1- AFRIKAANS ALPHABET

2- WORD ORDER:

1 Basic S + V Ek slaap. I sleep.

2 Direct object S + V + DO Ek lees die boek. I read the book.

3 Indirect object S + V + DO + aan + IO Ek gee die boek aan hom. I give the book to him.

4 Beneficiary S + V + DO + vir + IO Ek koop 'n boek vir hom. I buy a book for him.

5 IO pronoun S + V + IO + DO Ek gee hom die boek. I give him the book.

6 Adjective S + is + Adj Die boek is groot. The book is big.

7 Adverb S + V + Adv Hy lees vinnig. He reads quickly.

8 Direct object + adverb S + V + DO + Adv Ek lees die boek vinnig. I read the book quickly.

9 Time adverb S + V + Adv(time) Ek werk vandag. I work today.

10 Place adverb S + V + Adv(place) Hy woon daar. He lives there.

11 Prepositional phrase S + V + Prep + noun Die boek is op die tafel. The book is on the table.

12 DO + preposition S + V + DO + Prep + noun Ek sit die boek op die tafel. I put the book on the table.

13 Determiner + noun Det + N Die boek is nuut. The book is new.

14 Determiner + adjective + noun Det + Adj + N Die groot boek is nuut. The big book is new.

15 Numeral + noun Num + N Twee boeke is nuut. Two books are new.

16 Conjunction Clause + Conj + Clause Ek lees en hy skryf. I read and he writes.

17 Conjunction + objects S + V + DO + Conj + S + V + DO Ek lees die boek en hy skryf 'n brief. I read the book and he writes a letter.

18 Present passive DO + word + PP Die boek word gelees. The book is being read.

19 Passive + agent DO + word + deur + Agent + PP Die boek word deur hom gelees. The book is being read by him.

20 Passive + IO DO + word + aan + IO + PP Die boek word aan hom gegee. The book is given to him.

21 Passive + IO + agent DO + word + deur + Agent + aan + IO + PP Die boek word deur hom aan haar gegee. The book is given to her by him.

22 Passive + adverb DO + Adv + word + PP Die boek word vandag gelees. The book is being read today.

23 Passive + preposition DO + word + Prep + noun + PP Die boek word op die tafel gesit. The book is put on the table.

24 Passive + agent + adverb DO + word + Adv + deur + Agent + PP Die boek word vandag deur hom gelees. The book is being read by him today.

25 Passive + agent + IO + adverb DO + word + Adv + deur + Agent + aan + IO + PP Die boek word vandag deur die onderwyser aan die student gegee. The book is given to the student by the teacher today.

26 Perfect passive DO + is + PP Die boek is gelees. The book has been read.

27 Perfect passive + agent DO + is + deur + Agent + PP Die boek is deur hom gelees. The book has been read by him.

28 Future passive DO + sal + PP + word Die boek sal gelees word. The book will be read.

29 Future passive + agent DO + sal + deur + Agent + PP + word Die boek sal deur hom gelees word. The book will be read by him.

30 Modal passive DO + Modal + PP + word Die boek moet gelees word. The book must be read.

31 Negative S + ... + nie ... nie Ek lees nie die boek nie. I do not read the book.

32 Negative passive DO + word + nie + ... + PP + nie Die boek word nie deur hom gelees nie. The book is not being read by him.

33 Yes/no question V + S + ...? Lees jy die boek? Do you read the book?

34 Passive question Word + DO + ...? Word die boek gelees? Is the book being read?

35 Agent question Deur wie + passive? Deur wie word die boek gelees? By whom is the book being read?

36 IO question Aan wie + V + S + DO? Aan wie gee jy die boek? To whom do you give the book?

37 Imperative V + DO Lees die boek! Read the book!

38 Imperative + IO V + IO + DO Gee hom die boek! Give him the book!

39 Passive imperative Laat + DO + PP + word Laat die boek gelees word. Let the book be read.

40 Infinitive om + te + V om te lees to read

41 Infinitive + DO om + DO + te + V om die boek te lees to read the book

42 Passive infinitive om + DO + PP + te word om die boek gelees te word to have the book read / to be read

43 Purpose S + V + om te + V Ek eet om te speel. I eat to play.

44 Relative clause N + wat + clause Die boek wat ek lees is interessant. The book that I read is interesting.

45 Passive relative N + wat + ... + word + PP Die boek wat deur hom gelees word is interessant. The book that is being read by him is interesting.

46 Conditional As + clause, clause As ek tyd het, lees ek. If I have time, I read.

47 Conditional + passive As + passive clause, clause As die boek gelees word, leer hy. If the book is read, he learns.

48 Reported speech S + sê + dat + clause Hy sê dat hy lees. He says that he reads.

49 Reported question S + vra + of + clause Hy vra of ek lees. He asks if I read.

50 Reported command S + vra + Obj + om te + V Hy vra my om te lees. He asks me to read.

ADVERBS:

1 Manner after V / DO S + V + DO + Adv Ek lees die boek vinnig. Ek lees dee book vin-ukh. I read the book quickly.

2 Place after V / DO S + V + DO + Place Ek lees die boek by die huis. Ek lees dee book by dee hœys. I read the book at home.

3 Time end / beginning S + V + DO + Time Ek lees die boek gister. Ek lees dee book khis-ter. I read the book yesterday.

4 Frequency usually before main V S + Adv + V + DO Ek dikwels lees boeke. Ek dik-vels lees boo-kuh. I often read books.

5 Frequency + wees (be) after wees S + V + Adv + Adj Hy is altyd gelukkig. Hay iss al-tayd khu-luk-ukh. He is always happy.

6 Frequency + auxiliary after first auxiliary S + Aux + Adv + V Ek het nooit die boek gelees nie. Ek het noy-t dee book khu-lees nee. I have never read the book.

7 Degree before Adj / Adv S + V + Adv + Adj/Adv Dit is baie goed. Dit iss bye khoot. It is very good.

8 Degree + verb before V S + Adv + V + DO Ek regtig daarvan hou. Ek rekh-tukh daar-van how. I really like it.

9 Sentence adverb beginning / middle / end Adv + Clause Gelukkig, het ek gewen. Khe-luk-ukh, het ek khu-ven. Fortunately, I won.

10 Comment adverb usually beginning Adv + Clause Eerlikwaar, ek weet nie. Eer-luk-vaar, ek veet nee. Honestly, I don't know.

11 Linking adverb beginning / middle Clause + Adv + Clause Ek was moeg; egter, het ek gewerk. Ek vas moogh; ekh-ter, het ek khu-verk. I was tired; however, I worked.

12 Direction after V / DO S + V + Direction Sy het buitentoe gegaan. Say het bay-un-too khu-khaan. She went outside.

13 Definite frequency beginning / end Time expression + Clause Ek gaan daar elke dag. Ek khan daar el-ku dakh. I go there every day.

14 Duration usually end S + V + DO + Duration Ek het vir twee uur gestudeer. Ek het feer tvay oor khu-stu-deer. I studied for two hours.

15 Purpose usually end Clause + Purpose Ek het daarheen gegaan om te studeer. Ek het daar-hayn khu-khaan om tuh khu-stu-deer. I went there to study.

Direct object S + V + DO Ek lees die boek.

IO with aan S + V + DO + aan + IO Ek gee die boek aan hom.

Beneficiary with vir S + V + DO + vir + IO Ek koop kos vir hom.

IO pronoun S + V + IO + DO Ek gee hom die boek.

Passive + IO DO + word + aan + IO + PP Die boek word aan hom gegee.

Passive + agent + IO DO + word + deur + Agent + aan + IO + PP Die boek word deur hom aan haar gegee.

IO question Aan wie + V + S + DO? Aan wie gee jy die boek?

Beneficiary question Vir wie + V + S + DO? Vir wie koop jy die boek?

Negative IO S + V + nie + ... + nie Ek gee hom nie die boek nie.

GENITIVE:

Proper-name possession Name + se + N Jan se boek Jan's book

Singular noun possessor N + se + N die seun se fiets the boy's bicycle

Plural noun possessor Plural N + se + N die seuns se fietse the boys' bicycles

Multiple possession N + se + N + se + N Jan se broer se motor Jan's brother's car

Possession with van N + van + possessor die boek van Jan Jan's book

Personal possessive possessive + N my boek my book

Independent possessive N + is + possessive Die boek is myne. The book is mine

Whose wie se + N Wie se boek? Whose book?

Genitive + adjective Possessor + se + Adj + N Jan se nuwe motor Jan's new car

Genitive + IO S + V + DO + aan + genitive phrase Ek gee die boek aan Jan se broer. I give the book to Jan's brother

Was going to S + sou + V Ek sou lees. I was going to read.

Was going to + DO S + sou + DO + V Ek sou die boek lees. I was going to read the book.

Was going to + IO S + sou + IO + DO + V Ek sou hom die boek gee. I was going to give him the book.

Was going to + aan S + sou + DO + aan + IO + V Ek sou die boek aan hom gee. I was going to give the book to him.

Was going to + purpose S + sou + ... + om te + V Ek sou eet om te speel. I was going to eat to play.

Negative S + sou nie + V + nie Ek sou nie lees nie. I was not going to read.

Question Sou + S + V? Sou jy lees? Were you going to read?

Passive DO + sou + PP + word Die boek sou gelees word. The book was going to be read.

Passive + agent DO + sou + deur + Agent + PP + word Die boek sou deur hom gelees word. The book was going to be read by him.

