْمِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ʿalā ar-raghmi min dhālika despite that

331 لِذَلِكَ li-dhālika therefore

332 وَمِنْ ثَمَّ wa-min thamma hence

333 وَبِالتَّالِي wa-bi-t-tālī consequently

334 بِنَاءً عَلَى ذَلِكَ bināʾan ʿalā dhālika accordingly

335 إِضَافَةً إِلَى ذَلِكَ iḍāfatan ilā dhālika in addition

336 مِنْ جِهَةٍ أُخْرَى min jihatin ukhrā on the other hand

337 فِي الْمُقَابِلِ fī al-muqābil in contrast

338 عَلَى أَيِّ حَالٍ ʿalā ayyi ḥāl in any case

339 بَدَلًا مِنْ أَنْ badalan min an instead of

340 دُونَ أَنْ dūna an without

341 قَبْلَ أَنْ qabla an before

342 بَعْدَ أَنْ baʿda an after

343 بَعْدَمَا baʿdamā after

344 فَوْرَ أَنْ fawra an as soon as

345 بِحَيْثُ bi-ḥaythu so that; such that

346 شَرْطَ أَنْ sharṭa an provided that

347 بِشَرْطِ أَنْ bi-sharṭi an on condition that

348 عَلَى شَرْطِ أَنْ ʿalā sharṭi an provided that

349 عَلَى أَنَّ ʿalā anna provided that; with the understanding that

350 وَإِلَّا wa-illā otherwise; or else

أنا أكل وأشرب Ana a'kol wa ashrab I eat and drink

42- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

To make a comparative adjective, you get rid of the ي that is before the last letter of the adjective and add the -أ prefix to the adjective, the superlative adjective has the same form.

(Big) [Kabeer] كبير

(Bigger/Biggest) ['Akbar] أكبَر

(Bigger than) أكبَر من

(The biggest) الأكبَر

أكثَر (More)

أقَل (Less)

أكثَر مِن (More than)

[You get the rest]

We can use Positive Adjective + أكثر/أقل for emphasis

(Sentence + كَ+Person being compared to)

لَيسَت كبيرَةٌ كَالأسد (She is not big as the lion)

if the letter ي is at the end of the adjective, we replace the ي with ى when it is comparative/superlative:

قوي (Strong)

أقوى (Stronger/Strongest) (The waow is kept, it can be gotten rid of if it is the first letter but it can also be not)

And if there is a vowel (ي, و, ا) in the adjective, we get rid of it to make it comparative/superlative:

صَغير (Small)

أصغَر (Smaller/Smallest)

If a comparative and superlative word has the letter waow in the middle or end, we do not get rid of it, but if its at the beginning, we can get rid of it or not, and if a comparative and superlative word has two vowels, we get rid of the last vowel and treat the other vowel like a normal letter

Another way to make a comparative/superlative:

أجمل ->> جميل أكثَر/جميل أقَل/أكثَر جميل/أقَل جميل

A formal way to make comparative and superlative:

أكثَر/أقَل ['Akthar/'Aqal] + (Noun form of adjective)

هوَ أكثَرُ جمالةٌ Hoowa aktharo jamalaton He is more beautiful

هوَ الأكثَرُ جمالةٌ Hoowa alaktharo jamalaton He is the most beautiful

أقَل aqal less

مَرَح -> أمرَح

If a comparative and superlative adjective is attribute, it can come before the noun but we do not add -ال [al-]: أكبَرُ دولةٌ [Akbaro dawlaton] The biggest country

أكبَرُ الدولةِ [Akbaro al-dawlate] From the biggest of the country

Can be verbs:

أَكبَر 'Akbar I grow

تَكبر Takbar

يَكبَر Yakbar

يَكبَرونَ Yakbaroona

etc..

43- THE HAMZA DIACRITIC

hamza is the diacritic form of ء (hamza) which stops the pronounciation of something suddenly, the diacritic makes the same sound,

ا (aa)

أ (aa')

إ (eh)

you know how when people cut off in movies, they make a sound when they cut off (the eh sound) (Ex: "I TRUSTED Y- [stops suddenly]"), the ء makes that sound

If the letter (not the diacritic) hamza has a letter after it, the hamza becomes ئ

44- THE ة CHANGED TO ت or ت changed to ة

the ة and ت are the same letter and make the same sound

the ة is used at the end of a word when:

- Singular Thing And Singular Female (If it is irregular then it does not end with ة)

the ت is used at the end of a word when:

- Plural Things And Plural Females

- There is a letter after it

45- BE

Become -> يصبح

يكون [Yakoon] Becomes / Is (Habitual)

كن [kon] Be (Imperative)

اُصبح [Ossbeh] Become

َكان [Kana] Was

لِتَكُنْ [Letakon] Be (Imperative)

كن سعيداً Be happy

46- INDIRECT OBJECT

we add the word ل and then add the pronoun suffix after it to refer to the indirect object.

if the verb ends with a vowel (ا and ي, و), we just add the pronoun suffix to refer to the indirect object.

أقرأ لكَ الكتاب (I read to you the book)

أعطيكَ الكتاب (I give you the book)

َأعطي شخصاً الكتاب (I give a person the book)

َأقرأ لشخصٍ الكتاب (I read to a person a book)

ٍأقرأ الكتابَ لشخص (I read the book to a person)

we make the word ل into a prefix if the indirect object is a noun instead of a pronoun

if the verb ends with a vowel, we do the same

أقرأ لعبدالله الكتاب (I read to abdullah the book)

أعطي لعبدالله الكتاب (I give abdullah the book)

أعطي شخصاً الكتابَ (I give a person the book)

أعطي الشخصَ الكتابَ [A'tee al shakhsa al kitaba] (I give the person the book)

أعطي الشخصَ كتاباً [A'tee al shakhsa kitabaan] (I give the person a book)

أعطي شخصاً كتاباً (I give a person a book)

أعطي لشخصٍ الكتابَ (I give to a person the book)

أعطي للشخصِ الكتابَ (I give to the person the book)

أعطي الكتابَ لشخصٍ (I give the book to a person)

أعطي الكتاب للشخصِ (I give the book to the person)

هذه الهديةُ لشخصٍ (This present is for a person) (When a noun is after a demonstrative pronoun, we put the dhama over the last letter of the noun, this is not just used for indirect object. we always do it.)

لِـ to / for أَعْطَيْتُهُ لِمُحَمَّدٍ = I gave it to Muhammad

لِـ belonging/possession الكِتَابُ لِمُحَمَّدٍ = The book belongs to Muhammad

لِـ purpose جِئْتُ لِأَتَعَلَّمَ = I came to learn

لَـ emphatic لَامُ التَّوْكِيد لَأَفْعَلَنَّ = I will certainly do it

لَـ in certain constructions often pronounced la- rather than li- due to grammar لَكَ = for/to youلِـ to / for أَعْطَيْتُهُ لِمُحَمَّدٍ = I gave it to Muhammadلِـ belonging/possession الكِتَابُ لِمُحَمَّدٍ = The book belongs to Muhammadلِـ purpose جِئْتُ لِأَتَعَلَّمَ = I came to learnلَـ emphatic لَامُ التَّوْكِيد لَأَفْعَلَنَّ = I will certainly do itلَـ in certain constructions often pronounced la- rather than li- due to grammar لَكَ = for/to you

47- POSSESIVE PRONOUNS 2

Mine لي

Yours (One male) لك

Yours (One female) لكِ

Yours (More than two males) لكم

Yours (More than two females) لكن

Yours (Two Nouns) لكما

Theirs (More than two males) لهم

Theirs (More than two females) لهن

Ours لنا

His له

Hers لها

48- Here

Here -> هُنا

ألعب هُنا I play here

49- COMMON WAY TO MAKE NOUNS

The letter alif is in the middle of a noun about someone doing something (like engineer, doctor

The letter ي can also be used but it is before the last letter of the noun

50- لا

ل+ا = لا

51- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

الرجل قال أنه سوف يأكل (The man said that he will eat)

قال الرجل أنه سوف يأكل (The man said that he will eat)

"الرجل قال: "سوف أكل (The man said: "I will eat")

"قال الرجل: "سوف أكل (The man said "I will eat")

الرجل قال له (The man said to him)

قال الرجل له (The man said to him)

قال له الرجل (The man said to him)

الرجل قال لشخص (The man said to a person)

etc....