Passive + IO + agent DO + sou + deur + Agent + aan + IO + PP + word Die boek sou deur die onderwyser aan die student gegee word. The book was going to be given to the

English Subject Object Dependent possessive Independent possessive (mine, yours, etc...) Reflexive

I ek my my myne myself

you (sing.) jy jou jou joune jouself

he hy hom sy syne homself

she sy haar haar hare haarself

it dit dit sy syne homself / ditself

we ons ons ons ons s'n onsself

you (plural) julle julle julle julle s'n julleself

they hulle hulle hulle hulle s'n hulleself

2- NOUNS

INDEFINITE (FOR SINGULAR ONLY)

'n + noun

'n boek a book

DEFINITE:

die + noun

die boek the book

PLURAL:

noun + plural ending

boeke books

POSSSESSION:

owner + se + noun

Maria se boekMaria's book

INDIRECT OBJECT:

Direct object Ek lees die boek. no marker I read the book.

Indirect object (to) Ek gee die boek aan hom. aan + person I give the book to him.

Indirect object (for) Ek koop kos vir haar. vir + person I buy food for her.

Pronoun indirect object Ek gee hom die boek. indirect pronoun + direct object I give him the book.

3- ADJECTIVES

Before noun

adjective + usually -e

After "is"

adjective without -e

to be

wees

am/is/are

is

was/were

was

will be

sal wees

been

gewees

being

word / wees (depending on meaning)

Ek is 'n student. I am a student.

Hy is moeg. He is tired.

Ons is gereed. We are ready.

Hulle is gelukkig. They are happy.

TO BE VERB:

1. Infinitive

Afrikaans English

wees to be

Examples:

Ek wil gelukkig wees.

= I want to be happy.

Dit is lekker om hier te wees.

= It is nice to be here.

2. Present Tense

The present tense is is for every subject.

Pronoun Afrikaans English

ek is I am

jy is you are

u is you are (formal)

hy is he is

sy is she is

dit is it is

ons is we are

julle is you are (plural)

hulle is they are

Examples

Ek is gelukkig.

= I am happy.

Jy is moeg.

= You are tired.

Hy is lank.

= He is tall.

Ons is gereed.

= We are ready.

3. Past Tense

The past tense is was for all subjects.

Pronoun Afrikaans English

ek was I was

jy was you were

hy was he was

sy was she was

dit was it was

ons was we were

julle was you were

hulle was they were

Examples

Ek was by die huis.

= I was at home.

Hulle was gelukkig.

= They were happy.

4. Future Tense

Formula

sal + wees

Pronoun Afrikaans English

ek sal wees I will be

jy sal wees you will be

hy sal wees he will be

sy sal wees she will be

ons sal wees we will be

julle sal wees you will be

hulle sal wees they will be

Examples

Ek sal daar wees.

= I will be there.

Sy sal gelukkig wees.

= She will be happy.

5. Perfect Tense

Formula

het + gewees

Pronoun Afrikaans English

ek het gewees I have been

jy het gewees you have been

hy het gewees he has been

sy het gewees she has been

ons het gewees we have been

julle het gewees you have been

hulle het gewees they have been

Examples

Ek het daar gewees.

= I have been there.

Ons het gelukkig gewees.

= We have been happy.

Note: In everyday Afrikaans, Ek was daar ("I was there") is often preferred, even where English would say "I have been there."

6. Negative Forms

Present

Subject + is nie + complement + nie

Ek is nie moeg nie.

= I am not tired.

Past

Subject + was nie + complement + nie

Hy was nie hier nie.

= He was not here.

Future

Subject + sal nie + wees + nie

Ons sal nie laat wees nie.

= We will not be late.

Perfect

Subject + het nie + gewees + nie

Sy het nie daar gewees nie.

= She has not been there.

7. Questions

Present

Is + subject + complement?

Is jy gereed?

= Are you ready?

Past

Was + subject + complement?

Was hy tuis?

= Was he at home?

Future

Sal + subject + complement + wees?

Sal julle hier wees?

= Will you be here?

Perfect

Het + subject + gewees?

Het sy daar gewees?

= Has she been there?

8. "There is / There are"

Afrikaans uses daar is.

English Afrikaans

There is Daar is

There are Daar is

There was Daar was

There were Daar was

There will be Daar sal ... wees

Examples:

Daar is 'n hond.

= There is a dog.

Daar is baie mense.

= There are many people.

Daar was 'n ongeluk.

= There was an accident.

Daar sal 'n vergadering wees.

= There will be a meeting.

9. "Be" in the Passive

Afrikaans uses word for an ongoing passive and is/was for a completed or resulting state.

English Afrikaans

The book is being read. Die boek word gelees.

The book has been read. Die boek is gelees.

The book was read. Die boek is/was gelees. (depends on context)

10. "Be" in Common Expressions

Afrikaans English

wees stil be quiet

wees versigtig be careful

wees geduldig be patient

wees gelukkig be happy

wees gereed be ready

wees laat be late

wees welkom be welcome

Examples:

Wees versigtig!

= Be careful!

Wees geduldig.

= Be patient.

4- PRONOUNS

(English) (Subject) (Object) (Possession) (Reflexive):

I ek my my/myne myself

you jy jou jou/joune jouself

he hy hom sy/syne homself

she sy haar haar/hare haarself

it dit dit sy/syne homself

we ons ons ons/ons s'n onsself

you plural julle julle julle/julle s'n julleself

they hulle hulle hulle/hulle s'n hulleself

Hy lees sy boek.

= He reads his book.

Sy lees haar boek.

= She reads her book.

2. my can mean two things:

Object:

Hy sien my.

= He sees me.

Possession:

my boek

= my book

The context shows the meaning.

3. Possession with s'n

Afrikaans uses s'n when the noun is omitted:

Dit is my boek.

= This is my book.

Dit is myne.

= This is mine.

Dit is Jan se boek.

= This is Jan's book.

Dit is Jan s'n.

= This is Jan's.

5- VERB TENSES

Ek lees I read

Jy lees You read

Hy lees He reads

Sy lees She reads

Dit lees It reads

Ons lees We read

Julle lees You read

Hulle lees They read

Ek is besig om te lees I am reading

Jy is besig om te lees You are reading

Hy is besig om te lees He is reading

Sy is besig om te lees She is reading

Ons is besig om te lees We are reading

Hulle is besig om te lees They are reading

Ek het gelees I read

Jy het gelees You read

Hy het gelees He read

Sy het gelees She read

Ons het gelees We read

Julle het gelees You read

Hulle het gelees They read

Ek was besig om te lees I was reading

Jy was besig om te lees You were reading

Hy was besig om te lees He was reading

Sy was besig om te lees She was reading

Ons was besig om te lees We were reading

Hulle was besig om te lees They were reading

Ek sal lees I will read

Jy sal lees You will read

Hy sal lees He will read

Sy sal lees She will read

Ons sal lees We will read

Julle sal lees You will read

Hulle sal lees They will read

Ek sal besig wees om te lees I will be reading

Jy sal besig wees om te lees You will be reading

Hy sal besig wees om te lees He will be reading

Ons sal besig wees om te lees We will be reading

Hulle sal besig wees om te lees They will be reading

Ek het reeds gelees.

Ek sal gelees het.

6- PASSIVE TENSES

Die brief word deur my geskryf The letter is written by me

Die brief word deur jou geskryf The letter is written by you

Die brief word deur u geskryf The letter is written by you (formal)

Die brief word deur hom geskryf The letter is written by him

Die brief word deur haar geskryf The letter is written by her

Die brief word deur dit geskryf The letter is written by it

Die brief word deur ons geskryf The letter is written by us

Die brief word deur julle geskryf The letter is written by you all

Die brief word deur hulle geskryf The letter is written by them

deur my -> by me

Die huis word besig om deur my gebou te word The house is being built by me

Die huis word besig om deur jou gebou te word The house is being built by you

Die huis word besig om deur hom gebou te word The house is being built by him

Die huis word besig om deur haar gebou te word The house is being built by her

Die huis word besig om deur ons gebou te word The house is being built by us

Die huis word besig om deur hulle gebou te word The house is being built by them

Die brief is deur my geskryf The letter was written by me

Die brief is deur jou geskryf The letter was written by you

Die brief is deur u geskryf The letter was written by you (formal)

Die brief is deur hom geskryf The letter was written by him

Die brief is deur haar geskryf The letter was written by her

Die brief is deur ons geskryf The letter was written by us

Die brief is deur julle geskryf The letter was written by you all

Die brief is deur hulle geskryf The letter was written by them

Die huis was besig om deur my gebou te word The house was being built by me

Die huis was besig om deur jou gebou te word The house was being built by you

Die huis was besig om deur hom gebou te word The house was being built by him

Die huis was besig om deur haar gebou te word The house was being built by her

Die huis was besig om deur ons gebou te word The house was being built by us

Die huis was besig om deur hulle gebou te word The house was being built by them

Die brief sal deur my geskryf word The letter will be written by me

Die brief sal deur jou geskryf word The letter will be written by you

Die brief sal deur hom geskryf word The letter will be written by him

Die brief sal deur haar geskryf word The letter will be written by her

Die brief sal deur ons geskryf word The letter will be written by us

Die brief sal deur julle geskryf word The letter will be written by you all

Die brief sal deur hulle geskryf word The letter will be written by them

Die boek sal besig wees om deur my geskryf te word The book will be being written by me

Die boek sal besig wees om deur jou geskryf te word The book will be being written by you

Die boek sal besig wees om deur hom geskryf te word The book will be being written by him

Die boek sal besig wees om deur haar geskryf te word The book will be being written by her

Die boek sal besig wees om deur ons geskryf te word The book will be being written by us

Die boek sal besig wees om deur hulle geskryf te word The book will be being written by them