The verb قال changes depending on the gender and number of people just like every other verb:

قالت (She said)

قالوا (They said)

قلنا (We said)

etc.....

" ْفراس قالَ لي "لا تخاف (Feras told me "Don't be scared")

فراس قالَ لي أن لا أخافْ (Feras told me to not be scared)

الرجل قال سوف يأكل (The man said he will eat)

Same structure for rest

Statement: (Noun) + (Verb) + أن [an] (or without) + (Clause)

WH Question: (Noun) + (Verb) + (WH Question)

Yes/No Question: (Noun) + (Verb) + إذا/لو itha/laow + (Clause)

Command: (Noun) + (Verb) + -أن/ل an (or without) + (Clause)

رجلٌ طلبَ مني أن أكل (A man ordered from me that I eat)

رجلٌ طلبَ مني لأكل (A man ordered from me to eat)

رجل طلبَ مني أكل (A man ordered from me to eat)

رجلٌ سألني أن أكل (A man asked me to eat)

52- LET'S + (VERB)

Let's -> هَيا

هيا نلعب Hiya nal'ab Let's play

52- TAG QUESTIONS

A tag question is a phrase that is used to check if something is correct (Example: It is snowing, isn't it? [Isn't it is a tag question])

In arabic, it is أليس كذلك

إنها تمطر, أليس كذلك؟ (It is raining, isn't that so?)

إنهم يلعبوا, أليس كذلك؟ (They are playing, isn't that so?)

ألم تأكل؟ (Aren't you eating?)

ألستَ (Aren't you [Male])

ألستِ (Aren't you [Female])

ألستُ (Aren't I)

أليست (Isn't she)

أليسَ (Isn't he)

ألستَ سعيدأً؟ Aren't you happy?

صحيح؟ right?

أنت سعيدٌ, صحيح؟ You are happy, right?

ألا 'alaa (present verb)

ألَن 'alan (Future verb)

ألَم 'alam (past verb)

ألَيسَ 'alaysa (present state and verb)

ألَيسَ كَانَ 'alysa kaaana (past state and verb)

ألَيسَ سَوفَ يَكون / ألَيسَ سَيَكون 'alaysa soufa yakoon / 'alaysa sayakoon (future state and verb)(we can use any verb about being)

54- TIME EXPRESSIONS

اليوم (Today)

غذاً (Tomorrow)

قبل (Before)

بعد (After)

55- INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

شخص (Someone)

شيء (Something)

كل شخص (Everyone)

كل شيء (Everything)

أي شخص (Anyone)

أي شيء (Anything)

56- EMPHASISING OMETHING ELSE EXPLAINING WHY/HOW SOMETHING HAPPENS

: هَكَذا / لِهَكَذا / لِذَلك -> This is why/how / That is why/how

هكذا also means -> like this/like that

العبْ هَكَذا Play like this

لهكذا sounds better and is used more

57- WISH

أنا أتَمَنى أن أكل / أنا أتَمَنى أكل (I wish to eat)

أنا أتَمَنى أن تَكونَ حالَتي جيدَةً / أنا أتمنى تكونُ حالتي جيدَةٌ 'Ana 'atamanaa 'an takoona halatee jayedatan / 'Ana 'atamanaa takoono halatee jayedaton (I wish that my health becomes good / I wish my health)

أنا أتمنى أن يكونَ الرجلُ سعيداً / أنا أتمنى أنَ الرجلَ يكونُ سعيدٌ 'Ana 'atamanaa 'an yakoona ar'rajulo saeedan / 'Ana atamanaa 'ana ar-rajula yakoono saeedon

58- EXPRESS BIG NUMBER OF ADJECTIVE

To express a big number of an adjective: ما + Comparative/Superlative Adjective

!ما أجمل How beautiful!