Die boek is deur my gelees The book has been read by me

Die boek is deur jou gelees The book has been read by you

Die boek is deur hom gelees The book has been read by him

Die boek is deur haar gelees The book has been read by her

Die boek is deur ons gelees The book has been read by us

Die boek is deur hulle gelees The book has been read by them

Die boek was deur my gelees The book had been read by me

Die boek was deur jou gelees The book had been read by you

Die boek was deur hom gelees The book had been read by him

Die boek was deur haar gelees The book had been read by her

Die boek was deur ons gelees The book had been read by us

Die boek was deur hulle gelees The book had been read by them

Die boek sal deur my gelees wees The book will have been read by me

Die boek sal deur jou gelees wees The book will have been read by you

Die boek sal deur hom gelees wees The book will have been read by him

Die boek sal deur haar gelees wees The book will have been read by her

Die boek sal deur ons gelees wees The book will have been read by us

Die boek sal deur hulle gelees wees The book will have been read by them

7- NEGATION:

Ek lees nie I do not read

Jy lees nie You do not read

Hy lees nie He does not read

Sy lees nie She does not read

Dit lees nie It does not read

Ons lees nie We do not read

Julle lees nie You do not read

Hulle lees nie They do not read

Ek is nie besig om te lees nie I am not reading

Jy is nie besig om te lees nie You are not reading

Hy is nie besig om te lees nie He is not reading

Sy is nie besig om te lees nie She is not reading

Ons is nie besig om te lees nie We are not reading

Hulle is nie besig om te lees nie They are not reading

Ek het nie gelees nie I did not read

Jy het nie gelees nie You did not read

Hy het nie gelees nie He did not read

Sy het nie gelees nie She did not read

Dit het nie gelees nie It did not read

Ons het nie gelees nie We did not read

Julle het nie gelees nie You did not read

Hulle het nie gelees nie They did not read

Ek was nie besig om te lees nie I was not reading

Jy was nie besig om te lees nie You were not reading

Hy was nie besig om te lees nie He was not reading

Sy was nie besig om te lees nie She was not reading

Ons was nie besig om te lees nie We were not reading

Hulle was nie besig om te lees nie They were not reading

Ek sal nie lees nie I will not read

Jy sal nie lees nie You will not read

Hy sal nie lees nie He will not read

Sy sal nie lees nie She will not read

Ons sal nie lees nie We will not read

Julle sal nie lees nie You will not read

Hulle sal nie lees nie They will not read

Ek sal nie besig wees om te lees nie I will not be reading

Jy sal nie besig wees om te lees nie You will not be reading

Hy sal nie besig wees om te lees nie He will not be reading

Sy sal nie besig wees om te lees nie She will not be reading

Ons sal nie besig wees om te lees nie We will not be reading

Hulle sal nie besig wees om te lees nie They will not be reading

Ek het nog nie gelees nie I had not read yet

Hy het nog nie gekom nie He had not come yet

Ons het nog nie geëet nie We had not eaten yet

Ek sal nie gelees het nie I will not have read

Jy sal nie gelees het nie You will not have read

Hy sal nie gelees het nie He will not have read

Ons sal nie gelees het nie We will not have read

Moenie loop nie! Do not walk!

Moenie praat nie! Do not speak!

Moenie kyk nie! Do not look!

Moenie vergeet nie! Do not forget!

Die brief word nie deur my geskryf nie The letter is not written by me

Die brief word nie deur jou geskryf nie The letter is not written by you

Die brief word nie deur u geskryf nie The letter is not written by you (formal)

Die brief word nie deur hom geskryf nie The letter is not written by him

Die brief word nie deur haar geskryf nie The letter is not written by her

Die brief word nie deur dit geskryf nie The letter is not written by it

Die brief word nie deur ons geskryf nie The letter is not written by us

Die brief word nie deur julle geskryf nie The letter is not written by you all

Die brief word nie deur hulle geskryf nie The letter is not written by them

Die huis word nie besig om deur my gebou te word nie The house is not being built by me

Die huis word nie besig om deur jou gebou te word nie The house is not being built by you

Die huis word nie besig om deur hom gebou te word nie The house is not being built by him

Die huis word nie besig om deur haar gebou te word nie The house is not being built by her

Die huis word nie besig om deur ons gebou te word nie The house is not being built by us

Die huis word nie besig om deur hulle gebou te word nie The house is not being built by them

Die huis is nie deur my gebou nie The house was not built by me

Die huis is nie deur jou gebou nie The house was not built by you

Die huis is nie deur u gebou nie The house was not built by you (formal)

Die huis is nie deur hom gebou nie The house was not built by him

Die huis is nie deur haar gebou nie The house was not built by her

Die huis is nie deur ons gebou nie The house was not built by us

Die huis is nie deur julle gebou nie The house was not built by you all

Die huis is nie deur hulle gebou nie The house was not built by them

Die brug was nie besig om deur my gebou te word nie The bridge was not being built by me

Die brug was nie besig om deur jou gebou te word nie The bridge was not being built by you

Die brug was nie besig om deur hom gebou te word nie The bridge was not being built by him

Die brug was nie besig om deur haar gebou te word nie The bridge was not being built by her

Die brug was nie besig om deur ons gebou te word nie The bridge was not being built by us

Die brug was nie besig om deur hulle gebou te word nie The bridge was not being built by them

Die brief sal nie deur my geskryf word nie The letter will not be written by me

Die brief sal nie deur jou geskryf word nie The letter will not be written by you

Die brief sal nie deur u geskryf word nie The letter will not be written by you (formal)

Die brief sal nie deur hom geskryf word nie The letter will not be written by him

Die brief sal nie deur haar geskryf word nie The letter will not be written by her

Die brief sal nie deur ons geskryf word nie The letter will not be written by us

Die brief sal nie deur julle geskryf word nie The letter will not be written by you all

Die brief sal nie deur hulle geskryf word nie The letter will not be written by them

Die boek sal nie besig wees om deur my geskryf te word nie The book will not be being written by me

Die boek sal nie besig wees om deur jou geskryf te word nie The book will not be being written by you

Die boek sal nie besig wees om deur hom geskryf te word nie The book will not be being written by him

Die boek sal nie besig wees om deur haar geskryf te word nie The book will not be being written by her

Die boek sal nie besig wees om deur ons geskryf te word nie The book will not be being written by us

Die boek sal nie besig wees om deur hulle geskryf te word nie The book will not be being written by them

Die boek is nie deur my gelees nie The book has not been read by me

Die boek is nie deur jou gelees nie The book has not been read by you

Die boek is nie deur hom gelees nie The book has not been read by him

Die boek is nie deur haar gelees nie The book has not been read by her

Die boek is nie deur ons gelees nie The book has not been read by us

Die boek is nie deur hulle gelees nie The book has not been read by them

Die boek was nie deur my geskryf nie The book had not been written by me

Die boek was nie deur jou geskryf nie The book had not been written by you

Die boek was nie deur hom geskryf nie The book had not been written by him

Die boek was nie deur haar geskryf nie The book had not been written by her

Die boek was nie deur ons geskryf nie The book had not been written by us

Die boek was nie deur hulle geskryf nie The book had not been written by them

Die werk sal nie deur my voltooi wees nie The work will not have been completed by me

Die werk sal nie deur jou voltooi wees nie The work will not have been completed by you

Die werk sal nie deur hom voltooi wees nie The work will not have been completed by him

Die werk sal nie deur haar voltooi wees nie The work will not have been completed by her

Die werk sal nie deur ons voltooi wees nie The work will not have been completed by us

Die werk sal nie deur hulle voltooi wees nie The work will not have been completed by them

Ek is nie moeg nie. I am not tired.

Sy is nie 'n dokter nie. She is not a doctor.

Hulle is nie hier nie. They are not here.

not nie ... nie Ek werk nie

am not is nie ... nie Ek is nie moeg nie

did not het nie ... nie Ek het nie gegaan nie

will not sal nie ... nie Ek sal nie kom nie

cannot kan nie ... nie Ek kan nie swem nie

must not moet nie ... nie Ek moet nie gaan nie

do not nie ... nie Ek lees nie

no (noun) geen ... nie Ek het geen geld nie

nobody niemand ... nie Niemand kom nie

nothing niks ... nie Ek sien niks nie

never nooit ... nie Ek gaan nooit nie

8- QUESTIONS:

YES/NO QUESTIONS:

Verb (Or word that comes after the subject) + Subject + Object?

Lees jy 'n boek? Do you read a book?

Is jy gelukkig? Are you happy?

QUESTION WORDS:

who wie Wie is hy?

whose wie se Wie se boek?

what wat Wat doen jy?

which watter Watter een?

where waar Waar is hy?

where to waarheen Waarheen gaan jy?

where from waarvandaan Waarvandaan kom jy?

when wanneer Wanneer kom jy?

why waarom / hoekom Hoekom huil jy?

how hoe Hoe werk dit?

how much/many hoeveel Hoeveel kos dit?

how old hoe oud Hoe oud is jy?

how long hoe lank Hoe lank wag jy?

how far hoe ver Hoe ver is dit?

how often hoe gereeld Hoe gereeld lees jy?

Waar woon jy? Where live you?

Wat doen hy? What does he do?

Wanneer kom hulle? When come they?

Waarom leer jy Afrikaans? Why learn you Afrikaans?

Hoeveel water het jy? How much water do you have?

9- ADVERBS:

1. Manner adverbs — Hoe? = How?

Afrikaans English

goed well

sleg badly

vinnig quickly

stadig slowly

hard hard

sag softly

maklik easily

moeilik with difficulty

mooi beautifully

duidelik clearly

versigtig carefully

gewoonlik usually

behoorlik properly

reg correctly

verkeerd incorrectly

stil quietly

hardop aloud

saam together

alleen alone

anders differently

presies exactly

amper almost

inderdaad indeed

doelbewus deliberately

toevallig accidentally

skielik suddenly

onmiddellik immediately

direk directly

stadigaan gradually

uiteindelik eventually

Example:

Hy lees die boek vinnig.

Hy lees dee book vin-ukh.

= He reads the book quickly.

2. Time adverbs — Wanneer? = When?

Afrikaans English

nou now

vandag today

môre tomorrow

oormôre the day after tomorrow

gister yesterday

eergister the day before yesterday

vroeg early

laat late

reeds already

al already

nog still / yet

altyd always

nooit never

dikwels often

gereeld regularly

soms sometimes

selde seldom

gewoonlik usually

tans currently

dadelik immediately

onmiddellik immediately

later later

vroeër earlier

onlangs recently

binnekort soon

uiteindelik eventually

eens once / formerly

weer again

steeds still

intussen meanwhile

daarna afterwards

vooraf beforehand

agterna afterwards

reeds already

ooit ever

ooit weer ever again

3. Place adverbs — Waar? = Where?

Afrikaans English

hier here

daar there

nêrens nowhere

oral everywhere

êrens somewhere

binne inside

buite outside

bo above / upstairs

onder below / underneath

voor in front

agter behind

langs alongside

naby nearby

ver far

weg away

huis toe homeward / home

heen toward / there

terug back

op up

af down

rondom around

links left

regs right

binne-in inside

buitekant outside

oralheen everywhere / all around

nêrens heen nowhere

Example:

Hy woon hier.

Hy voon heer.

= He lives here.

4. Frequency adverbs — Hoe dikwels? = How often?

Afrikaans English

altyd always

gewoonlik usually

dikwels often

gereeld regularly

soms sometimes

af en toe occasionally

selde seldom

byna nooit almost never

nooit never

daagliks daily

weekliks weekly

maandeliks monthly

jaarliks annually

gereeld frequently / regularly

voortdurend continually

gedurig constantly

telkens every time

herhaaldelik repeatedly

weer again

een keer once

twee keer twice

dikwels frequently

5. Degree / intensity adverbs — Hoeveel? / In watter mate?

Afrikaans English

baie very / much / many

min little / slightly

meer more

minder less

mees most

minste least

heeltemal completely

absoluut absolutely

uiters extremely

besonder particularly

baie very

nogal quite / rather

redelik fairly / reasonably

taamlik rather / fairly

effens slightly

ietwat somewhat

amper almost

byna nearly

skaars barely

genoeg enough

te too

so so

só like this / so

besonder especially

veral especially

selfs even

omtrent approximately

ongeveer approximately

volkome completely

geheel en al entirely

Example:

Sy is baie gelukkig.

Say is bye gelukh-ukh.

= She is very happy.

6. Certainty / probability adverbs

Afrikaans English

seker certainly / surely

beslis definitely

inderdaad indeed

waarskynlik probably

moontlik possibly

miskien perhaps

dalk perhaps / maybe

vermoedelik presumably

klaarblyklik apparently

blykbaar apparently

natuurlik naturally / of course

werklik really

regtig really

inderdaad indeed

gewis certainly

ongetwyfeld undoubtedly

sekerlik surely

waarskynlik likely / probably

Example:

Hy sal waarskynlik kom.

= He will probably come.

7. Negation adverbs

Afrikaans has a particularly important grammatical negation system.

Afrikaans English

nie not

nooit never

nêrens nowhere

niks nothing

niemand nobody

geen no / not any

geensins not at all

glad nie not at all

nog nie not yet

nie meer nie no longer

nie ... nie not

nooit ... nie never

nêrens ... nie nowhere

niks ... nie nothing

niemand ... nie nobody

The basic double-negative pattern

Ek lees nie die boek nie.

Ek lees nee dee book nee.

= I do not read the book.

nie ... nie = not ... not

With other negative words:

Ek lees nooit boeke nie.

= I never read books.

Ek sien niemand nie.

= I see nobody.

Ek het niks nie.

= I have nothing.

8. Question adverbs

Afrikaans English

waar where

wanneer when

waarom why

hoekom why

hoe how

waarheen where to

waarvandaan from where

hoe lank how long

hoe dikwels how often

hoe ver how far

hoe vinnig how quickly

hoeveel how much / how many

waarom why

waarvoor for what / what for

waarna after what / to what

waarmee with what

waarvan of/from what

Example:

Waar woon jy?

= Where do you live?

Wanneer kom hy?

= When is he coming?

Hoe vinnig hardloop sy?

= How quickly does she run?

9. Linking / conjunctive adverbs

These connect ideas between clauses or sentences.

Afrikaans English

daarom therefore

dus thus / therefore

gevolglik consequently

egter however

tog nevertheless / still

nietemin nevertheless

andersins otherwise

boonop moreover

daarbenewens furthermore / besides

intussen meanwhile

daarna afterwards

vervolgens subsequently

dusver so far

inderdaad indeed

inteendeel on the contrary

trouens in fact

naamlik namely

uiteindelik finally / eventually

eerstens firstly

tweedens secondly

laastens lastly

Example:

Dit reën; daarom bly ek tuis.

= It is raining; therefore, I stay home.

10. Focus / emphasis adverbs

Afrikaans English

ook also / too

selfs even

net only / just

slegs only

veral especially

hoofsaaklik mainly

juis precisely / exactly

maar really / indeed (in certain contexts)

wel indeed / certainly

selfs even

alleen only / alone

bloot merely / simply

eintlik actually

inderdaad indeed

spesifiek specifically

presies exactly

Example:

Ek wil ook gaan.

= I also want to go.

Hy het selfs daarvoor betaal.

= He even paid for it.

11. Adverbs of viewpoint / sentence attitude

Afrikaans English

gelukkig fortunately

ongelukkig unfortunately

eerlik honestly

persoonlik personally

tegnies technically

eintlik actually

natuurlik naturally / of course

waarskynlik probably

moontlik possibly

beslis definitely

hopelik hopefully

klaarblyklik apparently

blykbaar apparently

verrassend genoeg surprisingly

ongelukkig genoeg unfortunately

gelukkig genoeg fortunately

12. Comparative adverbs

Afrikaans uses the same basic comparative forms with many adverbs as with adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlative English

vinnig vinniger vinnigste quickly / faster / fastest

stadig stadiger stadigste slowly / slower / slowest

hard harder hardste hard / harder / hardest

vroeg vroeër vroegste early / earlier / earliest

laat later laatste late / later / latest

goed beter beste well / better / best

sleg slegter slegste badly / worse / worst

maklik makliker maklikste easily / more easily / most easily

mooi mooier mooiste beautifully / more beautifully / most beautifully

Example:

Hy hardloop vinnig.

= He runs quickly.

Hy hardloop vinniger.

= He runs faster.

Hy hardloop die vinnigste.

= He runs the fastest.

13. Important Afrikaans adverb formations

Many Afrikaans adverbs are formed from adjectives without changing the adjective:

vinnig can mean both:

vinnig = fast/quick (adjective)

vinnig = quickly (adverb)

Hy is vinnig.

= He is fast.

Hy hardloop vinnig.

= He runs quickly.

Other common adverbial forms use -lik, -s, or fixed expressions:

Formation Example English

adjective → adverb vinnig quickly

adjective → adverb stadig slowly

adjective + -lik gewoonlik usually

adjective + -lik waarskynlik probably

adjective + -lik natuurlik naturally

adjective + -s daagliks daily

adjective + -s weekliks weekly

adjective + -s maandeliks monthly

adjective + -s jaarliks annually

fixed expression af en toe occasionally

fixed expression opnuut anew

fixed expression op een slag all at once

14. Position of adverbs

Afrikaans adverbs can occur in different positions depending on the type.

Beginning

Gister het ek die boek gelees.

= Yesterday I read the book.

Middle

Ek het gister die boek gelees.

= I read the book yesterday.

End

Ek lees die boek vinnig.

= I read the book quickly.

So, as in your earlier Afrikaans tables, “beginning / middle / end” generally means the adverb can have some positional flexibility, but not every adverb is equally flexible. Time, manner, place, frequency, and focus adverbs each have their preferred positions.

15. Core grammatical adverb summary

Category Question Examples

Manner Hoe? vinnig, stadig, goed, sleg

Time Wanneer? nou, vandag, gister, later

Place Waar? hier, daar, oral, nêrens

Frequency Hoe dikwels? altyd, dikwels, soms, nooit

Degree In watter mate? baie, te, nogal, amper

Certainty Hoe seker? beslis, waarskynlik, miskien

Negation Is it not? nie, nooit, nêrens

Question How/where/when/why? hoe, waar, wanneer, waarom

Focus What is emphasized? ook, selfs, net, slegs

Linking How do clauses relate? daarom, egter, dus, tog

Viewpoint Speaker's attitude gelukkig, ongelukkig, eintlik

Comparison To what degree? vinniger, beter, beste

10- CONJUNCTIONS:

en and addition

maar but contrast

of or alternative

want because / for reason

dus thus / therefore result

dog but / however contrast

nog nor / yet addition/negative

óf ... óf either ... or alternative

nóg ... nóg neither ... nor negative alternative

sowel ... as both ... and addition

nie net ... nie, maar ook not only ... but also addition

of ... of either ... or alternative

hetsy ... hetsy whether ... or alternative

sowel ... asook both ... as well as addition

Examples

Ek lees en ek skryf.

Ek lees en ek skryf.

= I read and I write.

Ek wil gaan, maar ek is moeg.

= I want to go, but I am tired.

Wil jy tee of koffie hê?

= Do you want tea or coffee?

Ek bly tuis, want dit reën.

= I stay home because it is raining.

2. Subordinating conjunctions — Ondergeskikte voegwoorde

These introduce subordinate/dependent clauses.