Describe exclamation using noun:

[Yaa] يا+ [La-] لَ+(Pronoun that is being exclamated about [Or noun]) + [Men] مِن + (Exclamation)

يا لَهُ مِن يومٍ جميلٍ [Ya laho men yaowmen jameelen] What a beautiful day

59- THE FIVE NOUNS

Five nouns have a special case ending when they are genitive:

Noun Transliteration Meaning Nominative (ـُ / و) Accusative (ـَ / ا) Genitive/Preposition (ـِ / ي)

أَبٌ abon father أَبُو aboo أَبَا abaa أَبِي abee

أَخٌ akhon brother أَخُو akhoo أَخَا akhaa أَخِي akhee

حَمٌ ḥamon father-in-law / relative by marriage حَمُو hamoo حَمَا hamaa حَمِي hamee

فُو foo mouth فُو foo فَا faaفِي fee

ذُو dhoo possessor / one who has ذُو thoo ذَا thaa ذِي thee

60- DIALECTS OF ARABIC

EGYPTIAN DIALECT: the ق is pronounced as ء and the ج is pronounced as G instead of J

احنا (Ihna) (We)

لو (If)

شنو What (Iraqi) [Shoonoo]

شو What (Syrian)[Shoo]

ايش What (Dialect)[eysh]

ايه What (Egyptian) [eyh]

ليش Why (Dialect other than egyptian) [leysh]

ليه Why (Egyptian) [

ليش Why (Dialect)

شلون (How) (Gulf)

الزاي (How) (Egyptian)

كِيِف (How) (Dialect other than gulf)

وين (Dialect)

يقدر (Can)

رَح (Will)

هاي This/That (Levantine)

دَه This/These/That/Those (Male animate or inanimate) (Egyptian)

ديه Ths/These/That/Those (Female or neuter) (Egyptian)

هَذول These/Those (Levantine)

In dialect arabic, diacritics do not have grammar rules like in fluent BUT ONLY if the diacritics are over the last letter:

ولدٌ (Fluent)

ولد (Dialect)

---

أبغى I want/I want to (Gulf)

يبغى He wants/He wants to

بدي I want/I want to (Syrian and levantine)

بدو/بدُه He wants/He wants to

بدها She wants/She wants to

بدهن They want/They want to (Female)

بدهُم They want/They want to (Male)

بدكُم You want/You want to (Plural male)

بدكن You want/You want to (Plural female)

عاوز 'aawiz want/ want to (Egyptian)

عايز 'aayiz want/ want to (Egyptian)

انو inoo (that [relative pronoun])

In dialect arabic, the prefix -ب can be used for "I" in present tense:

أنا بَلعب

أنا ألعب

هو بيلعب

هو يلعب

هو بيقدَر (He can) (Only for يقدر and not other words)

هو يقدَر

هو رح

Both are correct.

In imperatives, if a vowel other than alif (ي, و) is in a verb, we do not get rid of it like in fluent

قل -> قول

---

احنا (We)

اللي (That [Relative Pronoun])

الي (Mine)

الهُ (His)

الها (Hers)

etc....

ما رَح (Won't)

ما Does Not

مو Is not

مش Is not

اللي يمشي (What walks)

صح؟

Another way to make a past tense, is to get rid of the present prefix and add the letter alif after the first letter:

كاتب (He wrote)

In dialect arabic, if we want to emphasize that an action is happening now, we use the word قاعد before the verb:

قاعد يلعب (he is playing)

قاعد بيلعب (he is playing)

في -> there is

عند -> have

عندي -> I have

عندُه -> He has

etc....

هَيك like that (Dialect other than egyptian)

كذة/كَذة like that (Egyptian)

عَشان هَيك (That is why/This is why) (Dialect other than egyptian)

عَشان كذة/عَشان كَذة(That is why/This is why) (Egyptian)

بَلكي (What if) (Dialect)

صير (Become) (Dialect)

صَار (Became [Male]) (Dialect)

صَارَت (Became [Female]) (Dialect)

صَاروا (Became [Plural]) (Dialect)

لازم (Have to/must)

Levantine arabic can sometimes replace the taa with thaa:

يَلا let's

يَلا نلعب let's play

أني I

بَس but / enough

مش رَح تلعب Won't you play? (Egyptian/Levantine)

مو رَح تلعب Won't you play? (Gulf/Levantine)

دلوَقتي dilwa'tee now (egyptian)

الحين ilheen now (other than egyptian)

بُكرا bokraa tomorrow (dialect)

وايد waayed very (gulf)

لَوَيش lawayesh why (gulf/levantine)

عَجَب 'ajab how come (dialect)

شَكُ shako how come (gulf)

شوَي shooway a little

شوَيَة shoowaya a little

another way to make a past verb in dialect: la'ab -> li'ib

-هَ ha- will