Afrikaans English

dat that

omdat because

aangesien since / because

deurdat because / through the fact that

nadat after

voordat before

terwyl while

wanneer when

as if / when

indien if

tensy unless

alhoewel although

hoewel although

ofskoon although / even though

al although / even though

selfs al even if / even though

al is dit although it is

sodra as soon as

solank as long as

solank as as long as

totdat until

tot until

sedert since

sedertdat since

sinds since

sodat so that

opdat so that / in order that

ten einde ... te in order to

sonder dat without

sonder om ... te without ...-ing

asof as if

asof as though

soos as / like

soos wat as / just as

soos wanneer as when

waar where

waarheen where ... to

waarvandaan where ... from

hoewel although

mits provided that

mits dat provided that

onder voorwaarde dat on condition that

ingeval in case

ingeval dat in case

indien if

veronderstel dat suppose that

gestel dat supposing that

laat ons sê dat let's say that

3. Cause / reason conjunctions

Afrikaans English

omdat because

want because / for

aangesien since / because

deurdat because

nadat after (can establish temporal cause/context)

om dié rede dat for the reason that

vanweë die feit dat due to the fact that

op grond daarvan dat on the grounds that

Example

Ek bly tuis omdat dit reën.

= I stay home because it is raining.

4. Time conjunctions

Afrikaans English

wanneer when

toe when (past)

terwyl while

nadat after

voordat before

sodra as soon as

totdat until

tot until

sedert since

sedertdat since

sinds since

solank as long as

intussen meanwhile

elke keer as every time

wanneer ook al whenever

sodra as soon as

so lank as as long as

teen die tyd dat by the time that

voordat before

nadat after

Example

Nadat ek geëet het, het ek gaan slaap.

= After I ate, I went to sleep.

Voordat ek gaan, drink ek koffie.

= Before I go, I drink coffee.

5. Conditional conjunctions

Afrikaans English

as if / when

indien if

tensy unless

mits provided that

solank as as long as

ingeval in case

ingeval dat in case

op voorwaarde dat on condition that

onder voorwaarde dat provided that

gestel dat supposing that

veronderstel dat suppose that

mits dat provided that

selfs al even if

al even if / although

asof as if

asof as though

Example

As dit reën, bly ek tuis.

= If it rains, I stay home.

Ek sal gaan tensy dit reën.

= I will go unless it rains.

Jy kan kom solank as jy vroeg opstaan.

= You can come as long as you get up early.

6. Contrast / concession conjunctions

Afrikaans English

maar but

dog but / however

alhoewel although

hoewel although

ofskoon although / even though

al although / even though

selfs al even if / even though

terwyl while / whereas

nieteenstaande dat notwithstanding that

ten spyte daarvan dat despite the fact that

al is even though

al was even though it was

al sou even if / even though it would

Example

Alhoewel hy moeg is, werk hy.

= Although he is tired, he works.

Ek wil gaan, maar ek het nie tyd nie.

= I want to go, but I don't have time.

7. Purpose conjunctions

Afrikaans English

sodat so that

opdat so that / in order that

om ... te to / in order to

ten einde ... te in order to

met die doel dat with the purpose that

met die oog daarop dat with a view to / so that

Example

Ek studeer sodat ek die eksamen kan slaag.

= I study so that I can pass the exam.

Hy werk hard om geld te verdien.

= He works hard in order to earn money.

8. Result / consequence

Afrikaans English

sodat so that / so

dus therefore / thus

daarom therefore

gevolglik consequently

derhalwe therefore

vandaar dat hence the fact that

met die gevolg dat with the result that

sodat ... so that ...

Note that dus, daarom, gevolglik, derhalwe are more properly conjunctive adverbs, rather than ordinary subordinating conjunctions.

9. Comparison / manner conjunctions

Afrikaans English

soos as / like

soos wat as

asof as if

asof as though

soos wanneer as when

hoe ... hoe the ... the

hoe meer ... hoe meer the more ... the more

hoe minder ... hoe minder the less ... the less

hoe groter ... hoe beter the bigger ... the better

net soos just as

net asof just as if

Example

Hy praat asof hy alles weet.

= He talks as if he knows everything.

Hoe meer jy leer, hoe meer verstaan jy.

= The more you learn, the more you understand.

10. Correlative conjunctions

These work in pairs.

Afrikaans English

óf ... óf either ... or

of ... of either ... or

nóg ... nóg neither ... nor

sowel ... as both ... and

sowel ... asook both ... and

nie net ... nie, maar ook not only ... but also

hetsy ... hetsy whether ... or

hoe ... hoe the ... the

hoe meer ... hoe meer the more ... the more

hoe minder ... hoe minder the less ... the less

of ... of ... either ... or ...

óf ... óf ... either ... or ...

nóg ... nóg ... neither ... nor ...

Examples

Of jy kom, of jy bly tuis.

= Either you come, or you stay home.

Hy eet nóg vleis nóg vis.

= He eats neither meat nor fish.

Sy is nie net slim nie, maar ook hardwerkend.

= She is not only intelligent but also hardworking.

Sowel Jan as Maria is hier.

= Both Jan and Maria are here.

11. Conjunctions for reported speech

Afrikaans English

dat that

of whether / if

waarom why

waar where

wanneer when

hoe how

wat what

wie who

of ... of whether ... or

Statement

Hy sê dat hy moeg is.

= He says that he is tired.

Yes/no question

Hy vra of ek moeg is.

= He asks whether I am tired.

Wh-question

Hy vra waarom ek moeg is.

= He asks why I am tired.

12. Negative conjunction structures

Afrikaans English

nie ... nie not

nie ... maar not ... but

nie net ... nie, maar ook not only ... but also

nóg ... nóg neither ... nor

óf ... óf either ... or

tensy unless

sonder dat without

sonder om ... te without ...-ing

behalwe as except if / unless

behalwe wanneer except when

Example

Ek gaan nie huis toe nie, maar ek bly hier.

= I am not going home, but I am staying here.

Ek sal nie gaan nie tensy jy saamkom.

= I will not go unless you come along.

13. Exception / exclusion conjunctions

Afrikaans English

tensy unless

behalwe as except if

behalwe wanneer except when

behalwe dat except that

sonder dat without

sonder om ... te without ...-ing

uitgesonderd dat except that

met uitsondering van with the exception of

11- PREPOSITIONS:

1 aan to; at; on Ek gee die boek aan hom. = I give the book to him.

2 agter behind Hy staan agter die huis. = He stands behind the house.

3 behalwe except; besides Almal behalwe Jan kom. = Everyone except Jan comes.

4 benede below Die dorp lê benede die berg. = The town lies below the mountain.

5 benewens besides; in addition to Benewens die boek het ek 'n pen. = Besides the book, I have a pen.

6 binne inside; within Hy is binne die huis. = He is inside the house.

7 bo above; on top of Die boek lê bo die tafel. = The book lies above/on the table.

8 buite outside; beyond Die kinders speel buite die huis. = The children play outside the house.

9 by at; by; with Ek is by my vriend. = I am at/with my friend.

10 deur through; by Ons loop deur die park. = We walk through the park.

11 danksy thanks to Danksy jou is ons betyds. = Thanks to you, we are on time.

12 gedurende during Gedurende die vakansie reis ons. = During the holiday we travel.

13 gedagtig mindful of; bearing in mind Gedagtig aan die omstandighede... = Bearing in mind the circumstances...

14 in in; into Hy is in die huis. = He is in the house.

15 ingevolge according to; pursuant to Ingevolge die wet... = According to the law...

16 insluitend including Almal, insluitend Jan, was daar. = Everyone, including Jan, was there.

17 langs alongside; next to Hy sit langs my. = He sits next to me.

18 met with Ek gaan met hom. = I go with him.

19 na to; toward; after Ek gaan na die winkel. = I go to the shop.

20 naby near Die huis is naby die skool. = The house is near the school.

21 om around; about; at Ons sit om die tafel. = We sit around the table.

22 onder under; among Die kat is onder die tafel. = The cat is under the table.

23 ondanks despite Ondanks die reën gaan ons. = Despite the rain, we are going.

24 op on; onto; at Die boek is op die tafel. = The book is on the table.

25 oor over; about; across Ons praat oor die probleem. = We talk about the problem.

26 per per; by Per trein reis ek. = I travel by train.

27 rondom around Ons loop rondom die gebou. = We walk around the building.

28 sedert since Sedert Maandag werk ek hier. = I have worked here since Monday.

29 sonder without Ek gaan sonder hom. = I go without him.

30 teen against; toward; at/by Ons werk teen die tyd. = We work against the clock.

31 tensy unless Tensy jy kom, gaan ek alleen. = Unless you come, I will go alone.

32 tussen between; among Hy sit tussen ons. = He sits between us.

33 van from; of Ek kom van die skool. = I come from school.

34 via via; by way of Ons reis via Londen. = We travel via London.

35 volgens according to Volgens hom is dit waar. = According to him, it is true.

36 voor before; in front of Hy staan voor die huis. = He stands in front of the house.

37 weens because of; owing to Weens die reën bly ons tuis. = Because of the rain, we stay home.

38 wegens because of; owing to Wegens die weer is dit gekanselleer. = Because of the weather, it was cancelled.

2. Very common spatial prepositions

These are especially important for describing location and movement.

Afrikaans English

aan at; on

agter behind

benede below

binne inside

bo above; on top

buite outside

by at; by

in in; into

langs next to; alongside

na to; toward

naby near

om around

onder under

op on; onto

oor over; across

rondom around

tussen between

van from

voor in front of

deur through

Location

Die boek is op die tafel.

= The book is on the table.

Movement

Ek sit die boek op die tafel.

= I put the book on the table.

Hy loop deur die deur.

= He walks through the door.

3. Prepositions of time

Afrikaans English Example

aan on aan die begin = at the beginning

by at by middag = at noon

gedurende during gedurende die dag = during the day

in in in Januarie = in January

om at om drie-uur = at three o'clock

na after na die werk = after work

sedert since sedert Maandag = since Monday

teen by; by the time teen vyfuur = by five o'clock

tot until tot môre = until tomorrow

van from van Maandag af = from Monday

voor before voor die vergadering = before the meeting

gedurende during gedurende die vakansie = during the holiday

rondom around rondom middag = around noon

4. Prepositions of direction

Afrikaans English

na to; toward

in into

op onto

af down/off

deur through

oor across; over

by via; by

van from

uit out of; from

langs along

rondom around

verby past

teen toward; against

Important directional forms

in die huis = in the house

die huis in = into the house

op die tafel = on the table

op die tafel = onto the table, depending on context

uit die huis = out of the house

van die huis af = away/from the house

verby die winkel = past the shop

5. Prepositions with people / indirect objects

One of the most important Afrikaans distinctions is aan versus vir.

aan = to

Ek gee die boek aan hom.

= I give the book to him.

vir = for

Ek koop 'n boek vir hom.

= I buy a book for him.

vir is therefore extremely important even though its use is often associated with the beneficiary/indirect-object construction.

6. Vir — important Afrikaans preposition

Use Afrikaans English

beneficiary vir hom for him

recipient 'n geskenk vir haar a gift for her

duration vir twee dae for two days

purpose vir werk for work

intended person Dit is vir jou. It is for you.

destination/intended use vir die kinders for the children

Ek koop kos vir die kinders.

= I buy food for the children.

7. Prepositional phrases

Afrikaans has many multi-word expressions functioning as prepositions.

Afrikaans English

aan die hand van on the basis of

aan die einde van at the end of

aan die begin van at the beginning of

aan die kant van on the side of

aan die voorkant van at the front of

aan die agterkant van at the back of

as gevolg van as a result of

behalwe vir except for

binne-in inside

buitekant van outside of

by wyse van by means of

deur middel van by means of

in plaas van instead of

in verband met in connection with

in vergelyking met compared with

in teenstelling met in contrast with

in die geval van in the case of

in die middel van in the middle of

in die rigting van in the direction of

in die naam van in the name of

met betrekking tot with regard to

met die oog op with a view to

met behulp van with the help of

met uitsondering van with the exception of

onder andere among other things

onder leiding van under the leadership of

op grond van on the basis of

op grond daarvan on the grounds of that

op soek na in search of

ten opsigte van with regard to

ten spyte van despite

ter wille van for the sake of

tot voordeel van to the benefit of

tot nadeel van to the detriment of

tot en met up to and including

uit hoofde van by virtue of

vanweë because of

wat betref regarding / as regards

weens die feit van owing to the fact of

8. Cause / reason prepositions

Afrikaans English

danksy thanks to

deur through; because of

weens because of

wegens because of

vanweë because of

as gevolg van as a result of

op grond van on the basis of

ten gevolge van as a result of

kragtens by virtue of / under

ingevolge pursuant to / according to

As gevolg van die reën bly ons tuis.

= As a result of the rain, we stay home.

9. Contrast / concession

Afrikaans English

ondanks despite

ten spyte van despite

nieteenstaande notwithstanding

in weerwil van in spite of

ongeag regardless of

behalwe except

behalwe vir except for

Ten spyte van die reën gaan ons.

= Despite the rain, we are going.

Ongeag die koste sal hy dit doen.

= Regardless of the cost, he will do it.

10. Comparison

Afrikaans English

teenoor compared with; opposite

teen against

met with

soos like; as

in vergelyking met compared with

in teenstelling met in contrast with

anders as different from

gelyk aan equal to

ooreenkomstig in accordance with

11. Possession / relationship

Afrikaans normally uses van for an of / belonging-to relationship.

die boek van die man

= the man's book

die naam van die stad

= the name of the city

die motor van my broer

= my brother's car

But Afrikaans also has the se construction:

Jan se boek

= Jan's book

So:

van → of / belonging to

se → 's / belonging to

12. Purpose / use

Afrikaans English

vir for

met with

deur middel van by means of

met behulp van with the help of

met die oog op with a view to

ter wille van for the sake of

ten einde in order to

13. Means / instrument

Afrikaans English

met with

deur by / through

per by / per

via via

deur middel van by means of

met behulp van with the help of

Ek skryf met 'n pen.

= I write with a pen.

Ek reis per trein.

= I travel by train.

Hy het dit deur middel van 'n rekenaar gedoen.

= He did it by means of a computer.

14. Important special prepositions

Afrikaans English

aangaande concerning

betreffende concerning

insake regarding

rakende concerning

nopens concerning

volgens according to

ingevolge according to / pursuant to

kragtens by virtue of / under

ooreenkomstig according to / in accordance with

betreffende regarding

sonder without

behalwe except

ongeag regardless of

insluitend including

uitgesonderd excluding

met inbegrip van including

met uitsondering van except for

15. Prepositions of position

Position Afrikaans English

above bo above

below onder / benede below

behind agter behind

in front voor in front of

inside binne inside

outside buite outside

beside langs / by beside

near naby near

far from ver van far from

between tussen between

among onder among

around rondom / om around

against teen against

on op on

in in in

at by / aan at

across oor across

12- DETERMINERS

1. Definite article

Afrikaans English Example

die the die boek = the book

die the die man = the man

die the die vrou = the woman

die the die kinders = the children

die is used for singular and plural, and Afrikaans does not change it for grammatical gender.

die boek = the book

die boeke = the books

2. Indefinite article

Afrikaans English Example

'n a / an 'n boek = a book

'n a / an 'n appel = an apple

The written form is 'n, but pronunciation is generally /ə/, approximately uh.

Ek lees 'n boek.

= I am reading a book.

There is no separate Afrikaans equivalent of English "an."

3. Demonstrative determiners

These specify this, that, these, those.

Afrikaans English

hierdie this / these

daardie that / those

dié this/that particular one; these/those particular ones

daardie ... daar that/those ... there

hierdie ... hier this/these ... here

Examples

hierdie boek

= this book

hierdie boeke

= these books

daardie man

= that man

daardie mense

= those people

Unlike English, hierdie does not change between singular and plural.

4. Possessive determiners

Afrikaans possessive determiners are essentially the possessive forms of personal pronouns.

Afrikaans English Example

my my my boek

jou your jou boek

u your (formal) u boek

sy his sy boek

haar her haar boek

ons our ons boek

julle your (plural) julle boek

hulle their hulle boek

Full examples

my boek

= my book

jou huis

= your house

sy motor

= his car

haar motor

= her car

ons skool

= our school

julle klas

= your class

hulle kinders

= their children

5. Possessive noun determiners

A noun can also specify possession with se.

Structure Example English

Name + se + noun Jan se boek Jan's book

Noun + se + noun die man se motor the man's car

Plural noun + se + noun die kinders se speelgoed the children's toys

Jan se boek

= Jan's book

Die vrou se huis

= The woman's house.

This is an important Afrikaans determiner construction.

6. Interrogative determiners

These are used before nouns when asking questions.

Afrikaans English Example

watter which / what Watter boek? = Which book?

watter which Watter motor? = Which car?

hoeveel how many / how much Hoeveel boeke? = How many books?

watse what kind of / which Watse boek? = What kind of book?

watter een which one Watter een? = Which one?

Important distinction

watter boek?

= which book?

watse boek?

= what kind of book?

hoeveel boeke?

= how many books?

7. Quantifying determiners

These specify quantity.

Afrikaans English

baie many / much

min few / little

meer more

minder fewer / less

genoeg enough

te veel too many / too much

te min too few / too little

soveel so much / so many

sulke such

genoeg enough

voldoende sufficient / enough

heelwat quite a lot / quite a few

talle numerous / many

verskeie several

menige many a

enkele a few / several

bepaalde certain

sekere certain

verskillende different / various

allerhande all kinds of

allerlei all sorts of

enige any

geen no / none

elke every / each

al all

alle all

beide both

baie many

min few

meeste most

minste least

8. Elke — every / each

Afrikaans English

elke every / each

elke dag

= every day

elke boek

= every book

elke kind

= every child

Normally elke takes a singular noun:

elke boek ✅

elke boeke ❌

9. Alle / al — all

Afrikaans English

alle all

al all

Examples:

alle kinders

= all children

al die kinders

= all the children

al my vriende

= all my friends

albei kinders

= both children

10. Beide / albei — both

Afrikaans English

beide both

albei both

beide kinders

= both children

albei die kinders

= both children

Albei my ouers is hier.

= Both my parents are here.

11. Enige — any

Afrikaans English

enige any

enige een any one

enige ander any other

enige boek

= any book

enige persoon

= any person

Enige student kan dit doen.

= Any student can do it.

12. Geen — no / not any

Afrikaans English

geen no / not any

geen boek

= no book

geen boeke

= no books

Ek het geen geld nie.

= I have no money.

geen is particularly important because it participates in Afrikaans's negative construction.

13. Sekere / bepaalde — certain

Afrikaans English

sekere certain

bepaalde certain / specific

sekere mense

= certain people

'n bepaalde persoon

= a certain/specific person

bepaalde omstandighede

= certain circumstances

14. Verskeie / verskillende — several / various

Afrikaans English

verskeie several

verskillende different / various

verskeie boeke

= several books

verskillende mense

= different people

15. Talle / menige / enkele

Afrikaans English

talle numerous / many

menige many a

enkele a few / several / individual

talle mense

= numerous people

menige persoon

= many a person

enkele mense

= a few people

16. Soveel / sulke

Afrikaans English Example

soveel so much / so many soveel mense = so many people

sulke such sulke mense = such people

sulke ... such sulke probleme = such problems

Ek het soveel boeke.

= I have so many books.

Moenie sulke dinge doen nie.

= Don't do such things.

17. Numerical determiners

Numbers can function as determiners before nouns.

Cardinal numbers

Afrikaans English

een one

twee two

drie three

vier four

vyf five

ses six

sewe seven

agt eight

nege nine

tien ten

honderd hundred

duisend thousand

miljoen million

miljard billion

Examples:

een boek = one book

twee boeke = two books

drie kinders = three children

18. Ordinal determiners

Ordinal numbers can specify which item in an order.

Afrikaans English

eerste first

tweede second

derde third

vierde fourth

vyfde fifth

sesde sixth

sewende seventh

agste eighth

negende ninth

tiende tenth

laaste last

volgende next

vorige previous

Examples:

die eerste boek

= the first book

die tweede dag

= the second day

die volgende week

= next week

die vorige jaar

= the previous year

19. Distributive determiners

These express distribution.

Afrikaans English

elke every / each

elk each / every

almal everyone / all

beide both

albei both

onderskeie respective

onderskeie individual/respective

elke kind

= every child

elke student

= every student

onderskeie lande

= respective countries

20. Indefinite determiners

Afrikaans English

'n a / an

enige any

enkele a few / some

sekere certain

bepaalde certain

verskeie several

allerlei all kinds of

allerhande all kinds of

sommige some

baie many

min few

talle many / numerous

menige many a

genoeg enough

heelwat quite a few / quite a lot

enige ander any other

'n sekere a certain

21. Sommige — some

Afrikaans English

sommige some / certain

sommige mense

= some people

sommige boeke

= some books

sommige van die mense

= some of the people

22. Allerlei / allerhande

Both mean approximately all kinds of / all sorts of.

Afrikaans English

allerlei all kinds of

allerhande all kinds of

allerlei probleme

= all kinds of problems

allerhande dinge

= all sorts of things

23. Ander — other

Afrikaans English

ander other

'n ander another

die ander the other

ander other

die ander the others

Examples:

'n ander boek

= another book

die ander boek

= the other book

ander mense

= other people

die ander mense

= the other people

24. Selfde — same

Afrikaans English

dieselfde the same

selfde same (usually with another determiner)

dieselfde boek

= the same book

dieselfde mense

= the same people

25. Heel / hele — whole / entire

Afrikaans English

die hele the whole / entire

'n hele a whole

heelwat quite a lot / quite a few

die hele dag

= the whole day

die hele boek

= the entire book

'n hele jaar

= a whole year

26. Determiner + adjective + noun

Afrikaans determiners normally come before adjectives.

Definite

die groot boek

= the big book

Indefinite

'n groot boek

= a big book

Demonstrative

hierdie groot boek

= this big book

Possessive

my groot boek

= my big book

Quantifier

baie groot boeke

= many big books

Number

twee groot boeke

= two big books

27. Determiner combinations

Multiple determiner-like elements can occur together.

Afrikaans English

al die boeke all the books

al my boeke all my books

al hierdie boeke all these books

albei die boeke both books

albei my boeke both my books

die eerste twee boeke the first two books

my eerste twee boeke my first two books

baie van die boeke many of the books

sommige van die boeke some of the books

enige van die boeke any of the books

geen van die boeke none of the books

elkeen van die boeke each of the books

28. Van constructions with determiners

A very important pattern is:

quantifier + van + determiner + noun

Afrikaans English

baie van die mense many of the people

sommige van die mense some of the people

enige van die mense any of the people

geen van die mense none of the people

almal van die mense all of the people

die meeste van die mense most of the people

die minste van die mense the fewest of the people

een van die mense one of the people

twee van die mense two of the people

elkeen van die mense each of the people

13- IF CONDITIONAL

Real (general facts) As + present, present As ek werk, verdien ek geld If I work, I earn money

Future (future possibility) As + present, sal + verb As ek werk, sal ek geld verdien If I work, I will earn money

Unreal As + past, sou + verb As ek geld gehad het, sou ek koop If I had money, I would buy

Past unreal As + het + ge-verb, sou + ge-verb + het As ek gewerk het, sou ek geslaag het If I had worked, I would have passed

CONDITIONAL PASSIVE:

would be done sou + ge-verb + word Die boek sou gelees word

would not be done sou nie + ge-verb + word nie Die boek sou nie gelees word nie

would have been done sou + ge-verb + gewees het Die boek sou gelees gewees het

would not have been done sou nie + ge-verb + gewees het nie Die boek sou nie gelees gewees het nie

CONDITONAL NEGATIVE:

I would not go Ek sou nie gaan nie

I would not have gone Ek sou nie gegaan het nie

CONDITONAL NEGATIVE PASSIVE:

would not be done sou nie + ge-verb + word nie

would not have been done sou nie + ge-verb + gewees het nie

as if / when

wanneer when

toe when (past)

wanneer ook al whenever

what if wat as Wat as hy kom?

only if net as / slegs as Ek gaan net as jy gaan

even if selfs as / al Al reën dit

as if asof Hy praat asof hy weet

unless tensy Ek gaan tensy dit reën

As ek tyd het, sal ek help. If I have time, I will help.

Wanneer ek tyd het, sal ek help. When I have time, I will help.

Toe ek tyd gehad het, het ek gehelp. When I had time, I helped.

14- COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

groot groter big → bigger

klein kleiner small → smaller

vinnig vinniger fast → faster

stadig stadiger slow → slower

lank langer long/tall → longer/taller

kort korter short → shorter

oud ouer old → older

jonk jonger young → younger

groter grootste biggest

kleiner kleinste smallest

vinniger vinnigste fastest

langer langste longest

mooier mooiste most beautiful

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -S, -D, -T, ETC....:

koud kouer koudste

breed breër breedste

duur duurder duurste

goed beter beste

Hy hardloop vinniger. He runs faster.

meer boeke more books

minder tyd less money

Jan is langer as Piet. Jan is taller than Piet.

15- RELATIVE CLAUSES

Person/thing subject wat who/that/which

Person object wat whom/that

With person + preposition met wie with whom

Possession wie se whose

In which waarin in which

On which waarop on which

With which waarmee with which

About which waaroor about which

From which waarvan from which

Die man wat hier werk, is vriendelik. The man who works here is kind.

Die boek wat ek lees, is goed. The book that I read is good.

In informal afrikaans, we can use without the relative pronoun but only if the topic is an object:

Die man hier werk, is vriendelik. The man who works here is kind.

16- REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech: Subject + reporting verb + : "Exact words."

Reported speech: Subject + reporting verb + dat (or without "dat" in informal) + clause

Statement dat + clause Hy sê dat hy moeg is. He says that he is tired.

Statement (without dat) clause Hy sê hy moeg is. He says he is tired.

Yes/No question of + clause Hy vra of ek kom. He asks if I am coming.

Wh-question question word + clause Sy vra waar ek woon. She asks where I live.

Command om + infinitive Hy vra my om te help. He asks me to help.

Negative command om nie te + infinitive + nie Hy sê vir my om nie te rook nie. He tells me not to smoke.

Passive statement dat + passive clause Hy sê dat die boek gelees word. He says that the book is being read.

Passive command om + passive infinitive Hy vra dat die werk gedoen word. He asks that the work be done.

17- INFINITIVES AND VERBAL NOUNS

1. Infinitive Formation

te lees to read

te skryf to write

te werk to work

te slaap to sleep

te leer to learn

2. Infinitive with Separable Verbs

opstaan stand up om op te staan

terugkom come back om terug te kom

uitgaan go out om uit te gaan

aankom arrive om aan te kom

oopmaak open om oop te maak

3. Infinitive with Prefixes That Are Not Separable

betaal te betaal

verstaan te verstaan

ontdek te ontdek

verander te verander

4- Perfect Infinitive Formation

lees om gelees te hê

werk om gewerk te hê

skryf om geskryf te hê

eet om geëet te hê

5- Passive infinitve formation

skryf om geskryf te word

bou om gebou te word

maak om gemaak te word

In afrikaans, a verb can be a noun and behave like an infinitive:

Ek hou van lees. I like reading.

Ek sien hom hardloop. I see him running.

Ek hoor haar sing. I hear her sing.

Ons voel die grond bewe. We feel the ground shake.

Ek probeer om Afrikaans te leer. I try to learn Afrikaans. (If a verb/adjective is followed by an infinitve, we use om te [infinitve], unless if there is a pronoun/noun that follows it)

Die lees van boeke is goed. The reading of books is good. (We use die + verb for a gerund)

I am happy seeing you. Ek is bly om jou te sien. Afrikaans normally uses om te + infinitive, not a gerund here.

I am happy to see you. Ek is bly om jou te sien. Same translation; Afrikaans does not distinguish these two English forms.

I plan to eat. Ek beplan om te eet. beplan om te + verb

I plan eating. Ek beplan om te eet. Afrikaans does not normally use a separate gerund after "plan".

I see him run. Ek sien hom hardloop. Bare infinitive after a perception verb.

I see him running. Ek sien hom hardloop. Same translation; Afrikaans often uses the same form for the action in progress.

18- SUBJUNCTIVE

would: sou + verb Ek sou gaan I would go

would have: sou + ge-verb + het Ek sou gegaan het I would have gone

if: I were as + past tense As ek was If I were

wish: wens + past Ek wens ek was ryk I wish I were rich

may: mag + verb Mag jy wen May you win

let: laat + subject + verb Laat hom kom Let him come

command/recommendation: moet + verb Hy moet leer He should study

19- TAG QUESTIONS

Informal Statement + né?

Informal Statement + nie?

Formal present verb + pronoun + nie?

is is + pronoun + nie?

Past het + pronoun + nie?

Future sal + pronoun + nie?

Modal kan/moet/wil + pronoun + nie?

Passive present word + pronoun + nie?

Passive past is + pronoun + nie?

Conditional sou + pronoun + nie?

20- MODAL WORDS

kan can ability / possibility

mag may permission / possibility

moet must / have to necessity / obligation

wil want to / will desire / intention

sal will / shall future / intention

sou would hypothetical / conditional

kon could / was able to past ability / possibility

moes had to / must have past necessity / inference

mog might / may literary/formal possibility

wou wanted to / would past desire / intention

These are the most important modal forms to learn.

2. Kan — can / be able to

kan expresses:

ability

possibility

opportunity

sometimes permission

Afrikaans English

Ek kan swem. I can swim.

Hy kan dit doen. He can do it.

Ons kan môre kom. We can come tomorrow.

Dit kan gebeur. It can happen.

Past

kon = could / was able to

Ek kon swem.

= I could swim.

Ek kon nie kom nie.

= I could not come.

3. Mag — may / be allowed to

mag primarily expresses permission.

Afrikaans English

Ek mag gaan. I may go.

Jy mag hier sit. You may sit here.

Mag ek inkom? May I come in?

Kinders mag nie hier speel nie. Children may not play here.

It can also express possibility:

Hy mag môre kom.

= He may come tomorrow.

4. Moet — must / have to

moet expresses:

obligation

necessity

requirement

strong inference

Afrikaans English

Ek moet werk. I must work.

Jy moet gaan. You must go.

Ons moet dit doen. We must do it.

Hy moet nou vertrek. He has to leave now.

Past

moes = had to / was required to

Ek moes werk.

= I had to work.

Hy moes huis toe gaan.

= He had to go home.

5. Wil — want to

wil expresses desire, intention, or willingness.

Afrikaans English

Ek wil eet. I want to eat.

Sy wil gaan. She wants to go.

Ons wil leer. We want to learn.

Wil jy kom? Do you want to come?

Past

wou = wanted to

Ek wou eet.

= I wanted to eat.

Hy wou nie gaan nie.

= He did not want to go.

6. Sal — will / shall

sal is primarily the future auxiliary.

Afrikaans English

Ek sal gaan. I will go.

Jy sal leer. You will learn.

Hy sal kom. He will come.

Ons sal help. We will help.

It can also express:

intention

prediction

willingness

promise

Ek sal jou help.

= I will help you.

7. Sou — would

sou is the conditional form associated with sal.

Afrikaans English

Ek sou gaan. I would go.

Hy sou help. He would help.

Ons sou kom. We would come.

Sou jy dit doen? Would you do it?

Conditional

Ek sou gaan as ek tyd gehad het.

= I would go if I had time.

8. Kon — could

kon is the past form of kan and expresses:

past ability

possibility

hypothetical ability

Ek kon swem.

= I could swim.

Hy kon nie kom nie.

= He could not come.

It can also appear in hypothetical sentences:

Ek kon dit doen as ek tyd gehad het.

= I could do it if I had time.

9. Moes — had to / must have

moes is the past form of moet.

Past obligation

Ek moes werk.

= I had to work.

Ons moes vroeg vertrek.

= We had to leave early.

Inference

It can also express a conclusion:

Hy moes baie moeg gewees het.

= He must have been very tired.

10. Wou — wanted to

wou is the common past form associated with wil.

Ek wou gaan.

= I wanted to go.

Sy wou eet.

= She wanted to eat.

Hulle wou nie wag nie.

= They did not want to wait.

11. Mog — might / may

mog exists, but it is formal, literary, archaic, or relatively uncommon in ordinary modern Afrikaans.

It can express possibility or permission in elevated/formal language.

Hy mog dalk kom.

= He might perhaps come.

For everyday Afrikaans, mag is much more important.

12. Modal verbs by meaning

Ability

Afrikaans English

kan can

kon could / was able to

Ek kan lees.

= I can read.

Ek kon lees.

= I could read.

Permission

Afrikaans English

mag may / be allowed to

mog might/may (formal/archaic)

Mag ek gaan?

= May I go?

Jy mag gaan.

= You may go.

Necessity

Afrikaans English

moet must / have to

moes had to

Ek moet werk.

= I must work.

Ek moes werk.

= I had to work.

Desire

Afrikaans English

wil want to

wou wanted to

Ek wil eet.

= I want to eat.

Ek wou eet.

= I wanted to eat.

Future / intention

Afrikaans English

sal will / shall

sou would

Ek sal kom.

= I will come.

Ek sou kom.

= I would come.

13. Modal verbs with infinitives

Afrikaans modal constructions normally use the bare infinitive, unlike English's to + verb.

English

I can read.

Afrikaans

Ek kan lees.

Not:

❌ Ek kan om te lees.

Compare:

Modal Afrikaans English

can Ek kan lees. I can read.

may Ek mag lees. I may read.

must Ek moet lees. I must read.

want Ek wil lees. I want to read.

will Ek sal lees. I will read.

would Ek sou lees. I would read.

could Ek kon lees. I could read.

had to Ek moes lees. I had to read.

wanted to Ek wou lees. I wanted to read.

14. Negative modal verbs

Afrikaans uses the normal nie ... nie negation.

Positive Negative English

Ek kan lees. Ek kan nie lees nie. I can/cannot read.

Ek mag gaan. Ek mag nie gaan nie. I may/may not go.

Ek moet gaan. Ek moet nie gaan nie. I must/must not go.

Ek wil gaan. Ek wil nie gaan nie. I want/don't want to go.

Ek sal gaan. Ek sal nie gaan nie. I will/won't go.

Ek sou gaan. Ek sou nie gaan nie. I would/wouldn't go.

Ek kon gaan. Ek kon nie gaan nie. I could/couldn't go.

Ek moes gaan. Ek moes nie gaan nie. I had to/must not go.

Ek wou gaan. Ek wou nie gaan nie. I wanted/didn't want to go.

15. Modal questions

Afrikaans English

Kan ek gaan? Can I go?

Kan jy help? Can you help?

Mag ek inkom? May I come in?

Moet ek gaan? Must I go?

Wil jy eet? Do you want to eat?

Sal jy help? Will you help?

Sou jy help? Would you help?

Kon jy kom? Could you come?

Moes jy werk? Did you have to work?

Wou jy gaan? Did you want to go?

16. Modal verbs with passive constructions

Afrikaans can combine modals with the passive.

Can be done

Dit kan gedoen word.

= It can be done.

Must be done

Dit moet gedoen word.

= It must be done.

May be done

Dit mag gedoen word.

= It may be done.

Will be done

Dit sal gedoen word.

= It will be done.

Would be done

Dit sou gedoen word.

= It would be done.

Could be done

Dit kon gedoen word.

= It could be done.

Had to be done

Dit moes gedoen word.

= It had to be done.

17. Semi-modal constructions

Afrikaans also has constructions that express meanings similar to English modal verbs.

Afrikaans construction English

in staat wees om be able to

dit is moontlik om it is possible to

dit is nodig om it is necessary to

dit is nodig dat it is necessary that

behoort te ought to / should

hoef te need to

nodig hê om need to

van plan wees om intend to

van voorneme wees om intend to

veronderstel wees om be supposed to

verwag word om be expected to

probeer om try to

durf dare

waag om dare to

lyk asof seem to

blyk te turn out to / appear to

18. Behoort te — should / ought to

This is extremely useful.

Jy behoort te gaan.

= You should go.

Jy behoort meer te studeer.

= You ought to study more.

Negative:

Jy behoort nie so laat te wees nie.

= You shouldn't be so late.

19. Hoef te — need to

hoef is normally used with negation or questions.

Jy hoef nie te gaan nie.

= You don't need to go.

Hoef ek te gaan?

= Do I need to go?

Jy hoef dit nie te doen nie.

= You don't need to do it.

Notice the te:

moet gaan → must go

hoef nie te gaan nie → don't need to go

20. Durf — dare

durf can function as a modal-like verb.

Ek durf nie vra nie.

= I don't dare ask.

Durf jy dit doen?

= Do you dare do it?

21. Complete practical modal table

Afrikaans English Type

kan can core modal

kon could / was able to past modal

mag may / be allowed to core modal

mog might/may formal/literary

moet must / have to core modal

moes had to past modal

wil want to core modal

wou wanted to past modal

sal will / shall future modal/auxiliary

sou would conditional modal

behoort te should / ought to semi-modal

hoef te need to semi-modal

durf dare modal-like

in staat wees om be able to modal construction

nodig hê om need to modal construction

dit is nodig om need to / be necessary to modal construction

dit is moontlik om be possible to modal construction

van plan wees om intend to modal-like construction

veronderstel wees om be supposed to modal-like construction

verwag word om be expected to modal-like construction

waag om dare to modal-like construction

21- THERE IS / HAVE / BE

There is Daar is

There are Daar is

There isn't Daar is nie ... nie

There aren't Daar is nie ... nie

There was Daar was

There were Daar was

There will be Daar sal wees

Is there? Is daar?

Was there? Was daar?

Will there be? Sal daar wees?

to have hê

I have ek het

he has hy het

we have ons het

had het gehad

will have sal hê

have not het nie ... nie

have to moet

have had het gehad

IMPERATIVES:

Do! verb stem Doen!

Go! verb stem Gaan!

Please do verb + asseblief Doen asseblief!

Don't do moenie + verb + nie Moenie doen nie!

Let me do laat + pronoun + verb Laat my doen

Let's do kom ons + verb Kom ons doen

Be wees Wees!

Be done laat + passive Laat gedoen word

Present command Laat dit gedoen word Let it be done

Future obligation Dit moet gedoen word It must be done

Past (reported command) Hy het gesê dit moes gedoen word He said it had to be done